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Legare S, Heide F, Gabir H, Rafiei F, Meier M, Padilla-Meier GP, Koch M, Stetefeld J. Identifying the molecular basis of Laminin N-terminal domain Ca 2+ binding using a hybrid approach. Biophys J 2024:S0006-3495(24)00388-6. [PMID: 38851889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is a highly abundant ion involved in numerous biological processes, particularly in multicellular eukaryotic organisms where it exerts many of these functions through interactions with Ca2+ binding proteins. The laminin N-terminal (LN) domain is found in members of the laminin and netrin protein families where it plays a critical role in the function of these proteins. The LN domain of laminins and netrins is a Ca2+ binding domain and in many cases requires Ca2+ to perform its biological function. Here, we conduct a detailed examination of the molecular basis of the LN domain Ca2+ interaction combining structural, computational, bioinformatics, and biophysical techniques. By combining computational and bioinformatic techniques with x-ray crystallography we explore the molecular basis of the LN domain Ca2+ interaction and identify a conserved sequence present in Ca2+ binding LN domains. These findings enable a sequence-based prediction of LN domain Ca2+ binding ability. We use thermal shift assays and isothermal titration calorimetry to explore the biophysical properties of the LN domain Ca2+ interaction. We show that the netrin-1 LN domain exhibits a high affinity and specificity for Ca2+, which structurally stabilizes the LN domain. This study elucidates the molecular foundation of the LN domain Ca2+ binding interaction and provides a detailed functional characterization of this essential interaction, advancing our understanding of protein-Ca2+ dynamics within the context of the LN domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Legare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Fabian Heide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Haben Gabir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Faride Rafiei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Markus Meier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Manuel Koch
- Center for Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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2
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Myo Min KK, Ffrench CB, McClure BJ, Ortiz M, Dorward EL, Samuel MS, Ebert LM, Mahoney MG, Bonder CS. Desmoglein-2 as a cancer modulator: friend or foe? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1327478. [PMID: 38188287 PMCID: PMC10766750 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1327478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein-2 (DSG2) is a calcium-binding single pass transmembrane glycoprotein and a member of the large cadherin family. Until recently, DSG2 was thought to only function as a cell adhesion protein embedded within desmosome junctions designed to enable cells to better tolerate mechanical stress. However, additional roles for DSG2 outside of desmosomes are continuing to emerge, particularly in cancer. Herein, we review the current literature on DSG2 in cancer and detail its impact on biological functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, intracellular signaling, extracellular vesicle release and vasculogenic mimicry. An increased understanding of the diverse repertoire of the biological functions of DSG2 holds promise to exploit this cell surface protein as a potential prognostic biomarker and/or target for better patient outcomes. This review explores the canonical and non-canonical functions of DSG2, as well as the context-dependent impacts of DSG2 in the realm of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay K. Myo Min
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charlie B. Ffrench
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Barbara J. McClure
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emma L. Dorward
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael S. Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Basil Hetzel Institute, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, SA, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mỹ G. Mahoney
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Claudine S. Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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3
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Castro-Hinojosa C, Del Sol-Fernández S, Moreno-Antolín E, Martín-Gracia B, Ovejero JG, de la Fuente JM, Grazú V, Fratila RM, Moros M. A Simple and Versatile Strategy for Oriented Immobilization of His-Tagged Proteins on Magnetic Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2275-2292. [PMID: 37882455 PMCID: PMC10739578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Oriented and covalent immobilization of proteins on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is particularly challenging as it requires both the functionality of the protein and the colloidal stability of the MNPs to be preserved. Here, we describe a simple, straightforward, and efficient strategy for MNP functionalization with proteins using metal affinity binding. Our method involves a single-step process where MNPs are functionalized using a preformed, ready-to-use nitrilotriacetic acid-divalent metal cation (NTA-M2+) complex and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the oriented immobilization of a recombinant cadherin fragment engineered with a hexahistidine tag (6His-tag) onto the MNPs. Our developed methodology is simple and direct, enabling the oriented bioconjugation of His-tagged cadherins to MNPs while preserving protein functionality and the colloidal stability of the MNPs, and could be extended to other proteins expressing a polyhistidine tag. When compared to the traditional method where NTA is first conjugated to the MNPs and afterward free metal ions are added to form the complex, this novel strategy results in a higher functionalization efficiency while avoiding MNP aggregation. Additionally, our method allows for covalent bonding of the cadherin fragments to the MNP surface while preserving functionality, making it highly versatile. Finally, our strategy not only ensures the correct orientation of the protein fragments on the MNPs but also allows for the precise control of their density. This feature enables the selective targeting of E-cadherin-expressing cells only when MNPs are decorated with a high density of cadherin fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Castro-Hinojosa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Susel Del Sol-Fernández
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Eduardo Moreno-Antolín
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Gracia
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Jesús G. Ovejero
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM/CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Department
of Dosimetry and Radioprotection, General
University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Dr Esquerdo 46, Madrid 28007, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez de la Fuente
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Valeria Grazú
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Raluca M. Fratila
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - María Moros
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, INMA (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza), C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid 28029, Spain
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4
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Tian Q, Yang F, Jiang H, Bhattacharyya P, Xie T, Ali AA, Sun Y, You M. Imaging and detecting intercellular tensile forces in spheroids and embryoid bodies using lipid-modified DNA probes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1220079. [PMID: 37920824 PMCID: PMC10619156 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1220079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells continuously experience and respond to different physical forces that are used to regulate their physiology and functions. Our ability to measure these mechanical cues is essential for understanding the bases of various mechanosensing and mechanotransduction processes. While multiple strategies have been developed to study mechanical forces within two-dimensional (2D) cell culture monolayers, the force measurement at cell-cell junctions in real three-dimensional (3D) cell models is still pretty rare. Considering that in real biological systems, cells are exposed to forces from 3D directions, measuring these molecular forces in their native environment is thus highly critical for the better understanding of different development and disease processes. We have recently developed a type of DNA-based molecular probe for measuring intercellular tensile forces in 2D cell models. Herein, we will report the further development and first-time usage of these molecular tension probes to visualize and detect mechanical forces within 3D spheroids and embryoid bodies (EBs). These probes can spontaneously anchor onto live cell membranes via the attached lipid moieties. By varying the concentrations of these DNA probes and their incubation time, we have first characterized the kinetics and efficiency of probe penetration and loading onto tumor spheroids and stem cell EBs of different sizes. After optimization, we have further imaged and measured E-cadherin-mediated forces in these 3D spheroids and EBs for the first time. Our results indicated that these DNA-based molecular tension probes can be used to study the spatiotemporal distributions of target mechanotransduction processes. These powerful imaging tools may be potentially applied to fill the gap between ongoing research of biomechanics in 2D systems and that in real 3D cell complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Feiyu Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Priyanka Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Tianfa Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Ahsan Ausaf Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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5
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Masloh S, Culot M, Gosselet F, Chevrel A, Scapozza L, Zeisser Labouebe M. Challenges and Opportunities in the Oral Delivery of Recombinant Biologics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051415. [PMID: 37242657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant biological molecules are at the cutting-edge of biomedical research thanks to the significant progress made in biotechnology and a better understanding of subcellular processes implicated in several diseases. Given their ability to induce a potent response, these molecules are becoming the drugs of choice for multiple pathologies. However, unlike conventional drugs which are mostly ingested, the majority of biologics are currently administered parenterally. Therefore, to improve their limited bioavailability when delivered orally, the scientific community has devoted tremendous efforts to develop accurate cell- and tissue-based models that allow for the determination of their capacity to cross the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, several promising approaches have been imagined to enhance the intestinal permeability and stability of recombinant biological molecules. This review summarizes the main physiological barriers to the oral delivery of biologics. Several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models currently used to assess permeability are also presented. Finally, the multiple strategies explored to address the challenges of administering biotherapeutics orally are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solene Masloh
