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Dallinger R. Metals and metallothionein evolution in snails: a contribution to the concept of metal-specific functionality from an animal model group. Biometals 2024; 37:671-696. [PMID: 38416244 PMCID: PMC11101346 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
This is a critical review of what we know so far about the evolution of metallothioneins (MTs) in Gastropoda (snails, whelks, limpets and slugs), an important class of molluscs with over 90,000 known species. Particular attention will be paid to the evolution of snail MTs in relation to the role of some metallic trace elements (cadmium, zinc and copper) and their interaction with MTs, also compared to MTs from other animal phyla. The article also highlights the important distinction, yet close relationship, between the structural and metal-selective binding properties of gastropod MTs and their physiological functionality in the living organism. It appears that in the course of the evolution of Gastropoda, the trace metal cadmium (Cd) must have played an essential role in the development of Cd-selective MT variants. It is shown how the structures and Cd-selective binding properties in the basal gastropod clades have evolved by testing and optimizing different combinations of ancestral and novel MT domains, and how some of these domains have become established in modern and recent gastropod clades. In this context, the question of how adaptation to new habitats and lifestyles has affected the original MT traits in different gastropod lineages will also be addressed. The 3D structures and their metal binding preferences will be highlighted exemplarily in MTs of modern littorinid and helicid snails. Finally, the importance of the different metal requirements and pathways in snail tissues and cells for the shaping and functionality of the respective MT isoforms will be shown.
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2
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Ferreira CP, Moreira RS, Toledo-Silva G, Schroeder DC, Bainy ACD, Lüchmann KH. Analysis of Crassostrea gasar transcriptome reveals candidate genes involved in metal metabolism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136009. [PMID: 35977572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oysters have been extensively employed for monitoring of metal pollution in dynamic aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the use of specific biomarkers can assist in discriminating the ecotoxicological implications of different elements in such complex environments. In this study, we revisited the sequencing data of gills and digestive glands transcripts in the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar and generated a reference transcriptome assembly from multiple assemblers, seven in total. Overall, we were able to identify a total of 11,917 transcripts, with 86.6% of them being functionally annotated and 1.4 times more than the first annotation. We screened the annotated transcripts to identify genes potentially involved in metals' transport, storage, and detoxification. Our findings included genes related to Zn distribution in cells (Zn transporters - ZIP, ZnT), metallothionein (MT-I and MT-IV), GSH biosynthesis, Ca+ transporter (NCX and ATP2B), and Cu distribution in cells (ATP7, ATOX1, CCS, and laccase-like). These results provided a reference transcriptome for additional insights into the transcriptional profile of C. gasar and other bivalves to better understand the molecular pathways underpinning metal tolerance and susceptibility. The study also provided an auxiliary tool for biomonitoring metal contamination in dynamic environments as estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa P Ferreira
- Multicentric Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - PMBqBM, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Renato S Moreira
- Federal Institute of Santa Catarina - IFSC, Lages, 88506-400, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Toledo-Silva
- Genomics Laboratory, Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Afonso C D Bainy
- Laboratory of Biomarkers of Aquatic Contamination and Immunochemistry - LABCAI, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88034-257, Brazil
| | - Karim H Lüchmann
- Department of Scientific and Technological Education, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, 88035-001, Brazil.
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3
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Moncaleano-Niño AM, Gómez-Cubillos MC, Luna-Acosta A, Villamil L, Casseres-Ruiz S, Ahrens MJ. Monitoring metallothionein-like protein concentrations and cholinesterase activity in tropical cup oysters as biomarkers of exposure to metals and pesticides in the southern Caribbean, Colombia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25157-25183. [PMID: 34837617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein-like protein concentrations (MT) and three functionally defined fractions of cholinesterase activity (ChE) were quantified in gill and digestive gland homogenates of tropical cup oysters from 5 nearshore locations in the Colombian Caribbean and correlated with sediment and tissue metal (9 metals) and pesticide (22 organophosphates, OPs, and 20 organochlorines-OCPs), as well as water physical-chemical parameters (salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen). Tissue and sediment pesticide concentrations were below detection limits in all samples, whereas sediment and tissue metal concentrations exceeded environmental thresholds at several locations. Tissue MT and ChE biomarkers varied by a factor of 5-6 between locations. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity was negligible for all 5 sites, despite spatial-temporal variation in ChE activity, consistent with below-detection OP concentrations. Tissue MT and ChE biomarkers correlated with tissue and metal sediment concentrations, yet, statistically significant covariance between biomarkers and water chemistry parameters was also observed, indicating that both, metal concentrations and physical-chemical variables, are likely to be responsible for generating the observed spatial-temporal variations in biomarker patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Moncaleano-Niño
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Maria Camila Gómez-Cubillos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Ichthyology Laboratory, Ecology and Systematics Unit (UNESIS), Pontifical Javeriana University, Transversal 4 No. 42-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
- Department of Ecology and Territory, Faculty of Environmental and Rural Studies, Pontifical Javeriana University, Transversal 4 No. 42-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luisa Villamil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
- Faculty of Engineering, PhD in Biosciences, La Sabana University, Campus "Puente del Común," Km. 7, Autopista Norte de Bogotá, Chía, Colombia
| | - Samuel Casseres-Ruiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Michael J Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia.
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Sun M, Hu F, Wang T, Zhang T, Jing Y, Guo W, Chen Q, Liu G. Effect of temperature on the toxicokinetics and gene expression of the pacific cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas exposed to cadmium. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 253:109252. [PMID: 34968742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of temperature on the bioaccumulation and depuration of Crassostrea gigas exposed to Cd associated with its molecular responses. Oysters were acclimatized to different temperatures (10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) for 14 d and then exposed to 10 μg/L Cd for 28 d, followed by a depuration period of 35 d. Oysters were sampled for chemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and for mRNA quantification by qPCR. In the digestive gland, gill, and mantle, the cadmium concentration at 10 °C was significantly lower than that at 25 °C and 30 °C in both the whole experiments. The use of a two-compartment model showed that the uptake rate k1 in the above three tissues increased with increasing temperatures ranging from 15 to 25 °C. The fastest elimination rates and shortest half-lives were observed at 15-25 °C. The induction of metallothionein (MT) only occurred in the digestive gland at 15 °C and 20 °C at the end of the accumulation phase. In the mantle and gills, the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was significantly induced at the end of the accumulation phase and significantly inhibited at the end of the depuration phase. In the digestive gland, the expression of P-gp was induced at the end of both the accumulation and depuration phases. Heat shock protein (hsp70) expression exhibited an overall increasing trend throughout the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Marine Science Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, PR China
| | - Fanguang Hu
- Marine Science Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, PR China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, PR China
| | - Tianwen Zhang
- Marine Science Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Jing
- Marine Science Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, PR China
| | - Wen Guo
- Marine Science Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, PR China
| | - Qun Chen
- Marine Science Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, PR China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- Marine Science Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266104, PR China.
