1
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Douce P, Simon L, Colas F, Mermillod-Blondin F, Renault D, Sulmon C, Eymar-Dauphin P, Dubreucque R, Bittebiere AK. Warming drives feedback between plant phenotypes and ecosystem functioning in sub-Antarctic ponds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169504. [PMID: 38145689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that warming affects individuals in plant communities, ultimately threatening biodiversity. Individual plants in communities are also exposed to plant-plant interaction that may affect their performance. However, trait responses to these two constraints have usually been studied separately, while they may influence processes at the ecosystem level. In turn, these ecological modifications may impact the phenotypes of plants through nutrient availability and uptake. We developed an experimental approach based on the macrophyte communities in the ponds of the sub-Antarctic Iles Kerguelen. Individuals of the species Limosella australis were grown under different temperature × plant-plant interaction treatments to assess their trait responses and create litters with different characteristics. The litters were then decomposed in the presence of individual plants at different temperatures to examine effects on ecosystem functioning and potential feedback affecting plant trait values. Leaf resource-acquisition- and -conservation-related traits were altered in the context of temperature × plant-plant interaction. At 13 °C, SLA and leaf C:N were higher under interspecific and intraspecific interactions than without interaction, whereas at 23 °C, these traits increased under intraspecific interaction only. These effects only slightly improved the individual performance, suggesting that plant-plant interaction is an additional selective pressure on individuals in the context of climate warming. The decay rate of litter increased with the Leaf Carbon Content at 13 °C and 18 °C, but decreased at 23 °C. The highest decay rate was recorded at 18 °C. Besides, we observed evidence of positive feedback of the decay rate alone, and in interaction with the temperature, respectively on the leaf C:N and Leaf Dry Matter Content, suggesting that variations in ecological processes affect plant phenotypes. Our findings demonstrate that warming can directly and indirectly affect the evolutionary and ecological processes occurring in aquatic ecosystems through plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Douce
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurent Simon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Fanny Colas
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - David Renault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, F 35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.
| | - Cécile Sulmon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, F 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Pauline Eymar-Dauphin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Roman Dubreucque
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anne-Kristel Bittebiere
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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2
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Tomizuka H, Tachiki Y. The eco-evolutionary dynamics of Batesian mimicry. J Theor Biol 2024; 577:111683. [PMID: 38008158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Batesian mimicry is a strategy in which palatable prey species (mimic-species) resemble unpalatable prey species with aposematism (model-species). Theoretical studies on Batesian mimicry have been conducted in terms of their evolutionary significance and ecological consequences. However, despite the importance of eco-evolutionary feedback, the evolution and population dynamics of mimicry complex have long been explored separately. Previous studies on the dynamics of mimicry complex have proposed the possibility of the extinction of unpalatable species due to high predation by predators confusing palatable and unpalatable species. If the abundance of palatable species was large in comparison with unpalatable species, predation pressure on both unpalatable and palatable species became severe, resulting in the extinction of the unpalatable species. We hypothesized that palatable species evolved not to be similar to unpalatable species when unpalatable species became rare, because this situation is no longer advantageous for palatable species to mimic unpalatable species. Here, we constructed the eco-evolutionary dynamics of unpalatable and palatable species, and demonstrated that the evolutionary process of palatable species, which has been overlooked in previous theoretical studies, could rescue the unpalatable species from extinction. We modeled predators' foraging decisions based on signal detection theory. We assumed that palatable species evolve in a trait space, in which there are separate adaptive peaks on either side of an adaptive valley for mimicry and cryptic phenotypes. Then, we derived the stability conditions of the equilibria. As a result, the evolution of a cryptic phenotype in palatable species was driven when unpalatable species was rare, which mitigated predation pressure on unpalatable species through the reduction in the probability to be attacked. This could work to rescue unpalatable species from extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruto Tomizuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - Yuuya Tachiki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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3
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Raulo A, Rojas A, Kröger B, Laaksonen A, Orta CL, Nurmio S, Peltoniemi M, Lahti L, Žliobaitė I. What are patterns of rise and decline? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230052. [PMID: 38026026 PMCID: PMC10646453 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The notions of change, such as birth, death, growth, evolution and longevity, extend across reality, including biological, cultural and societal phenomena. Patterns of change describe how success and composition of every entity, from species to societies, vary across time. Languages develop into new languages, music and fashion continuously evolve, economies rise and decline, ecological and societal crises come and go. A common way to perceive and analyse change processes is through patterns of rise and decline, the ubiquitous, often distinctively unimodal trajectories describing life histories of various entities. These patterns come in different shapes and are measured according to varying definitions. Depending on how they are measured, patterns of rise and decline can reveal, emphasize, mask or obscure important dynamics in natural and cultural phenomena. Importantly, the variations of how dynamics are measured can be vast, making it impossible to directly compare patterns of rise and decline across fields of science. Standardized analysis of these patterns has the potential to uncover important but overlooked commonalities across natural phenomena and potentially help us catch the onset of dramatic shifts in entities' state, from catastrophic crashes in success to gradual emergence of new entities. We provide a framework for standardized recognizing, characterizing and comparing patterns of change by combining understanding of dynamics across fields of science. Our toolkit aims at enhancing understanding of the most general tendencies of change, through two complementary perspectives: dynamics of emergence and dynamics of success. We gather comparable cases and data from different research fields and summarize open research questions that can help us understand the universal principles, perception-biases and field-specific tendencies in patterns of rise and decline of entities in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Raulo
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Alexis Rojas
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Björn Kröger
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Laaksonen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Lamuela Orta
- Mobility Research Group, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Silva Nurmio
- Department of Languages, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirva Peltoniemi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Indrė Žliobaitė
- Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Hendry AP. Eco-evolutionary dynamics: An experimental demonstration in nature. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R814-R817. [PMID: 37552949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological change drives rapid evolution, which then should feed back to influence ecological change. A new study uses experiments with Timema stick insects to demonstrate such feedbacks in nature, revealing that they can be very rapid, strong, and stabilizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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5
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Zamorano LS, Gompert Z, Fronhofer EA, Feder JL, Nosil P. A stabilizing eco-evolutionary feedback loop in the wild. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3272-3278.e3. [PMID: 37478865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that evolutionary and ecological processes can operate on the same timescale1,2 (i.e., contemporary time). As such, evolution can be sufficiently rapid to affect ecological processes such as predation or competition. Thus, evolution can influence population, community, and ecosystem-level dynamics. Indeed, studies have now shown that evolutionary dynamics can alter community structure3,4,5,6 and ecosystem function.7,8,9,10 In turn, shifts in ecological dynamics driven by evolution might feed back to affect the evolutionary trajectory of individual species.11 This feedback loop, where evolutionary and ecological changes reciprocally affect one another, is a central tenet of eco-evolutionary dynamics.1,12 However, most work on such dynamics in natural populations has focused on one-way causal associations between ecology and evolution.13 Hence, direct empirical evidence for eco-evolutionary feedback is rare and limited to laboratory or mesocosm experiments.13,14,15,16 Here, we show in the wild that eco-evolutionary dynamics in a plant-feeding arthropod community involve a negative feedback loop. Specifically, adaptation in cryptic coloration in a stick-insect species mediates bird predation, with local maladaptation increasing predation. In turn, the abundance of arthropods is reduced by predation. Here, we experimentally manipulate arthropod abundance to show that these changes at the community level feed back to affect the stick-insect evolution. Specifically, low-arthropod abundance increases the strength of selection on crypsis, increasing local adaptation of stick insects in a negative feedback loop. Our results suggest that eco-evolutionary feedbacks are able to stabilize complex systems by preventing consistent directional change and therefore increasing resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Zamorano
