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Biswas D, Chakraborty A, Mukherjee S, Ghosh B. Hairy root culture: a potent method for improved secondary metabolite production of Solanaceous plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1197555. [PMID: 37731987 PMCID: PMC10507345 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1197555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by the Solanaceous plants are of major therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance, many of which are commonly obtained from the roots of these plants. 'Hairy roots', mirroring the same phytochemical pattern of the corresponding root of the parent plant with higher growth rate and productivity, are therefore extensively studied as an effective alternative for the in vitro production of these metabolites. Hairy roots are the transformed roots, generated from the infection site of the wounded plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. With their fast growth, being free from pathogen and herbicide contamination, genetic stability, and autotrophic nature for plant hormones, hairy roots are considered as useful bioproduction systems for specialized metabolites. Lately, several elicitation methods have been employed to enhance the accumulation of these compounds in the hairy root cultures for both small and large-scale production. Nevertheless, in the latter case, the cultivation of hairy roots in bioreactors should still be optimized. Hairy roots can also be utilized for metabolic engineering of the regulatory genes in the metabolic pathways leading to enhanced production of metabolites. The present study summarizes the updated and modern biotechnological aspects for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in the hairy root cultures of the plants of Solanaceae and their respective importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptesh Biswas
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Avijit Chakraborty
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Swapna Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswajit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
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2
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Naik PP, Desai MB. Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review on Contemporary Diagnosis and Management. Oncol Ther 2022; 10:317-335. [PMID: 35729457 PMCID: PMC9681969 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-022-00201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common, accounting for 80–90% of skin cancers. It arises from the basal layer of the epidermis and its appendages. A complex interplay of environmental, phenotypic and genetic variables leads to the development of BCC. Literature has documented several clinical subtypes of BCC, the most common of which are nodular, superficial and morpheaform. Expeditious diagnosis and analysis are essential for improving the outcome of BCC. Preventive measures, particularly when implemented in childhood and adolescence, may play a critical role. Due to its low metastatic potential, treatment for BCC mostly focuses on local management. The standard treatment of basal cell carcinoma involved complete removal of the lesion by excision or Mohs surgery. In special circumstances, basal cell carcinoma can be treated with cryosurgery, electrodesiccation and curettage, topical medications and photodynamic therapy. This review aimed to evaluate the contemporary diagnosis and management of basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Parth Naik
- European Board of Dermatology and Venereology (UEMS-EBDV), Specialist Dermatologist, Medical Director, Department of Dermatology, Saudi-German Hospital and Clinic, Opposite Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE
| | - Munaf B. Desai
- Department of Histopathology, University Hospital Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Bournemouth, UK
- Former Laboratory Director, Specialist histopathologist at Saudi-German Hospital Dubai, Dubai, UAE
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3
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Kash N, Silapunt S. A review of emerging and non-US FDA-approved topical agents for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2021; 17:3111-3132. [PMID: 34156307 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although surgical therapy continues to be the gold standard for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma given high cure rates and the ability to histologically confirm tumor clearance, there are a number of nonsurgical treatment options that may be considered based on individual tumor characteristics, functional and cosmetic considerations, patient comorbidities and patient preference. Topical 5-fluorouracil 5% cream and imiquimod 5% cream have been US FDA-approved for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma. Additionally, a number of new and emerging topical agents and techniques have been described for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and will be reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kash
- Department of Dermatology, Kansas City University-Graduate Medical Education Consortium/Advanced Dermatology & Cosmetic Surgery Orlando Program, Maitland, FL 32751, USA
| | - Sirunya Silapunt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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4
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Nasr I, McGrath EJ, Harwood CA, Botting J, Buckley P, Budny PG, Fairbrother P, Fife K, Gupta G, Hashme M, Hoey S, Lear JT, Mallipeddi R, Mallon E, Motley RJ, Newlands C, Newman J, Pynn EV, Shroff N, Slater DN, Exton LS, Mohd Mustapa MF, Ezejimofor MC. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with basal cell carcinoma 2021. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:899-920. [PMID: 34050920 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Nasr
- British Association of Dermatologists, Willan House, 4 Fitzroy Square, London, W1T 5HQ, UK
| | - E J McGrath
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - C A Harwood
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 1BB, UK.,National Cancer Research Institute's Skin Cancer Clinical Studies Group and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Subgroup, London, UK
| | - J Botting
- Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - P Buckley
- Independent Cancer Patients' Voice, London, UK
| | - P G Budny
- British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgeons, London, UK.,Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust, Aylesbury, HP21 8AL, UK
| | | | - K Fife
- Royal College of Radiologists, London, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - G Gupta
- NHS Lothian, Lauriston Building, Edinburgh, EH3 9EN, UK
| | - M Hashme
- British Association of Dermatologists, Willan House, 4 Fitzroy Square, London, W1T 5HQ, UK
| | - S Hoey
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, BT12 6BA, UK
| | - J T Lear
- British Society for Skin Care in Immunosuppressed Individuals, London, UK.,Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M20 2LR, UK
| | - R Mallipeddi
- British Society for Dermatological Surgery, London, UK.,St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - E Mallon
- St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - R J Motley
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK
| | - C Newlands
- British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, London, UK.,Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, GU2 7XX, UK
| | - J Newman
- British Dermatological Nursing Group, Belfast, Ireland.,King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - E V Pynn
- Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny, NP7 7EG, UK
| | - N Shroff
- Primary Care Dermatology Society, Rickmansworth, UK
| | - D N Slater
- Royal College of Pathologists, London, UK
| | - L S Exton
- British Association of Dermatologists, Willan House, 4 Fitzroy Square, London, W1T 5HQ, UK
| | - M F Mohd Mustapa
- British Association of Dermatologists, Willan House, 4 Fitzroy Square, London, W1T 5HQ, UK
| | - M C Ezejimofor
- British Association of Dermatologists, Willan House, 4 Fitzroy Square, London, W1T 5HQ, UK
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5
