1
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Divari S, Cuccato M, Fanelli A, Cannizzo FT. Development of a droplet digital PCR assay to detect illicit glucocorticoid administration in bovine. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271613. [PMID: 35839236 PMCID: PMC9286227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are often used illegally in food-producing animals for the growth promotion of livestock animals. In accordance to official chemical methods for glucocorticoid detection, an animal is declared as non-compliant when a residue is identified in the sample. Neverthless, growth promoting molecules can often escape identification due to their rapid elimination or due to the use of non-detectable new generation drugs. Therefore, an indirect screening method able to detect the biological effect of long-term administration of low doses of dexamethasone and prednisolone on livestock has been developed to support official methods. As already described, FKBP5 (FKBP prolyl isomerase 5) expression in bovine thymus is regulated by glucocorticoids, and this specific regulation can be exploited in an indirect screening assay. In the present study, male veal calves and young bulls were considered in three different trials in which estradiol, dexamethasone, and prednisolone were administered alone or in combination with Revalor-200 subcutaneous pellets. Thoracic thymus was sampled from all animals and molecular analysis was performed. A duplex droplet digital PCR assay with EvaGreen® was employed to detect the target gene expression using absolute quantification. The developed droplet digital PCR assay was precise, showing intra- and inter-assay mean coefficient of variation values of about 6.16% and 3.17%, respectively. It was also highly specific (100%) with Youden’s index of 76.92% and 53.57% applied to veal calves and young bulls, respectively. The lowest detection limit in which the target gene expression level was kept constant, was 0.05 ng/μl of cDNA with 1 copies/μL and 0.5 copies/μL for target and reference gene, respectively. This study establishes the basis for using a digital PCR-based assay as an efficient test to identify animals illegally treated with glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Cuccato
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Antonella Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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2
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Biasibetti E, Pezzolato M, Brugiapaglia A, Biagini D, Lazzaroni C, Bellino C, D'angelo A, Bozzetta E. Thymus and meat physicochemical measurements to discriminate calves treated with anabolic and therapeutic doses of dexamethasone. Animal 2021; 15:100271. [PMID: 34153604 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To preserve the Europe consumers' health, the use of glucocorticoids as growth promoters is prohibited in cattle fattening. In 2008, the Italian Ministry of Health associated to the official control a national monitoring plan based on the histological thymus analysis to identify animals illegally treated with corticosteroids. However, since corticosteroids are authorized and widely used for therapeutic purposes, it is necessary to verify whether the thymus histological test and some physicochemical traits in meat are able to discriminate doped calves from dexamethasone therapeutic treated ones. The aims of this study were (i) to establish whether the therapeutic and illicit corticosteroid treatments of calves could be differentiated through histological evaluation of thymus and by physicochemical meat traits; (ii) to identify a restricted number of physicochemical traits that could differentiate dexamethasone treated from untreated calves. Three groups of 15 calves each were included in this study: group dexamethasone therapeutic treatment treated with dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt at a therapeutic dose (2 mg/kg of live weight for three consecutive days); group dexamethasone anabolic treatment orally treated with dexamethasone 21-phosphate disodium salt according to a presumed anabolic protocol (0.4 mg/day per animal for 20 days); group placebo control treated with a placebo served as control. Results demonstrated that groups could be easily discriminated by thymus microscopy as well as by two meat markers, namely, cooking loss and shear firmness or Warner-Bratzler shear force. The combination of thymus microscopic features and meat physicochemical traits could be used as a practical, economic and accurate screening strategy to discriminate between meat from illegally and therapeutically treated calves. This new reliable and simple tool could contribute to identify animals treated with dexamethasone in those countries where glucocorticoids are illegally used as growth promoters. More in general, this system could be included in the framework of official controls, and applied to verify suppliers' reliability by the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Biasibetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - M Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - A Brugiapaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy.
