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Xiao Y, Liu X, Song Z, Lu Y, Zhang L, Huang M, Cheng Y, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhou S. Plant size-dependent influence of foliar fungal pathogens promotes diversity through allometric growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:687-699. [PMID: 38396376 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of pathogens on host diversity has attracted much attention in recent years, yet how the influence of pathogens on individual plants scales up to affect community-level host diversity remains unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of foliar fungal pathogens on plant growth and species richness using allometric growth theory in population-level and community-level foliar fungal pathogen exclusion experiments. We calculated growth scaling exponents of 24 species to reveal the intraspecific size-dependent effects of foliar fungal pathogens on plant growth. We also calculated the intercepts to infer the growth rates of relatively larger conspecific individuals. We found that foliar fungal pathogens inhibited the growth of small conspecific individuals more than large individuals, resulting in a positive allometric growth. After foliar fungal pathogen exclusion, species-specific growth scaling exponents and intercepts decreased, but became positively related to species' relative abundance, providing a growth advantage for individuals of abundant species with a higher growth scaling exponent and intercept compared with rare species, and thus reduced species diversity. By adopting allometric growth theory, we elucidate the size-dependent mechanisms through which pathogens regulate species diversity and provide a powerful framework to incorporate antagonistic size-dependent processes in understanding species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yawen Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mengjiao Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yikang Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shiliang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Qinghai Haibei National Field Research Station of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Shurong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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2
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Lin Y, Filin S, Billen R, Mizoue N. Co-developing an international TLS network for the 3D ecological understanding of global trees: System architecture, remote sensing models, and functional prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 16:100257. [PMID: 36941885 PMCID: PMC10024182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Trees are spread worldwide, as the watchmen that experience the intricate ecological effects caused by various environmental factors. In order to better understand such effects, it is preferential to achieve finely and fully mapped global trees and their environments. For this task, aerial and satellite-based remote sensing (RS) methods have been developed. However, a critical branch regarding the apparent forms of trees has significantly fallen behind due to the technical deficiency found within their global-scale surveying methods. Now, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), a state-of-the-art RS technology, is useful for the in situ three-dimensional (3D) mapping of trees and their environments. Thus, we proposed co-developing an international TLS network as a macroscale ecotechnology to increase the 3D ecological understanding of global trees. First, we generated the system architecture and tested the available RS models to deepen its ground stakes. Then, we verified the ecotechnology regarding the identification of its theoretical feasibility, a review of its technical preparations, and a case testification based on a prototype we designed. Next, we conducted its functional prospects by previewing its scientific and technical potentials and its functional extensibility. Finally, we summarized its technical and scientific challenges, which can be used as the cutting points to promote the improvement of this technology in future studies. Overall, with the implication of establishing a novel cornerstone-sense ecotechnology, the co-development of an international TLS network can revolutionize the 3D ecological understanding of global trees and create new fields of research from 3D global tree structural ecology to 3D macroecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sagi Filin
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa IL, 32000, Israel
| | - Roland Billen
- Department of Geography, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Nobuya Mizoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Aritsara ANA, Ni MY, Wang YQ, Yan CL, Zeng WH, Song HQ, Cao KF, Zhu SD. Tree growth is correlated with hydraulic efficiency and safety across 22 tree species in a subtropical karst forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1307-1318. [PMID: 37067918 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Karst forests are habitats in which access to soil water can be challenging for plants. Therefore, safe and efficient xylem water transport and large internal water storage may benefit tree growth. In this study, we selected 22 tree species from a primary subtropical karst forest in southern China and measured their xylem anatomical traits, saturated water content (SWC), hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and embolism resistance (P50). Additionally, we monitored growth of diameter at breast height (DBH) in 440 individual trees of various sizes over three consecutive years. Our objective was to analyze the relationships between xylem structure, hydraulic efficiency, safety, water storage and growth of karst tree species. The results showed significant differences in structure but not in hydraulic traits between deciduous and evergreen species. Larger vessel diameter, paratracheal parenchyma and higher SWC were correlated with higher Ks. Embolism resistance was not correlated with the studied anatomical traits, and no tradeoff with Ks was observed. In small trees (5-15 cm DBH), diameter growth rate (DGR) was independent of hydraulic traits. In large trees (>15 cm DBH), higher Ks and more negative P50 accounted for higher DGR. From lower to greater embolism resistance, the size-growth relationship shifted from growth deceleration to acceleration with increasing tree size in eight of the 22 species. Our study highlights the vital contributions of xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety to growth rate and dynamics in karst tree species; therefore, we strongly recommend their integration into trait-based forest dynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N A Aritsara
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Ni
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 98 Chengxiang Road, Baise 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Chao-Long Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui-Qing Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shi-Dan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, No. 100 Daxuedonglu Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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4
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Price CA. Flow similarity model predicts the allometry and allometric covariation of petiole dimensions. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e510. [PMID: 37426892 PMCID: PMC10323609 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Allometric relationships for plants, plant organs and plant parts, have long generated interest among biologists. Several prominent theoretical models based on biomechanical and/or hydraulic arguments have been introduced with mixed support. Here, I test a more recent offering, flow similarity, which is based on the conservation of volumetric flow rate and velocity. Using dimensional data for 935 petioles from 43 angiosperm species, I show that both the intraspecific and interspecific petiole allometries are more closely aligned with the predictions of the flow similarity model than that of elastic or geometric similarity. Further, allometric covariation among empirical scaling exponents falls along predicted functions with clustering around the flow similarity predictions. This work adds to the body of literature highlighting the importance of hydraulics in understanding the physiological basis of plant allometries, identifies previously unknown central tendencies in petiole allometry, and helps to delineate the scope within which the flow similarity model may be applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Price
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological SynthesisUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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5
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Lebrija-Trejos E, Hernández A, Wright SJ. Effects of moisture and density-dependent interactions on tropical tree diversity. Nature 2023; 615:100-104. [PMID: 36792827 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tropical tree diversity increases with rainfall1,2. Direct physiological effects of moisture availability and indirect effects mediated by biotic interactions are hypothesized to contribute to this pantropical increase in diversity with rainfall2-6. Previous studies have demonstrated direct physiological effects of variation in moisture availability on tree survival and diversity5,7-10, but the indirect effects of variation in moisture availability on diversity mediated by biotic interactions have not been shown11. Here we evaluate the relationships between interannual variation in moisture availability, the strength of density-dependent interactions, and seedling diversity in central Panama. Diversity increased with soil moisture over the first year of life across 20 annual cohorts. These first-year changes in diversity persisted for at least 15 years. Differential survival of moisture-sensitive species did not contribute to the observed changes in diversity. Rather, negative density-dependent interactions among conspecifics were stronger and increased diversity in wetter years. This suggests that moisture availability enhances diversity indirectly through moisture-sensitive, density-dependent conspecific interactions. Pathogens and phytophagous insects mediate interactions among seedlings in tropical forests12-18, and many of these plant enemies are themselves moisture-sensitive19-27. Changes in moisture availability caused by climate change and habitat degradation may alter these interactions and tropical tree diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel.
| | | | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Panama
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6
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Vinod N, Slot M, McGregor IR, Ordway EM, Smith MN, Taylor TC, Sack L, Buckley TN, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Thermal sensitivity across forest vertical profiles: patterns, mechanisms, and ecological implications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:22-47. [PMID: 36239086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures are influencing forests on many scales, with potentially strong variation vertically across forest strata. Using published research and new analyses, we evaluate how microclimate and leaf temperatures, traits, and gas exchange vary vertically in forests, shaping tree, and ecosystem ecology. In closed-canopy forests, upper canopy leaves are exposed to the highest solar radiation and evaporative demand, which can elevate leaf temperature (Tleaf ), particularly when transpirational cooling is curtailed by limited stomatal conductance. However, foliar traits also vary across height or light gradients, partially mitigating and protecting against the elevation of upper canopy Tleaf . Leaf metabolism generally increases with height across the vertical gradient, yet differences in thermal sensitivity across the gradient appear modest. Scaling from leaves to trees, canopy trees have higher absolute metabolic capacity and growth, yet are more vulnerable to drought and damaging Tleaf than their smaller counterparts, particularly under climate change. By contrast, understory trees experience fewer extreme high Tleaf 's but have fewer cooling mechanisms and thus may be strongly impacted by warming under some conditions, particularly when exposed to a harsher microenvironment through canopy disturbance. As the climate changes, integrating the patterns and mechanisms reviewed here into models will be critical to forecasting forest-climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Vinod
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ian R McGregor
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
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7
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Price CA, Drake P, Veneklaas EJ, Renton M. Flow similarity, stochastic branching, and quarter-power scaling in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1854-1865. [PMID: 35920766 PMCID: PMC9614476 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The origin of allometric scaling patterns that are multiples of one-fourth has long fascinated biologists. While not universal, quarter-power scaling relationships are common and have been described in all major clades. Several models have been advanced to explain the origin of such patterns, but questions regarding the discordance between model predictions and empirical data have limited their widespread acceptance. Notable among these is a fractal branching model that predicts power-law scaling of both metabolism and physical dimensions. While a power law is a useful first approximation to some data sets, nonlinear data compilations suggest the possibility of alternative mechanisms. Here, we show that quarter-power scaling can be derived using only the preservation of volume flow rate and velocity as model constraints. Applying our model to land plants, we show that incorporating biomechanical principles and allowing different parts of plant branching networks to be optimized to serve different functions predicts nonlinearity in allometric relationships and helps explain why interspecific scaling exponents covary along a fractal continuum. We also demonstrate that while branching may be a stochastic process, due to the conservation of volume, data may still be consistent with the expectations for a fractal network when one examines sub-trees within a tree. Data from numerous sources at the level of plant shoots, stems, and petioles show strong agreement with our model predictions. This theoretical framework provides an easily testable alternative to current general models of plant metabolic allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Drake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Renton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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8
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Jucker T, Fischer FJ, Chave J, Coomes DA, Caspersen J, Ali A, Loubota Panzou GJ, Feldpausch TR, Falster D, Usoltsev VA, Adu‐Bredu S, Alves LF, Aminpour M, Angoboy IB, Anten NPR, Antin C, Askari Y, Muñoz R, Ayyappan N, Balvanera P, Banin L, Barbier N, Battles JJ, Beeckman H, Bocko YE, Bond‐Lamberty B, Bongers F, Bowers S, Brade T, van Breugel M, Chantrain A, Chaudhary R, Dai J, Dalponte M, Dimobe K, Domec J, Doucet J, Duursma RA, Enríquez M, van Ewijk KY, Farfán‐Rios W, Fayolle A, Forni E, Forrester DI, Gilani H, Godlee JL, Gourlet‐Fleury S, Haeni M, Hall JS, He J, Hemp A, Hernández‐Stefanoni JL, Higgins SI, Holdaway RJ, Hussain K, Hutley LB, Ichie T, Iida Y, Jiang H, Joshi PR, Kaboli H, Larsary MK, Kenzo T, Kloeppel BD, Kohyama T, Kunwar S, Kuyah S, Kvasnica J, Lin S, Lines ER, Liu H, Lorimer C, Loumeto J, Malhi Y, Marshall PL, Mattsson E, Matula R, Meave JA, Mensah S, Mi X, Momo S, Moncrieff GR, Mora F, Nissanka SP, O'Hara KL, Pearce S, Pelissier R, Peri PL, Ploton P, Poorter L, Pour MJ, Pourbabaei H, Dupuy‐Rada JM, Ribeiro SC, Ryan C, Sanaei A, Sanger J, Schlund M, Sellan G, Shenkin A, Sonké B, Sterck FJ, Svátek M, Takagi K, Trugman AT, Ullah F, Vadeboncoeur MA, Valipour A, Vanderwel MC, Vovides AG, Wang W, Wang L, Wirth C, Woods M, Xiang W, Ximenes FDA, Xu Y, Yamada T, Zavala MA. Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5254-5268. [PMID: 35703577 PMCID: PMC9542605 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research-from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non-forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC-BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599. To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology-from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB)UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS)Toulouse Cedex 9France
- Université ToulouseToulouse Cedex 9France
| | - David A. Coomes
- Conservation Research InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John Caspersen
- Institute of Forestry and ConservationUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Arshad Ali
- Forest Ecology Research Group, College of Life SciencesHebei UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
| | - Grace Jopaul Loubota Panzou
- Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité, de Gestion des Ecosystèmes et de l'Environnement (LBGE), Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité Marien NgouabiBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Daniel Falster
- Evolution & Ecology Research CentreUniversity of New South Wales SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Vladimir A. Usoltsev
- Department of ForestryUral State Forest Engineering UniversityYekaterinburgRussia
- Department of Forest DynamicsBotanical Garden of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesYekaterinburgRussia
| | - Stephen Adu‐Bredu
- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchUniversityKumasiGhana
| | - Luciana F. Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mohammad Aminpour
- Natural Recourses and Watershed Management Office, West Azerbaijan ProvinceUrmiaIran
| | - Ilondea B. Angoboy
- Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche AgronimiquesDemocratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Center for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Cécile Antin
- AMAP LabMontpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAEMontpellierFrance
| | - Yousef Askari
- Research Division of Natural Resources, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEOYasoujIran
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CoyoacánCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
| | | | - Nicolas Barbier
- AMAP LabMontpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAEMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood BiologyRoyal Museum for Central AfricaTervurenBelgium
| | - Yannick E. Bocko
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité, de Gestion des Ecosystèmes et de l'Environnement (LBGE), Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité Marien NgouabiBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryJoint Global Change Research InstituteCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Samuel Bowers
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Thomas Brade
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- Yale‐NUS CollegeSingapore
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartadoPanamaRepublic of Panama
- Department of GeographyNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Rajeev Chaudhary
- Division Forest OfficeMinistry of ForestDhangadhiSudurpashchim ProvinceNepal
| | - Jingyu Dai
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Michele Dalponte
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Kangbéni Dimobe
- Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural (ISEDR)Université de DédougouDédougouBurkina Faso
| | - Jean‐Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro‐UMR ISPA, INRAEBordeauxFrance
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | | | | | - Moisés Enríquez
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CoyoacánCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Karin Y. van Ewijk
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - Eric Forni
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et SociétésMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Hammad Gilani
- Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad HighwayIslamabadPakistan
| | | | | | - Matthias Haeni
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Jefferson S. Hall
- ForestGEOSmithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartadoPanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Jie‐Kun He
- Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Life SciencesSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant SystematicsUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | | | | | | | - Kiramat Hussain
- Gilgit‐Baltistan Forest Wildlife and Environment DepartmentGilgitPakistan
| | - Lindsay B. Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment & LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityCasuarinaNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine ScienceKochi UniversityNankokuKochiJapan
| | - Yoshiko Iida
- Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Hai‐sheng Jiang
- Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Life SciencesSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | | | - Hasan Kaboli
- Faculty of Desert Studies Semnan UniversitySemnanIran
| | | | - Tanaka Kenzo
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Brian D. Kloeppel
- Department of Geosciences and Natural ResourcesWestern Carolina UniversityCullowheeNorth CarolinaUSA
- Graduate School and ResearchWestern Carolina UnversityCullowheeNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Takashi Kohyama
- Faculty of Environmental Earth ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Suwash Kunwar
- Division Forest OfficeMinistry of ForestDhangadhiSudurpashchim ProvinceNepal
- Department of Forest Resources Management, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Shem Kuyah
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)NairobiKenya
| | - Jakub Kvasnica
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Siliang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Emily R. Lines
- Department of GeographyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Craig Lorimer
- Department of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jean‐Joël Loumeto
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité, de Gestion des Ecosystèmes et de l'Environnement (LBGE), Faculté des Sciences et TechniquesUniversité Marien NgouabiBrazzavilleRepublic of Congo
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Peter L. Marshall
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Eskil Mattsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research InstituteGöteborgSweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre (GGBC), GothenburgSweden
| | - Radim Matula
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6SuchdolCzech Republic
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CoyoacánCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Sylvanus Mensah
- Laboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Faculté des Sciences AgronomiquesUniversité d'Abomey CalaviCotonouBenin
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Stéphane Momo
- AMAP LabMontpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAEMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Ecole Normale SupérieureUniversité de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Glenn R. Moncrieff
- Fynbos Node, South African Environmental Observation NetworkClaremontSouth Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical SciencesUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
