1
|
Bashir F, Bashir A, Bouaïcha N, Chen L, Codd GA, Neilan B, Xu WL, Ziko L, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Arruda RS, Ganai BA. Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:241. [PMID: 37394567 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are a global environmental concern that encompasses public health issues, water availability, and water quality owing to the production of various secondary metabolites (SMs), including cyanotoxins in freshwater, brackish water, and marine ecosystems. The frequency, extent, magnitude, and duration of CHABs are increasing globally. Cyanobacterial species traits and changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and global climate change, together allow cyanobacteria to thrive. The cyanotoxins include a diverse range of low molecular weight compounds with varying biochemical properties and modes of action. With the application of modern molecular biology techniques, many important aspects of cyanobacteria are being elucidated, including aspects of their diversity, gene-environment interactions, and genes that express cyanotoxins. The toxicological, environmental, and economic impacts of CHABs strongly advocate the need for continuing, extensive efforts to monitor cyanobacterial growth and to understand the mechanisms regulating species composition and cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we critically examined the genomic organization of some cyanobacterial species that lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their characteristic properties discovered to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Bashir
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Government College for Women, Nawa-Kadal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematic, and Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science (SEES), Yunnan University (YNU), 650500, Kunming, China.
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Brett Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Laila Ziko
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, Yu G, Chen Y, Jia N, Li R. Four decades of progress in cylindrospermopsin research: The ins and outs of a potent cyanotoxin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124653. [PMID: 33321325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a toxic metabolite from cyanobacteria, is of particular concern due to its cosmopolitan occurrence, aquatic bioaccumulation, and multi-organ toxicity. CYN is the second most often recorded cyanotoxin worldwide, and cases of human morbidity and animal mortality are associated with ingestion of CYN contaminated water. The toxin poses a great challenge for drinking water treatment plants and public health authorities. CYN, with the major toxicity manifested in the liver, is cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic and may be carcinogenic. Adverse effects are also reported for endocrine and developmental processes. We present a comprehensive review of CYN over the past four decades since its first reported poisoning event, highlighting its global occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicology, removal, and monitoring. In addition, current data gaps are identified, and future directions for CYN research are outlined. This review is beneficial for understanding the ins and outs of this environmental pollutant, and for robustly assessing health hazards posed by CYN exposure to humans and other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia N, Wang Y, Guan Y, Chen Y, Li R, Yu G. Occurrence of Raphidiopsis raciborskii blooms in cool waters: Synergistic effects of nitrogen availability and ecotypes with adaptation to low temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116070. [PMID: 33223338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Raphidiopsis raciborskii is a diazotrophic and potentially toxic cyanobacterium. To date, this species has successfully invaded many regions from the tropics to sub-tropical and temperate regions, typically forming blooms at temperatures greater than 25 °C. However, there have been a few cases in which R. raciborskii blooms have occurred at low temperatures (below 15 °C), but its cause and mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, field investigations revealed that R. raciborskii blooms occurred at 10-15 °C in Lake Xihu, Yunnan, China. The biomass of R. raciborskii was found to be positively related to nitrate concentrations in this lake. Three strains of R. raciborskii, two isolated from Lake Xihu (CHAB 6611 and CHAB 6612) and one from Lushui Reservoir in central China (CHAB 3409), were used for growth experiments at 15 °C. The three strains exhibited genotypic (16S rRNA and ITS-L genes) and physiological differences in response to nitrogen concentrations at low temperature. The growth rates of strains CHAB 6611 and CHAB 6612 increased with nitrogen concentration while CHAB 3409 could not grow at 15 °C. Furthermore, the growth and phenotypic responses of CHAB 6611 and CHAB 6612 to nitrogen concentrations were different, despite the closer genetic relationship shared by these two strains. Thus, increased nitrogen concentration in water may enhance the biological availability and utilization of nitrogen by R. raciborskii, which is the external promoter, leading to improving the resistance of R. raciborskii to low temperature. The internal cause is the presence of ecotypes in R. raciborskii populations with adaptation to low temperature. With increasing global eutrophication, the distribution range of R. raciborskii as well as the scale of its blooms will increase. As such, the risk of exposure of aquatic biota and humans to cylindrospermopsin is also expected to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yilang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yuying Guan
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325039, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Y, Nie X, Jiang Y, Yang C, Gu Y, Jiang W. Metabolic regulation in solventogenic clostridia: regulators, mechanisms and engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:905-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
5
|