| | - D Biagini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - C Lazzaroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - C Bellino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - A D'angelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - E Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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3
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Harvey KM, Cooke RF, Colombo EA, Rett B, de Sousa OA, Harvey LM, Russell JR, Pohler KG, Brandão AP. Supplementing organic-complexed or inorganic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn to beef cows during gestation: postweaning responses of offspring reared as replacement heifers or feeder cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6170620. [PMID: 33715010 PMCID: PMC8186539 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and ninety nonlactating, pregnant beef cows (¾ Bos taurus and ¼ Bos indicus; 138 multiparous and 52 primiparous) were assigned to this experiment at 117 ± 2.2 d of gestation (day 0). Cows were ranked by parity, pregnancy type (artificial insemination = 102, natural service = 88), body weight (BW) and body condition score, and assigned to receive a supplement containing: (1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR; n = 95) or (2) an organic complexed source of Cu, Mn, Co, and Zn (AAC; Availa4; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN; n = 95). The INR and AAC provided the same daily amount of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn, based on 7 g of the AAC source. From day 0 to calving, cows were maintained in a single pasture and segregated 3 times weekly into 1 of 24 individual feeding pens to receive treatments. Calves were weaned on day 367 (200 ± 2 d of age), managed as a single group for a 45-d preconditioning period (days 367 to 412), and transferred to a single oat (Avena sativa L.) pasture on day 412. Heifer calves were moved to an adjacent oat pasture on day 437, where they remained until day 620. Heifer puberty status was verified weekly (days 437 to 619) based on plasma progesterone concentrations. Steer calves were shipped to a commercial feedlot on day 493, where they were managed as a single group until slaughter (day 724). Plasma cortisol concentration was greater (P = 0.05) in AAC calves at weaning but tended to be less (P = 0.10) on day 370 compared with INR calves. Mean plasma haptoglobin concentration was greater (P = 0.03) in INR vs. AAC calves during preconditioning, and no treatment effects were noted (P = 0.76) for preconditioning average daily gain (ADG). Puberty attainment was hastened in AAC heifers during the experiment (treatment × day; P < 0.01), despite similar (P = 0.39) ADG between treatments from days 412 to 620. Expression of myogenin mRNA in the longissimus muscle was greater (P = 0.05) in INR vs. AAC heifers on day 584. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.24) for steer ADG from day 412 until slaughter, nor for carcass quality traits. Hepatic mRNA expression of metallothionein 1A was greater (P = 0.02) in INR vs. AAC steers on day 586. In summary, supplementing Co, Cu, Zn, and Mn as organic complexed instead of sulfate sources to beef cows during the last 5 mo of gestation did not improve performance and physiological responses of the steer progeny until slaughter, but hastened puberty attainment in the female progeny reared as replacement heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Harvey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.,Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS 39756, USA
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Bruna Rett
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo A de Sousa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Lorin M Harvey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA.,Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station,Mississippi State University, Pontotoc, MS 38863, USA
| | | | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Alice P Brandão
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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4
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Colombo EA, Cooke RF, Brandão AP, Wiegand JB, Schubach KM, Duff GC, Gouvêa VN, Cappellozza BI. Administering an appeasing substance to optimize performance and health responses in feedlot receiving cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5929308. [PMID: 33068399 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impacts of administering a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) at feedlot entry to receiving cattle. Angus-influenced steers (n = 342) from 16 sources were purchased from an auction yard on day -1, and transported (12 hr; 4 trucks) to the feedlot. Upon arrival on day 0, shrunk body weight (BW; 240 ± 1 kg) was recorded and steers were ranked by load, shrunk BW, and source and assigned to receive BAS (IRSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 171) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 171). The BAS is a mixture of fatty acids that replicate the composition of the bovine appeasing pheromone. Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to each individual steer on their nuchal skin area. Steers were allocated to 1 of 24 drylot pens (12 pens/treatment) and received a free-choice diet until day 46. Steers were assessed daily for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs, and feed intake was recorded from each pen daily. Steer unshrunk BW was recorded on days 7, 17, 31, 45, and 46. Shrunk BW on day 0 was added an 8% shrink to represent initial BW, and final BW was calculated by averaging BW from days 45 and 46. Blood samples were collected from 5 steers/pen on days 0, 7, 11, 31, and 45. Pen was considered the experimental unit. Steer BW gain was greater (P = 0.04) in BAS vs. CON (1.01 vs. 0.86 kg/d, SEM = 0.05). Feed intake did not differ (P = 0.95) between treatments, resulting in greater (P = 0.05) feed efficiency in BAS vs. CON (171 vs. 142 g/kg, SEM = 10). Plasma cortisol concentration was greater (P = 0.05) and plasma glucose concentration was less in CON vs. BAS on day 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.07 and <0.01, respectively). Mean plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in BAS vs. CON (3.23 and 2.75 mg/mL; SEM = 0.12). Incidence of BRD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in BAS vs. CON from days 6 to 10 and days 19 to 23 (treatment × day; P < 0.01), although overall BRD incidence did not differ (P = 0.20) between treatments (82.4% vs. 76.6%, respectively; SEM = 3.2). A greater proportion (P = 0.04) of BAS steers diagnosed with BRD required one antimicrobial treatment to regain health compared with CON (59.3% vs. 47.6%, SEM = 4.2). Hence, BAS administration to steers upon feedlot arrival improved BW gain during a 45-d receiving period by enhancing feed efficiency. Moreover, results suggest that BAS improved steer performance by facilitating early detection of BRD signs, lessening the disease recurrence upon first antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Alice P Brandão