| | - Sarath P. Nissanka
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka
| | | | | | - Raphaël Pelissier
- AMAP LabMontpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAEMontpellierFrance
| | - Pablo L. Peri
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA) ‐ Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) ‐ CONICETRío GallegosSanta CruzArgentina
| | - Pierre Ploton
- AMAP LabMontpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAEMontpellierFrance
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Hassan Pourbabaei
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural ResourcesUniversity of GuilanSomehsaraIran
| | - Juan Manuel Dupuy‐Rada
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Recursos NaturalesMéridaYucatánMexico
| | - Sabina C. Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da NaturezaUniversidade Federal do Acre, Campus UniversitárioRio BrancoBrazil
| | - Casey Ryan
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Anvar Sanaei
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Michael Schlund
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo‐information Science and Earth Observation (ITC)University of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Giacomo Sellan
- UMR EcoFoG, CNRSKourouFrench Guiana
- Department of Natural SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Ecole Normale SupérieureUniversité de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood TechnologyMendel University in BrnoBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Kentaro Takagi
- Field Science Center for Northern BiosphereHokkaido UniversityHoronobeJapan
| | - Anna T. Trugman
- Department of GeographyUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Farman Ullah
- Forest Ecology Research Group, College of Life SciencesHebei UniversityBaodingHebeiChina
- Department of Forest Resources Management, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | | | - Ahmad Valipour
- Department of Forestry and The Center for Research and Development of Northern Zagros ForestryUniversity of KurdistanErbilIran
| | | | - Alejandra G. Vovides
- School of Geographical and Earth SciencesUniversity of Glasgow, East QuadrangleGlasgowUK
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li‐Qiu Wang
- Department of Forest Resources Management, College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Christian Wirth
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of BiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Murray Woods
- Ontario Ministry of Natural ResourcesNorth BayOntarioCanada
| | - Wenhua Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyCentral South University of Forestry and TechnologyChangshaHunanChina
| | | | - Yaozhan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed EcologyWuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Toshihiro Yamada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences of LifeHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Miguel A. Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group (FORECO), Departamento de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad de AlcaláMadridSpain
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9
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Guo Z, Miao W, Lyu Y, Sun H, Fan D, Wang X. Are fine roots ‘leaves underground' in terms of allometry? A test in a tropical forest successional series in southwest China. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Guo
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Wenhao Miao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Yueming Lyu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Han Sun
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Dayong Fan
- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry Univ. Haidian District Beijing China
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10
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Lin Y, Hyyppä J. Towards 3D basic theories of plant forms. Commun Biol 2022; 5:703. [PMID: 35835949 PMCID: PMC9283379 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allometric, metabolic, and biomechanical theories are the critical foundations for scientifically deciphering plant forms. Their concrete laws, however, are found to deviate for plenty of plant specimens. This phenomenon has not been extensively studied, due to technical restrictions. This bottleneck now can be overcome by the state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) mapping technologies, such as fine-scale terrestrial laser scanning. On these grounds, we proposed to reexamine the basic theories regarding plant forms, and then, we case validated the feasibility of upgrading them into 3D modes. As an in-time enlightening of 3D revolutionizing the related basic subject, our theoretical prospect further sorted out the potential challenges as the cutting points for advancing its future exploration, which may enable 3D reconstruction of the basic theories of plant forms and even boost life science. In this Perspective, the authors discuss how state-of-the-art three-dimensional mapping technologies such as fine-scale terrestrial laser scanning can help us understand the theories of plant forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Juha Hyyppä
- Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, FI-02430, Masala, Finland
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11
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Zhao M, Sun M, Xiong T, Tian S, Liu S. On the link between tree size and ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity across continental forests. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong China
| | - Mengde Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong China
| | - Tao Xiong
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong China
| | - Shihong Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong China
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12
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Piponiot C, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Davies SJ, Allen D, Bourg NA, Burslem DFRP, Cárdenas D, Chang-Yang CH, Chuyong G, Cordell S, Dattaraja HS, Duque Á, Ediriweera S, Ewango C, Ezedin Z, Filip J, Giardina CP, Howe R, Hsieh CF, Hubbell SP, Inman-Narahari FM, Itoh A, Janík D, Kenfack D, Král K, Lutz JA, Makana JR, McMahon SM, McShea W, Mi X, Bt Mohamad M, Novotný V, O'Brien MJ, Ostertag R, Parker G, Pérez R, Ren H, Reynolds G, Md Sabri MD, Sack L, Shringi A, Su SH, Sukumar R, Sun IF, Suresh HS, Thomas DW, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Vandermeer J, Wang Y, Ware IM, Weiblen GD, Whitfeld TJS, Wolf A, Yao TL, Yu M, Yuan Z, Zimmerman JK, Zuleta D, Muller-Landau HC. Distribution of biomass dynamics in relation to tree size in forests across the world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1664-1677. [PMID: 35201608 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree size shapes forest carbon dynamics and determines how trees interact with their environment, including a changing climate. Here, we conduct the first global analysis of among-site differences in how aboveground biomass stocks and fluxes are distributed with tree size. We analyzed repeat tree censuses from 25 large-scale (4-52 ha) forest plots spanning a broad climatic range over five continents to characterize how aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality vary with tree diameter. We examined how the median, dispersion, and skewness of these size-related distributions vary with mean annual temperature and precipitation. In warmer forests, aboveground biomass, woody productivity, and woody mortality were more broadly distributed with respect to tree size. In warmer and wetter forests, aboveground biomass and woody productivity were more right skewed, with a long tail towards large trees. Small trees (1-10 cm diameter) contributed more to productivity and mortality than to biomass, highlighting the importance of including these trees in analyses of forest dynamics. Our findings provide an improved characterization of climate-driven forest differences in the size structure of aboveground biomass and dynamics of that biomass, as well as refined benchmarks for capturing climate influences in vegetation demographic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Piponiot
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- UR Forests and Societies, Cirad, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - David Allen
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Dairon Cárdenas
- Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi, Bogota, DC, Colombia
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, 80424
| | - George Chuyong
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Susan Cordell
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | | | - Álvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sisira Ediriweera
- Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Corneille Ewango
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, BP 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Zacky Ezedin
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jonah Filip
- Binatang Research Centre, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Christian P Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Robert Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, 54311-7001, USA
| | - Chang-Fu Hsieh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Akira Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 5588585, Japan
| | - David Janík
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - David Kenfack
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Kamil Král
- Department of Forest Ecology, Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - James A Lutz
- Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, BP 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - William McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093
| | - Mohizah Bt Mohamad
- Research Development and Innovation Division, Forest Department Sarawak, Bangunan Baitul Makmur 2, Medanraya, Petrajaya, Kuching, 93050, Malaysia
| | - Vojtěch Novotný
- Binatang Research Centre, Madang, Papua New Guinea
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - Geoffrey Parker
- Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Rolando Pérez
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| | - Haibao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The Royal Society SEARRP (UK/Malaysia), Danum Valley Field Centre, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Danial Md Sabri
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ankur Shringi
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Raman Sukumar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences and Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 974301
| | - Hebbalalu S Suresh
- Centre for Ecological Sciences and Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Duncan W Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jill Thompson
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0SB, UK
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - John Vandermeer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yunquan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004
| | - Ian M Ware
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, HI, 96720, USA
| | - George D Weiblen
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | | | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, 54311-7001, USA
| | - Tze Leong Yao
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Mingjian Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
| | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- CAS Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016
| | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
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13
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Productivity-Based Land Suitability and Management Sensitivity Analysis: The Eucalyptus E. urophylla × E. grandis Case. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus plantations are productive and short rotation forests prevalent in tropical areas that experience fast expansion and face controversies in ecological issues. In this study, we perform a systematic analysis of factors influencing eucalyptus growth through plot records from the National Forest Inventories and satellite images. We find primary restricting factors for eucalyptus growth via machine learning algorithms with random forests and accumulated local effects plots, as conventional forest growth models are inadequate to calculate the causal effect with the large number of environmental and socioeconomic factors. As a result, despite common belief that temperature affects eucalyptus growth the most, we find that precipitation is the most evident restricting factor for eucalyptus growth. We then identify and rank key factors that affect timber growth, such as tree density, rotation period, and wood ownership. Finally, we suggest optimal management and planting strategies for local farmers and policymakers to facilitate eucalyptus growth.