Yang Y, Chen Y, Cai F, Liu X, Wang Y, Li R. Toxicity-associated changes in the invasive cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in response to nitrogen fluctuations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:1041-1049. [PMID: 29153475 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is of particular concern due to its ability to fix nitrogen (N), sporadic bloom, potential toxicity and apparent invasiveness. However, the toxicity associated behavior and response of toxic C. raciborskii under N fluctuations in water have been poorly investigated. The present study initiated based on the field survey in which Cylindrospermopsis species was found to have a high fitness under nitrate concentrations fluctuating from 0.02 mg L-1 to 2.90 mg L-1 in Chinese freshwater lakes. Examination on the role of short-term N fluctuations was conducted in two C. raciborskii strains which were exposed to a range of N concentrations supplied in two patterns, namely one-time pattern and ten-time pattern in which the equal amount of N was divided into ten-time accretions. The results showed the growth of both strains were not vulnerable to the transient nutrient fluctuations. The toxic strain showed considerable toxicological flexibility with the highest yield of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) obtained in the absence of N and the lowest in full medium. Generally, larger amounts of total CYN were observed at lower N levels, indicating that N deficiency promoted the intracellular accumulation and simultaneously restrained the extracellular release of CYN. Furthermore, CYN production was significantly different in two N supply patterns. The maximum quotas of intracellular and extracellular CYN in one-time pattern were respectively 2.79-3.53 and 3.94-7.20 times higher compared to the ten-time pattern. To our knowledge, our results are the first evidence of toxicity variations of C. raciborskii to the impermanent N fluctuations, shedding new light on its toxicological plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangfang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yilang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barón-Sola Á, Fernández Del Campo F, Sanz-Alférez S. Influence of Glycine and Arginine on Cylindrospermopsin Production and aoa Gene Expression in Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110355. [PMID: 29104251 PMCID: PMC5705970 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine (Arg) and glycine (Gly) seem to be the only substrates accepted by the amidinotransferase that catalyze the first step of the synthesis pathway of the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), leading to guanidinoacetate (GAA). Here, the effect of these amino acids on the production of CYN in cultures of the cylindrospermopsin-producing strain, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum UAM-MAO, has been studied. Arg clearly increased CYN content, the increment appearing triphasic along the culture. On the contrary, Gly caused a decrease of CYN, observable from the first day on. Interestingly, the transcript of the gene ntcA, key in nitrogen metabolism control, was also enhanced in the presence of Arg and/or Gly, the trend of the transcript oscillations being like that of aoa/cyr. The inhibitory effect of Gly in CYN production seems not to result from diminishing the activity of genes considered involved in CYN synthesis, since Gly, as Arg, enhance the transcription of genes aoaA-C and cyrJ. On the other hand, culture growth is affected by Arg and Gly in a similar way to CYN production, with Arg stimulating and Gly impairing it. Taken together, our data show that the influence of both Arg and Gly on CYN changes seems not to be due to a specific effect on the first step of CYN synthesis; it rather appears to be the result of changes in the physiological cell status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Barón-Sola
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Soledad Sanz-Alférez
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paerl HW, Otten TG, Joyner AR. Moving towards adaptive management of cyanotoxin-impaired water bodies. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:641-51. [PMID: 27418325 PMCID: PMC4993183 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacteria are a phylum of bacteria that have played a key role in shaping the Earth's biosphere due to their pioneering ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. Throughout their history, cyanobacteria have experienced major biogeochemical changes accompanying Earth's geochemical evolution over the past 2.5+ billion years, including periods of extreme climatic change, hydrologic, nutrient and radiation stress. Today, they remain remarkably successful, exploiting human nutrient over‐enrichment as nuisance “blooms.” Cyanobacteria produce an array of unique metabolites, the functions and biotic ramifications of which are the subject of diverse ecophysiological studies. These metabolites are relevant from organismal and ecosystem function perspectives because some can be toxic and fatal to diverse biota, including zooplankton and fish consumers of algal biomass, and high‐level consumers of aquatic food sources and drinking water, including humans. Given the long history of environmental extremes and selection pressures that cyanobacteria have experienced, it is likely that that these toxins serve ecophysiological functions aimed at optimizing growth and fitness during periods of environmental stress. Here, we explore the molecular and ecophysiological mechanisms underlying cyanotoxin production, with emphasis on key environmental conditions potentially controlling toxin production. Based on this information, we offer potential management strategies for reducing cyanotoxin potentials in natural waters; for cyanotoxins with no clear drivers yet elucidated, we highlight the data gaps and research questions that are still lacking. We focus on the four major classes of toxins (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, microcystins and saxitoxins) that have thus far been identified as relevant from environmental health perspectives, but caution there may be other harmful metabolites waiting to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Paerl
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Bend Genetics, LLC, 87 Scripps Drive, Ste. 301, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alan R Joyner