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Thomson J, Hogan S, Leonardi-Bee J, Williams HC, Bath-Hextall FJ. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma: abridged Cochrane systematic review and GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:499-511. [PMID: 33448328 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer affecting white-skinned individuals, and the worldwide incidence is increasing. Although rarely fatal, BCC is associated with significant morbidity and costs. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions for primary BCC in immunocompetent adults. METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2019: Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and LILACS. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation method. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. RESULTS We included 52 randomized controlled trials with 6990 participants (median age 65 years; range 20-95). Mean study duration was 13 months (range 6 weeks-10 years). Ninety-two per cent (n = 48/52) of studies exclusively included histologically low-risk BCC (nodular and superficial subtypes). The certainty of evidence was predominantly low or moderate for the outcomes of interest. Overall, surgical interventions have the lowest recurrence rates, and there may be slightly fewer recurrences with Mohs micrographic surgery over surgical excision for primary, facial BCC (high-risk histological subtype or located in the 'H-zone' or both) (low-certainty evidence). Nonsurgical treatments, when used for low-risk BCC, are less effective than surgical treatments, but recurrence rates are acceptable and cosmetic outcomes are probably superior. CONCLUSIONS Surgical interventions have lower recurrence rates and remain the gold standard for high-risk BCC. Of the nonsurgical treatments, topical imiquimod has the best evidence to support its efficacy for low-risk BCC. Priorities for future research include agreement on core outcome measures and studies with longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomson
- Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - S Hogan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J Leonardi-Bee
- Centre for Evidence Based Healthcare, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Clinical Sciences Building Phase 2, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - H C Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - F J Bath-Hextall
- Emeritus Professor, Evidence Based Health Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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6
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"Natural" Skin Cancer Remedies. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:689-690. [PMID: 32701528 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Fan Y, Li Z, Wu L, Lin F, Shao J, Ma X, Yao Y, Zhuang W, Wang Y. Solasodine, Isolated from Solanum sisymbriifolium Fruits, Has a Potent Anti-Tumor Activity Against Pancreatic Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:1509-1519. [PMID: 33888977 PMCID: PMC8054575 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s266746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidences have revealed that solasodine, isolated from Solanum sisymbriifolium fruits, has multiple functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and anti-infection. However, its role in pancreatic cancer has not been well studied. METHODS To explore the role of solasodine in pancreatic cancer, human pancreatic cell lines including SW1990 and PANC1 were treated with different concentrations of solasodine for 48 h, and cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay, cell invasion and migration were evaluated by Transwell assay. The effect of solasodine on the apoptosis of SW1990 and PANC1 cells was detected by flow cytometry. To further explore the antitumor effect of solasodine in vivo, an SW1990 tumor-bearing mouse model was constructed. The effects of solasodine on cytokines in the serum of SW1990 tumor-bearing mice were also evaluated by ELISA assay. RESULTS Specifically, in vitro, solasodine could significantly inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 and PANC1 cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that solasodine could induce apoptosis of SW1990 and PANC1 cells. Western blot assay indicated that solasodine could significantly inhibit the activation of Cox-2/Akt/GSK3β signal pathway. Meanwhile, the release of Cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm which can raise the caspases cascade (C-caspase 3 and C-caspase 9) was significantly enhanced by solasodine. In vivo, the results showed that solasodine had potent anti-tumor activities with a lower cytotoxicity. In addition, the serum TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ levels in SW1990 tumor-bearing mice after the treatment of solasodine was significantly increased. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggested that the solasodine could prevent the progression of pancreatic cancer by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis, as well as stimulating immunity, suggesting that solasodine might be a potential therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Fruit/chemistry
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Conformation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Solanaceous Alkaloids/chemistry
- Solanaceous Alkaloids/isolation & purification
- Solanaceous Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Solanum/chemistry
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Fan
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhumeng Li
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liting Wu
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Lin
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Shao
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Yao
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Zhuang
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Medical Laboratory, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Thomson J, Hogan S, Leonardi-Bee J, Williams HC, Bath-Hextall FJ. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 11:CD003412. [PMID: 33202063 PMCID: PMC8164471 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003412.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest cancer affecting white-skinned individuals, and worldwide incidence is increasing. Although rarely fatal, BCC is associated with significant morbidity and costs. First-line treatment is usually surgical excision, but alternatives are available. New published studies and the development of non-surgical treatments meant an update of our Cochrane Review (first published in 2003, and previously updated in 2007) was timely. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of interventions for BCC in immunocompetent adults. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to November 2019: Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and LILACS. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for BCC in immunocompetent adults with histologically-proven, primary BCC. Eligible comparators were placebo, active treatment, other treatments, or no treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Primary outcome measures were recurrence at three years and five years (measured clinically) (we included recurrence data outside of these time points if there was no measurement at three or five years) and participant- and observer-rated good/excellent cosmetic outcome. Secondary outcomes included pain during and after treatment, early treatment failure within six months, and adverse effects (AEs). We used GRADE to assess evidence certainty for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We included 52 RCTs (26 new) involving 6690 participants (median 89) in this update. All studies recruited from secondary care outpatient clinics. More males than females were included. Study duration ranged from six weeks to 10 years (average 13 months). Most studies (48/52) included only low-risk BCC (superficial (sBCC) and nodular (nBCC) histological subtypes). The majority of studies were at low or unclear risk of bias for most domains. Twenty-two studies were industry-funded: commercial sponsors conducted most of the studies assessing imiquimod, and just under half of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) studies. Overall, surgical interventions have the lowest recurrence rates. For high-risk facial BCC (high-risk histological subtype or located in the facial 'H-zone' or both), there may be slightly fewer recurrences with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) compared to surgical excision (SE) at three years (1.9% versus 2.9%, respectively) (risk ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 2.64; 1 study, 331 participants; low-certainty evidence) and at five years (3.2% versus 5.2%, respectively) (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.04; 1 study, 259 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, the 95% CI also includes the possibility of increased risk of recurrence and no difference between treatments. There may be little to no difference regarding improvement of cosmetic outcomes between MMS and SE, judged by participants and observers 18 months post-operatively (one study; low-certainty evidence); however, no raw data were available for this outcome. When comparing imiquimod and SE for nBCC or sBCC at low-risk sites, imiquimod probably results in more recurrences than SE at three years (16.4% versus 1.6%, respectively) (RR 10.30, 95% CI 3.22 to 32.94; 1 study, 401 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and