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Öhlund G, Bodin M, Nilsson KA, Öhlund SO, Mobley KB, Hudson AG, Peedu M, Brännström Å, Bartels P, Præbel K, Hein CL, Johansson P, Englund G. Ecological speciation in European whitefish is driven by a large-gaped predator. Evol Lett 2020; 4:243-256. [PMID: 32547784 PMCID: PMC7293097 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake‐dwelling fish that form species pairs/flocks characterized by body size divergence are important model systems for speciation research. Although several sources of divergent selection have been identified in these systems, their importance for driving the speciation process remains elusive. A major problem is that in retrospect, we cannot distinguish selection pressures that initiated divergence from those acting later in the process. To address this issue, we studied the initial stages of speciation in European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) using data from 358 populations of varying age (26–10,000 years). We find that whitefish speciation is driven by a large‐growing predator, the northern pike (Esox lucius). Pike initiates divergence by causing a largely plastic differentiation into benthic giants and pelagic dwarfs: ecotypes that will subsequently develop partial reproductive isolation and heritable differences in gill raker number. Using an eco‐evolutionary model, we demonstrate how pike's habitat specificity and large gape size are critical for imposing a between‐habitat trade‐off, causing prey to mature in a safer place or at a safer size. Thereby, we propose a novel mechanism for how predators may cause dwarf/giant speciation in lake‐dwelling fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,Department of Business Administration, Technology, and Social Sciences Luleå University of Technology Luleå SE-971 87 Sweden.,Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies SLU Umeå SE-901 83 Sweden
| | - Mats Bodin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Karin A Nilsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Sven-Ola Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Kenyon B Mobley
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön D-24302 Germany.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Alan G Hudson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TQ United Kingdom
| | - Mikael Peedu
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Åke Brännström
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,Evolution and Ecology Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg A-2361 Austria
| | - Pia Bartels
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Kim Præbel
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø N-9037 Norway
| | - Catherine L Hein
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden.,Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC) Abisko Scientific Research Station Abisko SE-981 07 Sweden
| | - Petter Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå SE-901 87 Sweden
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Englund G, Öhlund G, Olajos F, Finstad A, Bellard C, Hugueny B. Holocene extinctions of a top predator-Effects of time, habitat area and habitat subdivision. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1202-1215. [PMID: 31943165 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Loss of habitat and changes in the spatial configuration of habitats are major drivers of species extinctions, but the responses to these drivers differ between organisms. To advance theory on how extinction risk from different types of habitat alteration relates to species-specific traits, there is a need for studies of the long-term extinction dynamic of individual species. The goal of this study was to quantify how habitat area and the spatial configuration of habitats affect extinction rate of an aquatic top predator, the northern pike Esox lucius L. We recorded the presence/absence of northern pike in 398 isolated habitat fragments, each one consisting of a number of interconnected lakes. Time since isolation of the habitat fragments, caused by cut-off from the main dispersal source in the Baltic Sea, varied between 0 and 10,000 years. Using survival regression, we analysed how pike population survival was affected by time since isolation, habitat size and habitat subdivision. The approach builds on the assumptions that pike colonized all fragments before isolation and that current absences result from extinctions. We verified these assumptions by testing (a) if pike was present in the region throughout the entire time period when the lakes formed and (b) if pike typically colonize lakes that are formed today. We also addressed the likelihood that unrecorded anthropogenic introductions could bias our estimates of extinction rate. Our results supported the interpretation that current patterns of presence/absence in our study system are shaped by extinctions. Further, we found that time since isolation and fragment area had strong effects on pike population survival. In contrast, spatial habitat subdivision (i.e. if a fragment contained few large lakes or many small lakes) and other environmental covariates describing climate and productivity were unrelated to pike survival. Over all, extinction rate was high in young fragments and decreased sharply with increasing fragment age. Our study demonstrates how the link between extinction rate and habitat size and spatial structure can be quantified. More similar studies may help us find generalizations that can guide management of habitat size and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Olajos
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Finstad
- Department of Natural History, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Celine Bellard
- Unité Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA UMR 7208) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique & Evolution, UMR 8079-Université Paris-Sud/CNRS/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Hugueny
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse cedex 9, France
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Skúlason S, Parsons KJ, Svanbäck R, Räsänen K, Ferguson MM, Adams CE, Amundsen P, Bartels P, Bean CW, Boughman JW, Englund G, Guðbrandsson J, Hooker OE, Hudson AG, Kahilainen KK, Knudsen R, Kristjánsson BK, Leblanc CA, Jónsson Z, Öhlund G, Smith C, Snorrason SS. A way forward with eco evo devo: an extended theory of resource polymorphism with postglacial fishes as model systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1786-1808. [PMID: 31215138 PMCID: PMC6852119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary science is to understand how biological diversity is generated and altered. Despite considerable advances, we still have limited insight into how phenotypic variation arises and is sorted by natural selection. Here we argue that an integrated view, which merges ecology, evolution and developmental biology (eco evo devo) on an equal footing, is needed to understand the multifaceted role of the environment in simultaneously determining the development of the phenotype and the nature of the selective environment, and how organisms in turn affect the environment through eco evo and eco devo feedbacks. To illustrate the usefulness of an integrated eco evo devo perspective, we connect it with the theory of resource polymorphism (i.e. the phenotypic and genetic diversification that occurs in response to variation in available resources). In so doing, we highlight fishes from recently glaciated freshwater systems as exceptionally well-suited model systems for testing predictions of an eco evo devo framework in studies of diversification. Studies on these fishes show that intraspecific diversity can evolve rapidly, and that this process is jointly facilitated by (i) the availability of diverse environments promoting divergent natural selection; (ii) dynamic developmental processes sensitive to environmental and genetic signals; and (iii) eco evo and eco devo feedbacks influencing the selective and developmental environments of the phenotype. We highlight empirical examples and present a conceptual model for the generation of resource polymorphism - emphasizing eco evo devo, and identify current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókur, 551Iceland
- Icelandic Museum of Natural History, Brynjólfsgata 5ReykjavíkIS‐107Iceland
| | - Kevin J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, G12 8QQU.K.