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Calatayud S, Garcia-Risco M, Pedrini-Martha V, Eernisse DJ, Dallinger R, Palacios Ò, Capdevila M, Albalat R. Modularity in Protein Evolution: Modular Organization and De Novo Domain Evolution in Mollusk Metallothioneins. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:424-436. [PMID: 32915992 PMCID: PMC7826182 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are proteins devoted to the control of metal homeostasis and detoxification, and therefore, MTs have been crucial for the adaptation of the living beings to variable situations of metal bioavailability. The evolution of MTs is, however, not yet fully understood, and to provide new insights into it, we have investigated the MTs in the diverse classes of Mollusks. We have shown that most molluskan MTs are bimodular proteins that combine six domains—α, β1, β2, β3, γ, and δ—in a lineage-specific manner. We have functionally characterized the Neritimorpha β3β1 and the Patellogastropoda γβ1 MTs, demonstrating the metal-binding capacity of the new γ domain. Our results have revealed a modular organization of mollusk MT, whose evolution has been impacted by duplication, loss, and de novo emergence of domains. MTs represent a paradigmatic example of modular evolution probably driven by the structural and functional requirements of metal binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Calatayud
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mario Garcia-Risco
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Veronika Pedrini-Martha
- Department of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Douglas J Eernisse
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA
| | - Reinhard Dallinger
- Department of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Òscar Palacios
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mercè Capdevila
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ricard Albalat
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Cadmium Uptake, MT Gene Activation and Structure of Large-Sized Multi-Domain Metallothioneins in the Terrestrial Door Snail Alinda biplicata (Gastropoda, Clausiliidae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051631. [PMID: 32120996 PMCID: PMC7084494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial snails (Gastropoda) possess Cd-selective metallothioneins (CdMTs) that inactivate Cd2+ with high affinity. Most of these MTs are small Cysteine-rich proteins that bind 6 Cd2+ equivalents within two distinct metal-binding domains, with a binding stoichiometry of 3 Cd2+ ions per domain. Recently, unusually large, so-called multi-domain MTs (md-MTs) were discovered in the terrestrial door snail Alinda biplicata (A.b.). The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of A.b. to cope with Cd stress and the potential involvement of md-MTs in its detoxification. Snails were exposed to increasing Cd concentrations, and Cd-tissue concentrations were quantified. The gene structure of two md-MTs (9md-MT and 10md-MT) was characterized, and the impact of Cd exposure on MT gene transcription was quantified via qRT PCR. A.b. efficiently accumulates Cd at moderately elevated concentrations in the feed, but avoids food uptake at excessively high Cd levels. The structure and expression of the long md-MT genes of A.b. were characterized. Although both genes are intronless, they are still transcribed, being significantly upregulated upon Cd exposure. Overall, our results contribute new knowledge regarding the metal handling of Alinda biplicata in particular, and the potential role of md-MTs in Cd detoxification of terrestrial snails, in general.
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Zúñiga A, Laporte D, González A, Gómez M, Sáez CA, Moenne A. Isolation and Characterization of Copper- and Zinc- Binding Metallothioneins from the Marine Alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E153. [PMID: 31881655 PMCID: PMC6981760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, transcripts encoding three metallothioneins from Ulva compressa (UcMTs) were amplified: The 5'and 3' UTRs by RACE-PCR, and the open reading frames (ORFs) by PCR. Transcripts encoding UcMT1.1 (Crassostrea-like), UcMT2 (Mytilus-like), and UcMT3 (Dreissena-like) showed a 5'UTR of 61, 71, and 65 nucleotides and a 3'UTR of 418, 235, and 193 nucleotides, respectively. UcMT1.1 ORF encodes a protein of 81 amino acids (MW 8.2 KDa) with 25 cysteines (29.4%), arranged as three motifs CC and nine motifs CXC; UcMT2 ORF encode a protein of 90 amino acids (9.05 kDa) with 27 cysteines (30%), arranged as three motifs CC, nine motifs CXC, and one motif CXXC; UcMT3 encode a protein of 139 amino acids (13.4 kDa) with 34 cysteines (24%), arranged as seven motifs CC and seven motifs CXC. UcMT1 and UcMT2 were more similar among each other, showing 60% similarity in amino acids; UcMT3 showed only 31% similarity with UcMT1 and UcMT2. In addition, UcMTs displayed structural similarity with MTs of marine invertebrates MTs and the terrestrial invertebrate Caenorhabtidis elegans MTs, but not with MTs from red or brown macroalgae. The ORFs fused with GST were expressed in bacteria allowing copper accumulation, mainly in MT1 and MT2, and zinc, in the case of the three MTs. Thus, the three MTs allowed copper and zinc accumulation in vivo. UcMTs may play a role in copper and zinc accumulation in U. compressa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zúñiga
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
- HUB AMBIENTAL UPLA, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Postgrado e Innovación, University of Playa Ancha, Avenida Carvallo 270, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Daniel Laporte
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Alberto González
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Melissa Gómez
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Claudio A. Sáez
- HUB AMBIENTAL UPLA, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Postgrado e Innovación, University of Playa Ancha, Avenida Carvallo 270, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Center of Advances Studies, University of Playa Ancha, Traslaviña 450, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile; (A.Z.); (A.G.); (M.G.)
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Beil A, Jurt S, Walser R, Schönhut T, Güntert P, Palacios Ò, Atrian S, Capdevila M, Dallinger R, Zerbe O. The Solution Structure and Dynamics of Cd-Metallothionein from Helix pomatia Reveal Optimization for Binding Cd over Zn. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4570-4581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Jurt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Walser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schönhut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Güntert
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Òscar Palacios
- Departmento de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Atrian
- Departmento de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Capdevila
- Departmento de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reinhard Dallinger
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Zerbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Yingprasertchai T, Yu RMK, Tran TKA, Chong Kong RY, O'Connor WA, MacFarlane GR. Characterisation of the metallothionein gene in the Sydney rock oyster and its expression upon metal exposure in oysters with different prior metal exposure histories. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 151:104775. [PMID: 31445677 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The metal-binding protein metallothionein (MT) is widely used as a biomarker of metal contamination. In this study, we cloned a MT gene (sgMT) from the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata. The gene encodes a MT-I protein with a classical αβ domain structure and is expressed as two transcripts resulting from alternative polyadenylation. The gene promoter contains two putative metal-responsive elements (MREs) which are known to be required for metal-inducible transcription. A specific and efficient qPCR assay was developed to quantify sgMT mRNA expression. Further, we assessed whether prior metal exposure history influences sgMT mRNA expression upon subsequent metal exposure. Oysters with varying prior metal exposure histories (contaminated and reference) were exposed to Cu, Cd and Zn. Expression of sgMT generally increased with metal dose, and oysters with an elevated past metal exposure history exhibited higher sgMT expression under Cd and Zn stress, representing a potential acclimatory response to prior metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanvapon Yingprasertchai
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Kanchanaburi Rajabhat University, Muang District, Kanchanaburi, 7100, Thailand
| | - Richard Man Kit Yu
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Thi Kim Anh Tran
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Institute for Agriculture and Resources, Vinh University, Viet Nam
| | - Richard Yuen Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW, 2316, Australia
| | - Geoff R MacFarlane