five years (17.5% versus 2.3%, respectively) (RR 7.73, 95% CI 2.81 to 21.3; 1 study, 383 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). There may be little to no difference in the number of participant-rated good/excellent cosmetic outcomes (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.06; 1 study, 326 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, imiquimod may result in greater numbers of good/excellent cosmetic outcomes compared to SE when observer-rated (60.6% versus 35.6%, respectively) (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.15; 1 study, 344 participants; low-certainty evidence). Both cosmetic outcomes were measured at three years. Based on one study of 347 participants with high- and low-risk primary BCC of the face, radiotherapy may result in more recurrences compared to SE under frozen section margin control at three years (5.2% versus 0%, respectively) (RR 19.11, 95% CI 1.12 to 325.78; low-certainty evidence) and at four years (6.4% versus 0.6%, respectively) (RR 11.06, 95% CI 1.44 to 84.77; low-certainty evidence). Radiotherapy probably results in a smaller number of good participant- (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.91; 50.3% versus 66.1%, respectively) or observer-rated (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.62; 28.9% versus 60.3%, respectively) good/excellent cosmetic outcomes compared to SE, when measured at four years, where dyspigmentation and telangiectasia can occur (both moderate-certainty evidence). Methyl-aminolevulinate (MAL)-PDT may result in more recurrences compared to SE at three years (36.4% versus 0%, respectively) (RR 26.47, 95% CI 1.63 to 429.92; 1 study; 68 participants with low-risk nBCC in the head and neck area; low-certainty evidence). There were no useable data for measurement at five years. MAL-PDT probably results in greater numbers of participant- (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.27; 97.3% versus 82.5%) or observer-rated (RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.26; 87.1% versus 46.6%) good/excellent cosmetic outcomes at one year compared to SE (2 studies, 309 participants with low-risk nBCC and sBCC; moderate-certainty evidence). Based on moderate-certainty evidence (single low-risk sBCC), imiquimod probably results in fewer recurrences at three years compared to MAL-PDT (22.8% versus 51.6%, respectively) (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.62; 277 participants) and five years (28.6% versus 68.6%, respectively) (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.57; 228 participants). There is probably little to no difference in numbers of observer-rated good/excellent cosmetic outcomes at one year (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.16; 370 participants). Participant-rated cosmetic outcomes were not measured for this comparison. AEs with surgical interventions include wound infections, graft necrosis and post-operative bleeding. Local AEs such as itching, weeping, pain and redness occur frequently with non-surgical interventions. Treatment-related AEs resulting in study modification or withdrawal occurred with imiquimod and MAL-PDT. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Surgical interventions have the lowest recurrence rates, and there may be slightly fewer recurrences with MMS over SE for high-risk facial primary BCC (low-certainty evidence). Non-surgical treatments, when used for low-risk BCC, are less effective than surgical treatments, but recurrence rates are acceptable and cosmetic outcomes are probably superior. Of the non-surgical treatments, imiquimod has the best evidence to support its efficacy. Overall, evidence certainty was low to moderate. Priorities for future research include core outcome measures and studies with longer-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Thomson
- Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah Hogan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jo Leonardi-Bee
- Centre for Evidence Based Healthcare, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Clinical Sciences Building Phase 2, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hywel C Williams
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fiona J Bath-Hextall
- Emeritus Professor, Evidence Based Health Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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9
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Altun E, Schwartzman G, Cartron AM, Khachemoune A. Beyond Mohs surgery and excisions: A focused review of treatment options for subtypes of basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Ther 2020; 34:e14476. [PMID: 33125804 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common nonmelanoma skin cancer. It originates from undifferentiated cells in the basal cell layer of the epidermis or from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. The most important factor in development of BCC is ultraviolet radiation. Surgery is considered the gold standard of treatment for BCC. However, nonsurgical options are available for individuals who are unsuitable for surgery. The purpose of this review is to summarize the efficacy and indications of alternative, nonsurgical treatments that can be used in the management of BCC. An extensive literature review was performed for the nonsurgical options for the treatment of BCC. Resources searched included PubMed and Google Scholars, limited to the years 1995 to 2020. Key words searched included BCC, destructive methods, photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy, topical medication, laser, hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HPIs). The most relevant results such as systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, or comparative studies were selected to provide a summary for the most common nonsurgical methods used for treating BCC. Effective nonsurgical treatments for BCC include destructive methods (eg, curettage alone, cryosurgery, or electrodessication), PDT, topical medications, radiotherapy, laser, and HPIs. Nonsurgical therapeutic alternatives are safe and effective for the treatment of BCC. Factors such as tumor location, size, and histopathological subtype should be taken into consideration when selecting optimal treatment. In addition to clinical factors, cosmetic results and patient preference should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Altun
- Department of Dermatology, Medipol Mega University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gabrielle Schwartzman
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Amor Khachemoune
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Health Administration, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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10
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O'Donoghue N, Mowatt D, Sykes AJ. Electrochemotherapy and Ablative Therapies in Non-melanoma Skin Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:e1-e9. [PMID: 31543301 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although surgery and radiotherapy remain the most commonly used treatments for non-melanoma skin cancer, there are a variety of alternatives. Here we discuss the use of electrochemotherapy and ablative treatments and examine the evidence for their effectiveness against a number of non-melanoma skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O'Donoghue
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - D Mowatt
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - A J Sykes
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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11
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Cameron MC, Lee E, Hibler BP, Giordano CN, Barker CA, Mori S, Cordova M, Nehal KS, Rossi AM. Basal cell carcinoma: Contemporary approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:321-339. [PMID: 29782901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the most common human cancer worldwide and continuing to increase in incidence, basal cell carcinoma is associated with significant morbidity and cost. Continued advances in research have refined both our insight and approach to this seemingly ubiquitous disease. This 2-part continuing medical education series provides a comprehensive and contemporary review of basal cell carcinoma. The second article in this series will present both the current standard of care and newly developed approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cameron
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Erica Lee
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Brian P Hibler
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cerrene N Giordano
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Christopher A Barker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shoko Mori
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miguel Cordova