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Culot
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Anne Chevrel
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magali Zeisser Labouebe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Kasiah J, McNeill H. Fat and Dachsous cadherins in mammalian development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:223-244. [PMID: 37100519 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell growth and patterning are critical for tissue development. Here we discuss the evolutionarily conserved cadherins, Fat and Dachsous, and the roles they play during mammalian tissue development and disease. In Drosophila, Fat and Dachsous regulate tissue growth via the Hippo pathway and planar cell polarity (PCP). The Drosophila wing has been an ideal tissue to observe how mutations in these cadherins affect tissue development. In mammals, there are multiple Fat and Dachsous cadherins, which are expressed in many tissues, but mutations in these cadherins that affect growth and tissue organization are context dependent. Here we examine how mutations in the Fat and Dachsous mammalian genes affect development in mammals and contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennysue Kasiah
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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7
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Tarsitano J, Ramis LY, Alonso LG, Russo DM, Zorreguieta A. RapD Is a Multimeric Calcium-Binding Protein That Interacts With the Rhizobium leguminosarum Biofilm Exopolysaccharide, Influencing the Polymer Lengths. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895526. [PMID: 35875570 PMCID: PMC9298526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium leguminosarum synthesizes an acidic polysaccharide mostly secreted to the extracellular medium, known as exopolysaccharide (EPS) and partially retained on the bacterial surface as a capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Rap proteins, extracellular protein substrates of the PrsDE type I secretion system (TISS), share at least one Ra/CHDL (cadherin-like) domain and are involved in biofilm matrix development either through cleaving the polysaccharide by Ply glycanases or by altering the bacterial adhesive properties. It was shown that the absence or excess of extracellular RapA2 (a monomeric CPS calcium-binding lectin) alters the biofilm matrix’s properties. Here, we show evidence of the role of a new Rap protein, RapD, which comprises an N-terminal Ra/CHDL domain and a C-terminal region of unknown function. RapD was completely released to the extracellular medium and co-secreted with the other Rap proteins in a PrsDE-dependent manner. Furthermore, high levels of RapD secretion were found in biofilms under conditions that favor EPS production. Interestingly, size exclusion chromatography of the EPS produced by the ΔrapA2ΔrapD double mutant showed a profile of EPS molecules of smaller sizes than those of the single mutants and the wild type strain, suggesting that both RapA2 and RapD proteins influence EPS processing on the cell surface. Biophysical studies showed that calcium triggers proper folding and multimerization of recombinant RapD. Besides, further conformational changes were observed in the presence of EPS. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) and Binding Inhibition Assays (BIA) indicated that RapD specifically binds the EPS and that galactose residues would be involved in this interaction. Taken together, these observations indicate that RapD is a biofilm matrix-associated multimeric protein that influences the properties of the EPS, the main structural component of the rhizobial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Tarsitano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lila Y. Ramis
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo G. Alonso
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela M. Russo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Daniela M. Russo,
| | - Angeles Zorreguieta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Angeles Zorreguieta,
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8
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Hird C, Franklin CE, Cramp RL. The role of environmental calcium in the extreme acid tolerance of northern banjo frog (Limnodynastes terraereginae) larvae. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275908. [PMID: 35702935 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many aquatically respiring animals acutely exposed to low pH waters suffer inhibition of ion uptake, and loss of branchial (gill) epithelial integrity, culminating in a fatal loss of body Na+. Environmental calcium levels ([Ca2+]e) are pivotal in maintaining branchial junction integrity, with supplemental Ca2+ reversing the negative effects of low pH in some animals. Tolerance of some naturally acidic environments by aquatic animals is further complicated by low [Ca2+]e, yet many of these environments are surprisingly biodiverse. How animals overcome the damaging actions of low pH and low environmental Ca2+ remains unknown. We examined the effects of [Ca2+]e on the response to low pH in larvae of the highly acid tolerant frog Limnodynastes terraereginae. Acute exposure to low pH water in the presence of low (5 µmol L-1) [Ca2+]e increased net Na+ efflux. Provision of additional [Ca2+]e reduced net Na+ efflux, but the effect was saturable. Acclimation to both low and high (250 µmol L-1) [Ca2+]e improved the resistance of larvae to Na+ efflux at low pH. Exposure to the Ca2+ channel inhibitor ruthenium red resulted in an abrupt loss of tolerance in low pH acclimated larvae. Acclimation to acidic water increased branchial gene expression of the intracellular Ca2+ transport protein calbindin, consistent with a role for increased transcellular Ca2+ trafficking in the tolerance of acidic water. This study supports a role for [Ca2+]e in promoting branchial integrity and highlights a potential mechanism via the maintenance of transcellular Ca2+ uptake in the acid tolerance of L. terraereginae larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Hird
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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9
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Blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer's disease: From discovery to clinical relevance. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108119. [PMID: 35108575 PMCID: PMC9107516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD brain pathology starts decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. One early pathological hallmark is blood-brain barrier dysfunction characterized by barrier leakage and associated with cognitive decline. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on the extent and clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. First, we focus on AD animal models and their susceptibility to barrier leakage based on age and genetic background. Second, we re-examine barrier dysfunction in clinical and postmortem studies, summarize changes that lead to barrier leakage in patients and highlight the clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. Third, we summarize signaling mechanisms that link barrier leakage to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Finally, we discuss clinical relevance and potential therapeutic strategies and provide future perspectives on investigating barrier leakage in AD. Identifying mechanistic steps underlying barrier leakage has the potential to unravel new targets that can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to repair barrier leakage and slow cognitive decline in AD and AD-related dementias.
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10
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Neel BL, Nisler CR, Walujkar S, Araya-Secchi R, Sotomayor M. Elastic versus brittle mechanical responses predicted for dimeric cadherin complexes. Biophys J 2022; 121:1013-1028. [PMID: 35151631 PMCID: PMC8943749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are a superfamily of adhesion proteins involved in a variety of biological processes that include the formation of intercellular contacts, the maintenance of tissue integrity, and the development of neuronal circuits. These transmembrane proteins are characterized by ectodomains composed of a variable number of extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats that are similar but not identical in sequence and fold. E-cadherin, along with desmoglein and desmocollin proteins, are three classical-type cadherins that have slightly curved ectodomains and engage in homophilic and heterophilic interactions through an exchange of conserved tryptophan residues in their N-terminal EC1 repeat. In contrast, clustered protocadherins are straighter than classical cadherins and interact through an antiparallel homophilic binding interface that involves overlapped EC1 to EC4 repeats. Here we present molecular dynamics simulations that model the adhesive domains of these cadherins using available crystal structures, with systems encompassing up to 2.8 million atoms. Simulations of complete classical cadherin ectodomain dimers predict a two-phased elastic response to force in which these complexes first softly unbend and then stiffen to unbind without unfolding. Simulated α, β, and γ clustered protocadherin homodimers lack a two-phased elastic response, are brittle and stiffer than classical cadherins and exhibit complex unbinding pathways that in some cases involve transient intermediates. We propose that these distinct mechanical responses are important for function, with classical cadherin ectodomains acting as molecular shock absorbers and with stiffer clustered protocadherin ectodomains facilitating overlap that favors binding specificity over mechanical resilience. Overall, our simulations provide insights into the molecular mechanics of single cadherin dimers relevant in the formation of cellular junctions essential for tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Neel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Collin R Nisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sanket Walujkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raul Araya-Secchi
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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11