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Yang C, Liu Q, Li G, Meng X, Liu B. Effect of P-glycoprotein regulation on cadmium exhaustion from Crassostrea gigas. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:307-312. [PMID: 30955738 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a molecular pump, responsible for extruding xenobiotics. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in cadmium (Cd) exhaustion. The activity of P-gp was regulated in Crassostrea gigas, which was previously exposed to Cd by using rifampicin (inducer) and verapamil (inhibitor), respectively. Comparing with Crassostrea gigas depurated in natural seawater, Cd content increased significantly from 14.28 mg/kg dw to 17.49 mg/kg dw accompanied by a changed metallothionein level from 9.84 μg/g fw to 10.67 μg/g fw after 25 μg/L verapamil treatment, while Cd content after 25 μg/L rifampicin treatment reduced to 12.21 mg/kg dw. Moreover, after treatment with rifampicin and verapamil, beneficial metal elements, fats, and proteins were maintained, and the tissue-dependent difference was found in the variation of antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage in Crassostrea gigas. In brief, the study provided new evidence on possibility of Cd removal by inducing P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qingkang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangzhen Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xianghong Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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11
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Cross I, Portela-Bens S, García-Angulo A, Merlo MA, Rodríguez ME, Liehr T, Rebordinos L. A preliminary integrated genetic map distinguishes every chromosome pair and locates essential genes related to abiotic adaptation of Crassostrea angulata/gigas. BMC Genet 2018; 19:104. [PMID: 30442092 PMCID: PMC6238303 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The re-sequencing of C. angulata has revealed many polymorphisms in candidate genes related to adaptation to abiotic stress that are not present in C. gigas; these genes, therefore, are probably related to the ability of this oyster to retain high concentrations of toxic heavy metals. There is, in addition, an unresolved controversy as to whether or not C. angulata and C. gigas are the same species or subspecies. Both oysters have 20 metacentric chromosomes of similar size that are morphologically indistinguishable. From a genomic perspective, as a result of the great variation and selection for heterozygotes in C. gigas, the assembly of its draft genome was difficult: it is fragmented in more than seven thousand scaffolds. RESULTS In this work sixty BAC sequences of C. gigas downloaded from NCBI were assembled in BAC-contigs and assigned to BACs that were used as probes for mFISH in C. angulata and C. gigas. In addition, probes of H3, H4 histone, 18S and 5S rDNA genes were also used. Hence we obtained markers identifying 8 out the 10 chromosomes constituting the karyotype. Chromosomes 1 and 9 can be distinguished morphologically. The bioinformatic analysis carried out with the BAC-contigs annotated 88 genes. As a result, genes associated with abiotic adaptation, such as metallothioneins, have been positioned in the genome. The gene ontology analysis has also shown many molecular functions related to metal ion binding, a phenomenon associated with detoxification processes that are characteristic in oysters. Hence the provisional integrated map obtained in this study is a useful complementary tool for the study of oyster genomes. CONCLUSIONS In this study 8 out of 10 chromosome pairs of Crassostrea angulata/gigas were identified using BAC clones as probes. As a result all chromosomes can now be distinguished. Moreover, FISH showed that H3 and H4 co-localized in two pairs of chromosomes different that those previously escribed. 88 genes were annotated in the BAC-contigs most of them related with Molecular Functions of protein binding, related to the resistance of the species to abiotic stress. An integrated genetic map anchored to the genome has been obtained in which the BAC-contigs structure were not concordant with the gene structure of the C. gigas scaffolds displayed in the Genomicus database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Cross
- Area de Genética. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz. Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Portela-Bens
- Area de Genética. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz. Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Aglaya García-Angulo
- Area de Genética. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz. Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Merlo
- Area de Genética. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz. Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - María E. Rodríguez
- Area de Genética. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz. Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Laureana Rebordinos
- Area de Genética. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz. Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Sun M, Liu G, Lin H, Zhang T, Guo W. Effect of salinity on the bioaccumulation and depuration of cadmium in the pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:88-97. [PMID: 29986282 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a euryhaline species, the oyster Crassostrea gigas can adapt rapid and dramatic salinity fluctuations, and show physiological mechanisms of adaption to tolerant salinity changes. They are continuously exposed to Cd because they are filter feeders and their mobility is poor. In order to understand the influence of salinity on the molecular responses of C. gigas exposed to Cd, oysters were acclimatized to different salinities (13, 20, 27, and 34) for 14 days and then exposed to 10 μg/L Cd for 28 d, followed by a depuration period of 35 d. Control groups were kept at the same salinities without Cd. Oysters were sampled for chemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and for mRNA quantification by qPCR. The rank order of the mean concentrations of Cd in oyster tissues was digestive gland > mantle > adductor muscle. Use of a two-compartment model showed that in the three tissues, Cd uptake rates (k1) in digestive gland (13.525-35.430 d-1) also increased as salinity decreased. However, no difference was observed in Cd uptake rates of C.gigas in the three higher salinities in mantle (11.703-17.250 d-1). Cd depuration rates (k2) (0.0139 - 0.0127 d-1 in mantle and 0.0111-0.0134 d-1 in digestive gland) followed a reverse trend. There was not a relationship between k2 and salinity in adductor muscle. In response to Cd contamination, MT was significantly up-regulated by Cd at all salinities, and P-gp was significantly up-regulated in mantle, while down-regulated in digestive gland, which means a disruption of the protein synthesis at high concentration. At depuration phase, MT level was higher in digestive gland and mantle, and its expression was higher at S13 than that at S34. No relationship was found between the P-gp gene expression level and concentrations of cadmium in tissues in either accumulation phase or depuration phase. In accumulation phase, the MT gene expression level was positively correlated with the concentration of cadmium in both the digestive gland and the mantle, while the relationship was weakened in depuration phase, suggesting an effort to create a detoxification mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China; Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266104, PR China
| | - Guangbin Liu
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266104, PR China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Tianwen Zhang
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266104, PR China
| | - Wen Guo
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266104, PR China.
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Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Hawkins CA, Sokolova IM. Effects of elevated CO 2 levels on subcellular distribution of trace metals (Cd and Cu) in marine bivalves. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:251-264. [PMID: 28987992 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypercapnia (elevated CO2 levels) and pollution with trace metals such as Cu and Cd are common stressors in estuarine habitats that can negatively affect physiology and health of marine organisms. Hypercapnia can modulate toxicity of trace metals including Cu and Cd; however, the physiological and cellular mechanisms of the metal-CO2 interactions are not well understood. We investigated the effects of elevated PCO2 (∼800 and 2000μatm) and metal exposure (50μgl-1 of Cu or Cd) on subcellular distribution of metals in two common species of marine bivalves, Eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica and hard shell clams Mercenaria mercenaria. Oysters accumulated higher burdens of Cu and Cd in the gill tissues compared to clams. In both studied species, Cu was predominantly associated with the metabolically active cell compartments (mitochondria, lysosomes, microsomes and cytosolic enzymes), with a modest fraction sequestered by metallothioneins (∼30%) and the insoluble metal-containing granules (MCG) (∼15-20%). Unlike Cu, Cd was largely sequestered by metallothioneins (∼60-70%), with a relatively small fraction associated with the organelles and the cytosolic enzymes. Mitochondria were the main intracellular target for trace metals accumulating higher concentrations of Cd (and in the case of oysters - of Cu) than other organelles or cytosolic enzymes. Cu accumulation in the metabolically active cellular compartments was independent of the CO2 levels, while Cd content of the organelles and cytosolic enzymes increased at elevated PCO2 in both studied species indicating that hypercapnia may enhance cellular toxicity of Cd in bivalves. Hypercapnia suppressed the sequestration capacity of metallothioneins for Cu and Cd in oysters but increased Cu and Cd load in clam metallothioneins. Thus, metal-induced metabolic injury in oysters may be exaggerated by hypercapnia which enhances metal accumulation in the potentially sensitive intracellular fractions and suppresses the metal detoxification capacity. In contrast, clams appear to be more resistant to the combined effects of hypercapnia and metal exposure reflecting more efficient and robust detoxification mechanisms of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hawkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - I M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, A.-Einstein Str., 3, Rostock, Germany.