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14
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Potkay A, Hölttä T, Trugman AT, Fan Y. Turgor-limited predictions of tree growth, height and metabolic scaling over tree lifespans. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:229-252. [PMID: 34296275 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tree growth is sink-limited by environmental and internal controls rather than by carbon availability. However, the mechanisms underlying sink-limitations are not fully understood and thus not represented in large-scale vegetation models. We develop a simple, analytically solved, mechanistic, turgor-driven growth model (TDGM) and a phloem transport model (PTM) to explore the mechanics of phloem transport and evaluate three hypotheses. First, phloem transport must be explicitly considered to accurately predict turgor distributions and thus growth. Second, turgor-limitations can explain growth-scaling with size (metabolic scaling). Third, turgor can explain realistic growth rates and increments. We show that mechanistic, sink-limited growth schemes based on plant turgor limitations are feasible for large-scale model implementations with minimal computational demands. Our PTM predicted nearly uniform sugar concentrations along the phloem transport path regardless of phloem conductance, stem water potential gradients and the strength of sink-demands contrary to our first hypothesis, suggesting that phloem transport is not limited generally by phloem transport capacity per se but rather by carbon demand for growth and respiration. These results enabled TDGM implementation without explicit coupling to the PTM, further simplifying computation. We test the TDGM by comparing predictions of whole-tree growth rate to well-established observations (site indices) and allometric theory. Our simple TDGM predicts realistic tree heights, growth rates and metabolic scaling over decadal to centurial timescales, suggesting that tree growth is generally sink and turgor limited. Like observed trees, our TDGM captures tree-size- and resource-based deviations from the classical ¾ power-law metabolic scaling for which turgor is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Potkay
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
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15
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Anderson‐Teixeira KJ, Herrmann V, Rollinson CR, Gonzalez B, Gonzalez‐Akre EB, Pederson N, Alexander MR, Allen CD, Alfaro‐Sánchez R, Awada T, Baltzer JL, Baker PJ, Birch JD, Bunyavejchewin S, Cherubini P, Davies SJ, Dow C, Helcoski R, Kašpar J, Lutz JA, Margolis EQ, Maxwell JT, McMahon SM, Piponiot C, Russo SE, Šamonil P, Sniderhan AE, Tepley AJ, Vašíčková I, Vlam M, Zuidema PA. Joint effects of climate, tree size, and year on annual tree growth derived from tree-ring records of ten globally distributed forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:245-266. [PMID: 34653296 PMCID: PMC9298236 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tree rings provide an invaluable long-term record for understanding how climate and other drivers shape tree growth and forest productivity. However, conventional tree-ring analysis methods were not designed to simultaneously test effects of climate, tree size, and other drivers on individual growth. This has limited the potential to test ecologically relevant hypotheses on tree growth sensitivity to environmental drivers and their interactions with tree size. Here, we develop and apply a new method to simultaneously model nonlinear effects of primary climate drivers, reconstructed tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and calendar year in generalized least squares models that account for the temporal autocorrelation inherent to each individual tree's growth. We analyze data from 3811 trees representing 40 species at 10 globally distributed sites, showing that precipitation, temperature, DBH, and calendar year have additively, and often interactively, influenced annual growth over the past 120 years. Growth responses were predominantly positive to precipitation (usually over ≥3-month seasonal windows) and negative to temperature (usually maximum temperature, over ≤3-month seasonal windows), with concave-down responses in 63% of relationships. Climate sensitivity commonly varied with DBH (45% of cases tested), with larger trees usually more sensitive. Trends in ring width at small DBH were linked to the light environment under which trees established, but basal area or biomass increments consistently reached maxima at intermediate DBH. Accounting for climate and DBH, growth rate declined over time for 92% of species in secondary or disturbed stands, whereas growth trends were mixed in older forests. These trends were largely attributable to stand dynamics as cohorts and stands age, which remain challenging to disentangle from global change drivers. By providing a parsimonious approach for characterizing multiple interacting drivers of tree growth, our method reveals a more complete picture of the factors influencing growth than has previously been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Bianca Gonzalez
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Erika B. Gonzalez‐Akre
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | | | - M. Ross Alexander
- Midwest Dendro LLCNapervilleIllinoisUSA
- Present address:
Decision and Infrastructure SciencesArgonne National LaboratoryLamontIllinoisUSA
| | - Craig D. Allen
- Department of Geography & Environmental StudiesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - Tala Awada
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Patrick J. Baker
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesUniversity of MelbourneRichmondVIC.Australia
| | | | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Cameron Dow
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Ryan Helcoski
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Jakub Kašpar
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | - James A. Lutz
- S. J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Ellis Q. Margolis
- Fort Collins Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyNew Mexico Landscapes Field StationLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - Sean M. McMahon
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Camille Piponiot
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- CIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Sabrina E. Russo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnUSA
| | - Pavel Šamonil
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Alan J. Tepley
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Canadian Forest ServiceNorthern Forestry CentreEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Ivana Vašíčková
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningenThe Netherlands
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16
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Zuleta D, Arellano G, Muller-Landau HC, McMahon SM, Aguilar S, Bunyavejchewin S, Cárdenas D, Chang-Yang CH, Duque A, Mitre D, Nasardin M, Pérez R, Sun IF, Yao TL, Davies SJ. Individual tree damage dominates mortality risk factors across six tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:705-721. [PMID: 34716605 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The relative importance of tree mortality risk factors remains unknown, especially in diverse tropical forests where species may vary widely in their responses to particular conditions. We present a new framework for quantifying the importance of mortality risk factors and apply it to compare 19 risks on 31 203 trees (1977 species) in 14 one-year periods in six tropical forests. We defined a condition as a risk factor for a species if it was associated with at least a doubling of mortality rate in univariate analyses. For each risk, we estimated prevalence (frequency), lethality (difference in mortality between trees with and without the risk) and impact ('excess mortality' associated with the risk, relative to stand-level mortality). The most impactful risk factors were light limitation and crown/trunk loss; the most prevalent were light limitation and small size; the most lethal were leaf damage and wounds. Modes of death (standing, broken and uprooted) had limited links with previous conditions and mortality risk factors. We provide the first ranking of importance of tree-level mortality risk factors in tropical forests. Future research should focus on the links between these risks, their climatic drivers and the physiological processes to enable mechanistic predictions of future tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Oikobit LLC, Albuquerque, NM, 87120, USA
| | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, 0843-03092, República de Panamá
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Salomón Aguilar
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, 0843-03092, República de Panamá
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Forest Research Office, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Dairon Cárdenas
- Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi, Bogotá, 110311, Colombia
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, 050034, Colombia
| | - David Mitre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, 0843-03092, República de Panamá
| | - Musalmah Nasardin
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Rolando Pérez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, Balboa, 0843-03092, República de Panamá
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Ecology and Sustainability, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 94701, Taiwan
| | - Tze Leong Yao
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
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17
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The Contribution of Trees Outside of Forests to Landscape Carbon and Climate Change Mitigation in West Africa. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While closed canopy forests have been an important focal point for land cover change monitoring and climate change mitigation, less consideration has been given to methods for large scale measurements of trees outside of forests. Trees outside of forests are an important but often overlooked natural resource throughout sub-Saharan Africa, providing benefits for livelihoods as well as climate change mitigation and adaptation. In this study, the development of an individual tree cover map using very high-resolution remote sensing and a comparison with a new automated machine learning mapping product revealed an important contribution of trees outside of forests to landscape tree cover and carbon stocks in a region where trees outside of forests are important components of livelihood systems. Here, we test and demonstrate the use of allometric scaling from remote sensing crown area to provide estimates of landscape-scale carbon stocks. Prominent biomass and carbon maps from global-scale remote sensing greatly underestimate the “invisible” carbon in these sparse tree-based systems. The measurement of tree cover and carbon in these landscapes has important application in climate change mitigation and adaptation policies.