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Neel BL, Nisler CR, Walujkar S, Araya-Secchi R, Sotomayor M. Collective mechanical responses of cadherin-based adhesive junctions as predicted by simulations. Biophys J 2022; 121:991-1012. [PMID: 35150618 PMCID: PMC8943820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-based adherens junctions and desmosomes help stabilize cell-cell contacts with additional function in mechano-signaling, while clustered protocadherin junctions are responsible for directing neuronal circuits assembly. Structural models for adherens junctions formed by epithelial cadherin (CDH1) proteins indicate that their long, curved ectodomains arrange to form a periodic, two-dimensional lattice stabilized by tip-to-tip trans interactions (across junction) and lateral cis contacts. Less is known about the exact architecture of desmosomes, but desmoglein (DSG) and desmocollin (DSC) cadherin proteins are also thought to form ordered junctions. In contrast, clustered protocadherin (PCDH)-based cell-cell contacts in neuronal tissues are thought to be responsible for self-recognition and avoidance, and structural models for clustered PCDH junctions show a linear arrangement in which their long and straight ectodomains form antiparallel overlapped trans complexes. Here, we report all-atom molecular dynamics simulations testing the mechanics of minimalistic adhesive junctions formed by CDH1, DSG2 coupled to DSC1, and PCDHγB4, with systems encompassing up to 3.7 million atoms. Simulations generally predict a favored shearing pathway for the adherens junction model and a two-phased elastic response to tensile forces for the adhesive adherens junction and the desmosome models. Complexes within these junctions first unbend at low tensile force and then become stiff to unbind without unfolding. However, cis interactions in both the CDH1 and DSG2-DSC1 systems dictate varied mechanical responses of individual dimers within the junctions. Conversely, the clustered protocadherin PCDHγB4 junction lacks a distinct two-phased elastic response. Instead, applied tensile force strains trans interactions directly, as there is little unbending of monomers within the junction. Transient intermediates, influenced by new cis interactions, are observed after the main rupture event. We suggest that these collective, complex mechanical responses mediated by cis contacts facilitate distinct functions in robust cell-cell adhesion for classical cadherins and in self-avoidance signaling for clustered PCDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Neel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Collin R Nisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sanket Walujkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Raul Araya-Secchi
- Facultad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Chemical Physics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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12
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Zhang P, Tu Q, Ni Z, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Yan L, Bao H, Zhuge Q, Ni H. Association between serum calcium level and hemorrhagic progression in patients with traumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage: Investigating the mediation and interaction effects of coagulopathy. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:508-519. [PMID: 35102758 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the association of serum calcium with coagulopathy and hemorrhagic progression contusion (HPC) in patients with traumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage (tIPH), and further explored the interaction and mediation effect between serum calcium as well as coagulopathy on HPC. Retrospective analyses of patients with tIPH admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between January 2016 to December 2019. The clinical data, coagulation parameters, and serum calcium levels were collected for further analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the association of serum calcium level with coagulopathy and HPC. Causal mediation analysis (CMA) and additive interaction model were used to estimate the interaction and mediation effect between serum calcium as well as coagulopathy on HPC. Additionally, we repeated the analysis using corrected calcium. A total of 473 patients were included in this study. Of these, 54 (11.4%) patients had hypocalcemia at admission, 105 (22.2%) presented with coagulopathy, and 187 (39.5%) experienced HPC. Admission serum calcium level in patients presented with coagulopathy and HPC were 8.84 [IQR: 8.44-9.40] and 8.92 [IQR: 8.48-9.40] mg/dL respectively, which were significantly lower than that of patients without (9.10 [IQR: 8.68-9.88] and 9.12 [IQR: 8.72-9.89] mg/dL; all p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that hypocalcemia emerged as an independent risk factor for coagulopathy and HPC. However, no significant interaction was detected between hypocalcemia and coagulopathy. CMA showed that the mediator coagulopathy explained 24.4% (95% CI: 4.7-65.0%; p = 0.006) of the association between hypocalcemia and HPC. Moreover, comparable results were held using corrected calcium as well. Admission serum calcium level is associated with the HPC for patients with tIPH and this relationship is partially mediated by coagulopathy, but no significant interaction is detected. Further studies are needed to validate the findings and explore its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Qi Tu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Zhihui Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Zezheng Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Yu Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Lin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Han Bao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, China;
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China;
| | - Haoqi Ni
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325000.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 89657, Department of Neurosurgery, wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325000;
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13
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Beggs RR, Rao TC, Dean WF, Kowalczyk AP, Mattheyses AL. Desmosomes undergo dynamic architectural changes during assembly and maturation. Tissue Barriers 2022; 10:2017225. [PMID: 34983311 PMCID: PMC9621066 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.2017225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are macromolecular cell-cell junctions critical for maintaining adhesion and resisting mechanical stress in epithelial tissue. Desmosome assembly and the relationship between maturity and molecular architecture are not well understood. To address this, we employed a calcium switch assay to synchronize assembly followed by quantification of desmosome nanoscale organization using direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM). We found that the organization of the desmoplakin rod/C-terminal junction changed over the course of maturation, as indicated by a decrease in the plaque-to-plaque distance, while the plaque length increased. In contrast, the desmoplakin N-terminal domain and plakoglobin organization (plaque-to-plaque distance) were constant throughout maturation. This structural rearrangement of desmoplakin was concurrent with desmosome maturation measured by E-cadherin exclusion and increased adhesive strength. Using two-color dSTORM, we showed that while the number of individual E-cadherin containing junctions went down with the increasing time in high Ca2+, they maintained a wider desmoplakin rod/C-terminal plaque-to-plaque distance. This indicates that the maturation state of individual desmosomes can be identified by their architectural organization. We confirmed these architectural changes in another model of desmosome assembly, cell migration. Desmosomes in migrating cells, closest to the scratch where they are assembling, were shorter, E-cadherin enriched, and had wider desmoplakin rod/C-terminal plaque-to-plaque distances compared to desmosomes away from the wound edge. Key results were demonstrated in three cell lines representing simple, transitional, and stratified epithelia. Together, these data suggest that there is a set of architectural programs for desmosome maturation, and we hypothesize that desmoplakin architecture may be a contributing mechanism to regulating adhesive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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14
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Velásquez-Jiménez D, Corella-Salazar DA, Zuñiga-Martínez BS, Domínguez-Avila JA, Montiel-Herrera M, Salazar-López NJ, Rodrigo-Garcia J, Villegas-Ochoa MA, González-Aguilar GA. Phenolic compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier exert positive health effects as central nervous system antioxidants. Food Funct 2021; 12:10356-10369. [PMID: 34608925 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical structure whose main function is to strictly regulate access to circulating compounds into the central nervous system (CNS). Vegetable-derived phenolic compounds have been widely studied, with numerous epidemiologic and interventional studies confirming their health-related bioactivities across multiple cells, organs and models. Phenolics are non-essential xenobiotics, and should theoretically be unable to cross the BBB. The present work summarizes current experimental evidence that reveals that not only are phenolic compounds able to cross the BBB and bioaccumulate in the brain, but there is some stereoselectivity, which suggests the presence of specific transporters that allow them to reach the brain. Some molecules cross the BBB intact, while others do so only after being biotransformed or metabolized elsewhere. Once inside the CNS, they prevent or counter oxidative stress, which maintains the molecular, cellular, structural and functional integrity of the brain, and subsequently, overall human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Velásquez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana A Corella-Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - B Shain Zuñiga-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - J Abraham Domínguez-Avila
- Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Marcelino Montiel-Herrera
- Departamento de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Norma J Salazar-López
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.,Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Facultad de Medicina de Mexicali, Dr. Humberto Torres Sanginés S/N, Centro Cívico, Mexicali, Baja California 21000, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Rodrigo-Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n, 32310 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Mónica A Villegas-Ochoa
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A González-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Col. La Victoria, 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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15