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Moncaleano-Niño AM, Barrios-Latorre SA, Poloche-Hernández JF, Becquet V, Huet V, Villamil L, Thomas-Guyon H, Ahrens MJ, Luna-Acosta A. Alterations of tissue metallothionein and vitellogenin concentrations in tropical cup oysters (Saccostrea sp.) following short-term (96h) exposure to cadmium. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 185:160-170. [PMID: 28222366 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins and vitellogenins are low molecular weight proteins that have been used widely in environmental monitoring as biomarkers of exposure and damage to metals and estrogenic compounds, respectively. In the present study, the responses of metallothionein and vitellogenin tissue concentrations were measured following acute (96h) aqueous exposures to cadmium in Saccostrea sp., a tropical cup oyster native to the Western Pacific Ocean that has recently established itself in the Caribbean Sea. Adult oysters (1.5-5.0cm shell length) collected from the municipal marina of Santa Marta, Colombia (Caribbean Sea) and acclimated for 5days in the laboratory, were exposed to Cd at five concentrations (0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000μg/L) and their tissues (gills, digestive gland and adductor muscle) were analyzed in pools of 5 individuals (3 replicates per concentration). Metallothioneins in digestive glands of oysters exposed to Cd concentrations≥100μg/L showed a significant increase, from 8.0 to 14.8μg MT/mg total protein, whereas metallothionein concentrations in gills increased to lesser extent, and no differences were observed in adductor muscle. Metallothionein concentrations in digestive gland and gills correlated directly with whole soft tissue Cd concentrations (ranging from 2 to 297μg/g dw Cd). Vitellogenin in homogenates of oyster gonad tissue, after 96h of exposure to 1000μg/L Cd, were significantly lower (0.04mg P/g gonad) compared to control oysters (0.68mg P/g gonad), suggestive of an anti-estrogenic effect of Cd at high concentrations, whereas no significant changes in vitellogenin concentrations were observed at intermediate Cd exposure concentrations. This study confirms acute responses of metallothionein and vitellogenin concentrations in tissues of Saccostrea sp. exposed to high concentrations of cadmium (Cd≥100μg/L, 96h). The present results are first step towards validating the use of these two proteins as biomarkers of metal exposure in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Moncaleano-Niño
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Sergio A Barrios-Latorre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Javier F Poloche-Hernández
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Becquet
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) - UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Bâtiment ILE 2, rue Olympe de Gouges, 17 000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Valérie Huet
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) - UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Bâtiment ILE 2, rue Olympe de Gouges, 17 000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Luisa Villamil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Hélène Thomas-Guyon
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) - UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Bâtiment ILE 2, rue Olympe de Gouges, 17 000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Michael J Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Andrea Luna-Acosta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Carrera 4 No. 22-61, Bogota, Colombia
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Kim JH, Kang JC. Effects of sub-chronic exposure to lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid in juvenile rockfish: Antioxidant responses, MT gene expression, and neurotransmitters. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:520-527. [PMID: 28038424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegelii were exposed to varying levels of dietary lead (Pb2+) at 0, 120 and 240 mg/L, and ascorbic acid (AsA) at 100, 200 and 400 mg/L for four weeks. Antioxidant responses such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) were analyzed to assess oxidative stress. SOD and GST activity in the liver and gills were considerably elevated by dietary Pb. In contrast, GSH levels in the liver and gills were significantly reduced following Pb exposure. High levels of AsA supplementation attenuated the increase in SOD and GST activity and reduction in GSH levels. The metallothionein gene (MT) in the liver was notably stimulated by Pb exposure, and AsA supplementation attenuated this increase. With respect to neurotoxicity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was substantially inhibited in the brain and muscle following Pb exposure. AsA supplementation also attenuated AChE inhibition following Pb exposure. The results of this study presented Pb exposure affected rockfish as toxicity, and AsA was effective to alleviate toxic effects of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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Jenny MJ, Payton SL, Baltzegar DA, Lozier JD. Phylogenetic Analysis of Molluscan Metallothioneins: Evolutionary Insight from Crassostrea virginica. J Mol Evol 2016; 83:110-125. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-016-9758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Shields B, McArthur AG, Holowiecki A, Kamper M, Tapley J, Jenny MJ. Inhibition of endogenous MTF-1 signaling in zebrafish embryos identifies novel roles for MTF-1 in development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1843:1818-33. [PMID: 24751692 PMCID: PMC4096078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The metal responsive element-binding transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) responds to changes in cellular zinc levels caused by zinc exposure or disruption of endogenous zinc homeostasis by heavy metals or oxygen-related stress. Here we report the functional characterization of a complete zebrafish MTF-1 in comparison with the previously identified isoform lacking the highly conserved cysteine-rich motif (Cys-X-Cys-Cys-X-Cys) found in all other vertebrate MTF-1 orthologs. In an effort to develop novel molecular tools, a constitutively nuclear dominant-negative MTF-1 (dnMTF-1) was generated as tool for inhibiting endogenous MTF-1 signaling. The in vivo efficacy of the dnMTF-1 was determined by microinjecting in vitro transcribed dnMTF-1 mRNA into zebrafish embryos (1-2 cell stage) followed by transcriptomic profiling using an Agilent 4x44K array on 28- and 36-hpf embryos. A total of 594 and 560 probes were identified as differentially expressed at 28hpf and 36hpf, respectively, with interesting overlaps between timepoints. The main categories of genes affected by the inhibition of MTF-1 signaling were: nuclear receptors and genes involved in stress signaling, neurogenesis, muscle development and contraction, eye development, and metal homeostasis, including novel observations in iron and heme homeostasis. Finally, we investigate both the transcriptional activator and transcriptional repressor role of MTF-1 in potential novel target genes identified by transcriptomic profiling during early zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton O'Shields
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | | | - Andrew Holowiecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Martin Kamper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tapley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Matthew J Jenny
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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Götze S, Matoo OB, Beniash E, Saborowski R, Sokolova IM. Interactive effects of CO₂ and trace metals on the proteasome activity and cellular stress response of marine bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 149:65-82. [PMID: 24572072 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased anthropogenic emission of CO2 changes the carbonate chemistry and decreases the pH of the ocean. This can affect the speciation and the bioavailability of metals in polluted habitats such as estuaries. However, the effects of acidification on metal accumulation and stress response in estuarine organisms including bivalves are poorly understood. We studied the interactive effects of CO2 and two common metal pollutants, copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd), on metal accumulation, intracellular ATP/ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, stress response and energy metabolism in two common estuarine bivalves-Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) and Mercenaria mercenaria (hard shell clam). Bivalves were exposed for 4-5 weeks to clean seawater (control) and to either 50 μg L(-1) Cu or 50 μg L(-1) Cd at one of three partial pressures of CO2 ( [Formula: see text] ∼ 395, ∼ 800 and ∼ 1500 μatm) representative of the present-day conditions and projections of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) for the years 2100 and 2250, respectively. Clams accumulated lower metal burdens than oysters, and elevated [Formula: see text] enhanced the Cd and Cu accumulation in mantle tissues in both species. Higher Cd and Cu burdens were associated with elevated mRNA expression of metal binding proteins metallothionein and ferritin. In the absence of added metals, proteasome activities of clams and oysters were robust to elevated [Formula: see text] , but [Formula: see text] modulated the proteasome response to metals. Cd exposure stimulated the chymotrypsin-like activity of the oyster proteasome at all CO2 levels. In contrast, trypsin- and caspase-like activities of the oyster proteasome were slightly inhibited by Cd exposure in normocapnia but this inhibition was reversed at elevated [Formula: see text] . Cu exposure inhibited the chymotrypsin-like activity of the oyster proteasome regardless of the exposure [Formula: see text] . The effects of metal exposure on the proteasome activity were less pronounced in clams, likely due to the lower metal accumulation. However, the general trends (i.e. an increase during Cd exposure, inhibition during exposure to Cu, and overall stimulatory effects of elevated [Formula: see text] ) were similar to those found in oysters. Levels of mRNA for ubiquitin and tumor suppressor p53 were suppressed by metal exposures in normocapnia in both species but this effect was alleviated or reversed at elevated [Formula: see text] . Cellular energy status of oysters was maintained at all metal and CO2 exposures, while in clams the simultaneous exposure to Cu and moderate hypercapnia (∼ 800 μatm [Formula: see text] ) led to a decline in glycogen, ATP and ADP levels and an increase in AMP indicating energy deficiency. These data suggest that environmental CO2 levels can modulate accumulation and physiological effects of metals in bivalves in a species-specific manner which can affect their fitness and survival during the global change in estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Götze