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18
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Cao J, Liu H, Zhao B, Li Z, Liang B, Shi L, Wu L, Cressey EL, Quine TA. High forest stand density exacerbates growth decline of conifers driven by warming but not broad-leaved trees in temperate mixed forest in northeast Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148875. [PMID: 34247087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing temperature over recent decades is expected to positively impact tree growth in humid regions. However, high stand density could increase the negative effects of warming-induced drought through inter-tree competition. How neighborhood competition impacts tree growth responding to climate change remains unclear. Here, we utilized the Changbai Mountain region in northeastern Asia as our study area. We quantified individual tree growth using tree-ring samples collected from three dominant tree species growing in three forest stand density levels. We estimated the effects of climate warming and forest stand density on growth processes and tested for a species-specific response to climate. Our results demonstrated that overall 25% of Korean pine, but only ~3% of Mongolian oak and ~ 4% of Manchurian ash experienced growth reduction. Increased forest density can also exacerbate growth reduction. We identified a climate turning point in 1984, where warming rapidly increased, and defined two groups, "enhance group" (EG) and "decline group" (DG), according to the individual tree growth trend after 1984. For the EG, climate warming increased temperature sensitivity, but the temperature sensitivity declined with increasing stand density for the whole study period. For the DG, tree growth sensitivity shifted from temperature to precipitation after 1984, driven by increased competition pressure under climate warming. Our study concludes that growth decline from warming-induced drought might be amplified by high forest stand density, was especially pronounced in conifer trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boyi Liang
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China; Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth L Cressey
- Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Quine
- Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
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19
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Zhou J, Yu K, Lin G, Wang Z. Variance in tree growth rates provides a key link for completing the theory of forest size structure formation. J Theor Biol 2021; 529:110857. [PMID: 34384836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In natural forests at a demographic equilibrium state, the size frequency distribution (SFD) of trees is linked with their size-dependent growth and mortality rates. While the mean growth rate (MGR) of each size class is generally used for determining the SFD, the variance in the growth rate (VGR) has always been ignored. Here, based on the analyses with Kolmogorov forward equation, we show that in general, the VGR can flatten the slope of the SFD and, in particular, can address the contradiction between the size-dependent MGR and the -2 power-law SFD in the metabolic scaling theory. We traced the origin of the VGR to the intrinsic stochasticity in the allometric growth coefficients of trees and deduced its functional form based on variance propagation. Using the forest censuses data from Barro Colorado Island, we verified the prediction of the VGR and indicated its indispensability in the theory of forest size-structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Kailiang Yu
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Guanghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Earth Ecosystem Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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20
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Hu H, Xu K, He L, Wang G. A model for the relationship between plant biomass and photosynthetic rate based on nutrient effects. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Han‐Jian Hu
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Kang Xu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Ling‐Chao He
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Gen‐Xuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
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21
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Masaki T, Kitagawa R, Nakashizuka T, Shibata M, Tanaka H. Interspecific variation in mortality and growth and changes in their relationship with size class in an old-growth temperate forest. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8869-8881. [PMID: 34257933 PMCID: PMC8258222 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding trade-offs between demographic parameters is crucial when investigating community assembly rules in high-diversity forests. To this end, we estimated mortality and growth parameters, and correlations among them, across entire size classes for 17 tree species (Betula, Carpinus, Fagus, Quercus, Castanea, Acer, Cerasus, Swida, Kalopanax, and Styrax) using a dataset over 18 years obtained from an old-growth forest in Japan.Size classes were represented by 12 categories determined by age, height, and diameter at breast height (DBH) from new seedlings to stems of DBH >85 cm. We derived the annual mortality and growth for each species and class using estimates of transition probabilities between classes. Trade-offs or synergies in growth and survival among species per size class were analyzed with and without the inclusion of phylogenetic relationships.Annual mortality showed U-shaped patterns across size classes for species that could potentially reach a DBH ≥55 cm: 0.2-0.98 for seedlings, 0.002-0.01 at DBH 35-45 cm, and ca. 0.01 at DBH ≥55 cm. Other species demonstrated monotonically decreasing mortality toward specific maximum size classes. When phylogenetic information was included in analyses, the correlations between survival and growth changed across size classes were significant for some classes: As an overall tendency, synergy was observed in growth and survival for seedling to sapling classes, trade-offs for juvenile to DBH 15-25 cm classes, and synergy again for larger classes. When phylogenetic information was not included, a significant trade-off was observed only at DBH 5-15 cm. Synthesis. Trade-offs at intermediate classes imply differentiation in demographic characteristics related to life history strategies. However, evolutionarily obtained demographic characteristics are not substantial drivers of niche differentiation in the study area. The polylemma of mortality, growth, and other parameters such as the onset of reproduction may also be important factors driving species-specific demographic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
| | - Ryo Kitagawa
- Kansai Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research InstituteKyotoJapan
| | | | - Mitsue Shibata
- Forestry and Forest Products Research InstituteTsukubaJapan
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22
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Zhao M, Tian S, Zhu Y, Li Z, Zeng S, Liu S. Allometric relationships, functional differentiations, and scaling of growth rates across 151 tree species in China. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan410018China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha Hunan410018China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong410015China
| | - Shihong Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan410018China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha Hunan410018China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong410015China
| | - Yu Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan410018China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha Hunan410018China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong410015China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan410018China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha Hunan410018China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong410015China
| | - Suping Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan410018China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha Hunan410018China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong410015China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan410018China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China Changsha Hunan410018China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province Huitong410015China
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23
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Abstract
Population-level scaling in ecological systems arises from individual growth and death with competitive constraints. We build on a minimal dynamical model of metabolic growth where the tension between individual growth and mortality determines population size distribution. We then separately include resource competition based on shared capture area. By varying rates of growth, death, and competitive attrition, we connect regular and random spatial patterns across sessile organisms from forests to ants, termites, and fairy circles. Then, we consider transient temporal dynamics in the context of asymmetric competition, such as canopy shading or large colony dominance, whose effects primarily weaken the smaller of two competitors. When such competition couples slow timescales of growth to fast competitive death, it generates population shocks and demographic oscillations similar to those observed in forest data. Our minimal quantitative theory unifies spatiotemporal patterns across sessile organisms through local competition mediated by the laws of metabolic growth, which in turn, are the result of long-term evolutionary dynamics.
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24
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Gora EM, Esquivel-Muelbert A. Implications of size-dependent tree mortality for tropical forest carbon dynamics. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:384-391. [PMID: 33782580 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are mitigating the ongoing climate crisis by absorbing more atmospheric carbon than they emit. However, widespread increases in tree mortality rates are decreasing the ability of tropical forests to assimilate and store carbon. A relatively small number of large trees dominate the contributions of these forests to the global carbon budget, yet we know remarkably little about how these large trees die. Here, we propose a cohesive and empirically informed framework for understanding and investigating size-dependent drivers of tree mortality. This theory-based framework enables us to posit that abiotic drivers of tree mortality-particularly drought, wind and lightning-regulate tropical forest carbon cycling via their disproportionate effects on large trees. As global change is predicted to increase the pressure from abiotic drivers, the associated deaths of large trees could rapidly and lastingly reduce tropical forest biomass stocks. Focused investigations of large tree death are needed to understand how shifting drivers of mortality are restructuring carbon cycling in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gora
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama.
| | - Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
- School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, Birmingham, UK.