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology (SETE), CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France; CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34095 Montpellier, France; ISEM, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology (SETE), CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France; CEFE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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6
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Machuca-Sepúlveda J, Miranda J, Lefin N, Pedroso A, Beltrán JF, Farias JG. Current Status of Omics in Biological Quality Elements for Freshwater Biomonitoring. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:923. [PMID: 37508354 PMCID: PMC10376755 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems have been experiencing various forms of threats, mainly since the last century. The severity of this adverse scenario presents unprecedented challenges to human health, water supply, agriculture, forestry, ecological systems, and biodiversity, among other areas. Despite the progress made in various biomonitoring techniques tailored to specific countries and biotic communities, significant constraints exist, particularly in assessing and quantifying biodiversity and its interplay with detrimental factors. Incorporating modern techniques into biomonitoring methodologies presents a challenging topic with multiple perspectives and assertions. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the contemporary advancements in freshwater biomonitoring, specifically by utilizing omics methodologies such as genomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics. The present study aims to elucidate the rationale behind the imperative need for modernization in this field. This will be achieved by presenting case studies, examining the diverse range of organisms that have been studied, and evaluating the potential benefits and drawbacks associated with the utilization of these methodologies. The utilization of advanced high-throughput bioinformatics techniques represents a sophisticated approach that necessitates a significant departure from the conventional practices of contemporary freshwater biomonitoring. The significant contributions of omics techniques in the context of biological quality elements (BQEs) and their interpretations in ecological problems are crucial for biomonitoring programs. Such contributions are primarily attributed to the previously overlooked identification of interactions between different levels of biological organization and their responses, isolated and combined, to specific critical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Machuca-Sepúlveda
- Doctoral Program on Natural Resources Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, 01145, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Javiera Miranda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Nicolás Lefin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Alejandro Pedroso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Jorge F Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Jorge G Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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7
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Lau JA, Hammond MD, Schmidt JE, Weese DJ, Yang WH, Heath KD. Contemporary evolution rivals the effects of rhizobium presence on community and ecosystem properties in experimental mesocosms. Oecologia 2022; 200:133-143. [PMID: 36125524 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because genotypes within a species commonly differ in traits that influence other species, whole communities, or even ecosystem functions, evolutionary change within one key species may affect the community and ecosystem processes. Here we use experimental mesocosms to test how the evolution of reduced cooperation in rhizobium mutualists in response to 20 years of nitrogen fertilization compares to the effects of rhizobium presence on soil nitrogen availability and plant community composition and diversity. The evolution of reduced rhizobium cooperation caused reductions in soil nitrogen, biological nitrogen fixation, and leaf nitrogen concentrations that were as strong as, or even stronger than, experimental rhizobium inoculation (presence/absence) treatments. Effects of both rhizobium evolution and rhizobium inoculation on legume dominance, plant community composition, and plant species diversity were often smaller in magnitude, but suggest that rhizobium evolution can alter the relative abundance of plant functional groups. Our findings indicate that the consequences of rapid microbial evolution for ecosystems and communities can rival the effects resulting from the presence or abundance of keystone mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lau
- Kellogg Biological Station & Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA.
- Department of Biology & the Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA.
| | - Mark D Hammond
- Kellogg Biological Station & Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Jennifer E Schmidt
- Kellogg Biological Station & Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dylan J Weese
- Kellogg Biological Station & Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 3700 E. Gull Lake Dr., Hickory Corners, MI, 49060, USA
| | - Wendy H Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Geology, University of Illinois, 1301 West Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Katy D Heath
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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8
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Hansson EM, Childs DZ, Beckerman AP. Mesostats—A multiplexed, low-cost, do-it-yourself continuous culturing system for experimental evolution of mesocosms. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272052. [PMID: 35901067 PMCID: PMC9333204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial experimental evolution allows studying evolutionary dynamics in action and testing theory predictions in the lab. Experimental evolution in chemostats (i.e. continuous flow through cultures) has recently gained increased interest as it allows tighter control of selective pressures compared to static batch cultures, with a growing number of efforts to develop systems that are easier and cheaper to construct. This protocol describes the design and construction of a multiplexed chemostat array (dubbed “mesostats”) designed for cultivation of algae in 16 concurrent populations, specifically intended for studying adaptation to herbicides. We also present control data from several experiments run on the system to show replicability, data illustrating the effects of common issues like leaks, contamination and clumps, and outline possible modifications and adaptations of the system for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M. Hansson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Dylan Z. Childs
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Beckerman
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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9
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Hermann RJ, Becks L. Change in prey genotype frequency rescues predator from extinction. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220211. [PMID: 35754995 PMCID: PMC9214283 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Indirect evolutionary rescue (IER) is a mechanism where a non-evolving species is saved from extinction in an otherwise lethal environment by evolution in an interacting species. This process has been described in a predator-prey model, where extinction of the predator is prevented by a shift in the frequency of defended towards undefended prey when reduced predator densities lower selection for defended prey. We test here how increased mortality and the initial frequencies of the prey types affect IER. Combining the analysis of model simulations and experiments with rotifers feeding on algae we show IER in the presence of increased predator mortality. We found that IER was dependent on the ability of the prey to evolve as well as on the frequency of the defended prey. High initial frequencies of defended prey resulted in predator extinction despite the possibility for prey evolution, as the increase in undefended prey was delayed too much to allow predator rescue. This frequency dependency for IER was more pronounced for higher predator mortalities. Our findings can help informing the development of conservation and management strategies that consider evolutionary responses in communities to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Joseph Hermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution Group, Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lutz Becks
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution Group, Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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10
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Yamamichi M. How does genetic architecture affect eco-evolutionary dynamics? A theoretical perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200504. [PMID: 35634922 PMCID: PMC9149794 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the importance of feedbacks between contemporary rapid evolution (i.e. evolution that occurs through changes in allele frequencies) and ecological dynamics. Despite its inherent interdisciplinary nature, however, studies on eco-evolutionary feedbacks have been mostly ecological and tended to focus on adaptation at the phenotypic level without considering the genetic architecture of evolutionary processes. In empirical studies, researchers have often compared ecological dynamics when the focal species under selection has a single genotype with dynamics when it has multiple genotypes. In theoretical studies, common approaches are models of quantitative traits where mean trait values change adaptively along the fitness gradient and Mendelian traits with two alleles at a single locus. On the other hand, it is well known that genetic architecture can affect short-term evolutionary dynamics in population genetics. Indeed, recent theoretical studies have demonstrated that genetic architecture (e.g. the number of loci, linkage disequilibrium and ploidy) matters in eco-evolutionary dynamics (e.g. evolutionary rescue where rapid evolution prevents extinction and population cycles driven by (co)evolution). I propose that theoretical approaches will promote the synthesis of functional genomics and eco-evolutionary dynamics through models that combine population genetics and ecology as well as nonlinear time-series analyses using emerging big data.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation: from loci to causative mutations’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamichi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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11