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar, Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Omera B Matoo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Reinhard Saborowski
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar, Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Americo JA, Dondero F, Moraes MO, Allodi S, de Freitas Rebelo M. Gene discovery in the tropical scallop Nodipecten nodosus: construction and sequencing of a normalized cDNA library. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 91:34-40. [PMID: 23669241 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the construction and characterization of a normalized cDNA library from the digestive gland of the marine bivalve Nodipecten nodosus, a commercially valuable tropical scallop. A total of 288 clones were sequenced, and 250 unique sequences were obtained. The cDNA library showed a small sequence redundancy (2.3%) and high numbers of recombinant (99.9%) and independent clones (2.0 × 10(6) cfu), indicating that the cDNA library generated in this study is a profitable resource for efficient gene discovery for N. nodosus. EST functional annotation by Gene Ontology term assignment revealed the identification of sequences potentially involved in aquaculture and ecotoxicology relevant processes such as apoptosis, growth, lipid metabolism, reproduction, development, response to stress and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Alves Americo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CSS, Bl. G, 21949902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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21
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Genomics study of the exposure effect of Gymnodinium catenatum, a paralyzing toxin producer, on Crassostrea gigas' defense system and detoxification genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72323. [PMID: 24039751 PMCID: PMC3769282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crassostrea gigas accumulates paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) associated with red tide species as Gymnodinium catenatum. Previous studies demonstrated bivalves show variable feeding responses to toxic algae at physiological level; recently, only one study has reported biochemical changes in the transcript level of the genes involved in C. gigas stress response. Principal Findings We found that 24 h feeding on toxic dinoflagellate cells (acute exposure) induced a significant decrease in clearance rate and expression level changes of the genes involved in antioxidant defense (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, Cu/Zn-SOD), cell detoxification (glutathione S-transferase, GST and cytochrome P450, CPY450), intermediate immune response activation (lipopolysaccharide and beta glucan binding protein, LGBP), and stress responses (glutamine synthetase, GS) in Pacific oysters compared to the effects with the non-toxic microalga Isochrysis galbana. A sub-chronic exposure feeding on toxic dinoflagellate cells for seven and fourteen days (30×103 cells mL−1) showed higher gene expression levels. A significant increase was observed in Cu/Zn-SOD, GST, and LGBP at day 7 and a major increase in GS and CPY450 at day 14. We also observed that oysters fed only with G. catenatum (3×103 cells mL−1) produced a significant increase on the transcription level than in a mixed diet (3×103 cells mL−1 of G. catenatum+0.75×106 cells mL−1I. galbana) in all the analyzed genes. Conclusions Our results provide gene expression data of PST producer dinoflagellate G. catenatum toxic effects on C. gigas, a commercially important bivalve. Over expressed genes indicate the activation of a potent protective mechanism, whose response depends on both cell concentration and exposure time against these toxic microalgae. Given the importance of dinoflagellate blooms in coastal environments, these results provide a more comprehensive overview of how oysters respond to stress generated by toxic dinoflagellate exposure.
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Khan FR, Bury NR, Hogstrand C. Copper and zinc detoxification in Gammarus pulex (L.). J Exp Biol 2012; 215:822-32. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.062505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
To negate the toxicity of labile intracellular metals, some aquatic organisms partition metals into specific subcellular locations for detoxification, namely the soluble heat-stable cytosol and insoluble metal-rich granules. The aim of the present study was to characterise these subcellular storage sites in the freshwater crustacean Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus) following in situ exposures upstream (Drym, low metal) and downstream (Relubbus, elevated metal) of copper- and zinc-rich inflows into the River Hayle (Cornwall, UK). In the cytosol of gammarids exposed at Relubbus, copper and zinc associated to a 7.5-kDa metallothionein-like protein (MTLP) that was largely absent from gammarids prior to exposure. Exposure at Relubbus caused MTLP concentrations to increase 4- to 5-fold between days 2 and 4, indicating an induction response to increased labile intracellular metal. On day 16, spherical calcium-rich granules (0.5–2.5 μmol l–1) were visualised and analysed in the posterior caeca of gammarids exposed at both sites. Following exposure at Relubbus, granules contained trace amounts of copper, but zinc was absent. Granules in gammarids exposed at Drym contained no detectable copper or zinc. Granule formation appeared to be independent of exposure. Within the posterior caeca, granules have been associated with calcium storage during the crustacean molt, rather than in detoxification of trace metals. However, the granular copper burden appeared to follow environmental Cu availabilities. Thus, we describe Cu sequestration within molt-cycle calcium storage granules. As both MTLP concentrations and granule formation in crustaceans are affected upon by molting, we hypothesise that detoxification might impact upon this existing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan R. Khan
- Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Nicolas R. Bury
- Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Nutritional Sciences Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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Paul-Pont I, Gonzalez P, Montero N, de Montaudouin X, Baudrimont M. Cloning, characterization and gene expression of a metallothionein isoform in the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule after cadmium or mercury exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 75:119-126. [PMID: 21963253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) genes encode crucial metal-binding proteins ubiquitously expressed in living organisms and which play important roles in homeostasis of essential metals and detoxification processes. Here, the molecular organization of the first metallothionein gene of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule and its expression after cadmium (Cd) or mercury (Hg) exposures were determined. The resulting sequence (Cemt1) exhibits unusual features. The full length cDNA encodes a protein of 73 amino acids with nine classical Cys-X((1-3))-Cys motifs, but also one Cys-Cys not generally found in molluscan MT. Moreover, characterization of the molecular organization of the Cemt1 gene revealed two different alleles (A1 and A2) with length differences due to large deletion events in their intronic sequences involving direct Short Interspersed repeated Elements (SINE), while their exonic sequences were identical. To our knowledge, such large excision mechanisms have never before been reported in a bivalve gene sequence. After 10 days of Cd exposure at environmentally relevant doses, quantitative real-time PCR revealed a strong induction of Cemt1 in gills of C. edule. Surprisingly, neither induction of the Cemt1 gene nor of MT protein was shown after Hg exposure, despite the fact that this organism is able to bioaccumulate a high amount of this trace metal which is theoretically one of the most powerful inducers of MT biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Paul-Pont
- Université Bordeaux 1, Station Marine d'Arcachon, Arcachon, France.