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25
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Norghauer JM. Intraspecific allometries reveal hyper‐slender stems in forest gaps and the impact on tree growth from insect herbivores. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian M. Norghauer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Statistical Scientific Editing Montréal Québec Canada
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26
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Zhou X, Yang M, Liu Z, Li P, Xie B, Peng C. Dynamic allometric scaling of tree biomass and size. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:42-49. [PMID: 33398156 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allometric scaling laws critically examine structure-function relationships. In estimating the forest biomass carbon and its response under climate change, the issue of scaling has resulted in difficulties when modelling the biomass for different-sized trees, especially large ones, and has not yet been solved in either theory or practice. Here, we propose the concept of a dynamic allometric scaling relationship between stem biomass and above-ground biomass The allometric curve approaches an asymptote with an increase in tree size. An asymptotic allometric equation is presented that has a better fit to the data than the simple power-law allometric equation. The non-constant exponent is determined by the change in the biomass ratio for different organs and is governed by the dynamic allometric coefficient. This study presents a methodological framework to theoretically characterize allometric relationships and provides new insights in understanding the general scaling pattern and carbon sequestration capacity of large trees across global forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
| | - Mingxia Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zelin Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Binggeng Xie
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Changhui Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Biology Sciences, University of Québec at Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
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27
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Araujo RF, Chambers JQ, Celes CHS, Muller-Landau HC, dos Santos APF, Emmert F, Ribeiro GHPM, Gimenez BO, Lima AJN, Campos MAA, Higuchi N. Integrating high resolution drone imagery and forest inventory to distinguish canopy and understory trees and quantify their contributions to forest structure and dynamics. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243079. [PMID: 33301487 PMCID: PMC7728260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree growth and survival differ strongly between canopy trees (those directly exposed to overhead light), and understory trees. However, the structural complexity of many tropical forests makes it difficult to determine canopy positions. The integration of remote sensing and ground-based data enables this determination and measurements of how canopy and understory trees differ in structure and dynamics. Here we analyzed 2 cm resolution RGB imagery collected by a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS), also known as drone, together with two decades of bi-annual tree censuses for 2 ha of old growth forest in the Central Amazon. We delineated all crowns visible in the imagery and linked each crown to a tagged stem through field work. Canopy trees constituted 40% of the 1244 inventoried trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 10 cm, and accounted for ~70% of aboveground carbon stocks and wood productivity. The probability of being in the canopy increased logistically with tree diameter, passing through 50% at 23.5 cm DBH. Diameter growth was on average twice as large in canopy trees as in understory trees. Growth rates were unrelated to diameter in canopy trees and positively related to diameter in understory trees, consistent with the idea that light availability increases with diameter in the understory but not the canopy. The whole stand size distribution was best fit by a Weibull distribution, whereas the separate size distributions of understory trees or canopy trees > 25 cm DBH were equally well fit by exponential and Weibull distributions, consistent with mechanistic forest models. The identification and field mapping of crowns seen in a high resolution orthomosaic revealed new patterns in the structure and dynamics of trees of canopy vs. understory at this site, demonstrating the value of traditional tree censuses with drone remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Fernandes Araujo
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama, Republic of Panama
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey Q. Chambers
- Geography Department, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Helene C. Muller-Landau
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Fabiano Emmert
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Gabriel H. P. M. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Bruno Oliva Gimenez
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Adriano J. N. Lima
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Moacir A. A. Campos
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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28
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Relationships between tree height and tree species richness at small scales. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Hunt AG, Faybishenko B, Powell TL. A new phenomenological model to describe root-soil interactions based on percolation theory. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Ferraz A, Saatchi SS, Longo M, Clark DB. Tropical tree size-frequency distributions from airborne lidar. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02154. [PMID: 32347996 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In tropical rainforests, tree size and number density are influenced by disturbance history, soil, topography, climate, and biological factors that are difficult to predict without detailed and widespread forest inventory data. Here, we quantify tree size-frequency distributions over an old-growth wet tropical forest at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica by using an individual tree crown (ITC) algorithm on airborne lidar measurements. The ITC provided tree height, crown area, the number of trees >10 m height and, predicted tree diameter, and aboveground biomass from field allometry. The number density showed strong agreement with field observations at the plot- (97.4%; 3% bias) and tree-height-classes level (97.4%; 3% bias). The lidar trees size spectra of tree diameter and height closely follow the distributions measured on the ground but showed less agreement with crown area observations. The model to convert lidar-derived tree height and crown area to tree diameter produced unbiased (0.8%) estimates of plot-level basal area and with low uncertainty (6%). Predictions on basal area for tree height classes were also unbiased (1.3%) but with larger uncertainties (22%). The biomass estimates had no significant bias at the plot- and tree-height-classes level (-5.2% and 2.1%). Our ITC method provides a powerful tool for tree- to landscape-level tropical forest inventory and biomass estimation by overcoming the limitations of lidar area-based approaches that require local calibration using a large number of inventory plots.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ferraz
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA
| | - Sassan S Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
- Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90024, USA
| | - Marcos Longo
- NASA Postdoctoral fellow, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA
| | - David B Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fritsch
- Ecosystem Modelling Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Heike Lischke
- Dynamic Macroecology Land Change ScienceSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Katrin M. Meyer
- Ecosystem Modelling Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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32
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Ghedini G, Malerba ME, Marshall DJ. How to estimate community energy flux? A comparison of approaches reveals that size-abundance trade-offs alter the scaling of community energy flux. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200995. [PMID: 32811317 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Size and metabolism are highly correlated, so that community energy flux might be predicted from size distributions alone. However, the accuracy of predictions based on interspecific energy-size relationships relative to approaches not based on size distributions is unknown. We compare six approaches to predict energy flux in phytoplankton communities across succession: assuming a constant energy use among species (per cell or unit biomass), using energy-size interspecific scaling relationships and species-specific rates (both with or without accounting for density effects). Except for the per cell approach, all others explained some variation in energy flux but their accuracy varied considerably. Surprisingly, the best approach overall was based on mean biomass-specific rates, followed by the most complex (species-specific rates with density). We show that biomass-specific rates alone predict community energy flux because the allometric scaling of energy use with size measured for species in isolation does not reflect the isometric scaling of these species in communities. We also find energy equivalence throughout succession, even when communities are not at carrying capacity. Finally, we discuss that species assembly can alter energy-size relationships, and that metabolic suppression in response to density might drive the allometry of community energy flux as biomass accumulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghedini
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martino E Malerba
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
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33
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Gouveia SF, Rubalcaba JG, Soukhovolsky V, Tarasova O, Barbosa AM, Real R. Ecophysics reload—exploring applications of theoretical physics in macroecology. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Chen Y, Huang Y, Niklaus PA, Castro-Izaguirre N, Clark AT, Bruelheide H, Ma K, Schmid B. Directed species loss reduces community productivity in a subtropical forest biodiversity experiment. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:550-559. [PMID: 32123320 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented species loss in diverse forests indicates the urgent need to test its consequences for ecosystem functioning. However, experimental evaluation based on realistic extinction scenarios is lacking. Using species interaction networks we introduce an approach to separate effects of node loss (reduced species number) from effects of link loss or compensation (reduced or increased interspecific interactions) on ecosystem functioning along directed extinction scenarios. By simulating random and non-random extinction scenarios in an experimental subtropical Chinese forest, we find that species loss is detrimental for stand volume in all scenarios, and that these effects strengthen with age. However, the magnitude of these effects depends on the type of attribute on which the directed species loss is based, with preferential loss of evolutionarily distinct species and those from small families having stronger effects than those that are regionally rare or have high specific leaf area. These impacts were due to both node loss and link loss or compensation. At high species richness (reductions from 16 to 8 species), strong stand-volume reduction only occurred in directed but not random extinction. Our results imply that directed species loss can severely hamper productivity in already diverse young forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Ministry of Education), College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Life Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Castro-Izaguirre
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Thomas Clark
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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35
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McCarthy JK, Dwyer JM, Mokany K. A regional-scale assessment of using metabolic scaling theory to predict ecosystem properties. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192221. [PMID: 31744440 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic scaling theory (MST) is one of ecology's most high-profile general models and can be used to link size distributions and productivity in forest systems. Much of MST's foundation is based on size distributions following a power law function with a scaling exponent of -2, a property assumed to be consistent in steady-state ecosystems. We tested the theory's generality by comparing actual size distributions with those predicted using MST parameters assumed to be general. We then used environmental variables and functional traits to explain deviation from theoretical expectations. Finally, we compared values of relative productivity predicted using MST with a remote-sensed measure of productivity. We found that fire-prone heath communities deviated from MST-predicted size distributions, whereas fire-sensitive rainforests largely agreed with the theory. Scaling exponents ranged from -1.4 to -5.3. Deviation from the power law assumption was best explained by specific leaf area, which varies along fire frequency and moisture gradients. While MST may hold in low-disturbance systems, we show that it cannot be applied under many environmental contexts. The theory should remain general, but understanding the factors driving deviation from MST and subsequent refinements is required if it is to be applied robustly across larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K McCarthy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,CSIRO, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2061, Australia.,Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - John M Dwyer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,CSIRO, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Karel Mokany
- CSIRO, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2061, Australia
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36
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The Effect of Tree Crown Allometry on Community Dynamics in Mixed-Species Stands versus Monocultures. A Review and Perspectives for Modeling and Silvicultural Regulation. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10090810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have shown that the structure, density, and productivity of mixed-species stands can differ from the weighted mean of monospecific stands of the respective species. The tree and stand properties emerging by inter-specific neighborhood should be considered in models for understanding and practical management. A promising approach for this is a more realistic representation of the individual tree allometry in models and management concepts, as tree allometry determines many structural and functional aspects at the tree and stand level. Therefore, this paper is focused on the crown allometry in mixed and mono-specific stands. Firstly, we review species-specific differences in the crown allometry in monospecific stands. Secondly, we show how species-specific differences and complementarities in crown allometry can emerge in mixed-species stands. Thirdly, the consequences of allometric complementarity for the canopy packing density will be analyzed. Fourthly, we trace the crown allometry from the tree level to the stand density and show the relevance for the self-thinning in mixed versus monospecific stands. Fifth, the consequence of the findings for modeling and regulating tree and stand growth will be discussed. The review deals mainly with widespread even-aged, mono-layered stands, but the main results apply for more heterogeneous stands analogously.