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Govaert L, Pantel JH, De Meester L. Quantifying eco‐evolutionary contributions to trait divergence in spatially structured systems. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190 Zürich Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Jelena H. Pantel
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Science The American University of Paris, 6 rue du Colonel Combes Paris France
- Ecological Modelling, Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen, Universitätsstraße 5 Essen Germany
| | - Luc De Meester
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
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12
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Nosil P, Gompert Z. Eco-evolutionary effects of keystone genes. Science 2022; 376:30-31. [PMID: 35357923 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of specific genes within species can drive ecological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Zach Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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13
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Faillace CA, Grunberg RL, Morin PJ. Historical contingency and the role of post-invasion evolution in alternative community states. Ecology 2022; 103:e3711. [PMID: 35362167 PMCID: PMC9287070 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Historical contingency has long figured prominently in the conceptual frameworks of evolutionary biology and community ecology. Evolutionary biologists typically consider the effects of chance mutation and historical contingency in driving divergence and convergence of traits in populations, whereas ecologists instead are often interested in the role of historical contingency in community assembly and succession. Although genetic differences among individuals in populations can influence community interactions, variability among populations of the same species has received relatively little attention for its potential role in community assembly and succession. We used a community‐level study of experimental evolution in two compositionally different assemblages of protists and rotifers to explore whether initial differences in species abundances among communities attributed to differences in evolutionary history, persisted as species that continued to evolve over time. In each assemblage, we observed significant convergence between two invaded treatments initially differing in evolutionary history over an observation period equal to ~40–80 generations for most species. Nonetheless, community structure failed to converge completely across all invaded treatments within an assemblage to a single structure. This suggests that whereas the species in the assemblage represent a common selective regime, differences in populations reflecting their evolutionary history can produce long‐lasting transient alternative community states. In one assemblage, we also observed increasing within‐treatment variability among replicate communities over time, suggesting that ecological drift may be another factor contributing to community change. Although subtle, these transient alternative states, in which communities differed in the abundance of interacting species, could nonetheless have important functional consequences, suggesting that the role of evolution in driving these states deserves greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A Faillace
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Environmental & Natural Resources Building, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Rita L Grunberg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Peter J Morin
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Dept. of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Environmental & Natural Resources Building, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ
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14
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Bisschop K, Alzate A, Bonte D, Etienne RS. The demographic consequences of adaptation: evidence from experimental evolution. Am Nat 2022; 199:729-742. [DOI: 10.1086/719183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Xenophontos C, Harpole WS, Küsel K, Clark AT. Cheating Promotes Coexistence in a Two-Species One-Substrate Culture Model. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.786006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheating in microbial communities is often regarded as a precursor to a “tragedy of the commons,” ultimately leading to over-exploitation by a few species and destabilization of the community. While current evidence suggests that cheaters are evolutionarily and ecologically abundant, they can also play important roles in communities, such as promoting cooperative behaviors of other species. We developed a closed culture model with two microbial species and a single, complex nutrient substrate (the metaphorical “common”). One of the organisms, an enzyme producer, degrades the substrate, releasing an essential and limiting resource that it can use both to grow and produce more enzymes, but at a cost. The second organism, a cheater, does not produce the enzyme but can access the diffused resource produced by the other species, allowing it to benefit from the public good without contributing to it. We investigated evolutionarily stable states of coexistence between the two organisms and described how enzyme production rates and resource diffusion influence organism abundances. Our model shows that, in the long-term evolutionary scale, monocultures of the producer species drive themselves extinct because selection always favors mutant invaders that invest less in enzyme production, ultimately driving down the release of resources. However, the presence of a cheater buffers this process by reducing the fitness advantage of lower enzyme production, thereby preventing runaway selection in the producer, and promoting coexistence. Resource diffusion rate controls cheater growth, preventing it from outcompeting the producer. These results show that competition from cheaters can force producers to maintain adequate enzyme production to sustain both itself and the cheater. This is similar to what is known in evolutionary game theory as a “snowdrift game” – a metaphor describing a snow shoveler and a cheater following in their clean tracks. We move further to show that cheating can stabilize communities and possibly be a precursor to cooperation, rather than extinction.
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16
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Velzen E, Gaedke U, Klauschies T. Quantifying the capacity for contemporary trait changes to drive intermittent predator‐prey cycles. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Velzen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2 Potsdam Germany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2 Potsdam Germany
| | - Toni Klauschies
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modelling, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2 Potsdam Germany
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17
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Hattich GSI, Listmann L, Govaert L, Pansch C, Reusch TBH, Matthiessen B. Experimentally decomposing phytoplankton community change into ecological and evolutionary contributions. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giannina S. I. Hattich
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Experimental Ecology‐Foodwebs Kiel Germany
- Environmental and Marine Biology Åbo Akademi University Åbo Finland
| | - Luisa Listmann
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany
- Institut für Marine Ökosystem‐ und Fischereiwissenschaften University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Pansch
- Environmental and Marine Biology Åbo Akademi University Åbo Finland
| | - Thorsten B. H. Reusch
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - Birte Matthiessen
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel Experimental Ecology‐Foodwebs Kiel Germany
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18
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Faillace CA, Sentis A, Montoya JM. Eco-evolutionary consequences of habitat warming and fragmentation in communities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1933-1950. [PMID: 33998139 PMCID: PMC7614044 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary dynamics can mediate species and community responses to habitat warming and fragmentation, two of the largest threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. The eco-evolutionary consequences of warming and fragmentation are typically studied independently, hindering our understanding of their simultaneous impacts. Here, we provide a new perspective rooted in trade-offs among traits for understanding their eco-evolutionary consequences. On the one hand, temperature influences traits related to metabolism, such as resource acquisition and activity levels. Such traits are also likely to have trade-offs with other energetically costly traits, like antipredator defences or dispersal. On the other hand, fragmentation can influence a variety of traits (e.g. dispersal) through its effects on the spatial environment experienced by individuals, as well as properties of populations, such as genetic structure. The combined effects of warming and fragmentation on communities should thus reflect their collective impact on traits of individuals and populations, as well as trade-offs at multiple trophic levels, leading to unexpected dynamics when effects are not additive and when evolutionary responses modulate them. Here, we provide a road map to navigate this complexity. First, we review single-species responses to warming and fragmentation. Second, we focus on consumer-resource interactions, considering how eco-evolutionary dynamics can arise in response to warming, fragmentation, and their interaction. Third, we illustrate our perspective with several example scenarios in which trait trade-offs could result in significant eco-evolutionary dynamics. Specifically, we consider the possible eco-evolutionary consequences of (i) evolution in thermal performance of a species involved in a consumer-resource interaction, (ii) ecological or evolutionary changes to encounter and attack rates of consumers, and (iii) changes to top consumer body size in tri-trophic food chains. In these scenarios, we present a number of novel, sometimes counter-intuitive, potential outcomes. Some of these expectations contrast with those solely based on ecological dynamics, for example, evolutionary responses in unexpected directions for resource species or unanticipated population declines in top consumers. Finally, we identify several unanswered questions about the conditions most likely to yield strong eco-evolutionary dynamics, how better to incorporate the role of trade-offs among traits, and the role of eco-evolutionary dynamics in governing responses to warming in fragmented communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A. Faillace