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jacob B Wiegand
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kelsey M Schubach
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS
| | - Glenn C Duff
- Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, NM
| | - Vinícius N Gouvêa
- Clayton Livestock Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton, NM
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5
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Schubach KM, Cooke RF, Daigle CL, Brandão AP, Rett B, Ferreira VSM, Scatolin GN, Colombo EA, D'Souza GM, Pohler KG, Cappellozza BI. Administering an appeasing substance to beef calves at weaning to optimize productive and health responses during a 42-d preconditioning program. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5896005. [PMID: 32827437 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impacts of administering a bovine appeasing substance (BAS) to beef calves at weaning on their performance, physiological responses, and behavior during a 42-d preconditioning program. Eighty calves (40 heifers and 40 steers; 90% British × 10% Nellore) were weaned at 233 ± 2 d of age (day 0); ranked by sex, weaning age, and body weight (BW); and assigned to receive BAS (IRSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France; n = 40) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 40). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal following dam separation. Within treatment, calves were allocated to one of eight drylot pens (four pens per treatment; pen being the experimental unit) and received a free-choice total mixed ration (TMR) from day 0 to 42, intake of which was assessed daily. Live behavior observations were conducted on days 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32. Temperament was assessed and blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on days -21, 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42. Hair samples were collected from the tail switch on days 0, 14, 28, and 42. Calves were vaccinated against bovine respiratory disease viruses on days -21 and 0. Average daily gain from day 0 to 42 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.57) but was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves from day 0 to 28. Intake of TMR was greater (P = 0.05) during the first week for BAS vs. CON calves (treatment × week; P = 0.08). The mean proportion of calves feeding simultaneously and performance of social and play behaviors were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for BAS vs. CON calves. Escape attempts were greater (P < 0.01) for BAS vs. CON calves on day 1 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Exit velocity was greater (P = 0.04) for CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for CON vs. BAS calves on day 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin were greater (P = 0.02) in CON vs. BAS calves. Hair cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) in CON vs. BAS calves on day 14 (treatment × day; P = 0.03). Mean serum concentrations of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus were greater (P = 0.02) in BAS vs. CON calves. Collectively, BAS administration to beef calves at weaning alleviated stress-induced physiological reactions, improved temperament evaluated via chute exit velocity, enhanced humoral immunity acquired from vaccination, and appeared to have accelerated adaptation to novel management scheme and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Schubach
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Prairie Research Unit, Mississippi State University, Prairie, MS
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Courtney L Daigle
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Alice P Brandão
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Bruna Rett
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor S M Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Ky G Pohler
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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6
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Divari S, De Lucia F, Berio E, Sereno A, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment in beef cattle: influence on glycogen deposition and gene expression in the liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106444. [PMID: 32199239 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The illegal administration of glucocorticoids in livestock is problematic and identification of pathways in which these hormones are involved is critically important, and new direct or indirect biomarkers should be identified. In this work, glucocorticoid transcriptional effects on some genes involved in the glucose metabolism were studied in the bovine liver. This study was conducted on adult Charolais male cattle treated with long-term low dose dexamethasone or prednisolone. Gene expression analysis was conducted in the liver by qPCR, and the geNorm algorithm was applied to select optimal reference genes. In line with the literature, a significant overexpression of genes involved in the gluconeogenic pathway and glycogen synthesis was detected in the liver of dexamethasone-treated animals, but histological and biochemical examination showed hepatocyte glycogen depletion particularly in dexamethasone-treated animals. It possible to hypothesize that glucocorticoids or adrenal insufficiency due to glucocorticoids withdrawal inhibit the enzymatic activity of glycogen synthase and/or induce glycogen autophagy in bovine liver. In fact, markers of glycophagy as starch-binding domain-containing protein 1 and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 mRNAs were upregulated in the liver by glucocorticoids treatment. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta gene was significantly overexpressed in dexamethasone-treated animals, and this protein is also implicated in liver autophagy modulation and glycogen synthesis inhibition. These results showed that glucocorticoids likley have dual roles in hepatic glycogen metabolism of cattle, and investigation of these pathways could help find treatment biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Divari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
| | - F De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - E Berio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Sereno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - B Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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7
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Lin Z, Li M, Wang YS, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE. Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part I: Cattle and swine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:385-420. [PMID: 32270548 PMCID: PMC7540321 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for chemicals in food animals are a useful tool in estimating chemical tissue residues and withdrawal intervals. Physiological parameters such as organ weights and blood flows are an important component of a PBPK model. The objective of this study was to compile PBPK‐related physiological parameter data in food animals, including cattle and swine. Comprehensive literature searches were performed in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. Relevant literature was reviewed and tables of relevant parameters such as relative organ weights (% of body weight) and relative blood flows (% of cardiac output) were compiled for different production classes of cattle and swine. The mean and standard deviation of each parameter were calculated to characterize their variability and uncertainty and to allow investigators to conduct population PBPK analysis via Monte Carlo simulations. Regression equations using weight or age were created for parameters having sufficient data. These compiled data provide a comprehensive physiological parameter database for developing PBPK models of chemicals in cattle and swine to support animal‐derived food safety assessment. This work also provides a basis to compile data in other food animal species, including goats, sheep, chickens, and turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yu-Shin Wang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Thomas W Vickroy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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8
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Zanardello C, Pezzolato M, Capello K, Botta M, Baioni E, Mutinelli F, Vascellari M, Bozzetta E. Immunohistochemistry by anti-cleaved-Lamin A: an improved approach to tackle the misuse of glucocorticoids in cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2120-2127. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1503422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zanardello
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Epidemiology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Botta
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
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9
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Cannizzo FT, Cucuzza LS, Divari S, Berio E, Scaglione FE, Biolatti B. Gene expression profile associated with thymus regeneration in dexamethasone-treated beef cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:101-108. [PMID: 30099262 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are illegally used as growth promoters in cattle, and the analytical methods officially applied most likely underestimate the precise frequency of the abuse. As a side effect, the administration of GCs causes fat infiltration, apoptosis, and atrophy of the thymus. However, gross and histological observations carried out previously showed that the thymus preserves an intrinsic ability to regenerate. The aim of this work was to study the transcriptional effects of GCs on genes likely involved in regeneration of the epithelial cell network in the cervical and thoracic thymus of beef cattle treated with dexamethasone (DEX) or prednisolone (PRD) in comparison with a control group. Moreover, the ratio of bax/bcl2 genes was examined to verify a possible antiapoptotic activity occurring at the same time. In the cervical thymus, DEX administration increased the gene expression of c-myc (P < 0.01), tcf3 (P < 0.05), tp63 (P < 0.01), and keratin 5 (krt5; P < 0.01). In the thoracic thymus of DEX-treated cattle, the gene expression of tcf3 (P < 0.01), tp63 (P < 0.01), and krt5 (P < 0.05) was increased. These results suggested that thymic regeneration is underway in the DEX-treated animals. However, the bax/bcl2 ratio was decreased in both cervical and thoracic thymus of DEX-treated cattle (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), showing an antiapoptotic effect through the mitochondrial pathway. Conversely, PRD administration caused no change in the expression of all considered genes. These results sustain the hypothesis that regeneration occurs in the thymus parenchyma 6 d after the DEX treatment was discontinued. This hypothesis is also supported by the absence of alterations in the thymus of PRD-treated beef cattle. Indeed, previous studies showed the inability of PRD to induce macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the thymus. Therefore, in this context, it is not surprising that PRD induced no alteration of genes involved in the regeneration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca T Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy.