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37
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Dillon KT, Henderson AN, Lodge AG, Hamilton NI, Sloat LL, Enquist BJ, Price CA, Kerkhoff AJ. On the relationships between size and abundance in plants: beyond forest communities. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda N. Henderson
- Department of Biology Kenyon College Gambier Ohio 43022 USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Alexandra G. Lodge
- Department of Biology Kenyon College Gambier Ohio 43022 USA
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | | | - Lindsey L. Sloat
- Institute on the Environment University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55414 USA
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Charles A. Price
- School of Plant Biology University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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38
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Fischer FJ, Maréchaux I, Chave J. Improving plant allometry by fusing forest models and remote sensing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1159-1165. [PMID: 30897214 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Allometry determines how tree shape and function scale with each other, related through size. Allometric relationships help scale processes from the individual to the global scale and constitute a core component of vegetation models. Allometric relationships have been expected to emerge from optimisation theory, yet this does not suitably predict empirical data. Here we argue that the fusion of high-resolution data, such as those derived from airborne laser scanning, with individual-based forest modelling offers insight into how plant size contributes to large-scale biogeochemical processes. We review the challenges in allometric scaling, how they can be tackled by advances in data-model fusion, and how individual-based models can serve as data integrators for dynamic global vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Jörg Fischer
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Maréchaux
- AMAP, INRA, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, F-34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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39
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Malerba ME, Marshall DJ. Size‐abundance rules? Evolution changes scaling relationships between size, metabolism and demography. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1407-1416. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martino E. Malerba
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre of Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne VIC 3800Australia
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40
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A critique of general allometry-inspired models for estimating forest carbon density from airborne LiDAR. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215238. [PMID: 31002682 PMCID: PMC6474603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently much interest in developing general approaches for mapping forest aboveground carbon density using structural information contained in airborne LiDAR data. The most widely utilized model in tropical forests assumes that aboveground carbon density is a compound power function of top of canopy height (a metric easily derived from LiDAR), basal area and wood density. Here we derive the model in terms of the geometry of individual tree crowns within forest stands, showing how scaling exponents in the aboveground carbon density model arise from the height−diameter (H−D) and projected crown area−diameter (C−D) allometries of individual trees. We show that a power function relationship emerges when the C−D scaling exponent is close to 2, or when tree diameters follow a Weibull distribution (or other specific distributions) and are invariant across the landscape. In addition, basal area must be closely correlated with canopy height for the approach to work. The efficacy of the model was explored for a managed uneven−aged temperate forest in Ontario, Canada within which stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and mixed stands were identified. A much poorer goodness−of−fit was obtained than previously reported for tropical forests (R2 = 0.29 vs. about 0.83). Explanations for the poor predictive power on the model include: (1) basal area was only weakly correlated with top canopy height; (2) tree size distributions varied considerably across the landscape; (3) the allometry exponents are affected by variation in species composition arising from timber management and soil conditions; and (4) the C-D allometric power function was far from 2 (1.28). We conclude that landscape heterogeneity in forest structure and tree allometry reduces the accuracy of general power-function models for predicting aboveground carbon density in managed forests. More studies in different forest types are needed to understand the situations in which power functions of LiDAR height are appropriate for modelling forest carbon stocks.
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41
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Energetic equivalence underpins the size structure of tree and phytoplankton communities. Nat Commun 2019; 10:255. [PMID: 30651533 PMCID: PMC6335468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The size structure of autotroph communities – the relative abundance of small vs. large individuals – shapes the functioning of ecosystems. Whether common mechanisms underpin the size structure of unicellular and multicellular autotrophs is, however, unknown. Using a global data compilation, we show that individual body masses in tree and phytoplankton communities follow power-law distributions and that the average exponents of these individual size distributions (ISD) differ. Phytoplankton communities are characterized by an average ISD exponent consistent with three-quarter-power scaling of metabolism with body mass and equivalence in energy use among mass classes. Tree communities deviate from this pattern in a manner consistent with equivalence in energy use among diameter size classes. Our findings suggest that whilst universal metabolic constraints ultimately underlie the emergent size structure of autotroph communities, divergent aspects of body size (volumetric vs. linear dimensions) shape the ecological outcome of metabolic scaling in forest vs. pelagic ecosystems. Given the size differences between the autotrophs in aquatic and terrestrial systems, it is unclear whether the same metabolic scaling patterns apply in both groups. Here the authors unify previous datasets and show that plankton and trees follow similar power-law scaling of individual size distributions.
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42
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Janík D, Vrška T, Hort L, Unar P, Král K. Where have all the tree diameters grown? Patterns inFagus sylvaticaL. diameter growth on their run to the upper canopy. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Janík
- Forest Ecology Department; Silva Tarouca Research Institute; Lidická 25/27 Brno 602 00 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vrška
- Forest Ecology Department; Silva Tarouca Research Institute; Lidická 25/27 Brno 602 00 Czech Republic
| | - Libor Hort
- Forest Ecology Department; Silva Tarouca Research Institute; Lidická 25/27 Brno 602 00 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Unar
- Forest Ecology Department; Silva Tarouca Research Institute; Lidická 25/27 Brno 602 00 Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Král
- Forest Ecology Department; Silva Tarouca Research Institute; Lidická 25/27 Brno 602 00 Czech Republic
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43
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Will forest size structure follow the −2 power-law distribution under ideal demographic equilibrium state? J Theor Biol 2018; 452:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Optimizing biomass estimates of savanna woodland at different spatial scales in the Brazilian Cerrado: Re-evaluating allometric equations and environmental influences. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196742. [PMID: 30067735 PMCID: PMC6070178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerrado is the second largest biome in South America and accounted for the second largest contribution to carbon emissions in Brazil for the last 10 years, mainly due to land-use changes. It comprises approximately 2 million km2 and is divided into 22 ecoregions, based on environmental conditions and vegetation. The most dominant vegetation type is cerrado sensu stricto (cerrado ss), a savanna woodland. Quantifying variation of biomass density of this vegetation is crucial for climate change mitigation policies. Integrating remote sensing data with adequate allometric equations and field-based data sets can provide large-scale estimates of biomass. We developed individual-tree aboveground biomass (AGB) allometric models to compare different regression techniques and explanatory variables. We applied the model with the strongest fit to a comprehensive ground-based data set (77 sites, 893 plots, and 95,484 trees) to describe AGB density variation of cerrado ss. We also investigated the influence of physiographic and climatological variables on AGB density; this analysis was restricted to 68 sites because eight sites could not be classified into a specific ecoregion, and one site had no soil texture data. In addition, we developed two models to estimate plot AGB density based on plot basal area. Our data show that for individual-tree AGB models a) log-log linear models provided better estimates than nonlinear power models; b) including species as a random effect improved model fit; c) diameter at 30 cm above ground was a reliable predictor for individual-tree AGB, and although height significantly improved model fit, species wood density did not. Mean tree AGB density in cerrado ss was 22.9 tons ha-1 (95% confidence interval = ± 2.2) and varied widely between ecoregions (8.8 to 42.2 tons ha-1), within ecoregions (e.g. 4.8 to 39.5 tons ha-1), and even within sites (24.3 to 69.9 tons ha-1). Biomass density tended to be higher in sites close to the Amazon. Ecoregion explained 42% of biomass variation between the 68 sites (P < 0.01) and shows strong potential as a parameter for classifying regional biomass variation in the Cerrado.