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,Address for correspondence (Tel: +33 5 61 04 05 89; )
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France,INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR RECOVER, 3275 Route de Cézanne- CS 40061, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
| | - José M. Montoya
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 2 Route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
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19
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Govaert L, Altermatt F, De Meester L, Leibold MA, McPeek MA, Pantel JH, Urban MC. Integrating fundamental processes to understand eco‐evolutionary community dynamics and patterns. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and BiodiversityUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and BiodiversityUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Luc De Meester
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB) Berlin Germany
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Mark A. McPeek
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA
| | - Jelena H. Pantel
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Science The American University of Paris Paris France
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Center of Biological Risk and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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20
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The evolution of convex trade-offs enables the transition towards multicellularity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4222. [PMID: 34244514 PMCID: PMC8270964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition towards multicellular life often involves growth in groups of undifferentiated cells followed by differentiation into soma and germ-like cells. Theory predicts that germ soma differentiation is facilitated by a convex trade-off between survival and reproduction. However, this has never been tested and these transitions remain poorly understood at the ecological and genetic level. Here, we study the evolution of cell groups in ten isogenic lines of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with prolonged exposure to a rotifer predator. We confirm that growth in cell groups is heritable and characterized by a convex trade-off curve between reproduction and survival. Identical mutations evolve in all cell group isolates; these are linked to survival and reducing associated cell costs. Overall, we show that just 500 generations of predator selection were sufficient to lead to a convex trade-off and incorporate evolved changes into the prey genome. Multicellularity is a major evolutionary transition that remains poorly characterized at the ecological and genetic level. Exposing unicellular green algae to a rotifer predator showed that just 500 generations of predator selection were sufficient to lead to a convex trade-off and incorporate evolved changes into the prey genome.
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21
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Bergelson J, Kreitman M, Petrov DA, Sanchez A, Tikhonov M. Functional biology in its natural context: A search for emergent simplicity. eLife 2021; 10:e67646. [PMID: 34096867 PMCID: PMC8184206 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immeasurable complexity at every level of biological organization creates a daunting task for understanding biological function. Here, we highlight the risks of stripping it away at the outset and discuss a possible path toward arriving at emergent simplicity of understanding while still embracing the ever-changing complexity of biotic interactions that we see in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Martin Kreitman
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Alvaro Sanchez
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Mikhail Tikhonov
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St LouisSt. LouisUnited States
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22
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Barbour MA, Gibert JP. Genetic and plastic rewiring of food webs under climate change. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1814-1830. [PMID: 34028791 PMCID: PMC8453762 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is altering ecological and evolutionary processes across biological scales. These simultaneous effects of climate change pose a major challenge for predicting the future state of populations, communities and ecosystems. This challenge is further exacerbated by the current lack of integration of research focused on these different scales. We propose that integrating the fields of quantitative genetics and food web ecology will reveal new insights on how climate change may reorganize biodiversity across levels of organization. This is because quantitative genetics links the genotypes of individuals to population‐level phenotypic variation due to genetic (G), environmental (E) and gene‐by‐environment (G × E) factors. Food web ecology, on the other hand, links population‐level phenotypes to the structure and dynamics of communities and ecosystems. We synthesize data and theory across these fields and find evidence that genetic (G) and plastic (E and G × E) phenotypic variation within populations will change in magnitude under new climates in predictable ways. We then show how changes in these sources of phenotypic variation can rewire food webs by altering the number and strength of species interactions, with consequences for ecosystem resilience. We also find evidence suggesting there are predictable asymmetries in genetic and plastic trait variation across trophic levels, which set the pace for phenotypic change and food web responses to climate change. Advances in genomics now make it possible to partition G, E and G × E phenotypic variation in natural populations, allowing tests of the hypotheses we propose. By synthesizing advances in quantitative genetics and food web ecology, we provide testable predictions for how the structure and dynamics of biodiversity will respond to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Barbour
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jean P Gibert
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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23
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Malcom J, Carter A. Better Representation Is Needed in U.S. Endangered Species Act Implementation. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.650543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses the concepts of resilience, redundancy, and representation—often known as the “3Rs”—to guide implementation of the Endangered Species Act, which requires the U.S. government to designate imperiled species as threatened or endangered, and take action to recover them. The Service has done little, however, to relate the 3Rs to the statutory requirements of the Act. Here we focus on interpreting the concept of representation given core tenets of science and conservation policy. We show that the Service's current interpretation, which focuses on a narrow set of characteristics intrinsic to species that facilitate future adaptation, falls far short of a reasonable interpretation from the scientific literature and other policy, and has significant consequences for the conservation of threatened and endangered species, including those found in other countries. To illustrate the shortcomings in practice, we discuss the cases of the Lower 48 gray wolf (Canis lupus) delisting, the proposed Red-cockadedWoodpecker (Picoides borealis) downlisting, and the possible downlisting of the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). We then propose an alternative interpretation of representation that accommodates the Service's narrow interpretation and broadens it to include the importance of intraspecific variation for its own sake as well as extrinsic characteristics such as a species' role in ecological communities. We argue that this interpretation better reflects the intent of the Endangered Species Act, the best available science, and policy needs for conserving imperiled wildlife, all of which recognize the importance not only of preventing global extinction but also of preventing ecological extinction and extirpation across significant portions of a species' range.
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24
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Grosklos G, Cortez MH. Evolutionary and Plastic Phenotypic Change Can Be Just as Fast as Changes in Population Densities. Am Nat 2021; 197:47-59. [PMID: 33417519 DOI: 10.1086/711928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEvolution and plasticity can drive population-level phenotypic change (e.g., changes in the mean phenotype) on timescales comparable to changes in population densities. However, it is unclear whether phenotypic change has the potential to be just as fast as changes in densities or whether comparable rates of change occur only when densities are changing slow enough for phenotypes to keep pace. Moreover, it is unclear whether this depends on the mode of adaptation. Using scaling theory and fast-slow dynamical systems theory, we develop a method for comparing maximum rates of density and phenotypic change estimated from population-level time-series data. We apply our method to 30 published empirical studies where changes in morphological traits are caused by evolution, plasticity, or an unknown combination. For every study, the maximum rate of phenotypic change was between 0.5 and 2.5 times faster than the maximum rate of change in density. Moreover, there were no systematic differences between systems with different modes of adaptation. Our results show that plasticity and evolution can drive phenotypic change just as fast as changes in densities. We discuss the implications of our results in terms of the strengths of feedbacks between population densities and traits.