| | - Sara Divari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Frine E Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
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10
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Richelmi GB, Maurella C, Pezzolato M, Botta M, Varello K, Pitardi D, Baioni E, Bellino C, D'Angelo A, Caramelli M, Bozzetta E. Thymus atrophy is an efficient marker of illicit treatment with dexamethasone in veal calves: Results from a triennial experimental study. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Cannizzo FT, Pegolo S, Pregel P, Manuali E, Salamida S, Divari S, Scaglione FE, Bollo E, Biolatti B, Bargelloni L. Morphological Examination and Transcriptomic Profiling To Identify Prednisolone Treatment in Beef Cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8435-8446. [PMID: 27741397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In livestock production corticosteroids are licensed only for therapy; nevertheless, they are often illegally used as growth promoters. The aim of this study was to identify morphological or biomolecular alterations induced by prednisolone (PDN) in experimentally treated beef cattle, because PDN and its metabolites are no longer detectable by LC-MS/MS methods in biological fluids. Moreover, PDN does not induce any histological alterations in the thymus, different from dexamethasone treatments. Therefore, a marker of illicit treatment for this growth promoter could be useful. Eight male Italian Friesian beef cattle were administered prednisolone acetate 30 mg day-1 per os for 35 days, and seven beef cattle represented the control group. Six days after drug withdrawal, the animals were slaughtered. Morphological and morphometric modifications were evaluated in the epididymis and testis, whereas transcriptomic changes induced by PDN administration were investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at different sampling times and in skeletal muscle and testis sampled at slaughtering. In the epididymis, spermatozoa number decreased in PDN-treated animals, and in some cases they were totally absent. Correspondingly, in the testis of treated animals, down-regulation for serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene expression was detected (p < 0.01). DNA microarray analysis revealed a total of 133 differentially expressed genes in skeletal muscle and testis, and 907 and 1416 in PBMCs after 33 days of treatment and at slaughtering, respectively. Histological investigations on epididymal content could represent a promising marker for PDN treatment in beef cattle and could be used as a screening method to identify animals worthy of further investigation with official methods. Moreover, the clear transcriptomic signature of PDN treatment evidenced in PBMCs supported the possibility of using this matrix to monitor the illicit treatment in vivo during ranching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca T Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Sara Pegolo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova , Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pregel
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche , Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Salamida
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche , Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Divari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Frine E Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Enrico Bollo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova , Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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12
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Pirro V, Girolami F, Spalenza V, Gardini G, Badino P, Nebbia C. Set-up of a multivariate approach based on serum biomarkers as an alternative strategy for the screening evaluation of the potential abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:702-11. [PMID: 25730172 PMCID: PMC4396443 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1011713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chemometric class modelling strategy (unequal dispersed classes - UNEQ) was applied for the first time as a possible screening method to monitor the abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Five serum biomarkers, known to reflect the exposure to classes of compounds illegally used as growth promoters, were determined from 50 untreated animals in order to design a model of controls, representing veal calves reared under good, safe and highly standardised breeding conditions. The class modelling was applied to 421 commercially bred veal calves to separate them into 'compliant' and 'non-compliant' with respect to the modelled controls. Part of the non-compliant animals underwent further histological and chemical examinations to confirm the presence of either alterations in target tissues or traces of illegal substances commonly administered for growth-promoting purposes. Overall, the congruence between the histological or chemical methods and the UNEQ non-compliant outcomes was approximately 58%, likely underestimated due to the blindness nature of this examination. Further research is needed to confirm the validity of the UNEQ model in terms of sensitivity in recognising untreated animals as compliant to the controls, and specificity in revealing deviations from ideal breeding conditions, for example due to the abuse of growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Veronica Spalenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giulia Gardini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Stella R, Arrigoni G, Biancotto G, Krogh M, Vascellari M, Lega F, Pozza G, Angeletti R, Andrighetto I, James P. Confirmation of Protein Biomarkers of Corticosteroids Treatment in Veal Calves Sampled under Field Conditions. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1794-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401193r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Proteomics Center of Padova University, Via G. Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Morten Krogh
- Department
of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, S-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Lega
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Igino Andrighetto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Universitá, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Peter James
- Department
of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, S-223 81 Lund, Sweden