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kishwer S Nehal
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anthony M Rossi
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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12
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Ahmad R. Steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanum nigrum target cytoskeletal proteins: an in silico analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6012. [PMID: 30627484 PMCID: PMC6321755 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Solanum nigrum (black nightshade; S. nigrum), a member of family Solanaceae, has been endowed with a heterogeneous array of secondary metabolites of which the steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) and steroidal saponins (SS) have vast potential to serve as anticancer agents. Since there has been much controversy regarding safety of use of glycoalkaloids as anticancer agents, this area has remained more or less unexplored. Cytoskeletal proteins like actin play an important role in maintaining cell shape, synchronizing cell division, cell motility, etc. and along with their accessory proteins may also serve as important therapeutic targets for potential anticancer candidates. In the present study, glycoalkaloids and saponins from S. nigrum were screened for their interaction and binding affinity to cytoskeletal proteins, using molecular docking. Methods Bioactivity score and Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) analysis were performed using softwares Molinspiration and Osiris Data Explorer respectively, to assess the feasibility of selected phytoconstituents as potential drug candidates. The results were compared with two standard reference drugs doxorubicin hydrochloride (anticancer) and tetracycline (antibiotic). Multivariate data obtained were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Results Docking analysis revealed that the binding affinities of the phytoconstituents towards the target cytoskeletal proteins decreased in the order coronin>villin>ezrin>vimentin>gelsolin>thymosin>cofilin. Glycoalkaloid solasonine displayed the greatest binding affinity towards the target proteins followed by alpha-solanine whereas amongst the saponins, nigrumnin-I showed maximum binding affinity. PASS Analysis of the selected phytoconstituents revealed 1 to 3 violations of Lipinski’s parameters indicating the need for modification of their structure-activity relationship (SAR) for improvement of their bioactivity and bioavailability. Glycoalkaloids and saponins all had bioactivity scores between −5.0 and 0.0 with respect to various receptor proteins and target enzymes. Solanidine, solasodine and solamargine had positive values of druglikeness which indicated that these compounds have the potential for development into future anticancer drugs. Toxicity potential evaluation revealed that glycoalkaloids and saponins had no toxicity, tumorigenicity or irritant effect(s). SAR analysis revealed that the number, type and location of sugar or the substitution of hydroxyl group on alkaloid backbone had an effect on the activity and that the presence of α-L-rhamnopyranose sugar at C-2 was critical for a compound to exhibit anticancer activity. Conclusion The present study revealed some cytoskeletal target(s) for S. nigrum phytoconstituents by docking analysis that have not been previously reported and thus warrant further investigations both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemisty, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative herbal remedies for skin cancer are commonly found on the Internet. Many websites contain inaccurate or false information regarding side effects and efficacy. OBJECTIVE To review the evidence behind several commonly advertised herbal remedies that claim to cure skin cancer: black salve, eggplant, frankincense, cannabis, black raspberry, milk thistle, St. John's wort, and turmeric. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using the common and scientific names of frequently advertised herbal remedies along with the terms "nonmelanoma skin cancer," or "basal cell carcinoma" or "squamous cell carcinoma," or "melanoma." RESULTS Some preclinical studies have shown positive evidence that these substances can induce apoptosis in skin cancer, but clinical studies proving efficacy are either insufficient, nonexistent, or show negative evidence. Botanicals that were excluded are those that do not have published studies of their efficacy as skin cancer treatments. CONCLUSION Online advertising may tempt patients to use botanical agents while citing efficacy found in preclinical studies. However, many agents lack strong clinical evidence of efficacy. Dermatologists must be aware of common herbal alternatives for skin cancer treatment to maintain effective patient communication and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Li
- *Both authors are associated with the Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeremy T Kampp
- Both authors are associated with the Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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14
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Gyovai A, Minorics R, Kiss A, Mernyák E, Schneider G, Szekeres A, Kerekes E, Ocsovszki I, Zupkó I. Antiproliferative Properties of Newly Synthesized 19-Nortestosterone Analogs Without Substantial Androgenic Activity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:825. [PMID: 30100876 PMCID: PMC6072853 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
19-Nortestosterone C-17 epimers with prominent antiproliferative properties have been previously described. In our present study, five novel 17α-19-nortestosterones (3-7) were synthesized to increase their beneficial biological activities with no associated undesired hormonal effects. The compounds were screened by a viability assay against a panel of human adherent gynecological cancer cell lines. Three of the tested derivatives (3-5) exhibited a remarkable inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HeLa cells with IC50 values lower than that of our reference agent cisplatin (CIS). These three active agents also displayed considerable cancer selectivity as evidenced by their weaker growth inhibitory effect on non-cancerous fibroblast cells compared to CIS. The most potent newly synthesized 17α-chloro derivative (3) was selected for additional experiments in order to characterize its mechanism of action. Since nandrolone (19-nortestosterone, 1) is a structural analog with selective antiproliferative action on cervical carcinoma cells, it was utilized as a positive control in these studies. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay demonstrated a moderate cytotoxic effect of the test compounds. Cell cycle disturbance and the elevation of the hypodiploid population elicited by the test agents were detected by flow cytometry following propidium staining. The proapoptotic effects of the tested steroids were confirmed by fluorescent microscopy and a caspase-3 activity assay. Treatment-related caspase-9 activation without a substantial change in caspase-8 activity indicates the induction of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The selected agents directly influence the rate of tubulin assembly as evidenced by a polymerization assay. Yeast-based reporter gene assay revealed that the androgenic activity of the novel 19-nortestosterone derivative 3 is by multiple orders of magnitude weaker than that of the reference agent 1. Based on the behavior of the examined compounds it can be concluded that a halogen substitution of the 19-nortestosterone scaffold at the 17α position may produce compounds with unique biological activities. The results of the present study support that structurally modified steroids with negligible hormonal activity are a promising basis for the research and development of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Gyovai
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Minorics
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kiss
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Kerekes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Singh D, Fisher J, Shagalov D, Varma A, Siegel DM. Dangerous plants in dermatology: Legal and controlled. Clin Dermatol 2018; 36:399-419. [PMID: 29908582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The plant and mushroom kingdoms have species used for intoxication, inebriation, or recreation. Some of these species are toxic. Given that many of these plants or substances are illegal and have histories of abuse, much of the research regarding therapeutic application is based on basic science, animal studies, and traditional use. This review examines Cannabis, Euphorbia, Ricinus, Podophyllum, Veratrum, mushrooms, and nightshades, along with resveratrol and cocaine as they relate to dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptej Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM.