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24
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Foster B, Grewal S, Graves O, Hughes FM, Sokolova IM. Copper exposure affects hemocyte apoptosis and Perkinsus marinus infection in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:341-349. [PMID: 21658453 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dermo disease in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is caused by an intracellular protistan parasite Perkinsus marinus. The progression and outcome of this disease is determined by a complex interplay between the host's immunity and parasite's escape mechanisms, both of which can be influenced by environmental pollutants including heavy metals such as copper (Cu). The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of Cu on the levels of apoptosis (which can serve as an important host defense mechanism) in oyster immune cells (hemocytes) in vitro and in vivo as well as on the establishment of P. marinus infections in vivo. Surprisingly, Cu exerted opposing effects on apoptosis levels of hemocytes in vitro and in vivo, stimulating apoptosis in isolated hemocytes but suppressing it during Cu exposure of whole oysters. The mechanisms of this effect are presently unknown and may be related to the different bioavailability of the metal in vitro and in vivo. As expected, Cu accumulated in oyster soft tissues during in vitro exposure. Unexpectedly, this metal also strongly accumulated in hemolymph plasma which is classically considered isoionic with the surrounding seawater, likely reflecting the presence of soluble Cu-binding proteins in oyster plasma. Cu reduced growth of P. marinus in vitro and greatly reduced infection levels of hemocytes in vivo, presumably by direct toxic effects on the parasite. As a possible parasitic counterbalance, Cu accumulation in the hemocytes was reduced by P. marinus infection, although this reduction was not sufficient to prevent the parasiticidal effects of the heavy metal in vivo. This effect of Cu may be useful as a potential therapeutic against Dermo disease in aquaculture conditions. Overall, this study provides important new insights into the potential role of environmental metals in host-parasite relationships and disease dynamics in C. virginica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Foster
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9210 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Contreras-Porcia L, Dennett G, González A, Vergara E, Medina C, Correa JA, Moenne A. Identification of copper-induced genes in the marine alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:544-56. [PMID: 20936320 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify genes/proteins involved in copper tolerance, the marine alga Ulva compressa was cultivated with 10 μM copper for 3 days. The activities of antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (AP), peroxiredoxin (PRX), thioredoxin (TRX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the level of lipoperoxides were determined in the alga cultivated with and without copper addition. Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipoperoxides level increased in response to copper excess, indicating that the alga was under oxidative stress. A cDNA library was prepared using U. compressa cultivated with 10 μM copper for 3 days. A total of 3 × 10(4) clones were isolated and 480 clones were sequenced, resulting in 235 non-redundant ESTs, of which 104 encode proteins with known functions. Among them, we identified proteins involved in (1) antioxidant metabolism such as AP, PRX, TRX, GST, and metalothionein (MET), (2) signal transduction, such as calmodulin (CAM), (3) calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), (4) gene expression, (5) protein synthesis and degradation, and (6) chloroplast and mitochondria electron transport chains. Half of the identified proteins are potentially localized in organelles. The relative level of 18 genes, including those coding for AP, PRX, TRX, GST, MET, CAM, CDPK, and NDK were determined by quantitative RT-PCR in the alga cultivated with 10 μM copper for 0 to 7 days. Transcript levels increased in response to copper stress and most of them reached a maximum at days 3 and 5. Thus, the selected genes are induced by copper stress and they are probably involved in copper acclimation and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretto Contreras-Porcia
- Departamento de Ecología, Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6513677, Santiago, Chile
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26
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VANDERSTEEN WENDY. Detecting gene expression profiles associated with environmental stressors within an ecological context. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1322-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Andreani G, Carpenè E, Capranico G, Isani G. Metallothionein cDNA cloning, metallothionein expression and heavy metals in Scapharca inaequivalvis along the Northern Adriatic coast of Italy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:366-372. [PMID: 21247635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this work were: (1) identification of the metallothionein (MT) gene coding sequence in order to prepare an MT probe in Scapharca inaequivalvis and (2) quantification of Cd, Zn, Cu, MT and MTmRNA expression in tissues of molluscs from three areas along the Northern Adriatic coast of Italy. By RT-PCR we cloned the MTcDNA of S. inaequivalvis using the RNA extracted from hepatopancreas of specimens exposed to Cd. The 61 amino acids sequence of MT was deduced and was 70% identical to S. brughtonii MT. Cd concentration in molluscs from the wild was significantly higher in gills from specimens sampled near Ravenna. Zn concentration in the same tissue was significantly higher in Ravenna with respect to Porto Garibaldi while no difference with respect to Cesenatico was detected. Cu levels showed significant differences among sites in gills and mantle whereas values in the hepatopancreas were similar in all sites. The low MT levels were indicative of a low metal exposure; few differences were found in MTmRNA concentrations, which resulted significantly higher in hepatopancreas of molluscs from Porto Garibaldi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Andreani
- Clinical Veterinary Department, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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Chapman RW, Mancia A, Beal M, Veloso A, Rathburn C, Blair A, Holland AF, Warr GW, Didinato G, Sokolova IM, Wirth EF, Duffy E, Sanger D. The transcriptomic responses of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to environmental conditions. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1431-49. [PMID: 21426432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to environmental conditions is a fundamental question for ecology and evolution. In this study, we evaluate changes in gene expression of a marine mollusc, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, associated with the physico-chemical conditions and the levels of metals and other contaminants in their environment. The results indicate that transcript signatures can effectively disentangle the complex interactive gene expression responses to the environment and are also capable of disentangling the complex dynamic effects of environmental factors on gene expression. In this context, the mapping of environment to gene and gene to environment is reciprocal and mutually reinforcing. In general, the response of transcripts to the environment is driven by major factors known to affect oyster physiology such as temperature, pH, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, with pollutant levels playing a relatively small role, at least within the range of concentrations found in the studied oyster habitats. Further, the two environmental factors that dominate these effects (temperature and pH) interact in a dynamic and nonlinear fashion to impact gene expression. Transcriptomic data obtained in our study provide insights into the mechanisms of physiological responses to temperature and pH in oysters that are consistent with the known effects of these factors on physiological functions of ectotherms and indicate important linkages between transcriptomics and physiological outcomes. Should these linkages hold in further studies and in other organisms, they may provide a novel integrated approach for assessing the impacts of climate change, ocean acidification and anthropogenic contaminants on aquatic organisms via relatively inexpensive microarray platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Chapman
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC 29422-2559, USA.
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Wang Q, Wang X, Wang X, Yang H, Liu B. Analysis of metallotionein expression and antioxidant enzyme activities in Meretrix meretrix larvae under sublethal cadmium exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 100:321-328. [PMID: 20869127 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the possible role of metallothioneins (MTs) and antioxidant enzymes in cadmium (Cd) tolerance in Meretrix meretrix larvae, a new MT (designated MmMT) gene was identified and cloned from M. meretrix. The full-length cDNA of MmMT consisted of an open reading frame (ORF) of 231bp encoding a protein of 76 amino acids, with 21 cysteine residues and a conserved structural pattern Cys-x-Cys-x(3)-Cys-Tyr-Gly-x(3)-Cys-x-Cys-x(3)-Cys-x-Cys-Lys at the C-terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence of MmMT showed about 57-84% identity with previously published MT sequences of mussels and oysters. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression level of MmMT mRNA at different M. meretrix larval stages under Cd exposure (25μgL⁻¹). Results showed that Cd could induce the expression of MmMT mRNA in the larvae, and the expression level increased 5.04-fold and 3.99-fold in D-shaped larvae and pediveligers, respectively. Immunolocalization of MmMT in the stressed larvae revealed that MmMT was synthesized in almost all of the soft parts at the trochophore and postlarva stages, whereas it was only synthesized in the velum and epidermis at the D-shaped larva and pediveliger stages. The activities of three antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), also were measured in larvae at different developmental stages. Increased enzymatic activities were detected mainly in D-shaped larvae and pediveligers under Cd stress, suggesting that these enzymes respond synchronously with MT. Our results indicate that MmMT and antioxidant enzymes played important roles in counteracting Cd stress in M. meretrix larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
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Paul-Pont I, Gonzalez P, Baudrimont M, Nili H, de Montaudouin X. Short-term metallothionein inductions in the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule after cadmium or mercury exposure: discrepancy between mRNA and protein responses. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 97:260-267. [PMID: 20045202 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are essential metal binding proteins involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification in living organisms. Numerous studies have focused on MT response to metal exposure and showed an important variability according to species, metal, concentration and time of exposure. In this study, the expression of one isoform of MT gene (Cemt1) and associated MT protein synthesis were determined after 1, 3, 9, 24, 72 and 168h of cadmium (Cd) or mercury (Hg) exposures in gills of the cockle Cerastoderma edule. This experiment, carried out in laboratory conditions, revealed that in Cd-exposed cockles, induction of Cemt1 is time-dependent following a "pulse-scheme" with significant upregulation at 24h and 168h intersected by time point (72h) with significant downregulation. MT protein concentration increases with time in gills of exposed cockles in relation with the progressive accumulation of Cd in soluble fraction. On contrary, Hg exposure does not lead to any induction of Cemt1 mRNA expression or MT protein synthesis compared to control, despite a higher accumulation of this metal in gills of cockles compared to Cd. The localization of Hg (85-90%) is in insoluble fraction, whereas MT was located in the cytoplasm of cells. This gives us a first clue to understand the inability of Hg to activate MT synthesis. However, other biochemical processes probably occur in gills of C. edule since the remaining soluble fraction of Hg exceeds MT sequestration ability. Finally, since one of the first main targets of metal toxicity in cells was the mitochondria, some genes involved in mitochondria metabolism were also analyzed in order to assess potential differences in cellular damages between two metal exposures. Indeed, until T(168), no impact on mitochondrial genes was shown following Hg exposure, despite the complete lack of MT response. This result indicated the presence of other effective cellular ligands which sequester the cytosolic fraction of this metal and consequently inhibit metal reactivity. Such competition mechanisms with other cytosolic ligands more sensitive to Hg were particularly argued in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Paul-Pont
- Université Bordeaux 1 - CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC, CNRS, Station Marine d'Arcachon, Place du Dr. Peyneau, Arcachon, France.