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25
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Wang X, Fu F. Eco-evolutionary dynamics with environmental feedback: Cooperation in a changing world. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/132/10001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Koch HR, Wagner S, Becks L. Antagonistic species interaction drives selection for sex in a predator-prey system. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1180-1191. [PMID: 32500538 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction has long challenged biologists as the majority of species reproduce sexually despite inherent costs. Providing a general explanation for the evolutionary success of sex has thus proven difficult and resulted in numerous hypotheses. A leading hypothesis suggests that antagonistic species interaction can generate conditions selecting for increased sex due to the production of rare or novel genotypes that are beneficial for rapid adaptation to recurrent environmental change brought on by antagonism. To test this ecology-based hypothesis, we conducted experimental evolution in a predator (rotifer)-prey (algal) system by using continuous cultures to track predator-prey dynamics and in situ rates of sex in the prey over time and within replicated experimental populations. Overall, we found that predator-mediated fluctuating selection for competitive versus defended prey resulted in higher rates of genetic mixing in the prey. More specifically, our results showed that fluctuating population sizes of predator and prey, coupled with a trade-off in the prey, drove the sort of recurrent environmental change that could provide a benefit to sex in the prey, despite inherent costs. We end with a discussion of potential population genetic mechanisms underlying increased selection for sex in this system, based on our application of a general theoretical framework for measuring the effects of sex over time, and interpreting how these effects can lead to inferences about the conditions selecting for or against sexual reproduction in a system with antagonistic species interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna R Koch
- Community Dynamics Group, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-Plön, Germany
| | - Sophia Wagner
- Community Dynamics Group, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-Plön, Germany
| | - Lutz Becks
- Community Dynamics Group, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, D-Plön, Germany
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27
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Dead or alive: sediment DNA archives as tools for tracking aquatic evolution and adaptation. Commun Biol 2020; 3:169. [PMID: 32265485 PMCID: PMC7138834 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA can be preserved in marine and freshwater sediments both in bulk sediment and in intact, viable resting stages. Here, we assess the potential for combined use of ancient, environmental, DNA and timeseries of resurrected long-term dormant organisms, to reconstruct trophic interactions and evolutionary adaptation to changing environments. These new methods, coupled with independent evidence of biotic and abiotic forcing factors, can provide a holistic view of past ecosystems beyond that offered by standard palaeoecology, help us assess implications of ecological and molecular change for contemporary ecosystem functioning and services, and improve our ability to predict adaptation to environmental stress. Ellegaard et al. discuss the potential for using ancient environmental DNA (eDNA), combined with resurrection ecology, to analyse trophic interactions and evolutionary adaptation to changing environments. Their Review suggests that these techniques will improve our ability to predict genetic and phenotypic adaptation to environmental stress.
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28
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Karakoç C, Clark AT, Chatzinotas A. Diversity and coexistence are influenced by time-dependent species interactions in a predator-prey system. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:983-993. [PMID: 32243074 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous studies show that communities are jointly influenced by predation and competitive interactions, few have resolved how temporal variability in these interactions influences community assembly and stability. Here, we addressed this challenge in experimental microbial microcosms by employing empirical dynamic modelling tools to: (1) detect causal interactions between prey species in the absence and presence of a predator; (2) quantify the time-varying strength of these interactions and (3) explore stability in the resulting communities. Our findings show that predators boost the number of causal interactions among community members, and lead to reduced dynamic stability, but higher coexistence among prey species. These results correspond to time-varying changes in species interactions, including emergence of morphological characteristics that appeared to reduce predation, and indirectly facilitate growth of predator-susceptible species. Jointly, our findings suggest that careful consideration of both context and time may be necessary to predict and explain outcomes in multi-trophic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Karakoç
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam Thomas Clark
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,Synthesis Centre for Biodiversity Sciences (sDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonis Chatzinotas
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Talstrasse 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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29
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van Velzen E. Predator coexistence through emergent fitness equalization. Ecology 2020; 101:e02995. [PMID: 32002995 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The competitive exclusion principle is one of the oldest ideas in ecology and states that without additional self-limitation two predators cannot coexist on a single prey. The search for mechanisms allowing coexistence despite this has identified niche differentiation between predators as crucial: without this, coexistence requires the predators to have exactly the same R* values, which is considered impossible. However, this reasoning misses a critical point: predators' R* values are not static properties, but affected by defensive traits of their prey, which in turn can adapt in response to changes in predator densities. Here I show that this feedback between defense and predator dynamics enables stable predator coexistence without ecological niche differentiation. Instead, the mechanism driving coexistence is that prey adaptation causes defense to converge to the value where both predators have equal R* values ("fitness equalization"). This result is highly general, independent of specific model details, and applies to both rapid defense evolution and inducible defenses. It demonstrates the importance of considering long-standing ecological questions from an eco-evolutionary viewpoint, and showcases how the effects of adaptation can cascade through communities, driving diversity on higher trophic levels. These insights offer an important new perspective on coexistence theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen van Velzen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modeling, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
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30
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Wang X, Zheng Z, Fu F. Steering eco-evolutionary game dynamics with manifold control. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190643. [PMID: 32082066 PMCID: PMC7016546 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feedback loops between population dynamics of individuals and their ecological environment are ubiquitously found in nature and have shown profound effects on the resulting eco-evolutionary dynamics. By incorporating linear environmental feedback law into the replicator dynamics of two-player games, recent theoretical studies have shed light on understanding the oscillating dynamics of the social dilemma. However, the detailed effects of more general nonlinear feedback loops in multi-player games, which are more common especially in microbial systems, remain unclear. Here, we focus on ecological public goods games with environmental feedbacks driven by a nonlinear selection gradient. Unlike previous models, multiple segments of stable and unstable equilibrium manifolds can emerge from the population dynamical systems. We find that a larger relative asymmetrical feedback speed for group interactions centred on cooperators not only accelerates the convergence of stable manifolds but also increases the attraction basin of these stable manifolds. Furthermore, our work offers an innovative manifold control approach: by designing appropriate switching control laws, we are able to steer the eco-evolutionary dynamics to any desired population state. Our mathematical framework is an important generalization and complement to coevolutionary game dynamics, and also fills the theoretical gap in guiding the widespread problem of population state control in microbial experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- LMIB, NLSDE, BDBC, PCL and School of Mathematical Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- LMIB, NLSDE, BDBC, PCL and School of Mathematical Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Fu
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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31