| | - Juliya Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Devorah Shagalov
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Aakaash Varma
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Daniel M Siegel
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
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16
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Zhuang YW, Wu CE, Zhou JY, Chen X, Wu J, Jiang S, Peng HY, Zou X, Liu JY, Wu DP, Gong T, Qi MH, Xue T, Liu SL, Cai H. Solasodine inhibits human colorectal cancer cells through suppression of the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/β-catenin pathway. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:2248-2264. [PMID: 28803443 PMCID: PMC5666038 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solasodine is a main active component isolated from Solanum incanum L. that performs a wide range of functions containing anti‐oxidant, anti‐infection, and neurogenesis promotion. In this study, we explored the influence of solasodine on three types of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. The results show that solasodine prohibited CRC cell proliferation dose‐ and time‐dependently and impeded CRC cell motility by downregulating MMPs. Solasodine was also found to fuel caspase‐cascade reaction and increase the ratio between Bax and Bcl‐2 so as to induce CRC cell apoptosis. When cells were pretreated with AKT activator (insulin‐like growth factor‐1) followed by solasodine, the solasodine‐induced apoptosis was partially abrogated by insulin‐like growth factor‐1. Moreover, solasodine hindered tumor development and stimulated similar mechanisms in vivo. In general, our study provides the first evidence that solasodine has a suppressive effect on CRC cells and that this agent may be a novel therapeutic drug for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Zhuang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Cun-En Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Jin-Yong Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Xu Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Jian Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Shan Jiang
- Division of Membrane Dynamics, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hai-Yan Peng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Xi Zou
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Jia-Yun Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Da-Peng Wu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Tao Gong
- Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Hao Qi
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Tian Xue
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Shen-Lin Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, china
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Hameed A, Ijaz S, Mohammad IS, Muhammad KS, Akhtar N, Khan HMS. Aglycone solanidine and solasodine derivatives: A natural approach towards cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:446-457. [PMID: 28779706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, it was suggested that a rational approach to treat cancer in clinical settings requires a multipronged approach that augments improvement in systemic efficiency along with modification in cellular phenotype leads to more efficient cell death response. Recently, the combinatory delivery of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs with natural compounds proved to be astonishing to deal with a variety of cancers, especially that are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. The natural compounds not only synergize the effects of chemotherapeutics but also minimize drug associated systemic toxicity. In this review, our primary focus was on antitumor effects of natural compounds. Previously, the drugs from natural sources are highly precise and safer than drugs of synthetic origins. Many natural compounds exhibit anti-cancer potentials by inducing apoptosis in different tumor models, in-vitro and in-vivo. Furthermore, natural compounds are also found equally useful in chemotherapeutic drug resistant tumors. Moreover, these Phyto-compounds also possess numerous other pharmacological properties such as antifungal, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, and hepatoprotection. Aglycone solasodine and solanidine derivatives are the utmost important steroidal glycoalkaloids that are present in various Solanum species, are discussed here. These natural compounds are highly cytotoxic against different tumor cell lines. As the molecular weight is concerned; these are smaller molecular weight chemotherapeutic agents that induce cell death response by initiating apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hameed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ijaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Imran Shair Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
| | | | - Naveed Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Haji Muhammad Shoaib Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
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18
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Shen KH, Hung JH, Chang CW, Weng YT, Wu MJ, Chen PS. Solasodine inhibits invasion of human lung cancer cell through downregulation of miR-21 and MMPs expression. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 268:129-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Angles d'Ortoli T, Widmalm G. Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide glycoside moiety of Solaradixine and rapid NMR-based structure verification using the program CASPER. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Zhang F, Yang R, Zhang G, Cheng R, Bai Y, Zhao H, Lu X, Li H, Chen S, Li J, Wu S, Li P, Chen X, Sun Q, Zhao G. Anticancer function of α-solanine in lung adenocarcinoma cells by inducing microRNA-138 expression. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6437-46. [PMID: 26631041 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, lung cancer is still a main cause of malignancy-associated death worldwide. Even though various methods for prevention and treatment of lung cancer have been improved in recent decades, the 5-year survival rate has remained very low. Insights into the anticancer function of small-molecule anticancer compounds have opened our visual field about cancer therapy. α-Solanine has been well studied for its antitumor properties, but its effect in lung cancer and associated molecular mechanisms have not yet been evaluated. To explore the anticancer function of α-solanine, we performed an MTT assay, Transwell arrays, colony-forming survival assay, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and dual luciferase reporter assays in A549 and H1299 cells. We found that α-solanine not only inhibited cell migration and invasion ability but also enhanced the chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of A549 and H1299 cells. Moreover, we discovered that α-solanine could affect the expression of miR-138 and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), both of which were also found to affect the chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of A549 and H1299 cells. In conclusion, α-solanine could affect miR-138 and FAK expression to restrict cell migration and invasion and enhance the chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of A549 and H1299 cells. The α-solanine/miR-138/FAK cascade can probably be a potential therapy target against lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Ruirui Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yong Bai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Huasi Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shujun Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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21
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Bioactive Compounds Found in Brazilian Cerrado Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23760-83. [PMID: 26473827 PMCID: PMC4632725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional foods include any natural product that presents health-promoting effects, thereby reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Cerrado fruits are considered a source of bioactive substances, mainly phenolic compounds, making them important functional foods. Despite this, the losses of natural vegetation in the Cerrado are progressive. Hence, the knowledge propagation about the importance of the species found in Cerrado could contribute to the preservation of this biome. This review provides information about Cerrado fruits and highlights the structures and pharmacologic potential of functional compounds found in these fruits. Compounds detected in Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (pequi), Dipteryx alata Vog. (baru), Eugenia dysenterica DC. (cagaita), Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga), Genipa americana L. (jenipapo), Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangaba), Mauritia flexuosa L.f. (buriti), Myrciaria cauliflora (DC) Berg (jabuticaba), Psidiumguajava L. (goiaba), Psidium spp. (araçá), Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill (lobeira), Spondias mombin L. (cajá), Annona crassiflora Mart. (araticum), among others are reported here.