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Cannizzo F, Pegolo S, Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Bargelloni L, Divari S, Franch R, Castagnaro M, Biolatti B. Gene expression profiling of thymus in beef cattle treated with prednisolone. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:540-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Borrelli A, Bellino C, Bozzetta E, Bruno B, Falco S, Maurella C, Gianella P, Pezzolato M, Cagnasso A, D'Angelo A. Thromboelastometry in veal calves to detect hemostatic variations caused by low doses of dexamethasone treatment. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:55. [PMID: 23531200 PMCID: PMC3621520 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illegal administration of hormones, steroids, β-agonists and other anabolic agents to productive livestock in the European Union continues, despite the long-term ban on their use and despite the measures provided under the directives to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in the interest of protecting consumer health and animal wellbeing. Often administered in low doses in the form of a drug cocktail, these compounds escape detection by common analytical techniques. The aim of this study was to determine whether low-dose dexamethasone administration (0.4 mg orally per day, for 20 days) in white-meat calves produced variations in blood coagulation, as measured by thromboelastometry. A second aim was to determine whether such variations could be valid in detecting illicit low-dose dexamethasone treatment. RESULTS The study population was 42 Friesian calves kept under controlled conditions until 6 months of age. The calves were subdivided into 2 groups: a control group (group A, n = 28) and a group treated with dexamethasone (group B, n = 14) for 20 days beginning at 5 months of age. When compared against the age-matched control group, the dexamethasone-treated calves showed a significant increase in alpha angle, maximum clot firmness and a significant decrease in clot formation time on all thromboelastometric profiles (P < 0.05). The clotting time was significantly decreased on the in-TEM® profile but increased on the ex-TEM® and fib-TEM® profiles (P <0.05). The Receiver Operating Characteristic curves, plotted for the Maximum Clot Elasticity (MCE), had a cut-off value ≥ 488.23 mm for in-TEM® MCE [Se 85.7%, (95% CI 57.2-98.2); Sp 100% 96.43% (95% CI 81.7-99.9] and a cut-off value ≥ 63.94 mm for fib-TEM® MCE [Se 92.8 (95% CI 66.1-99.8); Sp 89.3% (95% CI 71.8-97.7)]. In order to increase the sensitivity of the test two parameters (in-TEM® and fib-TEM® MCE) were used as two parallel tests; subsequently, the sensitivity rose to a point value of 99% (95% CI 85.4-99.9). CONCLUSIONS Thromboelastometry identified a state of hypercoagulability in the dexamethasone-treated subjects. Furthemore, the results of this preliminary study suggest that TEM may be useful in the detection of illicit low-dose dexamethasone treatment.
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16
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Vascellari M, Capello K, Stefani A, Biancotto G, Moro L, Stella R, Pozza G, Mutinelli F. Evaluation of thymus morphology and serum cortisol concentration as indirect biomarkers to detect low-dose dexamethasone illegal treatment in beef cattle. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:129. [PMID: 22862840 PMCID: PMC3425090 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corticosteroids are illegally used in several countries as growth promoters in veal calves and beef cattle, either alone or in association with sex steroids and β-agonists, especially at low dosages and primarily through oral administration, in order to enhance carcasses and meat quality traits. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of the histological evaluation of the thymus, as well as the serum cortisol determination, in identifying beef cattle, treated with two different dexamethasone-based growth-promoting protocols and the application of different withdrawal times before slaughter. Results Our findings demonstrate that low dosages of dexamethasone (DXM), administered alone or in association with clenbuterol as growth promoter in beef cattle, induce morphologic changes in the thymus, resulting in increase fat infiltration with concurrent cortical atrophy and reduction of the cortex/medulla ratio (C/M). In fact, the C/M value was significantly lower in treated animals than in control ones, with both the protocols applied. The cut off value of 0.93 for the cortex/medulla ratio resulted to be highly effective to distinguish control and treated animals. The animals treated with DXM showed inhibition of cortisol secretion during the treatment period, as well as at the slaughterhouse, 3 days after treatment suspension. The animals treated with lower doses of DXM in association with clenbuterol, showed inhibition of cortisol secretion during the treatment period, but serum cortisol concentration was restored to physiological levels at slaughterhouse, 8 days after treatment suspension. Conclusions The histological evaluation of thymus morphology, and particularly of the C/M may represent a valuable and reproducible method applicable to large-scale screening programs, due to the easy sampling procedures at slaughterhouse, as well as time and cost-saving of the analysis. Serum cortisol determination could be considered as an useful in vivo biomarker of dexamethasone illegal treatment in beef cattle during the fattening period, whilst it does not appear to be a good biomarker at the slaughterhouse, since the protocol of DXM administration, as well as the withdrawal period could affect the reliability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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17
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IMBIMBO P, CASTIGLIEGO L, ARMANI A, BIOLATTI B, CANNIZZO FT, GIANFALDONI D, GUIDI A. A Histologic Study on Growth Promoter Target Organs of Slaughtered Beef in Molise Region (Italy). J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1253-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi IMBIMBO
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo CASTIGLIEGO
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea ARMANI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo BIOLATTI
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44–10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Francesca Tiziana CANNIZZO
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44–10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Daniela GIANFALDONI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra GUIDI
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Prophylaxis and Food Hygiene, University of Pisa, Via delle Piagge 2a–56124 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Cannizzo FT, Capra P, Divari S, Ciccotelli V, Biolatti B, Vincenti M. Effects of low-dose dexamethasone and prednisolone long term administration in beef calf: Chemical and morphological investigation. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 700:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Bozzetta E, Pezzolato M, Maurella C, Varello K, Richelmi G, Draisci R, Ferranti C, D’Angelo A, Caramelli M. Development of an enhanced histopathological approach to detect low-dose dexamethasone illicit treatment in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1187-92. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.584909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Bozzetta
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148 , 10154 Turin , Italy
| | - M. Pezzolato
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148 , 10154 Turin , Italy
| | - C. Maurella
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148 , 10154 Turin , Italy
| | - K. Varello