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Vaibavi SR, Sivasubramaniapandian M, Vaippully R, Edwina P, Roy B, Bajpai SK. Calcium-channel-blockers exhibit divergent regulation of cancer extravasation through the mechanical properties of cancer cells and underlying vascular endothelial cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 80:171-190. [PMID: 34643835 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and cancer illnesses often co-exist, share pathological pathways, and complicate therapy. In the context of the potential oncological role of cardiovascular-antihypertensive drugs (AHD), here we examine the role of calcium-channel blocking drugs on mechanics of extravasating cancer cells, choosing two clinically-approved calcium-channel blockers (CCB): Verapamil-hydrochloride and Nifedipine, as model AHD to simultaneously target cancer cells (MCF7 and or MDA231) and an underlying monolayer of endothelial cells (HUVEC). First, live-cell microscopy shows that exposure to Nifedipine increases the spreading-area, migration-distance, and frequency of transmigration of MCF-7 cells through the HUVEC monolayer, whereas Verapamil has the opposite effect. Next, impedance-spectroscopy shows that for monolayers of either endothelial or cancer cells, Nifedipine-treatment alone decreases the impedance of both cases, suggesting compromised cell-cell integrity. Furthermore, upon co-culturing MCF-7 on the HUVEC monolayers, Nifedipine-treated MCF-7 cells exhibit weaker impedance than Verapamil-treated MCF-7 cells. Following, fluorescent staining of CCB-treated cytoskeleton, focal adhesions, and cell-cell junction also indicated that Nifedipine treatment diminished the cell-cell integrity, whereas verapamil treatment preserved the integrity. Since CCBs regulate intracellular Ca2+, we next investigated if cancer cell's exposure to CCBs regulates calcium-dependent processes critical to extravasation, specifically traction and mechanics of plasma membrane. Towards this end, first, we quantified the 2D-cellular traction of cells in response to CCBs. Results show that exposure to F-actin depolymerizing drug decreases traction stress significantly only for Nifedipine-treated cells, suggesting an actin-independent mechanism of Verapamil activity. Next, using an optical tweezer to quantify the mechanics of plasma membrane (PM), we observe that under constant, externally-applied tensile strain, PM of Nifedipine-treated cells exhibits smaller relaxation-time than Verapamil and untreated cells. Finally, actin depolymerization significantly decreases MSD only for Verapamil treated cancer-cells and endothelial cells and not for Nifedipine-treated cells. Together, our results show that CCBs can have varied, mechanics-regulating effects on cancer-cell transmigration across endothelial monolayers. A judicious choice of CCBs is critical to minimizing the pro-metastatic effects of antihypertension therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Vaibavi
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
| | | | - Rahul Vaippully
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
| | - Privita Edwina
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
| | - Basudev Roy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
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16
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Gray ME, Sotomayor M. Crystal structure of the nonclassical cadherin-17 N-terminus and implications for its adhesive binding mechanism. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:85-94. [PMID: 33682793 PMCID: PMC7938635 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21002247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin superfamily of calcium-dependent cell-adhesion proteins has over 100 members in the human genome. All members of the superfamily feature at least a pair of extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats with calcium-binding sites in the EC linker region. The EC repeats across family members form distinct complexes that mediate cellular adhesion. For instance, classical cadherins (five EC repeats) strand-swap their N-termini and exchange tryptophan residues in EC1, while the clustered protocadherins (six EC repeats) use an extended antiparallel `forearm handshake' involving repeats EC1-EC4. The 7D-cadherins, cadherin-16 (CDH16) and cadherin-17 (CDH17), are the most similar to classical cadherins and have seven EC repeats, two of which are likely to have arisen from gene duplication of EC1-2 from a classical ancestor. However, CDH16 and CDH17 lack the EC1 tryptophan residue used by classical cadherins to mediate adhesion. The structure of human CDH17 EC1-2 presented here reveals features that are not seen in classical cadherins and that are incompatible with the EC1 strand-swap mechanism for adhesion. Analyses of crystal contacts, predicted glycosylation and disease-related mutations are presented along with sequence alignments suggesting that the novel features in the CDH17 EC1-2 structure are well conserved. These results hint at distinct adhesive properties for 7D-cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Chandran R, Kale G, Philippe JM, Lecuit T, Mayor S. Distinct actin-dependent nanoscale assemblies underlie the dynamic and hierarchical organization of E-cadherin. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1726-1736.e4. [PMID: 33607036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane adhesion proteins required for the formation of cohesive tissues.1-4 Intracellular interactions of E-cadherin with the Catenin family proteins, α- and β-catenin, facilitate connections with the cortical actomyosin network. This is necessary for maintaining the integrity of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues.5-11 The supra-molecular architecture of E-cadherin is an important feature of its adhesion function; cis and trans interactions of E-cadherin are deployed12-15 to form clusters, both in cis and trans.11,16-21 Studies in Drosophila embryo have also shown that Drosophila E-cadherin (dE-cad) is organized as finite-sized dynamic clusters that localize with actin patches at cell-cell junctions, in continuous exchange with the extra-junctional pool of dE-cad surrounding the clusters.11,19 Here, we use the ectopic expression of dE-cad in larval hemocytes, which lack endogenous dE-cad to recapitulate functional cell-cell junctions in a convenient model system. We find that, while dE-cad at cell-cell junctions in hemocytes exhibits a clustered trans-paired organization similar to that reported previously in embryonic epithelial tissue, extra-junctional dE-cad is also organized as relatively immobile nanoclusters as well as more loosely packed diffusive oligomers. Oligomers are promoted by cis interactions of the ectodomain, and their growth is counteracted by the activity of cortical actomyosin. Oligomers in turn promote assembly of dense nanoclusters that require cortical actomyosin activity. Thus, cortical actin activity remodels oligomers and generates nanoclusters. The requirement for dynamic actin in the organization of dE-cad at the nanoscale may provide a mechanism to dynamically tune junctional strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumamol Chandran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Girish Kale
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France; Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.
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18
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Eskandarani R, Sahli S, Sawan S, Alsaeed A. Simultaneous cardio-cerebral infarction in the coronavirus disease pandemic era: A case series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24496. [PMID: 33530272 PMCID: PMC7850703 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simultaneous occurrence of acute ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction is reported to have variable precipitating causes. This occurrence has been rarely reported in the literature and described only in very few case reports. During the surge of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in our region, we noted an increase in the simultaneous occurrence of cardio-cerebral infarction. This led us to explore the possible mechanisms and pathophysiology that could contribute to this increase. The retrospective nature of the study limited us from drawing any conclusion about causation. Rather, we aimed to formulate a hypothesis for future, more rigorous studies. PATIENT CONCERNS We present an overview of 5 cases of simultaneous cardio-cerebral infarction that we encountered in our emergency department within 1 month. DIAGNOSIS In all cases, diagnosis was confirmed using an electrocardiogram, assessment of laboratory cardiac markers, and imaging. INTERVENTIONS In all cases, dual antiplatelet therapy was started and thrombolysis was held, as the condition was considered high risk in most of the patients. Cardiac catheterization lab was not activated either because the patient was unstable or the risk of COVID-19 in staff outweighed the benefit added in patient treatment. OUTCOMES Two out of 5 patients died because of early complications that lasted for few days. The remaining 3 were discharged from the hospital in moderate functionality for extensive therapy and rehabilitation. CONCLUSION Early recognition and immediate treatment is important in different scenarios leading to thrombosis as the outcome. Additionally, addressing the unknown risks that could contribute to our traditional understanding of these causative mechanisms is important. The hypothesis of exacerbated damage caused by inflammatory and immunological endothelial systemic damage should further be explored to be able to delineate new possibilities in managing these conditions.
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19
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Shibata-Seki T, Nagaoka M, Goto M, Kobatake E, Akaike T. Direct visualization of the extracellular binding structure of E-cadherins in liquid. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17044. [PMID: 33046720 PMCID: PMC7552386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a key Ca-dependent cell adhesion molecule, which is expressed on many cell surfaces and involved in cell morphogenesis, embryonic development, EMT, etc. The fusion protein E-cad-Fc consists of the extracellular domain of E-cadherin and the IgG Fc domain. On plates coated with this chimeric protein, ES/iPS cells are cultivated particularly well and induced to differentiate. The cells adhere to the plate via E-cad-Fc in the presence of Ca2+ and detach by a chelating agent. For the purpose of clarifying the structures of E-cad-Fc in the presence and absence of Ca2+, we analyzed the molecular structure of E-cad-Fc by AFM in liquid. Our AFM observations revealed a rod-like structure of the entire extracellular domain of E-cad-Fc in the presence of Ca2+ as well as trans-binding of E-cad-Fc with adjacent molecules, which may be the first, direct confirmation of trans-dimerization of E-cadherin. The observed structures were in good agreement with an X-ray crystallographic model. Furthermore, we succeeded in visualizing the changes in the rod-like structure of the EC domains with and without calcium. The biomatrix surface plays an important role in cell culture, so the analysis of its structure and function may help promote cell engineering based on cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiko Shibata-Seki
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 24-16 Kasuga, 3-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan
| | - Masato Nagaoka
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 24-16 Kasuga, 3-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Goto
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 24-16 Kasuga, 3-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan.