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Živković D, John S, Verin M, Stephan W, Tellier A. Neutral genomic signatures of host-parasite coevolution. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:230. [PMID: 31856710 PMCID: PMC6924072 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coevolution is a selective process of reciprocal adaptation in hosts and parasites or in mutualistic symbionts. Classic population genetics theory predicts the signatures of selection at the interacting loci of both species, but not the neutral genome-wide polymorphism patterns. To bridge this gap, we build an eco-evolutionary model, where neutral genomic changes over time are driven by a single selected locus in hosts and parasites via a simple biallelic gene-for-gene or matching-allele interaction. This coevolutionary process may lead to cyclic changes in the sizes of the interacting populations. Results We investigate if and when these changes can be observed in the site frequency spectrum of neutral polymorphisms from host and parasite full genome data. We show that changes of the host population size are too smooth to be observable in its polymorphism pattern over the course of time. Conversely, the parasite population may undergo a series of strong bottlenecks occurring on a slower relative time scale, which may lead to observable changes in a time series sample. We also extend our results to cases with 1) several parasites per host accelerating relative time, and 2) multiple parasite generations per host generation slowing down rescaled time. Conclusions Our results show that time series sampling of host and parasite populations with full genome data are crucial to understand if and how coevolution occurs. This model provides therefore a framework to interpret and draw inference from genome-wide polymorphism data of interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Živković
- Section of Population Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
| | - Sona John
- Section of Population Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mélissa Verin
- Section of Population Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Stephan
- Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurélien Tellier
- Section of Population Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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32
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Branco P, Egas M, Hall SR, Huisman J. Why Do Phytoplankton Evolve Large Size in Response to Grazing? Am Nat 2019; 195:E20-E37. [PMID: 31868537 DOI: 10.1086/706251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplankton are among the smallest primary producers on Earth, yet they display a wide range of cell sizes. Typically, small phytoplankton species are stronger nutrient competitors than large phytoplankton species, but they are also more easily grazed. In contrast, evolution of large phytoplankton is often explained as a physical defense against grazing. Conceptually, this explanation is problematic, however, because zooplankton can coevolve larger size to counter this size-dependent escape from grazing. Here, we hypothesize that there is another advantage for the evolution of large phytoplankton size not so readily overcome: larger phytoplankton often provide lower nutritional quality for zooplankton. We investigate this hypothesis by analyzing an eco-evolutionary model that combines the ecological stoichiometry of phytoplankton-zooplankton interactions with coevolution of phytoplankton and zooplankton size. In our model, evolution of cell size modifies the nutrient uptake kinetics of phytoplankton according to known allometric relationships, which in turn affect the nutritional quality of phytoplankton. With this size-based mechanism, the model predicts that low grazing pressure or nonselective grazing by zooplankton favors evolution of small phytoplankton cells of high nutritional quality. In contrast, selective grazing for nutritious food favors evolution of large phytoplankton of low nutritional quality, which are preyed on by medium- to large-sized zooplankton. This size-dependent change in food quality may explain the commonly observed shift from dominance by small picophytoplankton in oligotrophic waters with low grazing pressure to large phytoplankton species in nutrient-rich waters with high grazing pressure.
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Bono LM, Draghi JA, Turner PE. Evolvability Costs of Niche Expansion. Trends Genet 2019; 36:14-23. [PMID: 31699305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
What prevents generalists from displacing specialists, despite obvious competitive advantages of utilizing a broad niche? The classic genetic explanation is antagonistic pleiotropy: genes underlying the generalism produce 'jacks-of-all-trades' that are masters of none. However, experiments challenge this assumption that mutations enabling niche expansion must reduce fitness in other environments. Theory suggests an alternative cost of generalism: decreased evolvability, or the reduced capacity to adapt. Generalists using multiple environments experience relaxed selection in any one environment, producing greater relative lag load. Additionally, mutations fixed by generalist lineages early during their evolution that avoid or compensate for antagonistic pleiotropy may limit access to certain future evolutionary trajectories. Hypothesized evolvability costs of generalism warrant further exploration, and we suggest outstanding questions meriting attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Bono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jeremy A Draghi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul E Turner
- Microbiology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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34
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Skúlason S, Parsons KJ, Svanbäck R, Räsänen K, Ferguson MM, Adams CE, Amundsen P, Bartels P, Bean CW, Boughman JW, Englund G, Guðbrandsson J, Hooker OE, Hudson AG, Kahilainen KK, Knudsen R, Kristjánsson BK, Leblanc CA, Jónsson Z, Öhlund G, Smith C, Snorrason SS. A way forward with eco evo devo: an extended theory of resource polymorphism with postglacial fishes as model systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1786-1808. [PMID: 31215138 PMCID: PMC6852119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary science is to understand how biological diversity is generated and altered. Despite considerable advances, we still have limited insight into how phenotypic variation arises and is sorted by natural selection. Here we argue that an integrated view, which merges ecology, evolution and developmental biology (eco evo devo) on an equal footing, is needed to understand the multifaceted role of the environment in simultaneously determining the development of the phenotype and the nature of the selective environment, and how organisms in turn affect the environment through eco evo and eco devo feedbacks. To illustrate the usefulness of an integrated eco evo devo perspective, we connect it with the theory of resource polymorphism (i.e. the phenotypic and genetic diversification that occurs in response to variation in available resources). In so doing, we highlight fishes from recently glaciated freshwater systems as exceptionally well-suited model systems for testing predictions of an eco evo devo framework in studies of diversification. Studies on these fishes show that intraspecific diversity can evolve rapidly, and that this process is jointly facilitated by (i) the availability of diverse environments promoting divergent natural selection; (ii) dynamic developmental processes sensitive to environmental and genetic signals; and (iii) eco evo and eco devo feedbacks influencing the selective and developmental environments of the phenotype. We highlight empirical examples and present a conceptual model for the generation of resource polymorphism - emphasizing eco evo devo, and identify current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókur, 551Iceland
- Icelandic Museum of Natural History, Brynjólfsgata 5ReykjavíkIS‐107Iceland
| | - Kevin J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, G12 8QQU.K.
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala University, Norbyvägen 18DUppsala, SE‐752 36Sweden
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, and Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH‐Zurich, Ueberlandstrasse 133CH‐8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Moira M. Ferguson
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
| | - Colin E. Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, IBAHCMUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow G12 8QQU.K.
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUniversity of TromsöTromsö, N‐9037Norway
| | - Pia Bartels
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Colin W. Bean
- Scottish Natural Heritage, Caspian House, Mariner Court, Clydebank Business ParkClydebank, G81 2NRU.K.
| | - Janette W. Boughman
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824U.S.A.
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Jóhannes Guðbrandsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
| | | | - Alan G. Hudson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Kimmo K. Kahilainen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Campus Evenstad, Anne Evenstadvei 80Koppang, NO‐2480Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUniversity of TromsöTromsö, N‐9037Norway
| | | | - Camille A‐L. Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókur, 551Iceland
| | - Zophonías Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
| | - Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Carl Smith
- School of BiologyUniversity of St Andrews, St. AndrewsFife, KY16 9AJU.K.