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148 , 10154 Turin , Italy
| | - G.B. Richelmi
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148 , 10154 Turin , Italy
| | - R. Draisci
- b Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Rome , Italy
| | - C. Ferranti
- b Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , 00161 Rome , Italy
| | - A. D’Angelo
- c Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Torino , Via Leonardo Da Vinci 44 , 10095 Grugliasco (Turin) , Italy
| | - M. Caramelli
- a Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148 , 10154 Turin , Italy
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20
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Lopparelli RM, Giantin M, Pozza G, Stefani AL, Ravarotto L, Montesissa C, Dacasto M. Target gene expression signatures in neutrophils and lymphocytes from cattle administered with dexamethasone at growth promoting purposes. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:226-33. [PMID: 21807391 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX), when used as a growth promoter, cause morphological and functional alterations in cattle lymphoid organs and cells. In the present experiment, the transcriptional effects of an illicit DEX protocol upon six target genes were investigated in cattle neutrophils (NEU) and lymphocytes (LFC). Blood samples were taken before (T(0)) and 2, 3, 10, 19, 31 and 43 days from the beginning of DEX administration (T(1)-T(6)). Leukocytes were counted and cells isolated by gradient centrifugation; then, glutathione peroxidase 1 and 3 (GPX1 and GPX3), glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα), l-selectin, nuclear factor κB, subunit p65 (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) mRNA amounts were measured through a quantitative Real Time RT-PCR approach. A significant change vs controls in NEU/LFC ratio was noticed from T(3) forward. Compared to T(0), DEX significantly increased to a variable extent all candidate gene mRNAs abundances in NEU; in contrast, only l-selectin, GRα and GPX1 were significantly up-regulated in LFC. Present results suggest that illicit DEX affects transcription in cattle immune cells, that might be considered as a promising surrogate tissue for the screening of DEX abuse in cattle farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lopparelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica, Patologia comparata ed Igiene veterinaria, viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Agripolis Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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21
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Cannizzo FT, Spada F, Benevelli R, Nebbia C, Giorgi P, Brina N, Bollo E, Biolatti B. Thymus atrophy and regeneration following dexamethasone administration to beef cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 167:338-43. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. T. Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
| | - F. Spada
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
| | - R. Benevelli
- Quinto valore spa, Via Due Canali; 13 42100 Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - C. Nebbia
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Facoltá di Medicina Veterinaria di Torino; Universitá di Torino; Via L. da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - P. Giorgi
- Coop italia; Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - N. Brina
- Coop italia; Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - E. Bollo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
| | - B. Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale; Sez. Anatomia patologica
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22
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Cannizzo FT, Miniscalco B, Riondato F, Bollo E, Barbarino G, Giorgi P, Mazzini C, Biolatti B. Effects of anabolic and therapeutic doses of dexamethasone on thymus morphology and apoptosis in veal calves. Vet Rec 2008; 163:448-52. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.15.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. T. Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - B. Miniscalco
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - F. Riondato
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - E. Bollo
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
| | - G. Barbarino
- Regione Piemonte, Settore Sanitá Animale ed Igiene delli Allevamenti, corso Stati Uniti 1 10100 Torino Italy
| | - P. Giorgi
- Coop Italia, Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - C. Mazzini
- Coop Italia, Via del Iavoro 6/8 40033 Casalecchio di Reno Bo Italy
| | - B. Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Patalogia Animale; University of Turin; via L. Da Vinci 44 10095 Grugliasco TO Italy
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23
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Vascellari M, Pozza G, Poppi L, Capello K, Angeletti R, Ravarotto L, Andrighetto I, Mutinelli F. Evaluation of indirect biomarkers for detecting corticosteroids used as illegal growth promoters in beef cattle. Vet Rec 2008; 163:147-51. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.5.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vascellari
- Department of Histopathology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venzie; Via dell'Università 10
| | - G. Pozza
- Department of Histopathology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venzie; Via dell'Università 10
| | - L. Poppi
- Department of Animal Pathology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Padova; Viale dell'Università 16; 35020 Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - K. Capello
- Department of Histopathology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venzie; Via dell'Università 10
| | - R. Angeletti
- Department of Histopathology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venzie; Via dell'Università 10
| | - L. Ravarotto
- Department of Histopathology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venzie; Via dell'Università 10
| | - I. Andrighetto
- Department of Histopathology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venzie; Via dell'Università 10
| | - F. Mutinelli
- Department of Histopathology; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venzie; Via dell'Università 10
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Cantiello M, Carletti M, Cannizzo FT, Nebbia C, Bellino C, Pié S, Oswald IP, Bollo E, Dacasto M. Effects of an illicit cocktail on serum immunoglobulins, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine gene expression in the veal calf. Toxicology 2007; 242:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Cabassi E, Miduri F, Di Lecce R, Marin A, Ferri L, Corradi A. Saliva, an Alternative Biologic Matrix to Detect Glucocorticoid Treatment in Calves: Experimental Contribution. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31 Suppl 1:217-20. [PMID: 17682879 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Cabassi
- Dipartimento di Salute Animale- Sezione di Patologia Generale e Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via del Taglio 8, 43100, Parma, Italy.