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Cooper S, Fortin C. Metal and metallothionein content in bullfrogs: study of a whole watershed impacted by agricultural activities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:391-399. [PMID: 20047761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Among the various anthropogenic activities potentially affecting amphibian populations, agriculture has often been evoked. Fertilizers used in agriculture are documented sources of metals that may contaminate nearby rivers. Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were collected within the Yamaska River basin (Quebec, Canada) along a gradient of agricultural land use intensity. Hepatic, renal and intestinal metal content, along with hepatic metallothionein content, were determined. In general, dissolved metal concentrations and accumulated metal concentrations in bullfrogs varied little among sites. Hepatic Cu and Zn concentrations were significantly different among subwatersheds and were in accordance with the gradient in agricultural activities in at least one of the three years studied. Liver metallothionein content did not vary significantly among the subwatersheds, but they were correlated with Cu content within two sites and Cd content at one site. We conclude that R. catesbeiana could be used as a biomonitor for Cu contamination and potentially for other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cooper
- INRS-Eau, Terre et Environnement, Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, Canada
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32
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Schmidt PS, Serrão EA, Pearson GA, Riginos C, Rawson PD, Hilbish TJ, Brawley SH, Trussell GC, Carrington E, Wethey DS, Grahame JW, Bonhomme F, Rand DM. Ecological genetics in the North Atlantic: environmental gradients and adaptation at specific loci. Ecology 2009; 89:S91-107. [PMID: 19097487 DOI: 10.1890/07-1162.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The North Atlantic intertidal community provides a rich set of organismal and environmental material for the study of ecological genetics. Clearly defined environmental gradients exist at multiple spatial scales: there are broad latitudinal trends in temperature, meso-scale changes in salinity along estuaries, and smaller scale gradients in desiccation and temperature spanning the intertidal range. The geology and geography of the American and European coasts provide natural replication of these gradients, allowing for population genetic analyses of parallel adaptation to environmental stress and heterogeneity. Statistical methods have been developed that provide genomic neutrality tests of population differentiation and aid in the process of candidate gene identification. In this paper, we review studies of marine organisms that illustrate associations between an environmental gradient and specific genetic markers. Such highly differentiated markers become candidate genes for adaptation to the environmental factors in question, but the functional significance of genetic variants must be comprehensively evaluated. We present a set of predictions about locus-specific selection across latitudinal, estuarine, and intertidal gradients that are likely to exist in the North Atlantic. We further present new data and analyses that support and contradict these simple selection models. Some taxa show pronounced clinal variation at certain loci against a background of mild clinal variation at many loci. These cases illustrate the procedures necessary for distinguishing selection driven by internal genomic vs. external environmental factors. We suggest that the North Atlantic intertidal community provides a model system for identifying genes that matter in ecology due to the clarity of the environmental stresses and an extensive experimental literature on ecological function. While these organisms are typically poor genetic and genomic models, advances in comparative genomics have provided access to molecular tools that can now be applied to taxa with well-defined ecologies. As many of the organisms we discuss have tight physiological limits driven by climatic factors, this synthesis of molecular population genetics with marine ecology could provide a sensitive means of assessing evolutionary responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Schmidt
- Department of Biology, 433 South University Avenue, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Vergani L. Metallothioneins in Aquatic Organisms: Fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs, and Echinoderms. METALLOTHIONEINS AND RELATED CHELATORS 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847559531-00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) have been described in a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to mammals, thus representing an interesting example of evolutionary molecular adaptation. If the moderate variability of MTs across phylogenetically distant organisms reflects their highly conserved function, the specific environmental requirements may explain the multiplicity of isoforms also in the same organism. The MT polymorphism is particularly important in invertebrates with respect to vertebrates. This review is an attempt to summarize the knowledge about MTs from aquatic animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates, to gain new insights into the structure-function relationship of this class of proteins. The large and increasing literature on MTs indicates that MTs from aquatic vertebrates are rather similar to mammalian counterparts, whereas a variety of structures have been described in invertebrates. Although the prototypical αβ-domain organization of vertebrate MTs has been observed in most invertebrate isoforms, some invertebrate MTs display alternative structures in which the canonical organization has been modified, such as the ββ-domain, the αββ-domain, and the multiple α-domain structures of oyster MTs, and the inverted βα-domain organization of sea urchin MTs. In this review we emphasize three major taxa of aquatic invertebrates, the molluscs, the crustaceans and the echinoderms, although some data have been reported for other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vergani
- Department of Biology, University of Genova I-16132 Genova Italy
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Wang L, Song L, Ni D, Zhang H, Liu W. Alteration of metallothionein mRNA in bay scallop Argopecten irradians under cadmium exposure and bacteria challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:50-7. [PMID: 18662805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metallothionein (MT) is a superfamily of cysteine-rich proteins contributing to metal metabolism, detoxification of heavy metals, and immune response such as protecting against ionizing radiation and antioxidant defense. A metallothionein (designated AiMT2) gene was identified and cloned from bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. The full length cDNA of AiMT2 consisted of an open reading frame (ORF) of 333 bp encoding a protein of 110 amino acids, with nine characteristic Cys-X-Cys, five Cys-X-X-Cys, five Cys-X-X-X-Cys and two Cys-Cys motif arrangements and a conserved structural pattern Cys-x-Cys-x(3)-Cys-Tyr-x(3)-Cys-x-Cys-x(3)-Cys-x-Cys-Arg at the C-terminus. The cloned AiMT showed about 50% identity in the deduced amino acid sequence with previously published MT sequences of mussels and oysters. The conserved structural pattern and the close phylogenetic relationship of AiMT2 shared with MTs from other mollusc especially bivalves indicated that AiMT2 was a new member of molluscan MT family. The mRNA transcripts in hemolymph of AiMT2 under cadmium (Cd) exposure and bacteria challenge were examined by real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of AiMT2 was up-regulated to 3.99-fold at 2 h after Listonella anguillarum challenge, and increased drastically to 66.12-fold and 126.96-fold at 16 and 32 h post-challenge respectively. Cadmium ion exposure could induce the expression of AiMT2, and the expression level increased 2.56-fold and 6.91-fold in hemolymph respectively after a 10-day exposure of 100 microg L(- 1) and 200 microg L(- 1) CdCl(2). The sensitivity of AiMT2 to bacteria challenge and cadmium stress indicated it was a new Cd-dependent MT in bay scallop and also regulated by an immune challenge. The changes in the expression of AiMT2 could be used as an indicator of exposure to metals in pollution monitoring programs and oxidative stress, and bay scallop as a potential sentinel organism for the cadmium contamination in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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35
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Digilio G, Bracco C, Vergani L, Botta M, Osella D, Viarengo A. The cadmium binding domains in the metallothionein isoform Cd7-MT10 from Mytilus galloprovincialis revealed by NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2008; 14:167-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-008-0435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Trinchella F, Riggio M, Filosa S, Parisi E, Scudiero R. Molecular cloning and sequencing of metallothionein in squamates: New insights into the evolution of the metallothionein genes in vertebrates. Gene 2008; 423:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Shuja RN, Shakoori AR. Identification and cloning of first cadmium metallothionein like gene from locally isolated ciliate, Paramecium sp. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:549-60. [PMID: 18273691 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
First cadmium metallothionein like gene PMCd1 of a ciliate, Paramecium sp., isolated from industrial wastewater has been cloned and sequenced. PMCd1 is an intronless gene, encoding 612 nucleotides, with TAA coding for glutamine. The coding region of PMCd1 comprises 203 amino acids, including 37 cysteine residues with a conserved structural pattern in the form of recurring structural motifs, arranged in 17 x-cys-x-y-cys-x, 1 x-cys-cys-x and x-cys-x contexts. Both, the deduced amino acids and nucleotide sequence differ, not only from other animal metallothioneins (MTs), but also from the previously characterized Tetrahymena Cu and Cd-MTs. The translated protein of PMCd1 contains conserved cysteine residues, peculiar characteristic of stress inducible metallothionein genes of ciliates and other groups of organisms.