| | - Sigurður S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
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35
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Gulli JG, Herron MD, Ratcliff WC. Evolution of altruistic cooperation among nascent multicellular organisms. Evolution 2019; 73:1012-1024. [PMID: 30941746 PMCID: PMC6685537 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cooperation is a classic solution to hostile environments that limit individual survival. In extreme cases this may lead to the evolution of new types of biological individuals (e.g., eusocial super-organisms). We examined the potential for interindividual cooperation to evolve via experimental evolution, challenging nascent multicellular "snowflake yeast" with an environment in which solitary multicellular clusters experienced low survival. In response, snowflake yeast evolved to form cooperative groups composed of thousands of multicellular clusters that typically survive selection. Group formation occurred through the creation of protein aggregates, only arising in strains with high (>2%) rates of cell death. Nonetheless, it was adaptive and repeatable, although ultimately evolutionarily unstable. Extracellular protein aggregates act as a common good, as they can be exploited by cheats that do not contribute to aggregate production. These results highlight the importance of group formation as a mechanism for surviving environmental stress, and underscore the remarkable ease with which even simple multicellular entities may evolve-and lose-novel social traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G. Gulli
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Matthew D. Herron
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - William C. Ratcliff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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36
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Bruijning M, Jongejans E, Turcotte MM. Demographic responses underlying eco-evolutionary dynamics as revealed with inverse modelling. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:768-779. [PMID: 30801697 PMCID: PMC6850177 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in population dynamics due to interacting evolutionary and ecological processes are the direct result of responses in vital rates, that is stage‐specific growth, survival and fecundity. Quantifying through which vital rates population fitness is affected, instead of focusing on population trends only, can give a more mechanistic understanding of eco‐evolutionary dynamics. The aim of this study was to estimate the underlying demographic rates of aphid (Myzus persicae) populations. We analysed unpublished stage‐structure population dynamics data of a field experiment with caged and uncaged populations in which rapid evolutionary dynamics were observed, as well as unpublished results from an individual life table experiment performed in a glasshouse. Using data on changes in population abundance and stage distributions over time, we estimated transition matrices with inverse modelling techniques, in a Bayesian framework. The model used to fit across all experimental treatments included density as well as clone‐specific caging effects. We additionally used individual life table data to inform the model on survival, growth and reproduction. Results suggest that clones varied considerably in vital rates, and imply trade‐offs between reproduction and survival. Responses to densities also varied between clones. Negative density dependence was found in growth and reproduction, and the presence of predators and competitors further decreased these two vital rates, while survival estimates increased. Under uncaged conditions, population growth rates of the evolving populations were increased compared to the expectation based on the pure clones. Our inverse modelling approach revealed how much vital rates contributed to the eco‐evolutionary dynamics. The decomposition analysis showed that variation in population growth rates in the evolving populations was to a large extent shaped by plant size. Yet, it also revealed an impact of evolutionary changes in clonal composition. Finally, we discuss that inverse modelling is a complex problem, as multiple combinations of individual rates can result in the same dynamics. We discuss assumptions and limitations, as well as opportunities, of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Bruijning
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eelke Jongejans
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin M Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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37
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Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Shaping Viral Genetic Diversity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030220. [PMID: 30841497 PMCID: PMC6466605 DOI: 10.3390/v11030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The contemporary genomic diversity of viruses is a result of the continuous and dynamic interaction of past ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus, genome sequences of viruses can be a valuable source of information about these processes. In this review, we first describe the relevant processes shaping viral genomic variation, with a focus on the role of host–virus coevolution and its potential to give rise to eco-evolutionary feedback loops. We further give a brief overview of available methodology designed to extract information about these processes from genomic data. Short generation times and small genomes make viruses ideal model systems to study the joint effect of complex coevolutionary and eco-evolutionary interactions on genetic evolution. This complexity, together with the diverse array of lifetime and reproductive strategies in viruses ask for extensions of existing inference methods, for example by integrating multiple information sources. Such integration can broaden the applicability of genetic inference methods and thus further improve our understanding of the role viruses play in biological communities.
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38
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Herron MD, Borin JM, Boswell JC, Walker J, Chen ICK, Knox CA, Boyd M, Rosenzweig F, Ratcliff WC. De novo origins of multicellularity in response to predation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2328. [PMID: 30787483 PMCID: PMC6382799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from unicellular to multicellular life was one of a few major events in the history of life that created new opportunities for more complex biological systems to evolve. Predation is hypothesized as one selective pressure that may have driven the evolution of multicellularity. Here we show that de novo origins of simple multicellularity can evolve in response to predation. We subjected outcrossed populations of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to selection by the filter-feeding predator Paramecium tetraurelia. Two of five experimental populations evolved multicellular structures not observed in unselected control populations within ~750 asexual generations. Considerable variation exists in the evolved multicellular life cycles, with both cell number and propagule size varying among isolates. Survival assays show that evolved multicellular traits provide effective protection against predation. These results support the hypothesis that selection imposed by predators may have played a role in some origins of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Herron
- University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA.
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Joshua M Borin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
- University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob C Boswell
- University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jillian Walker
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - I-Chen Kimberly Chen
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles A Knox
- University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Margrethe Boyd
- University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA
- Northwestern University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Frank Rosenzweig
- University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William C Ratcliff
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
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39
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Rosenbaum B, Raatz M, Weithoff G, Fussmann GF, Gaedke U. Estimating Parameters From Multiple Time Series of Population Dynamics Using Bayesian Inference. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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40
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De Meester L, Brans KI, Govaert L, Souffreau C, Mukherjee S, Vanvelk H, Korzeniowski K, Kilsdonk L, Decaestecker E, Stoks R, Urban MC. Analysing eco‐evolutionary dynamics—The challenging complexity of the real world. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristien I. Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Caroline Souffreau
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Shinjini Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Héléne Vanvelk
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Konrad Korzeniowski
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Laurens Kilsdonk
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, IRF Life Sciences, KULAK KU Leuven Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory or Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Risk University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
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41
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Govaert L, Fronhofer EA, Lion S, Eizaguirre C, Bonte D, Egas M, Hendry AP, De Brito Martins A, Melián CJ, Raeymaekers JAM, Ratikainen II, Saether B, Schweitzer JA, Matthews B. Eco‐evolutionary feedbacks—Theoretical models and perspectives. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Sébastien Lion
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS, IRD, EPHE Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Martijn Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Ayana De Brito Martins
- Fish Ecology and Evolution DepartmentCenter for Ecology, Evolution and BiogeochemistryEawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Carlos J. Melián
- Fish Ecology and Evolution DepartmentCenter for Ecology, Evolution and BiogeochemistryEawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | | | - Irja I. Ratikainen
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Bernt‐Erik Saether
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
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42
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Bruijning M, Berge ACM, Jongejans E. Population‐level responses to temperature, density and clonal differences in
Daphnia magna
as revealed by integral projection modelling. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Bruijning
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anne C. M. Berge
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Eelke Jongejans
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
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43