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45
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McDowell N, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Brando P, Brienen R, Chambers J, Christoffersen B, Davies S, Doughty C, Duque A, Espirito-Santo F, Fisher R, Fontes CG, Galbraith D, Goodsman D, Grossiord C, Hartmann H, Holm J, Johnson DJ, Kassim AR, Keller M, Koven C, Kueppers L, Kumagai T, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Muller-Landau HC, Phillips OL, Powell T, Sierra CA, Sperry J, Warren J, Xu C, Xu X. Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:851-869. [PMID: 29451313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization-induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large-scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Paulo Brando
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental de Amazonia, Lago Norte, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jeff Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brad Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Chris Doughty
- SICCS, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Columbia, Medellín, Columbia
| | | | - Rosie Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Clarissa G Fontes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Devin Goodsman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Holm
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Abd Rahman Kassim
- Geoinformation Programme, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Jardin Botanico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia DF, 70770, Brazil
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Charlie Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7 Chome-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, CREAF, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalenes, 585 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Meir
- Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Powell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - John Sperry
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeff Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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46
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Meakem V, Tepley AJ, Gonzalez-Akre EB, Herrmann V, Muller-Landau HC, Wright SJ, Hubbell SP, Condit R, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Role of tree size in moist tropical forest carbon cycling and water deficit responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:947-958. [PMID: 28585237 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought disproportionately affects larger trees in tropical forests, but implications for forest composition and carbon (C) cycling in relation to dry season intensity remain poorly understood. In order to characterize how C cycling is shaped by tree size and drought adaptations and how these patterns relate to spatial and temporal variation in water deficit, we analyze data from three forest dynamics plots spanning a moisture gradient in Panama that have experienced El Niño droughts. At all sites, aboveground C cycle contributions peaked below 50-cm stem diameter, with stems ≥ 50 cm accounting for on average 59% of live aboveground biomass, 45% of woody productivity and 49% of woody mortality. The dominance of drought-avoidance strategies increased interactively with stem diameter and dry season intensity. Although size-related C cycle contributions did not vary systematically across the moisture gradient under nondrought conditions, woody mortality of larger trees was disproportionately elevated under El Niño drought stress. Thus, large (> 50 cm) stems, which strongly mediate but do not necessarily dominate C cycling, have drought adaptations that compensate for their more challenging hydraulic environment, particularly in drier climates. However, these adaptations do not fully buffer the effects of severe drought, and increased large tree mortality dominates ecosystem-level drought responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Meakem
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Alan J Tepley
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Erika B Gonzalez-Akre
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard Condit
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
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47
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Ligot G, Gourlet-Fleury S, Ouédraogo DY, Morin X, Bauwens S, Baya F, Brostaux Y, Doucet JL, Fayolle A. The limited contribution of large trees to annual biomass production in an old-growth tropical forest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1273-1281. [PMID: 29660227 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of large trees regarding biodiversity and carbon stock in old-growth forests is undeniable, their annual contribution to biomass production and carbon uptake remains poorly studied at the stand level. To clarify the role of large trees in biomass production, we used data of tree growth, mortality, and recruitment monitored during 20 yr in 10 4-ha plots in a species-rich tropical forest (Central African Republic). Using a random block design, three different silvicultural treatments, control, logged, and logged + thinned, were applied in the 10 plots. Annual biomass gains and losses were analyzed in relation to the relative biomass abundance of large trees and by tree size classes using a spatial bootstrap procedure. Although large trees had high individual growth rates and constituted a substantial amount of biomass, stand-level biomass production decreased with the abundance of large trees in all treatments and plots. The contribution of large trees to annual stand-level biomass production appeared limited in comparison to that of small trees. This pattern did not only originate from differences in abundance of small vs. large trees or differences in initial biomass stocks among tree size classes, but also from a reduced relative growth rate of large trees and a relatively constant mortality rate among tree size classes. In a context in which large trees are increasingly gaining attention as being a valuable and a key structural characteristic of natural forests, the present study brought key insights to better gauge the relatively limited role of large trees in annual stand-level biomass production. In terms of carbon uptake, these results suggest, as already demonstrated, a low net carbon uptake of old-growth forests in comparison to that of logged forests. Tropical forests that reach a successional stage with relatively high density of large trees progressively cease to be carbon sinks as large trees contribute sparsely or even negatively to the carbon uptake at the stand level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Ligot
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Central African Forests, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Dakis-Yaoba Ouédraogo
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Central African Forests, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sébastien Bauwens
- BIOSE, Management of Forest Resources, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Fidele Baya
- Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche, BP 3314, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Yves Brostaux
- AgroBioChem, Applied Statistics, Computer Science and Modeling, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 8, avenue de la Faculté, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Doucet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Central African Forests, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Adeline Fayolle
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Central African Forests, 2, Passage des Déportés, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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48
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Vasseur F, Exposito-Alonso M, Ayala-Garay OJ, Wang G, Enquist BJ, Vile D, Violle C, Weigel D. Adaptive diversification of growth allometry in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3416-3421. [PMID: 29540570 PMCID: PMC5879651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709141115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed plants vary tremendously in size and morphology; however, variation and covariation in plant traits may be governed, at least in part, by universal biophysical laws and biological constants. Metabolic scaling theory (MST) posits that whole-organismal metabolism and growth rate are under stabilizing selection that minimizes the scaling of hydrodynamic resistance and maximizes the scaling of resource uptake. This constrains variation in physiological traits and in the rate of biomass accumulation, so that they can be expressed as mathematical functions of plant size with near-constant allometric scaling exponents across species. However, the observed variation in scaling exponents calls into question the evolutionary drivers and the universality of allometric equations. We have measured growth scaling and fitness traits of 451 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with sequenced genomes. Variation among accessions around the scaling exponent predicted by MST was correlated with relative growth rate, seed production, and stress resistance. Genomic analyses indicate that growth allometry is affected by many genes associated with local climate and abiotic stress response. The gene with the strongest effect, PUB4, has molecular signatures of balancing selection, suggesting that intraspecific variation in growth scaling is maintained by opposing selection on the trade-off between seed production and abiotic stress resistance. Our findings suggest that variation in allometry contributes to local adaptation to contrasting environments. Our results help reconcile past debates on the origin of allometric scaling in biology and begin to link adaptive variation in allometric scaling to specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34090 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Oscar J Ayala-Garay
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, 34060 Montpellier, France
- Programa de Recursos Genéticos y Productividad (RGP)-Fisiología Vegetal, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico
| | - George Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
| | - Denis Vile
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
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49
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Malhi Y, Jackson T, Patrick Bentley L, Lau A, Shenkin A, Herold M, Calders K, Bartholomeus H, Disney MI. New perspectives on the ecology of tree structure and tree communities through terrestrial laser scanning. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20170052. [PMID: 29503728 PMCID: PMC5829190 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2017.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) opens up the possibility of describing the three-dimensional structures of trees in natural environments with unprecedented detail and accuracy. It is already being extensively applied to describe how ecosystem biomass and structure vary between sites, but can also facilitate major advances in developing and testing mechanistic theories of tree form and forest structure, thereby enabling us to understand why trees and forests have the biomass and three-dimensional structure they do. Here we focus on the ecological challenges and benefits of understanding tree form, and highlight some advances related to capturing and describing tree shape that are becoming possible with the advent of TLS. We present examples of ongoing work that applies, or could potentially apply, new TLS measurements to better understand the constraints on optimization of tree form. Theories of resource distribution networks, such as metabolic scaling theory, can be tested and further refined. TLS can also provide new approaches to the scaling of woody surface area and crown area, and thereby better quantify the metabolism of trees. Finally, we demonstrate how we can develop a more mechanistic understanding of the effects of avoidance of wind risk on tree form and maximum size. Over the next few years, TLS promises to deliver both major empirical and conceptual advances in the quantitative understanding of trees and tree-dominated ecosystems, leading to advances in understanding the ecology of why trees and ecosystems look and grow the way they do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tobias Jackson
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Lisa Patrick Bentley
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK.,Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - Alvaro Lau
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Alexander Shenkin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Calders
- Earth Observation, Climate and Optical Group, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK.,Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Harm Bartholomeus
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias I Disney
- Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,NERC National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO)
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50
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Low Tree-Growth Elasticity of Forest Biomass Indicated by an Individual-Based Model. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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