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Abstract
Within the growing body of proteomics studies, issues addressing problems of ecotoxicology are on the rise. Generally speaking, ecotoxicology uses quantitative expression changes of distinct proteins known to be involved in toxicological responses as biomarkers. Unlike these directed approaches, proteomics examines how multiple expression changes are associated with a contamination that is suspected to be detrimental. Consequently, proteins involved in toxicological responses that have not been described previously may be revealed. Following identification of key proteins indicating exposure or effect, proteomics can potentially be employed in environmental risk assessment. To this end, bioinformatics may unveil protein patterns specific to an environmental stress that would constitute a classifier able to distinguish an exposure from a control state. The combined use of sets of marker proteins associated with a given pollution impact may prove to be more reliable, as they are based not only on a few unique markers which are measured independently, but reflect the complexity of a toxicological response. Such a proteomic pattern might also integrate some of the already established biomarkers of environmental toxicity. Proteomics applications in ecotoxicology may also comprise functional examination of known classes of proteins, such as glutathione transferases or metallothioneins, to elucidate their toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie - Milieux Aquatiques, Université du Havre, Le Havre, France
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Jenny MJ, Warr GW, Ringwood AH, Baltzegar DA, Chapman RW. Regulation of metallothionein genes in the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Ontogeny and differential expression in response to different stressors. Gene 2006; 379:156-65. [PMID: 16846698 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are typically low molecular weight (6-7 kDa), metal-binding proteins with characteristic repeating cysteine motifs (Cys-X-Cys or Cys-Xn-Cys) and a prolate ellipsoid shape containing single alpha- and beta-domains. While functionally diverse, they play important roles in metals homeostasis, detoxification and the stress response. The present study, combined with previous observations (e.g., Jenny et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 2005; 271:1702-1712) defines an unprecedented diversity of MT primary structure and domain organization in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Two novel molluscan MT families are described. One of these (CvMT-III) is characterized by the presence of two beta-domains and the absence of alpha-domains. This family exhibits constitutive expression during larval development and is the dominant CvMT isoform expressed in larvae. CvMT-III displays low basal levels of expression in adult tissues and only moderate responsiveness to metal challenges in both larvae and adults. A second novel MT isoform (CvMT-IV) was isolated from hemocytes by subtractive hybridization techniques following a 4-hour immune challenge with heat-killed bacteria (Vibrio, Bacillus, Micrococcus spp. mixture). Based on conservation of the cysteine motifs, this isoform appears to be a sub-family related to the molluscan alphabeta-domain MTs. A series of amino acid substitutions has resulted in four additional cysteines which give rise to a Cys-Cys motif and three Cys-Cys-Cys motifs. Northern blot analyses demonstrate that CvMT-IV is down-regulated upon sterile wounding and immune challenge, displays moderate expression in larvae and adults and differential gene induction in response to metals exposure.
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Cunningham C, Hikima JI, Jenny MJ, Chapman RW, Fang GC, Saski C, Lundqvist ML, Wing RA, Cupit PM, Gross PS, Warr GW, Tomkins JP. New resources for marine genomics: bacterial artificial chromosome libraries for the Eastern and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea virginica and C. gigas). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:521-33. [PMID: 16896533 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-006-6013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries of two culturally and economically important oyster species, Crassostrea virginica and C. gigas, have been developed as part of an international effort to develop tools and reagents that will advance our ability to conduct genetic and genomic research. A total of 73,728 C. gigas clones with an average insert size of 152 kb were picked and arrayed representing an 11.8-fold genome coverage. A total of 55,296 clones with an average insert size of 150 kb were picked and arrayed for C. virginica, also representing an 11.8-fold genome coverage. The C. gigas and C. virginica libraries were screened with probes derived from selected oyster genes using high-density BAC colony filter arrays. The probes identified 4 to 25 clones per gene for C. virginica and 5 to 50 clones per gene for C. gigas. We conducted a preliminary analysis of genetic polymorphism represented in the C. gigas library. The results suggest that the degree of divergence among similar sequences is highly variable and concentrated in intronic regions. Evidence supporting allelic polymorphism is reported for two genes and allelic and/or locus specific polymorphism for several others. Classical inheritance studies are needed to confirm the nature of these polymorphisms. The oyster BAC libraries are publicly available to the research community on a cost-recovery basis at (www.genome.clemson.edu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Cunningham
- Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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Fu C, Miao W. Cloning and Characterization of a New Multi-Stress Inducible Metallothionein Gene in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Protist 2006; 157:193-203. [PMID: 16621695 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new multi-stress-inducible metallothionein (MT) gene isoform has been cloned and characterized from the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Both the 5'- and 3'-UT regions of the Tp-MT2 gene are very different from the previously reported Tp-MT1 isoform in this organism and from other described MT genes in Tetrahymena pigmentosa and Tetrahymena thermophila. The putative protein sequence of Tp-MT2 contains cysteine clusters with characteristics of the typical Tetrahymena Cd-inducible MT genes. However, the sequence has a special feature of four intragenic tandem repeats within its first half, with a conserved structural pattern x(5/8)CCCx(6)CCx(6)CxCxNCxCCK. To investigate the transcriptional activities of both Tp-MT2 and Tp-MT1 genes toward heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn) and H(2)O(2), the mRNA levels of these two isoforms were evaluated by means of real-time quantitative PCR. Results showed that Tp-MT2 had a higher basal expression level than Tp-MT1 and both genes were induced by Cd, Hg, Cu, and Zn ions after short exposure (1h), although to different extents. Cd was the most effective metal inducer of both two isoforms, but the relative expression level of Tp-MT2 was much lower than that of Tp-MT1. Different expression patterns were also shown between the two genes when treated with Cd over a period of 24h. We suggest that TpMT-1 plays the role of a multi-inducible stress gene, while TpMT-2 may have a more specific function in basal metal homeostasis although it may have undergone a functional differentiation process. The putative functional significance and evolutionary mode of the TpMT-2 isoform are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Sokolova IM, Ringwood AH, Johnson C. Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 74:218-28. [PMID: 15993495 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium distribution was studied in different subcellular fractions of gill and hepatopancreas tissues of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica. Oysters were exposed for up to 21 days to low sublethal Cd concentrations (25 microg L(-1)). Gill and hepatopancreas tissues were sampled and divided into organelle fractions and cytosol by differential centrifugation. Organelle content of different fractions was verified by activities of marker enzymes, citrate synthase and acid phosphatase for mitochondria and lysosomes, respectively. In both tissue types, there was a significant accumulation of cadmium in cytosol reaching 230-350 ng mg(-1) protein. Among organelles, mitochondria were the main target for Cd bioaccumulation in gills (250-300 ng mg(-1) protein), whereas in hepatopancreas tissues, the highest cadmium accumulation occurred in lysosomes (90-94 ng mg(-1) protein). Although 75-83% of total cadmium burden was associated with the cytosol reflecting high volume fraction of this compartment, Cd concentrations in organelle fractions reached levels that could cause dysfunction of mitochondria and lysosomes. Organ- and organelle-specific patterns of cadmium bioaccumulation support our previous in vivo studies, which showed adverse effects of cadmium exposures on mitochondrial oxidation in gills and on the lysosomal system of hepatopancreas. This may have important implications for the development of biomarkers of effect for heavy metals and for understanding the mechanisms of toxic effects of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Sokolova
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2004. [PMCID: PMC2447433 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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