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26
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Eisenberg SWF, Cacciatore G, Klarenbeek S, Bergwerff AA, Koets AP. Influence of 17beta-oestradiol, nortestosterone and dexamethasone on the adaptive immune response in veal calves. Res Vet Sci 2007; 84:199-205. [PMID: 17588626 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In veal calf production androgens, estrogens and glucocorticoids are used to stimulate growth. However, sexhormones and glucocorticoids also influence the function of the immune system. From studies in humans and mice, androgens are known as immunosuppressive, while estrogens stimulate the production of antibodies and glucocorticoids also enhance the T-helper 2 response. To investigate whether the adaptive immune system is influenced by hormone administration, calves were treated with a hormone cocktail containing androgens, estrogens and glucocorticoids and vaccinated against Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis. The activity of the adaptive immune system was measured by using an antigen specific elispot assay (ES), lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) and an enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the hormone treatment did not lead to significant differences in the function of the adaptive immune system between the hormone treated and the not hormone treated group while growth was stimulated in the hormone treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W F Eisenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3583 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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27
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Groot MJ, Ossenkoppele JS, Bakker R, Pfaffl MW, Meyer HHD, Nielen MWF. Reference Histology of Veal Calf Genital and Endocrine Tissues ? An Update for Screening on Hormonal Growth Promoters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:238-46. [PMID: 17523956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An animal experiment has been performed with 42 veal calves, 21 males and 21 females, which were fed and housed according to European regulations for veal calves. The animals were kept in six groups of seven animals and fed milk replacer supplemented with three different levels of lactulose (0%, 1% and 3%) and some roughage. At the start of the experiment the animals were 1-3 weeks of age and they were slaughtered at 26 weeks. From male animals prostate, bulbo-urethal gland and testes were sampled, from female animals Bartholin's gland, uterus, cervix and ovaries were sampled. From all animals thyroid, thymus, adrenals, liver and kidneys were sampled. Histological investigation of the prostates and bulbo-urethral glands showed normal histology. This means that dilated tubules, strong secretion, increased mucinous glandular tissue and severe hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, as is regularly observed in practice in the Netherlands, were not present in these animals. None of these prostates would be judged as positive in the screening for hormones as is performed by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA). The female calves also showed normal histology of Bartholin's gland except for three animals that appeared to be in oestrus and showed some metaplasie of the ducts but with a normal gland to duct ratio. These animals would be judged as suspect. The liver and kidney showed minor alterations due to slight infections during the experimental period. This experiment showed that it is possible to raise veal calves according to the practice without getting positive histology in the prostate or Bartholin's gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Groot
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Carroll JA, Forsberg NE. Influence of Stress and Nutrition on Cattle Immunity. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2007; 23:105-49. [PMID: 17382844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the scientific community readily embraces the fact that stress and nutrition impact every physiologic process in the body. At last, the specific mechanisms by which stress and nutrition affect the immune function are being elucidated. The debate among animal scientists concerning the definition and quantification of stress as it relates to animal productivity and well-being is ongoing. However, an increased appreciation and understanding of the effects of stress on livestock production has emerged throughout the scientific community and with livestock producers. The intent of this article is to provide an overview of the general concepts of stress and immunology, and to review the effects of stress and nutrition on the immune system of cattle.
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