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala University, Norbyvägen 18DUppsala, SE‐752 36Sweden
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, and Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH‐Zurich, Ueberlandstrasse 133CH‐8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Moira M. Ferguson
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
| | - Colin E. Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, IBAHCMUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow G12 8QQU.K.
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUniversity of TromsöTromsö, N‐9037Norway
| | - Pia Bartels
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Colin W. Bean
- Scottish Natural Heritage, Caspian House, Mariner Court, Clydebank Business ParkClydebank, G81 2NRU.K.
| | - Janette W. Boughman
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824U.S.A.
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Jóhannes Guðbrandsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
| | | | - Alan G. Hudson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Kimmo K. Kahilainen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Campus Evenstad, Anne Evenstadvei 80Koppang, NO‐2480Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUniversity of TromsöTromsö, N‐9037Norway
| | | | - Camille A‐L. Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókur, 551Iceland
| | - Zophonías Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
| | - Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Carl Smith
- School of BiologyUniversity of St Andrews, St. AndrewsFife, KY16 9AJU.K.
| | - Sigurður S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
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Olajos F, Bokma F, Bartels P, Myrstener E, Rydberg J, Öhlund G, Bindler R, Wang X, Zale R, Englund G. Estimating species colonization dates using
DNA
in lake sediment. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Olajos
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Folmer Bokma
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Pia Bartels
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Erik Myrstener
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Johan Rydberg
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Richard Bindler
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Xiao‐Ru Wang
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Rolf Zale
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology & Environmental ScienceUmeå University Umeå Sweden
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Öhlund G, Hedström P, Norman S, Hein CL, Englund G. Temperature dependence of predation depends on the relative performance of predators and prey. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142254. [PMID: 25473013 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature dependence of predation rates is a key issue for understanding and predicting the responses of ecosystems to climate change. Using a simple mechanistic model, we demonstrate that differences in the relative performances of predator and prey can cause strong threshold effects in the temperature dependence of attack rates. Empirical data on the attack rate of northern pike (Esox lucius) feeding on brown trout (Salmo trutta) confirm this result. Attack rates fell sharply below a threshold temperature of +11°C, which corresponded to a shift in relative performance of pike and brown trout with respect to maximum attack and escape swimming speeds. The average attack speed of pike was an order of magnitude lower than the escape speed of brown trout at 5°C, but approximately equal at temperatures above 11°C. Thresholds in the temperature dependence of ecological rates can create tipping points in the responses of ecosystems to increasing temperatures. Thus, identifying thresholds is crucial when predicting future effects of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Per Hedström
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Sven Norman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Catherine L Hein
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), Abisko Scientific Research Station, Abisko 981 07, Sweden
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
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Abstract
A major area of current research is to understand how climate change will impact species interactions and ultimately biodiversity. A variety of environmental conditions are rapidly changing owing to climate warming, and these conditions often affect both the strength and outcome of species interactions. We used fish distributions and replicated fish introductions to investigate environmental conditions influencing the coexistence of two fishes in Swedish lakes: brown trout (Salmo trutta) and pike (Esox lucius). A logistic regression model of brown trout and pike coexistence showed that these species coexist in large lakes (more than 4.5 km(2)), but not in small, warm lakes (annual air temperature more than 0.9-1.5°C). We then explored how climate change will alter coexistence by substituting climate scenarios for 2091-2100 into our model. The model predicts that brown trout will be extirpated from approximately half of the lakes where they presently coexist with pike and from nearly all 9100 lakes where pike are predicted to invade. Context dependency was critical for understanding pike-brown trout interactions, and, given the widespread occurrence of context-dependent species interactions, this aspect will probably be critical for accurately predicting climate impacts on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Hein
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Abisko Scientific Research Station, , 981 07 Abisko, Sweden, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Hein CL, Öhlund G, Englund G. Future distribution of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus in Sweden under climate change: effects of temperature, lake size and species interactions. Ambio 2012; 41 Suppl 3:303-12. [PMID: 22864703 PMCID: PMC3535054 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel communities will be formed as species with a variety of dispersal abilities and environmental tolerances respond individually to climate change. Thus, models projecting future species distributions must account for species interactions and differential dispersal abilities. We developed a species distribution model for Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus, a freshwater fish that is sensitive both to warm temperatures and to species interactions. A logistic regression model using lake area, mean annual air temperature (1961-1990), pike Esox lucius and brown trout Salmo trutta occurrence correctly classified 95 % of 467 Swedish lakes. We predicted that Arctic char will lose 73 % of its range in Sweden by 2100. Predicted extinctions could be attributed both to simulated temperature increases and to projected pike invasions. The Swedish mountains will continue to provide refugia for Arctic char in the future and should be the focus of conservation efforts for this highly valued fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L. Hein
- />Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), Abisko Scientific Research Station, 981 07 Abisko, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhlund
- />Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Englund
- />Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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