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, G1-13, 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Akaike
- Biomaterials Center for Regenerative Medical Engineering, Foundation for Advancement of International Science, 24-16 Kasuga, 3-chome, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0821, Japan
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20
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Zhao B, Li N, Xie T, Bagheri Y, Liang C, Keshri P, Sun Y, You M. Quantifying tensile forces at cell-cell junctions with a DNA-based fluorescent probe. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8558-8566. [PMID: 34123115 PMCID: PMC8163409 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells are physically contacting with each other. Direct and precise quantification of forces at cell–cell junctions is still challenging. Herein, we have developed a DNA-based ratiometric fluorescent probe, termed DNAMeter, to quantify intercellular tensile forces. These lipid-modified DNAMeters can spontaneously anchor onto live cell membranes. The DNAMeter consists of two self-assembled DNA hairpins of different force tolerance. Once the intercellular tension exceeds the force tolerance to unfold a DNA hairpin, a specific fluorescence signal will be activated, which enables the real-time imaging and quantification of tensile forces. Using E-cadherin-modified DNAMeter as an example, we have demonstrated an approach to quantify, at the molecular level, the magnitude and distribution of E-cadherin tension among epithelial cells. Compatible with readily accessible fluorescence microscopes, these easy-to-use DNA tension probes can be broadly used to quantify mechanotransduction in collective cell behaviors. A DNA-based fluorescent probe to quantify the magnitude and distribution of tensile forces at cell–cell junctions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Ningwei Li
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Tianfa Xie
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Yousef Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Chungwen Liang
- Computational and Modeling Core, Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Puspam Keshri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA
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21
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Bartle EI, Rao TC, Beggs RR, Dean WF, Urner TM, Kowalczyk AP, Mattheyses AL. Protein exchange is reduced in calcium-independent epithelial junctions. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151763. [PMID: 32399559 PMCID: PMC7265307 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell–cell junctions that provide mechanical integrity to epithelial and cardiac tissues. Desmosomes have two distinct adhesive states, calcium-dependent and hyperadhesive, which balance tissue plasticity and strength. A highly ordered array of cadherins in the adhesive interface is hypothesized to drive hyperadhesion, but how desmosome structure confers adhesive state is still elusive. We employed fluorescence polarization microscopy to show that cadherin order is not required for hyperadhesion induced by pharmacologic and genetic approaches. FRAP experiments in cells treated with the PKCα inhibitor Gö6976 revealed that cadherins, plakoglobin, and desmoplakin have significantly reduced exchange in and out of hyperadhesive desmosomes. To test whether this was a result of enhanced keratin association, we used the desmoplakin mutant S2849G, which conferred reduced protein exchange. We propose that inside-out regulation of protein exchange modulates adhesive function, whereby proteins are “locked in” to hyperadhesive desmosomes while protein exchange confers plasticity on calcium-dependent desmosomes, thereby providing rapid control of adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily I Bartle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tejeshwar C Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Reena R Beggs
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - William F Dean
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tara M Urner
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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22
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Cryo-EM structure of rhinovirus C15a bound to its cadherin-related protein 3 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6784-6791. [PMID: 32152109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921640117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Rhinovirus-C (RV-C), a species of Picornaviridae Enterovirus, is strongly associated with childhood asthma exacerbations. Cellular binding and entry by all RV-C, which trigger these episodes, is mediated by the first extracellular domain (EC1) of cadherin-related protein 3 (CDHR3), a surface cadherin-like protein expressed primarily on the apical surfaces of ciliated airway epithelial cells. Although recombinant EC1 is a potent inhibitor of viral infection, there is no molecular description of this protein or its binding site on RV-C. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy (EM) data resolving the EC1 and EC1+2 domains of human CDHR3 complexed with viral isolate C15a. Structure-suggested residues contributing to required interfaces on both EC1 and C15a were probed and identified by mutagenesis studies with four different RV-C genotypes. In contrast to most other rhinoviruses, which bind intercellular adhesion molecule 1 receptors via a capsid protein VP1-specific fivefold canyon feature, the CDHR3 EC1 contacts C15a, and presumably all RV-Cs, in a unique cohesive footprint near the threefold vertex, encompassing residues primarily from viral protein VP3, but also from VP1 and VP2. The EC1+2 footprint on C15a is similar to that of EC1 alone but shows that steric hindrance imposed by EC2 would likely prevent multiprotein binding by the native receptor at any singular threefold vertex. Definition of the molecular interface between the RV-Cs and their receptors provides new avenues that can be explored for potential antiviral therapies.
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23
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Cui T, Theuns S, Xie J, Nauwynck HJ. Porcine rotavirus mainly infects primary porcine enterocytes at the basolateral surface. Vet Res 2019; 50:110. [PMID: 31856906 PMCID: PMC6924034 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium functions as a barrier to protect multicellular organisms from the outside world. It consists of epithelial cells closely connected by intercellular junctions, selective gates which control paracellular diffusion of solutes, ions and macromolecules across the epithelium and keep out pathogens. Rotavirus is one of the major enteric viruses causing severe diarrhea in humans and animals. It specifically infects the enterocytes on villi of small intestines. The polarity of rotavirus replication in their target enterocytes and the role of intestinal epithelial integrity were examined in the present study. Treatment with EGTA, a drug that chelates calcium and disrupts the intercellular junctions, (i) significantly enhanced the infection of rotavirus in primary enterocytes, (ii) increased the binding of rotavirus to enterocytes, but (iii) considerably blocked internalization of rotavirus. After internalization, rotavirus was resistant to EGTA treatment. To investigate the polarity of rotavirus infection, the primary enterocytes were cultured in a transwell system and infected with rotavirus at either the apical or the basolateral surface. Rotavirus preferentially infected enterocytes at the basolateral surface. Restriction of infection through apical inoculation was overcome by EGTA treatment. Overall, our findings demonstrate that integrity of the intestinal epithelium is crucial in the host's innate defense against rotavirus infection. In addition, the intercellular receptor is located basolaterally and disruption of intercellular junctions facilitates the binding of rotavirus to their receptor at the basolateral surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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24
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Kitsuki T, Yoshimoto RU, Aijima R, Hatakeyama J, Cao AL, Zhang JQ, Ohsaki Y, Mori Y, Kido MA. Enhanced junctional epithelial permeability in TRPV4-deficient mice. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:51-60. [PMID: 31343743 PMCID: PMC7027751 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective As the interface between the oral cavity and the teeth, the junctional epithelial barrier is critical for gingival defense. The junctional epithelium is subject to mechanical stresses from biting force or external insults such as bacterial attacks, but little is known about the effects of mechanical stimuli on epithelial functions. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) functions as a mechanosensitive nonselective cation channel. In the present study, based on marked expression of TRPV4 in the mouse junctional epithelium, we aimed to clarify the putative links between TRPV4 and junctional complexes in the junctional epithelium. Methods and Results Histological observations revealed that the junctional epithelium in TRPV4‐deficient (TRPV4−/−) mice had wider intercellular spaces than that in wild‐type (TRPV4+/+) mice. Exogenous tracer penetration in the junctional epithelium was greater in TRPV4−/− mice than in TRPV4+/+ mice, and immunoreactivity for adherens junction proteins was suppressed in TRPV4−/− mice compared with TRPV4+/+ mice. Analysis of a mouse periodontitis model showed greater bone volume loss in TRPV4−/− mice compared with TRPV4+/+ mice, indicating that an epithelial barrier deficiency in TRPV4−/− mice may be associated with periodontal complications. Conclusion The present findings identify a crucial role for TRPV4 in the formation of adherens junctions in the junctional epithelium, which could regulate its permeability. TRPV4 may be a candidate pharmacological target to combat periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kitsuki
- Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Reiko U Yoshimoto
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Reona Aijima
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Junko Hatakeyama
- Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ai-Lin Cao
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Jing-Qi Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ohsaki
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Mori
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mizuho A Kido
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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25
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Domanska B, Fortea E, West MJ, Schwartz JL, Crickmore N. The role of membrane-bound metal ions in toxicity of a human cancer cell-active pore-forming toxin Cry41Aa from Bacillus thuringiensis. Toxicon 2019; 167:123-133. [PMID: 31181295 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis crystal (Cry) proteins, used for decades as insecticidal toxins, are well known to be toxic to certain insects, but not to mammals. A novel group of Cry toxins called parasporins possess a strong cytocidal activity against some human cancer cells. Cry41Aa, or parasporin3, closely resembles commercially used insecticidal toxins and yet is toxic to the human hepatic cancer cell line HepG2, disrupting membranes of susceptible cells, similar to its insecticidal counterparts. In this study, we explore the protective effect that the common divalent metal chelator EGTA exerts on Cry41Aa's activity on HepG2 cells. Our results indicate that rather than interfering with a signalling pathway as a result of chelating cations in the medium, the chelator prevented the toxin's interaction with the membrane, and thus the subsequent steps of membrane damage and p38 phosphorylation, by removing cations bound to plasma membrane components. BAPTA and DTPA also inhibited Cry41Aa toxicity but at higher concentrations. We also show for the first time that Cry41Aa induces pore formation in planar lipid bilayers. This activity is not altered by EGTA, consistent with a biological context of chelation. Salt supplementation assays identified Ca2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ as being able to reinstate Cry41Aa activity. Our data suggest the existence of one or more metal cation-dependent receptors in the Cry41Aa mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Domanska
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Eva Fortea
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada; Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michelle J West
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jean-Louis Schwartz
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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26
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Kim JH, Ahn B, Choi SG, In S, Goh AR, Park SG, Lee CK, Kang NG. Amino acids disrupt calcium-dependent adhesion of stratum corneum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215244. [PMID: 30990830 PMCID: PMC6467405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the stratum corneum, the intercellular junction made up of cadherin proteins provides the structural integrity of the framework. Ca2+ ions are known to play a key role in maintaining this junction. In this study, we hypothesized that Ca2+ chelation in stratum corneum will weaken the bond of the tissue and consequently promote exfoliation. Amino acids, ubiquitously existing as metabolites and building blocks of the body, have the molecular property to chelate Ca2+ ions. In the current study, we verified the Ca2+ chelating property of amino acids and demonstrated that amino acids can interfere with the interaction of cadherins, separate stratum corneum into pieces, and thereby stimulate the exfoliation process of skin. These results validate the importance of Ca2+ ion in the skin exfoliation process. Importantly, our findings indicate that amino acids may be efficiently used for improving skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyun Kim
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Byungjun Ahn
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Guk Choi
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohyun In
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - A. Reum Goh
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Gyoo Park
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheon-Koo Lee
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Nae-Gyu Kang
- R&D Center, LG Household and Health Care, Ltd., Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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27