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xue Q, Yang Y, Chen J, Chen L, Yang S, Jiang W, Gu Y. Roles of three AbrBs in regulating two-phase Clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9081-9089. [PMID: 27276910 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium acetobutylicum is an important industrial microorganism for n-butanol bioproduction, and its transcription factor AbrB0310 regulates various important cellular processes. However, the roles of two abrB homologues, abrB1941 and abrB3647, have not been determined because they appear inactive during transcription. Here, we performed a detailed investigation into the function of abrB1941 and abrB3647 in C. acetobutylicum. Interestingly, we observed that AbrB3647 exerts an important influence on biphasic fermentation that opposes the influence of AbrB0310, while AbrB1941 might not be essential. When abrB3647 was disrupted using the Targetron system, a greatly improved cellular growth occurred. The following analysis shows that all three AbrBs participated in metabolically regulating acidogenesis, solventogenesis, and a two-phase transition in C. acetobutylicum, but the AbrB0310 and AbrB3647 functions were the most important. Moreover, the target genes subject to AbrB0310 and AbrB3647 regulation closely overlap. Based on these results, we will better understand the roles of the three AbrBs in regulating solventogenic clostridia cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xue
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, SICAM, 200 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, SICAM, 200 North Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Yang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gobler CJ, Burkholder JM, Davis TW, Harke MJ, Johengen T, Stow CA, Van de Waal DB. The dual role of nitrogen supply in controlling the growth and toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:87-97. [PMID: 28073483 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Historically, phosphorus (P) has been considered the primary limiting nutrient for phytoplankton assemblages in freshwater ecosystems. This review, supported by new findings from Lake Erie, highlights recent molecular, laboratory, and field evidence that the growth and toxicity of some non-diazotrophic blooms of cyanobacteria can be controlled by nitrogen (N). Cyanobacteria such as Microcystis possess physiological adaptations that allow them to dominate low-P surface waters, and in temperate lakes, cyanobacterial densities can be controlled by N availability. Beyond total cyanobacterial biomass, N loading has been shown to selectively promote the abundance of Microcystis and Planktothrix strains capable of synthesizing microcystins over strains that do not possess this ability. Among strains of cyanobacteria capable of synthesizing the N-rich microcystins, cellular toxin quotas have been found to depend upon exogenous N supplies. Herein, multi-year observations from western Lake Erie are presented demonstrating that microcystin concentrations peak in parallel with inorganic N, but not orthophosphate, concentrations and are significantly lower (p<0.01) during years of reduced inorganic nitrogen loading and concentrations. Collectively, this information underscores the importance of N as well as P in controlling toxic cyanobacteria blooms. Furthermore, it supports the premise that management actions to reduce P in the absence of concurrent restrictions on N loading may not effectively control the growth and/or toxicity of non-diazotrophic toxic cyanobacteria such as the cosmopolitan, toxin-producing genus, Microcystis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Hwy, New York 11968, USA.
| | - JoAnn M Burkholder
- Center for Applied Aquatic Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Timothy W Davis
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Matthew J Harke
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Hwy, New York 11968, USA
| | - Tom Johengen
- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Craig A Stow
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Post Office Box 50, Wageningen 6700 AB, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cirés S, Ballot A. A review of the phylogeny, ecology and toxin production of bloom-forming Aphanizomenon spp. and related species within the Nostocales (cyanobacteria). HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:21-43. [PMID: 28073477 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The traditional genus Aphanizomenon comprises a group of filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria of which several memebers are able to develop blooms and to produce toxic metabolites (cyanotoxins), including hepatotoxins (microcystins), neurotoxins (anatoxins and saxitoxins) and cytotoxins (cylindrospermopsin). This genus, representing geographically widespread and extensively studied cyanobacteria, is in fact heterogeneous and composed of at least five phylogenetically distant groups (Aphanizomenon, Anabaena/Aphanizomenon like cluster A, Cuspidothrix, Sphaerospermopsis and Chrysosporum) whose taxonomy is still under revision. This review provides a thorough insight into the phylogeny, ecology, biogeography and toxicogenomics (cyr, sxt, and ana genes) of the five best documented "Aphanizomenon" species with special relevance for water risk assessment: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon gracile, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides and Chrysosporum ovalisporum. Aph. flos-aquae, Aph. gracile and C. issatschenkoi have been reported from temperate areas only whereas S. aphanizomenoides shows the widest distribution from the tropics to temperate areas. Ch. ovalisporum is found in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean areas. While all five species show moderate growth rates (0.1-0.4day-1) within a wide range of temperatures (15-30°C), Aph. gracile and A. flos-aquae can grow from around (or below) 10°C, whereas Ch. ovalisporum and S. aphanizomenoides are much better competitors at high temperatures over 30°C or even close to 35°C. A. gracile has been confirmed as the producer of saxitoxins and cylindrospermopsin, C. issatschenkoi of anatoxins and saxitoxins and Ch. ovalisporum of cylindrospermopsin. The suspected cylindrospermopsin or anatoxin-a production of A. flos-aquae or microcystin production of S. aphanizomenoides is still uncertain. This review includes a critical discussion on the the reliability of toxicity reports and on the invasive potential of "Aphanizomenon" species in a climate change scenario, together with derived knowledge gaps and research needs. As a whole, this work is intended to represent a key reference for scientists and water managers involved in the major challenges of identifying, preventing and mitigating toxic Aphanizomenon blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia.
| | - Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pearson LA, Dittmann E, Mazmouz R, Ongley SE, D'Agostino PM, Neilan BA. The genetics, biosynthesis and regulation of toxic specialized metabolites of cyanobacteria. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:98-111. [PMID: 28073484 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The production of toxic metabolites by cyanobacterial blooms represents a significant threat to the health of humans and ecosystems worldwide. Here we summarize the current state of the knowledge regarding the genetics, biosynthesis and regulation of well-characterized cyanotoxins, including the microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins and anatoxins, as well as the lesser-known marine toxins (e.g. lyngbyatoxin, aplysiatoxin, jamaicamides, barbamide, curacin, hectochlorin and apratoxins).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne A Pearson
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Mikrobiologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Rabia Mazmouz
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Ongley
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul M D'Agostino
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett A Neilan
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiong Q, Chen Z, Ge F. Proteomic analysis of post translational modifications in cyanobacteria. J Proteomics 2016; 134:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
13
|
Barón-Sola Á, Campo FFD, Sanz-Alférez S. Dynamics of Cylindrospermopsin Production and Toxin Gene Expression in <i>Aphanizomenon ovalisporum</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.65037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Brito Â, Gaifem J, Ramos V, Glukhov E, Dorrestein PC, Gerwick WH, Vasconcelos VM, Mendes MV, Tamagnini P. Bioprospecting Portuguese Atlantic coast cyanobacteria for bioactive secondary metabolites reveals untapped chemodiversity. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
Constitutive cylindrospermopsin pool size in Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii under different light and CO2 partial pressure conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3069-76. [PMID: 25724956 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03556-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (dCYN) are potent hepatotoxic alkaloids produced by numerous species of cyanobacteria, including the freshwater Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. C. raciborskii is an invasive cyanobacterium, and the study of how environmental parameters drive CYN production has received significant interest from water managers and health authorities. Light and CO2 affect cell growth and physiology in photoautotrophs, and these are potential regulators of cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this study, we investigated how light and CO2 affect CYN and dCYN pool size as well as the expression of the key genes, cyrA and cyrK, involved in CYN biosynthesis in a toxic C. raciborskii strain. For cells growing at different light intensities (10 and 100 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)), we observed that the rate of CYN pool size production (μCYN) was coupled to the cell division rate (μc) during batch culture. This indicated that CYN pool size under our experimental conditions is constant and cell quotas of CYN (QCYN) and dCYN (QdCYN) are fixed. Moreover, a lack of correlation between expression of cyrA and total CYN cell quotas (QCYNs) suggests that the CYN biosynthesis is regulated posttranscriptionally. Under elevated CO2 (1,300 ppm), we observed minor effects on QCYN and no effects on expression of cyrA and cyrK. We conclude that the CYN pool size is constitutive and not affected by light and CO2 conditions. Thus, C. raciborskii bloom toxicity is determined by the absolute abundance of C. raciborskii cells within the water column and the relative abundance of toxic and nontoxic strains.