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Herron MD, Ratcliff WC, Boswell J, Rosenzweig F. Genetics of a de novo origin of undifferentiated multicellularity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180912. [PMID: 30225080 PMCID: PMC6124120 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of multicellularity was a major transition in evolution and set the stage for unprecedented increases in complexity, especially in land plants and animals. Here, we explore the genetics underlying a de novo origin of multicellularity in a microbial evolution experiment carried out on the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We show that large-scale changes in gene expression underlie the transition to a multicellular life cycle. Among these, changes to genes involved in cell cycle and reproductive processes were overrepresented, as were changes to C. reinhardtii-specific and volvocine-specific genes. These results suggest that the genetic basis for the experimental evolution of multicellularity in C. reinhardtii has both lineage-specific and shared features, and that the shared features have more in common with C. reinhardtii's relatives among the volvocine algae than with other multicellular green algae or land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Herron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - William C. Ratcliff
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jacob Boswell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Frank Rosenzweig
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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44
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Ehrlich E, Gaedke U. Not attackable or not crackable-How pre- and post-attack defenses with different competition costs affect prey coexistence and population dynamics. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6625-6637. [PMID: 30038762 PMCID: PMC6053555 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that prey species often face trade-offs between defense against predation and competitiveness, enabling predator-mediated coexistence. However, we lack an understanding of how the large variety of different defense traits with different competition costs affects coexistence and population dynamics. Our study focusses on two general defense mechanisms, that is, pre-attack (e.g., camouflage) and post-attack defenses (e.g., weaponry) that act at different phases of the predator-prey interaction. We consider a food web model with one predator, two prey types and one resource. One prey type is undefended, while the other one is pre- or post-attack defended paying costs either by a higher half-saturation constant for resource uptake or a lower maximum growth rate. We show that post-attack defenses promote prey coexistence and stabilize the population dynamics more strongly than pre-attack defenses by interfering with the predator's functional response: Because the predator spends time handling "noncrackable" prey, the undefended prey is indirectly facilitated. A high half-saturation constant as defense costs promotes coexistence more and stabilizes the dynamics less than a low maximum growth rate. The former imposes high costs at low resource concentrations but allows for temporally high growth rates at predator-induced resource peaks preventing the extinction of the defended prey. We evaluate the effects of the different defense mechanisms and costs on coexistence under different enrichment levels in order to vary the importance of bottom-up and top-down control of the prey community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Ehrlich
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ModellingUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ModellingUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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45
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van Velzen E, Gaedke U. Reversed predator-prey cycles are driven by the amplitude of prey oscillations. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6317-6329. [PMID: 29988457 PMCID: PMC6024131 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecoevolutionary feedbacks in predator-prey systems have been shown to qualitatively alter predator-prey dynamics. As a striking example, defense-offense coevolution can reverse predator-prey cycles, so predator peaks precede prey peaks rather than vice versa. However, this has only rarely been shown in either model studies or empirical systems. Here, we investigate whether this rarity is a fundamental feature of reversed cycles by exploring under which conditions they should be found. For this, we first identify potential conditions and parameter ranges most likely to result in reversed cycles by developing a new measure, the effective prey biomass, which combines prey biomass with prey and predator traits, and represents the prey biomass as perceived by the predator. We show that predator dynamics always follow the dynamics of the effective prey biomass with a classic ¼-phase lag. From this key insight, it follows that in reversed cycles (i.e., ¾-lag), the dynamics of the actual and the effective prey biomass must be in antiphase with each other, that is, the effective prey biomass must be highest when actual prey biomass is lowest, and vice versa. Based on this, we predict that reversed cycles should be found mainly when oscillations in actual prey biomass are small and thus have limited impact on the dynamics of the effective prey biomass, which are mainly driven by trait changes. We then confirm this prediction using numerical simulations of a coevolutionary predator-prey system, varying the amplitude of the oscillations in prey biomass: Reversed cycles are consistently associated with regions of parameter space leading to small-amplitude prey oscillations, offering a specific and highly testable prediction for conditions under which reversed cycles should occur in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen van Velzen
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ModellingInstitute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ModellingInstitute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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Hiltunen T, Kaitala V, Laakso J, Becks L. Evolutionary contribution to coexistence of competitors in microbial food webs. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0415. [PMID: 29021178 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of species coexistence is a key concept in ecology that has received much attention. The role of rapid evolution for determining species coexistence is still poorly understood although evolutionary change on ecological time-scales has the potential to change almost any ecological process. The influence of evolution on coexistence can be especially pronounced in microbial communities where organisms often have large population sizes and short generation times. Previous work on coexistence has assumed that traits involved in resource use and species interactions are constant or change very slowly in terms of ecological time-scales. However, recent work suggests that these traits can evolve rapidly. Nevertheless, the importance of rapid evolution to coexistence has not been tested experimentally. Here, we show how rapid evolution alters the frequency of two bacterial competitors over time when grown together with specialist consumers (bacteriophages), a generalist consumer (protozoan) and all in combination. We find that consumers facilitate coexistence in a manner consistent with classic ecological theory. However, through disentangling the relative contributions of ecology (changes in consumer abundance) and evolution (changes in traits mediating species interactions) on the frequency of the two competitors over time, we find differences between the consumer types and combinations. Overall, our results indicate that the influence of evolution on species coexistence strongly depends on the traits and species interactions considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppo Hiltunen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences/Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Veijo Kaitala
- Department of Biosciences/Ecology and Evolutionary biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jouni Laakso
- Department of Biosciences/Ecology and Evolutionary biology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lutz Becks
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Community Dynamics Group, August Thienemann Str. 2, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Schreiber SJ, Patel S, terHorst C. Evolution as a Coexistence Mechanism: Does Genetic Architecture Matter? Am Nat 2018. [DOI: 10.1086/695832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Genomic tools for behavioural ecologists to understand repeatable individual differences in behaviour. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:944-955. [PMID: 29434349 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Behaviour is a key interface between an animal's genome and its environment. Repeatable individual differences in behaviour have been extensively documented in animals, but the molecular underpinnings of behavioural variation among individuals within natural populations remain largely unknown. Here, we offer a critical review of when molecular techniques may yield new insights, and we provide specific guidance on how and whether the latest tools available are appropriate given different resources, system and organismal constraints, and experimental designs. Integrating molecular genetic techniques with other strategies to study the proximal causes of behaviour provides opportunities to expand rapidly into new avenues of exploration. Such endeavours will enable us to better understand how repeatable individual differences in behaviour have evolved, how they are expressed and how they can be maintained within natural populations of animals.
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Abstract
Long-term studies enable the identification of eco-evolutionary processes that occur over extended time periods. In addition, they provide key empirical data that may be used in predictive modelling to forecast evolutionary responses of natural ecosystems to future environmental changes. However, excluding a few exceptional cases, long-term studies are scarce because of logistic difficulties associated with accessing temporal samples. Temporal dynamics are frequently studied in the laboratory or in controlled mesocosm experiments with exceptional studies that reconstruct the evolution of natural populations in the wild. Here, a standard operating procedure (SOP) is provided to revive or resurrect dormant Daphnia magna, a widespread zooplankton keystone species in aquatic ecosystems, to dramatically advance the state-of-the-art longitudinal data collection in natural systems. The field of Resurrection Ecology was defined in 1999 by Kerfoot and co-workers, even though the first attempts at hatching diapausing zooplankton eggs date back to the late 1980s. Since Kerfoot's seminal paper, the methodology of resurrecting zooplankton species has been increasingly frequently applied, though propagated among laboratories only via direct knowledge transfer. Here, an SOP is described that provides a step-by-step protocol on the practice of resurrecting dormant Daphnia magna eggs. Two key studies are provided in which the fitness response of resurrected Daphnia magna populations to warming is measured, capitalizing on the ability to study historical and modern populations in the same settings. Finally, the application of next generation sequencing technologies to revived or still dormant stages is discussed. These technologies provide unprecedented power in dissecting the processes and mechanisms of evolution if applied to populations that have experienced changes in selection pressure over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Orsini
- Environmental Genomics Group, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham;
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