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Brayshaw LL, Smith RCG, Badaoui M, Irving JA, Price SR. Lanthanides compete with calcium for binding to cadherins and inhibit cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. Metallomics 2019; 11:914-924. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Substitutions with lanthanides reveal a high sensitivity of cadherin structure, dynamics and function to metal ion chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosanna C. G. Smith
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- UCL
- London
- UK
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells, and Regeneration
| | - Magd Badaoui
- Research Department of Respiratory Medicine
- UCL
- London
- UK
| | | | - Stephen R. Price
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- UCL
- London
- UK
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28
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Watters K, Palmenberg AC. CDHR3 extracellular domains EC1-3 mediate rhinovirus C interaction with cells and as recombinant derivatives, are inhibitory to virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007477. [PMID: 30532249 PMCID: PMC6301718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the rhinovirus C species (RV-C) are more likely to cause severe wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations in children than related isolates of the RV-A or RV-B. The RV-C capsid is structurally distinct from other rhinoviruses and does not bind ICAM-1 or LDL receptors. The RV-C receptor is instead, human cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3), a protein unique to the airway epithelium. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330, encoding C529Y) in CDHR3 regulates the display density of CDHR3 on cell surfaces and is among the strongest known genetic correlates for childhood virus-induced asthma susceptibility. CDHR3 immunoprecipitations from transfected or transduced cell lysates were used to characterize the RV-C interaction requirements. The C529 and Y529 variations in extracellular repeat domain 5 (EC5), bound equivalently to virus. Glycosylase treatment followed by mass spectrometry mapped 3 extracellular N-linked modification sites, and further detected surface-dependent, α2-6 sialyation unique to the Y529 format. None of these modifications were required for RV-C recognition, but removal or even dilution of structurally stabilizing calcium ions from the EC junctions irreversibly abrogated virus binding. CDHR3 deletions expressed in HeLa cells or as bacterial recombinant proteins, mapped the amino-terminal EC1 unit as the required virus contact. Derivatives containing the EC1 domain, could not only recapitulate virus:receptor interactions in vitro, but also directly inhibit RV-C infection of susceptible cells for several virus genotypes (C02, C15, C41, and C45). We propose that all RV-C use the same EC1 landing pad, interacting with putative EC3-mediated multimerization formats of CDHR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Watters
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ann C. Palmenberg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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29
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Jaiganesh A, Narui Y, Araya-Secchi R, Sotomayor M. Beyond Cell-Cell Adhesion: Sensational Cadherins for Hearing and Balance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029280. [PMID: 28847902 PMCID: PMC6008173 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins form a large family of proteins often involved in calcium-dependent cellular adhesion. Although classical members of the family can provide a physical bond between cells, a subset of special cadherins use their extracellular domains to interlink apical specializations of single epithelial sensory cells. Two of these cadherins, cadherin-23 (CDH23) and protocadherin-15 (PCDH15), form extracellular "tip link" filaments that connect apical bundles of stereocilia on hair cells essential for inner-ear mechanotransduction. As these bundles deflect in response to mechanical stimuli from sound or head movements, tip links gate hair-cell mechanosensitive channels to initiate sensory perception. Here, we review the unusual and diverse structural properties of these tip-link cadherins and the functional significance of their deafness-related missense mutations. Based on the structural features of CDH23 and PCDH15, we discuss the elasticity of tip links and models that bridge the gap between the nanomechanics of cadherins and the micromechanics of hair-cell bundles during inner-ear mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Jaiganesh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Yoshie Narui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Raul Araya-Secchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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30
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Implication of SPARC in the modulation of the extracellular matrix and mitochondrial function in muscle cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192714. [PMID: 29420632 PMCID: PMC5805355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is differentially associated with cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. We show here the effect of exogenous SPARC inhibition/induction on ECM and mitochondrial proteins expression and on the differentiation of C2C12 cells. The cells were cultured in growth medium (GM) supplemented with different experimental conditions. The differentiation of myoblasts was studied for 5 days, the expressions of ECM and mitochondrial proteins were measured and the formation of the myotubes was quantified after exogenous induction/inhibition of SPARC. The results indicate that the addition of recombinant SPARC protein (rSPARC) in cell culture medium increased the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts and myogenin expression during the myotube formation. However, the treatment with antibody specific for SPARC (anti-SPARC) prevented the differentiation and decreased myogenin expression. The induction of SPARC in the proliferating and differentiating C2C12 cells increased collagen 1a1 protein expression, whereas the inhibition decreased it. The effects on fibronectin protein expression were opposite. Furthermore, the addition of rSPARC in C2C12 myoblast increased the expression of mitochondrial proteins, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein II (UQCRC2) and succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur subunit (SDHB), whereas the anti-SPARC decreased them. During the differentiation, only the anti-SPARC had the effects on mitochondrial proteins, NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8 (NADHB8), SDHB and cytochrome c oxidase 1 (MTCO1). Thus, SPARC plays a crucial role in the proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 and may be involved in the link between the ECM remodeling and mitochondrial function.
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31
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Chenette EJ, Martin SJ. 50 years of The FEBS Journal: looking back as well as ahead. FEBS J 2018; 284:4162-4171. [PMID: 29251437 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this last issue of 2017, we're celebrating the 50th anniversary of The FEBS Journal. This Editorial considers how the journal has grown and changed from volume 1, issue 1 and outlines our exciting plans for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seamus J Martin
- The FEBS Journal Editorial Office, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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Cai Y, Shashikanth N, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin Diffusion in Supported Lipid Bilayers Exhibits Calcium-Dependent Dynamic Heterogeneity. Biophys J 2017; 111:2658-2665. [PMID: 28002742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ ions are critical to cadherin ectodomain rigidity, which is required for the activation of adhesive functions. Therefore, changes in Ca2+ concentration, both in vivo and in vitro, can affect cadherin conformation and function. We employed single-molecule tracking to measure the diffusion of cadherin ectodomains tethered to supported lipid bilayers at varying Ca2+ concentrations. At a relatively high Ca2+ concentration of 2 mM, cadherin molecules exhibited a fast diffusion coefficient that was identical to that of individual lipid molecules in the bilayer (Dfast ≈ 3 μm2/s). At lower Ca2+ concentrations, where cadherin molecules were less rigid, the ensemble-average cadherin diffusion coefficient was systematically smaller. Individual cadherin trajectories were temporally heterogeneous, exhibiting alternating periods of fast and slow diffusion; the periods of slow diffusion (Dslow ≈ 0.1 μm2/s) were more prevalent at lower Ca2+ concentration. These observations suggested that more flexible cadherin ectodomains at lower Ca2+ concentration alternated between upright and lying-down conformations, where the latter interacted with more lipid molecules and experienced greater viscous drag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
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33
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Sluysmans S, Vasileva E, Spadaro D, Shah J, Rouaud F, Citi S. The role of apical cell-cell junctions and associated cytoskeleton in mechanotransduction. Biol Cell 2017; 109:139-161. [PMID: 28220498 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissues of multicellular organisms are characterised by several types of specialised cell-cell junctions. In vertebrate epithelia and endothelia, tight and adherens junctions (AJ) play critical roles in barrier and adhesion functions, and are connected to the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. The interaction between junctions and the cytoskeleton is crucial for tissue development and physiology, and is involved in the molecular mechanisms governing cell shape, motility, growth and signalling. The machineries which functionally connect tight and AJ to the cytoskeleton comprise proteins which either bind directly to cytoskeletal filaments, or function as adaptors for regulators of the assembly and function of the cytoskeleton. In the last two decades, specific cytoskeleton-associated junctional molecules have been implicated in mechanotransduction, revealing the existence of multimolecular complexes that can sense mechanical cues and translate them into adaptation to tensile forces and biochemical signals. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the machineries that link tight and AJ to actin filaments and microtubules, and the molecular basis for mechanotransduction at epithelial and endothelial AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sluysmans
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Vasileva
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenica Spadaro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jimit Shah
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Rouaud
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Genomics and Genetics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Powers RE, Gaudet R, Sotomayor M. A Partial Calcium-Free Linker Confers Flexibility to Inner-Ear Protocadherin-15. Structure 2017; 25:482-495. [PMID: 28238533 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tip links of the inner ear are protein filaments essential for hearing and balance. Two atypical cadherins, cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15, interact in a Ca2+-dependent manner to form tip links. The largely unknown structure and mechanics of these proteins are integral to understanding how tip links pull on ion channels to initiate sensory perception. Protocadherin-15 has 11 extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats. Its EC3-4 linker lacks several of the canonical Ca2+-binding residues, and contains an aspartate-to-alanine polymorphism (D414A) under positive selection in East Asian populations. We present structures of protocadherin-15 EC3-5 featuring two Ca2+-binding linker regions: canonical EC4-5 linker binding three Ca2+ ions, and non-canonical EC3-4 linker binding only two Ca2+ ions. Our structures and biochemical assays reveal little difference between the D414 and D414A variants. Simulations predict that the partial Ca2+-free EC3-4 linker exhibits increased flexural flexibility without compromised mechanical strength, providing insight into the dynamics of tip links and other atypical cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Biophysics Graduate Program, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachelle Gaudet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12(th) Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Biswas KH, Zaidel-Bar R. Early events in the assembly of E-cadherin adhesions. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:14-19. [PMID: 28237244 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a calcium dependent cell adhesion molecule that is key to the organization of cells in the epithelial tissue. It is a multidomain, trans-membrane protein in which the extracellular domain forms the homotypic, adhesive interaction while the intracellular domain interacts with the actin cytoskeleton through the catenin family of adaptor proteins. A number of recent studies have provided novel insights into the mechanism of adhesion formation by this class of adhesion proteins. Here, we describe an updated view of the process of E-cadherin adhesion formation with an emphasis on the role of molecular mobility, clustering, and active cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H Biswas
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Molecular Architecture of the Major Membrane Ring Component of the Nuclear Pore Complex. Structure 2017; 25:434-445. [PMID: 28162953 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The membrane ring that equatorially circumscribes the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in the perinuclear lumen of the nuclear envelope is composed largely of Pom152 in yeast and its ortholog Nup210 (or Gp210) in vertebrates. Here, we have used a combination of negative-stain electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and small-angle X-ray scattering methods to determine an integrative structure of the ∼120 kDa luminal domain of Pom152. Our structural analysis reveals that the luminal domain is formed by a flexible string-of-pearls arrangement of nine repetitive cadherin-like Ig-like domains, indicating an evolutionary connection between NPCs and the cell adhesion machinery. The 16 copies of Pom152 known to be present in the yeast NPC are long enough to form the observed membrane ring, suggesting how interactions between Pom152 molecules help establish and maintain the NPC architecture.