Collapse
|
16
|
Preußel K, Chorus I, Fastner J. Nitrogen limitation promotes accumulation and suppresses release of cylindrospermopsins in cells of Aphanizomenon sp. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2932-47. [PMID: 25271784 PMCID: PMC4210877 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As the biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is assumed to depend on nitrogen availability, this study investigated the impact of nitrogen availability on intra- and extracellular CYN and deoxy-CYN (D-CYN) contents in three Aphanizomenon strains from temperate waters. Nitrogen deficient (−N) cultures showed a prolonged growth phase and intracellular toxin accumulation by a factor of 2–6. In contrast, cultures with additional nitrate supply (+N) did not accumulate CYN within the cells. Instead, the maximum conceivable CYN release estimated for dead cells (identified by SYTOX® Green staining) was much lower than the concentrations of dissolved CYN actually observed, suggesting these cultures actively release CYN from intact cells. Furthermore, we found remarkably altered proportions of CYN to D-CYN: as batch cultures grew, the proportion of D-CYN increased by up to 40% in +N medium, whereas D-CYN remained constant or decreased slightly in −N medium. Since +N cultures showed similar toxin patterns as −P cultures with increased extracellular CYNs and higher proportion of D-CYN we conclude that nitrogen limitation may affect the way the cells economize resources, especially the yield from phosphorus pools, and that this has an impact on CYN production and release. For water management, these result imply that nutrient availability not only determines the abundance of potentially CYN-producing cyanobacteria, but also the amount of extracellular CYNs (challenging drinking-water treatment) as well as the ratio of D-CYN to CYN (affecting toxicity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Preußel
- Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Chorus
- Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jutta Fastner
- Federal Environment Agency, Schichauweg 58, 12307 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang Y, Xiao P, Yu G, Shao J, Liu D, Azevedo SMFO, Li R. Sporadic distribution and distinctive variations of cylindrospermopsin genes in cyanobacterial strains and environmental samples from Chinese freshwater bodies. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5219-30. [PMID: 24928879 PMCID: PMC4136083 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00551-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing reports of cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) in freshwater ecosystems have promoted the demand for identifying all of the potential CYN-producing cyanobacterial species. The present study explored the phylogenetic distribution and evolution of cyr genes in cyanobacterial strains and water samples from China. Four Cylindrospermopsis strains and two Raphidiopsis strains were confirmed to produce CYNs. Mutant cyrI and cyrK genes were observed in these strains. Cloned cyr gene sequences from eight water bodies were clustered with cyr genes from Cylindrospermopsis and Raphidiopsis (C/R group) in the phylogenetic trees with high similarities (99%). Four cyrI sequence types and three cyrJ sequence types were observed to have different sequence insertions and repeats. Phylogenetic analysis of the rpoC1 sequences of the C/R group revealed four conserved clades, namely, clade I, clade II, clade III, and clade V. High sequence similarities (>97%) in each clade and a divergent clade IV were observed. Therefore, CYN producers were sporadically distributed in congeneric and paraphyletic C/R group species in Chinese freshwater ecosystems. In the evolution of cyr genes, intragenomic translocations and intergenomic transfer between local Cylindrospermopsis and Raphidiopsis were emphasized and probably mediated by transposases. This research confirms the existence of CYN-producing Cylindrospermopsis in China and reveals the distinctive variations of cyr genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihai Shao
- Resources and Environment College, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Deming Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Sandra M F O Azevedo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boopathi T, Ki JS. Impact of environmental factors on the regulation of cyanotoxin production. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1951-78. [PMID: 24967641 PMCID: PMC4113735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6071951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are capable of thriving in almost all environments. Recent changes in climatic conditions due to increased human activities favor the occurrence and severity of harmful cyanobacterial bloom all over the world. Knowledge of the regulation of cyanotoxins by the various environmental factors is essential for effective management of toxic cyanobacterial bloom. In recent years, progress in the field of molecular mechanisms involved in cyanotoxin production has paved the way for assessing the role of various factors on the cyanotoxin production. In this review, we present an overview of the influence of various environmental factors on the production of major group of cyanotoxins, including microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins and saxitoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Life Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stucken K, John U, Cembella A, Soto-Liebe K, Vásquez M. Impact of nitrogen sources on gene expression and toxin production in the diazotroph Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505 and non-diazotroph Raphidiopsis brookii D9. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1896-915. [PMID: 24956074 PMCID: PMC4073136 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different environmental nitrogen sources play selective roles in the development of cyanobacterial blooms and noxious effects are often exacerbated when toxic cyanobacteria are dominant. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii CS-505 (heterocystous, nitrogen fixing) and Raphidiopsis brookii D9 (non-N2 fixing) produce the nitrogenous toxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), respectively. These toxin groups are biosynthesized constitutively by two independent putative gene clusters, whose flanking genes are target for nitrogen (N) regulation. It is not yet known how or if toxin biosynthetic genes are regulated, particularly by N-source dependency. Here we show that binding boxes for NtcA, the master regulator of N metabolism, are located within both gene clusters as potential regulators of toxin biosynthesis. Quantification of intra- and extracellular toxin content in cultures at early stages of growth under nitrate, ammonium, urea and N-free media showed that N-sources influence neither CYN nor PST production. However, CYN and PST profiles were altered under N-free medium resulting in a decrease in the predicted precursor toxins (doCYN and STX, respectively). Reduced STX amounts were also observed under growth in ammonium. Quantification of toxin biosynthesis and transport gene transcripts revealed a constitutive transcription under all tested N-sources. Our data support the hypothesis that PSTs and CYN are constitutive metabolites whose biosynthesis is correlated to cyanobacterial growth rather than directly to specific environmental conditions. Overall, the constant biosynthesis of toxins and expression of the putative toxin-biosynthesis genes supports the usage of qPCR probes in water quality monitoring of toxic cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Stucken