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22
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Chen P, Wang P, Liu L, Qiu P, Zhang L, Song N, Ren S, Guan H, Li M. Convergent Synthesis of Solamargine and Analogues Thereof: Structural Revision of 16-epi-Solamargine and Cytotoxic Evaluation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Ni Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Sumei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Huashi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine; Chinese Ministry of Education; School of Medicine and Pharmacy; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao Shandong 266003 China
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23
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Friedman M. Chemistry and anticarcinogenic mechanisms of glycoalkaloids produced by eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3323-37. [PMID: 25821990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cancer can occur via apoptosis, a genetically directed process of cell self-destruction that involves numerous biomarkers and signaling pathways. Glycoalkaloids are nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites found in numerous Solanaceous plants including eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes. Exposure of cancer cells to glycoalkaloids produced by eggplants (α-solamargine and α-solasonine), potatoes (α-chaconine and α-solanine), and tomatoes (α-tomatine) or their hydrolysis products (mono-, di-, and trisaccharide derivatives and the aglycones solasodine, solanidine, and tomatidine) inhibits the growth of the cells in culture (in vitro) as well as tumor growth in vivo. This overview comprehensively surveys and consolidates worldwide efforts to define the following aspects of these natural compounds: (a) their prevalence in the three foods; (b) their chemistry and structure-activity relationships; (c) the reported factors (biomarkers, signaling pathways) associated with apoptosis of bone, breast, cervical, colon, gastric, glioblastoma, leukemia, liver, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreas, prostate, and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines in vitro and the in vivo inhibition of tumor formation and growth in fish and mice and in human skin cancers; and (d) future research needs. The described results may make it possible to better relate the structures of the active compounds to their health-promoting function, individually, in combination, and in food, and allow the consumer to select glycoalkaloid-containing food with the optimal content of nontoxic beneficial compounds. The described findings are expected to be a valuable record and resource for further investigation of the health benefits of food-related natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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24
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Jiang QW, Chen MW, Cheng KJ, Yu PZ, Wei X, Shi Z. Therapeutic Potential of Steroidal Alkaloids in Cancer and Other Diseases. Med Res Rev 2015; 36:119-43. [PMID: 25820039 DOI: 10.1002/med.21346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites isolated from plants, amphibians, and marine invertebrates. Evidence accumulated in the recent two decades demonstrates that steroidal alkaloids have a wide range of bioactivities including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, etc., suggesting their great potential for application. It is therefore necessary to comprehensively summarize the bioactivities, especially anticancer activities and mechanisms of steroidal alkaloids. Here we systematically highlight the anticancer profiles both in vitro and in vivo of steroidal alkaloids such as dendrogenin, solanidine, solasodine, tomatidine, cyclopamine, and their derivatives. Furthermore, other bioactivities of steroidal alkaloids are also discussed. The integrated molecular mechanisms in this review can increase our understanding on the utilization of steroidal alkaloids and contribute to the development of new drug candidates. Although the therapeutic potentials of steroidal alkaloids look promising in the preclinical and clinical studies, further pharmacokinetic and clinical studies are mandated to define their efficacy and safety in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wei Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei-Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 519000, China
| | - Ke-Jun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei-Zhong Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the delivery of topical formulations containing glycoalkaloids of Solanum lycocarpum fruits. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Clark CM, Furniss M, Mackay-Wiggan JM. Basal cell carcinoma: an evidence-based treatment update. Am J Clin Dermatol 2014; 15:197-216. [PMID: 24733429 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-014-0070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer. Surgical excision remains the standard of treatment, but several alternative treatment modalities exist. OBJECTIVES This review aims to provide a current analysis of evidence for the treatment of BCC; specifically, which treatments have the lowest recurrence rates and the best cosmetic outcomes. METHODS We searched PubMed (January 1946 to August 2013), Ovid MEDLINE (2003-August 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (January 1993 to August 2013), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (The Cochrane Library Issue 9, 2013) databases for randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, or comparative studies for the treatment of BCC. RESULTS We found 615 potential articles. Two independent reviewers selected 40 studies: 29 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), seven systematic reviews, and four nonrandomized prospective trials. Treatment modalities reviewed include surgical therapy, radiotherapy and cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), topical imiquimod, topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), topical solasodine glycoalkaloids, topical ingenol mebutate, intralesional 5-FU, intralesional interferon (IFN), and oral hedgehog pathway inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The available data suggest that surgical methods remain the gold standard in BCC treatment, with Mohs micrographic surgery typically utilized for high-risk lesions. Suitable alternate treatment options for appropriately selected primary low-risk lesions may include PDT, cryotherapy, topical imiquimod, and 5-FU. Radiotherapy is a suitable alternate for surgical methods for treatment in older patient populations. Electrodesiccation and curettage (ED&C) is a commonly used primary treatment option for low-risk lesions; however, there were no RCTs examining ED&C that met our inclusion criteria. New hedgehog pathway inhibitors are promising for the management of advanced BCC; however, side effects are a concern for some patients, and much remains to be learned regarding optimal treatment length, risk of recurrence, and potential development of resistance. There is insufficient evidence at present to make recommendations on topical solasodine glycoalkaloids, topical ingenol mebutate, and intralesional 5-FU and IFN-α. Overall continued research on the efficacy of treatment modalities is needed. In particular, studies should include histologic ascertainment of clearance, long-term follow-up, stratification based on tumor subtype, and comparison with surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Anticancer and multidrug resistance-reversal effects of solanidine analogs synthetized from pregnadienolone acetate. Molecules 2014; 19:2061-76. [PMID: 24549231 PMCID: PMC6271930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of solanidine analogs with antiproliferative properties were recently synthetized from pregnadienolone acetate, which occurs in Nature. The aim of the present study was an in vitro characterization of their antiproliferative action and an investigation of their multidrug resistance-reversal activity on cancer cells. Six of the compounds elicited the accumulation of a hypodiploid population of HeLa cells, indicating their apoptosis-inducing character, and another one caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. The most effective agents inhibited the activity of topoisomerase I, as evidenced by plasmid supercoil relaxation assays. One of the most potent analogs down-regulated the expression of cell-cycle related genes at the mRNA level, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2, and induced growth arrest and DNA damage protein 45 alpha. Some of the investigated compounds inhibited the ABCB1 transporter and caused rhodamine-123 accumulation in murine lymphoma cells transfected by human MDR1 gene, expressing the efflux pump (L5178). One of the most active agents in this aspect potentiated the antiproliferative action of doxorubicin without substantial intrinsic cytostatic capacity. The current results indicate that the modified solanidine skeleton is a suitable substrate for the rational design and synthesis of further innovative drug candidates with anticancer activities.