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Exploiting the Gastric Epithelial Barrier: Helicobacter pylori’s Attack on Tight and Adherens Junctions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 400:195-226. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50520-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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38
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Araya-Secchi R, Neel BL, Sotomayor M. An elastic element in the protocadherin-15 tip link of the inner ear. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13458. [PMID: 27857071 PMCID: PMC5120219 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tip link filaments convey force and gate inner-ear hair-cell transduction channels to mediate perception of sound and head movements. Cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15 form tip links through a calcium-dependent interaction of their extracellular domains made of multiple extracellular cadherin (EC) repeats. These repeats are structurally similar, but not identical in sequence, often featuring linkers with conserved calcium-binding sites that confer mechanical strength to them. Here we present the X-ray crystal structures of human protocadherin-15 EC8-EC10 and mouse EC9-EC10, which show an EC8-9 canonical-like calcium-binding linker, and an EC9-10 calcium-free linker that alters the linear arrangement of EC repeats. Molecular dynamics simulations and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments support this non-linear conformation. Simulations also suggest that unbending of EC9-10 confers some elasticity to otherwise rigid tip links. The new structure provides a first view of protocadherin-15's non-canonical EC linkers and suggests how they may function in inner-ear mechanotransduction, with implications for other cadherins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Araya-Secchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Brandon L. Neel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Izaguirre MF, Casco VH. E-cadherin roles in animal biology: A perspective on thyroid hormone-influence. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:27. [PMID: 27814736 PMCID: PMC5097364 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment, remodeling and maintenance of tissular architecture during animal development, and even across juvenile to adult life, are deeply regulated by a delicate interplay of extracellular signals, cell membrane receptors and intracellular signal messengers. It is well known that cell adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix) play a critical role in these processes. Particularly, adherens junctions (AJs) mediated by E-cadherin and catenins determine cell-cell contact survival and epithelia function. Consequently, this review seeks to encompass the complex and prolific knowledge about E-cadherin roles during physiological and pathological states, particularly focusing on the influence exerted by the thyroid hormone (TH).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Izaguirre
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería (Bioingeniería-Bioinformática), Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Victor Hugo Casco
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Aplicada a Estudios Moleculares y Celulares, Facultad de Ingeniería (Bioingeniería-Bioinformática), Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Ruta 11, Km 10, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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Pontani LL, Jorjadze I, Brujic J. Cis and Trans Cooperativity of E-Cadherin Mediates Adhesion in Biomimetic Lipid Droplets. Biophys J 2016; 110:391-399. [PMID: 26789762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cell-cell adhesion is important in cell motility, tissue growth, and for the mechanical integrity of tissues. Although the role of active cytoskeleton dynamics in regulating cadherin interactions is crucial in vivo, here we present a biomimetic emulsion system to characterize the passive E-cadherin-mediated adhesion between droplets. The visualization of a three-dimensional assembly of lipid droplets, functionalized with extracellular E-cadherin domains, reveals a hierarchy of homophilic interactions. First, the high interfacial tension of droplets facilitates trans cadherin-cadherin adhesion, which is strong enough to stabilize looser than random close packing configurations. Second, fluorescence enhancement shows that adding clustering agents, such as calcium or chelating ligands, favor the lateral cis adhesion of the already bound cadherin pairs over the clustering of monomer cadherin on the surface. Finally, above a threshold cadherin and calcium concentration, the cis and trans protein interactions become strong enough to trigger and promote droplet fusion. While E-cadherin is not known to participate in cellular fusion, this mechanism is general because replacing calcium with cholesterol to cluster the cadherin-carrying lipids also promotes fusion. These results suggest that passive clustering, via calcium-induced dimerization or membrane ordering, may contribute to the reinforcement of cell-cell contacts. Alternatively, a molecular switch for fusion offers a route to mixing droplet contents and controlling their size in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Laetitia Pontani
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York; Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, UMR 7588, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University Pierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 6, Paris, France.
| | - Ivane Jorjadze
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Jasna Brujic
- Department of Physics and Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York.