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Katia Soto-Liebe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mónica Vásquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
D'Agostino PM, Song X, Neilan BA, Moffitt MC. Comparative proteomics reveals that a saxitoxin-producing and a nontoxic strain of Anabaena circinalis are two different ecotypes. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1474-84. [PMID: 24460188 DOI: 10.1021/pr401007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In Australia, saxitoxin production is restricted to the cyanobacterial species Anabaena circinalis and is strain-dependent. We aimed to characterize a saxitoxin-producing and nontoxic strain of A. circinalis at the proteomic level using iTRAQ. Seven proteins putatively involved in saxitoxin biosynthesis were identified within our iTRAQ experiment for the first time. The proteomic profile of the toxic A. circinalis was significantly different from the nontoxic strain, indicating that each is likely to inhabit a unique ecological niche. Under control growth conditions, the saxitoxin-producing A. circinalis displayed a higher abundance of photosynthetic, carbon fixation and nitrogen metabolic proteins. Differential abundance of these proteins suggests a higher intracellular C:N ratio and a higher concentration of intracellular 2-oxoglutarate in our toxic strain compared with the nontoxic strain. This may be a novel site for posttranslational regulation because saxitoxin biosynthesis putatively requires a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase. The nontoxic A. circinalis was more abundant in proteins, indicating cellular stress. Overall, our study has provided the first insight into fundamental differences between a toxic and nontoxic strain of A. circinalis, indicating that they are distinct ecotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M D'Agostino
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney , Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mikkat S, Fulda S, Hagemann M. A 2D gel electrophoresis-based snapshot of the phosphoproteome in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 160:296-306. [PMID: 24275102 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.074443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photoautotrophic prokaryotes that occur in highly variable environments. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most widespread means to adjust cell metabolism and gene expression to the demands of changing growth conditions. Using a 2D gel electrophoresis-based approach and a phosphoprotein-specific dye, we investigated the protein phosphorylation pattern in cells of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. The comparison of gels stained for total and phosphorylated proteins revealed that approximately 5 % of the protein spots seemed to be phosphoproteins, from which 32 were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. For eight of them the phosphorylated amino acid residues were mapped by subsequent mass spectrometric investigations of isolated phosphopeptides. Among the phosphoproteins, we found regulatory proteins, mostly putative anti-sigma factor antagonists, and proteins involved in translation. Moreover, a number of enzymes catalysing steps in glycolysis or the Calvin-Benson cycle were found to be phosphorylated, implying that protein phosphorylation might represent an important mechanism for the regulation of the primary carbon metabolism in cyanobacterial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mikkat
- Core Facility Proteomanalytik, Universitätsmedizin, Universität Rostock, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabine Fulda
- Zellphysiologie, Institut Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Hagemann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Institut Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barón-Sola A, Gutiérrez-Villanueva MA, Del Campo FF, Sanz-Alférez S. Characterization of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum amidinotransferase involved in cylindrospermopsin synthesis. Microbiologyopen 2013; 2:447-58. [PMID: 23533111 PMCID: PMC3684758 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing abundance of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum in water bodies from diverse world regions has been reported in the last few years, with the majority of the isolated strains producing the toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), leading to a rise in ecological and health risks. The understanding of CYN synthesis is crucial in the control of CYN production. An amidinotransferase (AMDT) seems to be the first enzyme involved in the synthesis of CYN. In this study, we have cloned and overexpressed the aoaA gene from the constitutive CYN producer A. ovalisporum UAM-MAO. The recombinant purified AoaA was characterized, confirming that it is an l-arginine:glycine AMDT. It shows an optimal activity between 32 and 37°C, at pH from 8 to 9. The activity exhibits a mixed (ping-pong/sequential) kinetic mechanism, and is inhibited by the reaction product guanidine acetate (GAA) in a noncompetitive manner. Mg2+ stimulates AoaA activity while Co2+ and Mn2+ inhibit it. AoaA conserves the critical residues of the catalytic site and substrate specificity of AMDTs, as the previously reported AMDT from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Cyr. Both proteins can be included in a new group of prokaryotic AMDTs involved in CYN production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Barón-Sola
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Campo E, Lezcano MÁ, Agha R, Cirés S, Quesada A, El-Shehawy R. First TaqMan Assay to Identify and Quantify the Cylindrospermopsin-Producing Cyanobacterium <i>Aphanizomenon ovalisporum</i> in Water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.35058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