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Kim DD, Tang JY, Ioannidis JPA. Network geometry shows evidence sequestration for medical vs. surgical practices: treatments for basal cell carcinoma. J Clin Epidemiol 2014; 67:391-400. [PMID: 24491794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer with 2 million treatments per year with little evidence-based guidelines for treatment. There are three classes of interventions (surgical, destructive, and topical) for BCC, and this study aimed to determine whether there are preferences or avoidances in comparisons of different types of treatments for BCC in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING PubMed, Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials, and ClinicalTrials.Gov were used to identify eligible published and registered ongoing RCTs. RESULTS Fifty-five trials (42 published and 13 registered trials) were identified. Only one unpublished registered trial compared a topical vs. a surgical intervention, and only one trial compared a topical vs. a destructive intervention. Conversely, 44 of the 55 trials compared interventions within the same treatment class and 9 of 55 trials compared surgical vs. destructive interventions. In most trials, selection of same-class comparators was not necessitated by the type of BCC lesions (nonaggressive superficial or nodular vs. aggressive, infiltrative, morpheic BCCs, P = 0.155) or their location (face vs. nonfacial, P = 0.137). CONCLUSION This is the first time that an evaluation of network geometry is applied to address issues of comparisons between different families of interventions that belong to different specialties and practices (medical vs. surgical). Previous evaluations of homophily have addressed different families of interventions, in which all interventions are medical (drugs) and performed in the same health-care settings. The noncommunicating bodies of evidence between medical and surgical interventions that we document highlight a problem of unnecessary sequestration of the evidence and the corresponding health-care practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway St, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway St, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Medical School Office Building, Room X306, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood Building T152, 150 Governor's Lane, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy worldwide. Ultraviolet light exposure is the best known exogenous factor in BCC development. This is also the target for primary prevention. Advanced BCC include locally advanced tumors and metastatic tumors. Prognosis is worse compared to stage I and II BCCs. Mohs or micrographically controlled surgery is the gold standard of treatment. In patients with tumors that cannot be completely removed radiotherapy was the only alternative in the past. More recently new drugs for targeted therapy of signaling pathways like sonic hedgehog or epidermal growth factor receptor became available. More small molecules are under investigation. Since the complete response rates are limited, future research has to evaluate their combination with surgery.
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Cham BE. Drug therapy: Solamargine and other solasodine rhamnosyl glycosides as anticancer agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/mc.2013.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cham BE. Topical Curaderm<sup>BEC5</sup> Therapy for Periocular Nonmela-noma Skin Cancers: A Review of Clinical Outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2013.45041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tiossi RFJ, Miranda MA, de Sousa JPB, Praça FSG, Bentley MVLB, McChesney JD, Bastos JK. A Validated Reverse Phase HPLC Analytical Method for Quantitation of Glycoalkaloids in Solanum lycocarpum and Its Extracts. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:947836. [PMID: 22567576 PMCID: PMC3335309 DOI: 10.1155/2012/947836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) is native to the Brazilian Cerrado. Fruits of this species contain the glycoalkaloids solasonine (SN) and solamargine (SM), which display antiparasitic and anticancer properties. A method has been developed for the extraction and HPLC-UV analysis of the SN and SM in different parts of S. lycocarpum, mainly comprising ripe and unripe fruits, leaf, and stem. This analytical method was validated and gave good detection response with linearity over a dynamic range of 0.77-1000.00 μg mL(-1) and recovery in the range of 80.92-91.71%, allowing a reliable quantitation of the target compounds. Unripe fruits displayed higher concentrations of glycoalkaloids (1.04% ± 0.01 of SN and 0.69% ± 0.00 of SM) than the ripe fruits (0.83% ± 0.02 of SN and 0.60% ± 0.01 of SM). Quantitation of glycoalkaloids in the alkaloidic extract gave 45.09% ± 1.14 of SN and 44.37% ± 0.60 of SM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Fabiane Jorge Tiossi
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariza Abreu Miranda
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Barreto de Sousa
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Silva Garcia Praça
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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E. Cham B. Intralesion and Curaderm<sup>BEC5</sup> Topical Combination Therapies of Solasodine Rhamnosyl Glycosides Derived from the Eggplant or Devil’s Apple Result in Rapid Removal of Large Skin Cancers. Methods of Treatment Compared. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2012.32024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Milner SE, Brunton NP, Jones PW, O'Brien NM, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Bioactivities of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones from Solanum species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3454-3484. [PMID: 21401040 DOI: 10.1021/jf200439q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes, tomatoes, and aubergines are all species of the Solanum genus and contain a vast array of secondary metabolites including calystegine alkaloids, phenolic compounds, lectins, and glycoalkaloids. Glycoalkaloids have been the subject of many literature papers, occur widely in the human diet, and are known to induce toxicity. Therefore, from a food safety perspective further information is required regarding their analysis, toxicity, and bioavailability. This is especially important in crop cultivars derived from wild species to prevent glycoalkaloid-induced toxicity. A comprehensive review of the bioactivity of glycoalkaloids and their aglycones of the Solanum species, particularly focused on comparison of their bioactivities including their anticancer, anticholesterol, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic effects, toxicity, and synergism of action of the principal Solanum glycoalkaloids, correlated to differences of their individual molecular structures is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Eileen Milner
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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35