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Nishiguchi S, Yagi A, Sakai N, Oda H. Divergence of structural strategies for homophilic E-cadherin binding among bilaterians. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3309-19. [PMID: 27422100 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.189258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homophilic binding of E-cadherins through their ectodomains is fundamental to epithelial cell-cell adhesion. Despite this, E-cadherin ectodomains have evolved differently in the vertebrate and insect lineages. Of the five rod-like, tandemly aligned extracellular cadherin domains of vertebrate E-cadherin, the tip extracellular cadherin domain plays a pivotal role in binding interactions. Comparatively, the six consecutive N-terminal extracellular cadherin domains of Drosophila E-cadherin, DE-cadherin (also known as Shotgun), can mediate adhesion; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we report atomic force microscopy imaging of DE-cadherin extracellular cadherin domains. We identified a tightly folded globular structure formed by the four N-terminal-most extracellular cadherin domains stabilized by the subsequent two extracellular cadherin domains. Analysis of hybrid cadherins from different insects indicated that the E-cadherin globular portion is associated with determining homophilic binding specificity. The second to fourth extracellular cadherin domains were identified as the minimal portion capable of mediating exclusive homophilic binding specificity. Our findings suggest that the N-terminal-most four extracellular cadherin domains of insect E-cadherin are functionally comparable with the N-terminal-most single extracellular cadherin domain of vertebrate E-cadherin, but that their mechanisms might significantly differ. This work illuminates the divergence of structural strategies for E-cadherin homophilic binding among bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Nishiguchi
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan R&D Group, Olympus Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Akira Yagi
- R&D Group, Olympus Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Sakai
- R&D Group, Olympus Corporation, 2-3 Kuboyama-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Balatskaya MN, Balatskii AV, Sharonov GV, Tkachuk VA. T-cadherin as a novel receptor regulating metabolism in the blood vessel and heart cells: from structure to function. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093016020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Schmidt TP, Goetz C, Huemer M, Schneider G, Wessler S. Calcium binding protects E-cadherin from cleavage by Helicobacter pylori HtrA. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:29. [PMID: 27274359 PMCID: PMC4895972 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cell adhesion and tumor suppressor protein E-cadherin is an important factor in the establishment and maintenance of epithelial integrity. E-cadherin is a single transmembrane protein, which consists of an intracellular domain (IC), a transmembrane domain (TD), and five extracellular domains (EC). EC domains form homophilic interactions in cis and trans that require calcium binding to the linker region between the EC domains. In our previous studies, we identified the serine protease high temperature requirement A (HtrA) from the human pathogen and class-I carcinogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) as a bacterial E-cadherin-cleaving protease that targets the linker region of the EC domains, thereby disrupting gastric epithelial integrity. However, it remains unclear how calcium binding to the E-cadherin linker regions affects HtrA-mediated cleavage. Results Investigating the influence of calcium on the HtrA-mediated cleavage of recombinant E-cadherin (rCdh1) in vitro, we tested different concentrations of calcium ions and the calcium chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Calcium efficiently reduced HtrA-mediated E-cadherin fragmentation. Conversely, the addition of EDTA strongly increased cleavage, resulting in a ladder of defined E-cadherin fragments. However, calcium ions did not affect HtrA oligomerization and protease activity as monitored by degradation of the universal protease substrate casein. Finally, addition of ethyleneglycol-bis-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) slightly enhanced E-cadherin cleavage during H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that calcium blocks HtrA-mediated cleavage by interfering with the accessibility of calcium-binding regions between the individual EC domains, which have been identified as cleavage sites of HtrA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0112-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Schmidt
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Camilla Goetz
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Huemer
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silja Wessler
- Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria
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Martinez-Garay I, Gil-Sanz C, Franco SJ, Espinosa A, Molnár Z, Mueller U. Cadherin 2/4 signaling via PTP1B and catenins is crucial for nucleokinesis during radial neuronal migration in the neocortex. Development 2016; 143:2121-34. [PMID: 27151949 PMCID: PMC4920171 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are crucial for the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons into the developing neocortical wall. However, the specific cadherins and the signaling pathways that regulate radial migration are not well understood. Here, we show that cadherin 2 (CDH2) and CDH4 cooperate to regulate radial migration in mouse brain via the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α- and β-catenins. Surprisingly, perturbation of cadherin-mediated signaling does not affect the formation and extension of leading processes of migrating neocortical neurons. Instead, movement of the cell body and nucleus (nucleokinesis) is disrupted. This defect is partially rescued by overexpression of LIS1, a microtubule-associated protein that has previously been shown to regulate nucleokinesis. Taken together, our findings indicate that cadherin-mediated signaling to the cytoskeleton is crucial for nucleokinesis of neocortical projection neurons during their radial migration. Highlighted article: In radially migrating mouse cortical neurons, cadherin-mediated signaling to the cytoskeleton regulates the forward movement of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Gil-Sanz
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Santos J Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA Program of Pediatric Stem Cell Biology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Ulrich Mueller
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Serum Calcium and Phosphate Levels and Short- and Long-Term Outcomes in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:914-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Dowland SN, Madawala RJ, Lindsay LA, Murphy CR. The adherens junction is lost during normal pregnancy but not during ovarian hyperstimulated pregnancy. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:137-43. [PMID: 26738975 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During early pregnancy in the rat, the luminal uterine epithelial cells (UECs) must transform to a receptive state to permit blastocyst attachment and implantation. The implantation process involves penetration of the epithelial barrier, so it is expected that the transformation of UECs includes alterations in the lateral junctional complex. Previous studies have demonstrated a deepening of the tight junction (zonula occludens) and a reduction in the number of desmosomes (macula adherens) in UECs at the time of implantation. However, the adherens junction (zonula adherens), which is primarily responsible for cell-cell adhesion, has been little studied during early pregnancy. This study investigated the adherens junction in rat UECs during the early stages of normal pregnancy and ovarian hyperstimulated (OH) pregnancy using transmission electron microscopy. The adherens junction is present in UECs at the time of fertilisation, but is lost at the time of blastocyst implantation during normal pregnancy. Interestingly, at the time of implantation after OH, adherens junctions are retained and may impede blastocyst penetration of the epithelium. The adherens junction anchors the actin-based terminal web, which is known to be disrupted in UECs during early pregnancy. However, artificial disruption of the terminal web, using cytochalasin D, did not cause removal of the adherens junction in UECs. This study revealed that adherens junction disassembly occurs during early pregnancy, but that this process does not occur during OH pregnancy. Such disassembly does not appear to depend on the disruption of the terminal web.
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Mengarelli I, Fryga A, Barberi T. Use of Multicolor Flow Cytometry for Isolation of Specific Cell Populations Deriving from Differentiated Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1307:191-203. [PMID: 24297315 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Flow Cytometry-Sorting (FCM-Sorting) is a technique commonly used to identify and isolate specific types of cells from a heterogeneous population of live cells. Here we describe a multicolor flow cytometry technique that uses five distinct cell surface antigens to isolate four live populations with different surface antigen profiles. These profiles were used to help distinguishing between neural and nonneural (the lens) ectoderm derivatives within a highly heterogenous population of differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mengarelli
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, K2-113, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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48
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Identification of two novel mutations in CDHR1 in consanguineous Spanish families with autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13902. [PMID: 26350383 PMCID: PMC4642573 DOI: 10.1038/srep13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies present extensive phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, posing a challenge for patients’ molecular and clinical diagnoses. In this study, we wanted to clinically characterize and investigate the molecular etiology of an atypical form of autosomal recessive retinal dystrophy in two consanguineous Spanish families. Affected members of the respective families exhibited an array of clinical features including reduced visual acuity, photophobia, defective color vision, reduced or absent ERG responses, macular atrophy and pigmentary deposits in the peripheral retina. Genetic investigation included autozygosity mapping coupled with exome sequencing in the first family, whereas autozygome-guided candidate gene screening was performed by means of Sanger DNA sequencing in the second family. Our approach revealed nucleotide changes in CDHR1; a homozygous missense variant (c.1720C > G, p.P574A) and a homozygous single base transition (c.1485 + 2T > C) affecting the canonical 5’ splice site of intron 13, respectively. Both changes co-segregated with the disease and were absent among cohorts of unrelated control individuals. To date, only five mutations in CDHR1 have been identified, all resulting in premature stop codons leading to mRNA nonsense mediated decay. Our work reports two previously unidentified homozygous mutations in CDHR1 further expanding the mutational spectrum of this gene.
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Tariq H, Bella J, Jowitt TA, Holmes DF, Rouhi M, Nie Z, Baldock C, Garrod D, Tabernero L. Cadherin flexibility provides a key difference between desmosomes and adherens junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5395-400. [PMID: 25855637 PMCID: PMC4418904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420508112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes and adherens junctions are intercellular adhesive structures essential for the development and integrity of vertebrate tissue, including the epidermis and heart. Their cell adhesion molecules are cadherins: type 1 cadherins in adherens junctions and desmosomal cadherins in desmosomes. A fundamental difference is that desmosomes have a highly ordered structure in their extracellular region and exhibit calcium-independent hyperadhesion, whereas adherens junctions appear to lack such ordered arrays, and their adhesion is always calcium-dependent. We present here the structure of the entire ectodomain of desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, electron microscopy, and solution-based biophysical techniques. This structure reveals that the ectodomain of Dsg2 is flexible even in the calcium-bound state and, on average, is shorter than the type 1 cadherin crystal structures. The Dsg2 structure has an excellent fit with the electron tomography reconstructions of human desmosomes. This fit suggests an arrangement in which desmosomal cadherins form trans interactions but are too far apart to interact in cis, in agreement with previously reported observations. Cadherin flexibility may be key to explaining the plasticity of desmosomes that maintain tissue integrity in their hyperadhesive form, but can adopt a weaker, calcium-dependent adhesion during wound healing and early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Tariq
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Bella
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David F Holmes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Mansour Rouhi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Zhuxiang Nie
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Baldock
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David Garrod
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Tabernero
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Alimperti S, Andreadis ST. CDH2 and CDH11 act as regulators of stem cell fate decisions. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:270-82. [PMID: 25771201 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the mechanical and biochemical signals originating from cell-cell adhesion are critical for stem cell lineage specification. In this review, we focus on the role of cadherin mediated signaling in development and stem cell differentiation, with emphasis on two well-known cadherins, cadherin-2 (CDH2) (N-cadherin) and cadherin-11 (CDH11) (OB-cadherin). We summarize the existing knowledge regarding the role of CDH2 and CDH11 during development and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We also discuss engineering strategies to control stem cell fate decisions by fine-tuning the extent of cell-cell adhesion through surface chemistry and microtopology. These studies may be greatly facilitated by novel strategies that enable monitoring of stem cell specification in real time. We expect that better understanding of how intercellular adhesion signaling affects lineage specification may impact biomaterial and scaffold design to control stem cell fate decisions in three-dimensional context with potential implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Alimperti
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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