24
|
Gupta V, Prasanna R. WITHDRAWN: Cyanobacterial bioactive molecules - Biosynthesis and genetic regulation. Microbiol Res 2012:S0944-5013(12)00091-2. [PMID: 23031424 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Gupta
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Radha Prasanna
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Neilan BA, Pearson LA, Muenchhoff J, Moffitt MC, Dittmann E. Environmental conditions that influence toxin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Environ Microbiol 2012; 15:1239-53. [PMID: 22429476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, the genetic basis for production of many cyanobacterial bioactive compounds has been described. This knowledge has enabled investigations into the environmental factors that regulate the production of these toxins at the molecular level. Such molecular or systems level studies are also likely to reveal the physiological role of the toxin and contribute to effective water resource management. This review focuses on the environmental regulation of some of the most relevant cyanotoxins, namely the microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, anatoxins and jamaicamides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Larsson J, Nylander JAA, Bergman B. Genome fluctuations in cyanobacteria reflect evolutionary, developmental and adaptive traits. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:187. [PMID: 21718514 PMCID: PMC3141437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacteria belong to an ancient group of photosynthetic prokaryotes with pronounced variations in their cellular differentiation strategies, physiological capacities and choice of habitat. Sequencing efforts have shown that genomes within this phylum are equally diverse in terms of size and protein-coding capacity. To increase our understanding of genomic changes in the lineage, the genomes of 58 contemporary cyanobacteria were analysed for shared and unique orthologs. RESULTS A total of 404 protein families, present in all cyanobacterial genomes, were identified. Two of these are unique to the phylum, corresponding to an AbrB family transcriptional regulator and a gene that escapes functional annotation although its genomic neighbourhood is conserved among the organisms examined. The evolution of cyanobacterial genome sizes involves a mix of gains and losses in the clade encompassing complex cyanobacteria, while a single event of reduction is evident in a clade dominated by unicellular cyanobacteria. Genome sizes and gene family copy numbers evolve at a higher rate in the former clade, and multi-copy genes were predominant in large genomes. Orthologs unique to cyanobacteria exhibiting specific characteristics, such as filament formation, heterocyst differentiation, diazotrophy and symbiotic competence, were also identified. An ancestral character reconstruction suggests that the most recent common ancestor of cyanobacteria had a genome size of approx. 4.5 Mbp and 1678 to 3291 protein-coding genes, 4%-6% of which are unique to cyanobacteria today. CONCLUSIONS The different rates of genome-size evolution and multi-copy gene abundance suggest two routes of genome development in the history of cyanobacteria. The expansion strategy is driven by gene-family enlargment and generates a broad adaptive potential; while the genome streamlining strategy imposes adaptations to highly specific niches, also reflected in their different functional capacities. A few genomes display extreme proliferation of non-coding nucleotides which is likely to be the result of initial expansion of genomes/gene copy number to gain adaptive potential, followed by a shift to a life-style in a highly specific niche (e.g. symbiosis). This transition results in redundancy of genes and gene families, leading to an increase in junk DNA and eventually to gene loss. A few orthologs can be correlated with specific phenotypes in cyanobacteria, such as filament formation and symbiotic competence; these constitute exciting exploratory targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Larsson
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 09, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan AA Nylander
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 09, Stockholm, Sweden
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitta Bergman
- Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 09, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Holmqvist M, Lindberg P, Agervald A, Stensjö K, Lindblad P. Transcript analysis of the extended hyp-operon in the cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:186. [PMID: 21672234 PMCID: PMC3126725 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyanobacteria harbor two [NiFe]-type hydrogenases consisting of a large and a small subunit, the Hup- and Hox-hydrogenase, respectively. Insertion of ligands and correct folding of nickel-iron hydrogenases require assistance of accessory maturation proteins (encoded by the hyp-genes). The intergenic region between the structural genes encoding the uptake hydrogenase (hupSL) and the accessory maturation proteins (hyp genes) in the cyanobacteria Nostoc PCC 7120 and N. punctiforme were analysed using molecular methods. Findings The five ORFs, located in between the uptake hydrogenase structural genes and the hyp-genes, can form a transcript with the hyp-genes. An identical genomic localization of these ORFs are found in other filamentous, N2-fixing cyanobacterial strains. In N. punctiforme and Nostoc PCC 7120 the ORFs upstream of the hyp-genes showed similar transcript level profiles as hupS (hydrogenase structural gene), nifD (nitrogenase structural gene), hypC and hypF (accessory hydrogenase maturation genes) after nitrogen depletion. In silico analyzes showed that these ORFs in N. punctiforme harbor the same conserved regions as their homologues in Nostoc PCC 7120 and that they, like their homologues in Nostoc PCC 7120, can be transcribed together with the hyp-genes forming a larger extended hyp-operon. DNA binding studies showed interactions of the transcriptional regulators CalA and CalB to the promoter regions of the extended hyp-operon in N. punctiforme and Nostoc PCC 7120. Conclusions The five ORFs upstream of the hyp-genes in several filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria have an identical genomic localization, in between the genes encoding the uptake hydrogenase and the maturation protein genes. In N. punctiforme and Nostoc PCC 7120 they are transcribed as one operon and may form transcripts together with the hyp-genes. The expression pattern of the five ORFs within the extended hyp-operon in both Nostoc punctiforme and Nostoc PCC 7120 is similar to the expression patterns of hupS, nifD, hypF and hypC. CalA, a known transcription factor, interacts with the promoter region between hupSL and the five ORFs in the extended hyp-operon in both Nostoc strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Holmqvist