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Cham BE. Topical Solasodine Rhamnosyl Glycosides Derived From the Eggplant Treats Large Skin Cancers: Two Case Reports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2011.24080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Minorics R, Szekeres T, Krupitza G, Saiko P, Giessrigl B, Wölfling J, Frank E, Zupkó I. Antiproliferative effects of some novel synthetic solanidine analogs on HL-60 human leukemia cells in vitro. Steroids 2011; 76:156-62. [PMID: 20974162 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the direct antiproliferative effects of various steroidal structures, including cardenolides, steroidal alkaloids and sexual hormones. The aim of the present study was to characterize the antiproliferative effects of three synthetic solanidine analogs (1-3) on HL-60 human leukemia cells. The three compounds exerted similar cytostatic effects (IC(50) values: 1.27-2.94 μM after a 72-h exposure) and the most effective (2) was selected for further investigations. Incubation with compound 2 resulted in a marked chromatin condensation followed by a gradual increase in cell membrane permeability detected by Hoechst dye 33258-propidium iodide double staining. A flow cytometric analysis revealed a marked decrease in the G1 phase and substantial increases in the S and G2/M phases after 24-h incubation, while after 48 h the proportion of cells in the subG1 phase was increased significantly with a concomitant decrease in cells in the G1 and G2/M phases. Compound 2 at 6.0 μM significantly decreased the activity of ribonucleotide reductase and proved to be a potent antioxidant in the lipid peroxidation and DPPH assays (IC(50) values: 2.0 and 13.1 μM, respectively). The antiproliferative effect of the test compound on the non-cancerous human lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) was significantly weaker than that on the leukemia cells. These results lead to the conclusion that compound 2 induces a marked disturbance in the cell cycle, which is, at least partially, a consequence of the inhibition of DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Minorics
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
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Reddivari L, Vanamala J, Safe SH, Miller JC. The bioactive compounds alpha-chaconine and gallic acid in potato extracts decrease survival and induce apoptosis in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:601-10. [PMID: 20574921 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903532358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that colored potato extracts and an anthocyanin rich fraction suppressed lymph-node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) and prostate cancer-3 (PC-3) prostate cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, catechin, malvidin, and glycoalkaloids (alpha-chaconine and solanine) have now been identified as the major bioactive components of potato, and their effects on LNCaP and PC-3 cell proliferation and apoptosis have been investigated. alpha-chaconine (5 microg/ml) and gallic acid (15 microg/ml) exhibited potent antiproliferative properties and increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 levels in both cell lines. Both alpha-chaconine and gallic acid induced poly [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)] ribose polymerase cleavage and caspase-dependent apoptosis in LNCaP cells; however, caspase-independent apoptosis through nuclear translocation of endonuclease G was observed in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. alpha-chaconine and gallic acid activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and this response played a major role in induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in LNCaP cells; whereas modulation of JNK and mitogen-activated protein kinase did not affect alpha-chaconine- and gallic acid-induced caspase-independent apoptosis. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by whole potato extracts in prostate cancer cell lines may be in part due to alpha-chaconine and gallic acid.
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Abstract
The rising incidence and morbidity of non-melanoma skin cancers has generated great interest in unravelling of their pathogenesis and in the search for new non-invasive treatments. Whereas the role of cumulative sun exposure in pathogenesis of squamous-cell carcinoma seems clear, the relation between sun-exposure patterns and subtypes of basal-cell carcinoma remains undetermined. Several complex genotypic, phenotypic, and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers. Unlike basal-cell carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinomas can arise from precursor lesions. Diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancer is made clinically and confirmed by histological testing. Prognosis depends on lesion and host characteristics, which also dictate choice of treatment. Prevention strategies aim at reduction of sun exposure, but are of unproven benefit, especially for basal-cell carcinoma. Surgical excision with predetermined margins is the mainstay of treatment for squamous-cell carcinoma and for most basal-cell carcinomas. Of the new non-invasive treatments, only photodynamic therapy and topical imiquimod have become established treatments for specific subtypes of basal-cell carcinoma, and the search for more effective and tissue-salvaging therapies continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Madan
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Friedman M, Levin CE, Lee SU, Kim HJ, Lee IS, Byun JO, Kozukue N. Tomatine-containing green tomato extracts inhibit growth of human breast, colon, liver, and stomach cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5727-33. [PMID: 19514731 DOI: 10.1021/jf900364j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) synthesize the glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and alpha-tomatine, possibly as a defense against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects. Six green and three red tomato extracts were investigated for their ability to induce cell death in human cancer and normal cells using a microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Compared to untreated controls, the high-tomatine green tomato extracts strongly inhibited the following human cancer cell lines: breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), gastric (AGS), and hepatoma (liver) (HepG2), as well as normal human liver cells (Chang). There was little inhibition of the cells by the three low-tomatine red tomato extracts. Cell death induced by the pure glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and alpha-tomatine isolated from green tomatoes and characterized by HPLC, GC, and GC-MS, as well as their respective aglycones tomatidenol and tomatidine, was also evaluated. alpha-Tomatine was highly effective in inhibiting all of the cell lines. Dehydrotomatine, tomatidenol, and tomatidine had little, if any, effect on cell inhibition. The results show that the susceptibility to destruction varies with the nature of the alkaloid and plant extract and the type of cancer cell. These findings extend related observations on the anticarcinogenic potential of glycoalkaloids and suggest that consumers may benefit by eating not only high-lycopene red tomatoes but also green tomatoes containing glycoalkaloids. Possible mechanisms of the anticarcinogenic and other beneficial effects and the significance of the cited observations for breeding improved tomatoes and for the human diet are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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