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, The Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Novel insights into the regulation of LexA in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3804-14. [PMID: 21642463 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00289-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor LexA in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 has been shown to regulate genes that are not directly involved in DNA repair but instead in several different metabolic pathways. However, the signal transduction pathways remain largely uncharacterized. The present work gives novel insights into the regulation of LexA in this unicellular cyanobacterium. A combination of Northern and Western blotting, using specific antibodies against the cyanobacterial LexA, was employed to show that this transcription regulator is under posttranscriptional control, in addition to the classical and already-described transcriptional regulation. Moreover, detailed two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis analyses of the protein revealed that LexA undergoes posttranslational modifications. Finally, a fully segregated LexA::GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion-modified strain was produced to image LexA's spatial distribution in live cells. The fusion protein retains DNA binding capabilities, and the GFP fluorescence indicates that LexA is localized in the innermost region of the cytoplasm, decorating the DNA in an evenly distributed pattern. The implications of these findings for the overall role of LexA in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 are further discussed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Physiological roles of the cyAbrB transcriptional regulator pair Sll0822 and Sll0359 in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:3702-9. [PMID: 21642457 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00284-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All known cyanobacterial genomes possess multiple copies of genes encoding AbrB-like transcriptional regulators, known as cyAbrBs, which are distinct from those conserved among other bacterial species. In this study, we addressed the physiological roles of Sll0822 and Sll0359, the two cyAbrBs in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, under nonstress conditions (20 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹ in ambient CO₂). When the sll0822 gene was disrupted, the expression levels of nitrogen-related genes such as urtA, amt1, and glnB significantly decreased compared with those in the wild-type cells. Possibly due to the increase of the cellular carbon/nitrogen ratio in the sll0822-disrupted cells, a decrease in pigment contents, downregulation of carbon-uptake related genes, and aberrant accumulation of glycogen took place. Moreover, the mutant exhibited the decrease in the expression level of cytokinesis-related genes such as ftsZ and ftsQ, resulting in the defect in cell division and significant increase in cell size. The pleiotrophic phenotype of the mutant was efficiently suppressed by the introduction of Sll0822 and also partially suppressed by the introduction of Sll0359. When His-tagged cyAbrBs were purified from overexpression strains, Sll0359 and Sll0822 were copurified with each other. The cyAbrBs in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 seem to interact with each other and regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolism as well as the cell division process under nonstress conditions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Engene N, Choi H, Esquenazi E, Rottacker EC, Ellisman MH, Dorrestein PC, Gerwick WH. Underestimated biodiversity as a major explanation for the perceived rich secondary metabolite capacity of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:1601-10. [PMID: 21477107 PMCID: PMC3131211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites responsible for harmful algal blooms as well as rich sources of promising biomedical lead compounds. The current study focused on obtaining a clearer understanding of the remarkable chemical richness of the cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya. Specimens of Lyngbya from various environmental habitats around Curaçao were analysed for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites by genetic screening of their biosynthetic pathways. The presence of biosynthetic pathways was compared with the production of corresponding metabolites by LC-ESI-MS² and MALDI-TOF-MS. The comparison of biosynthetic capacity and actual metabolite production revealed no evidence of genetic silencing in response to environmental conditions. On a cellular level, the metabolic origin of the detected metabolites was pinpointed to the cyanobacteria, rather than the sheath-associated heterotrophic bacteria, by MALDI-TOF-MS and multiple displacement amplification of single cells. Finally, the traditional morphology-based taxonomic identifications of these Lyngbya populations were combined with their phylogenetic relationships. As a result, polyphyly of morphologically similar cyanobacteria was identified as the major explanation for the perceived chemical richness of the genus Lyngbya, a result which further underscores the need to revise the taxonomy of this group of biomedically important cyanobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Engene
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo Esquenazi
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erin C. Rottacker
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Agervald A, Baebprasert W, Zhang X, Incharoensakdi A, Lindblad P, Stensjö K. The CyAbrB transcription factor CalA regulates the iron superoxide dismutase in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120. Environ Microbiol 2011; 12:2826-37. [PMID: 20545738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation the results of induced over-production of the CyAbrB transcription factor CalA (Cyanobacterial AbrB-like, annotated as Alr0946) in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 were analysed. The CalA overexpression strain showed a bleaching phenotype with lower growth rate and truncated filaments 2 days after induction of overexpression. The phenotype was even more pronounced when illumination was increased from 35 to 125 µmol m(-2) s(-1). Using gel-based quantitative proteomics, the induced overexpression of CalA was shown to downregulate the abundance of FeSOD, one of two types of superoxide dismutases in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. The change in protein abundance was also accompanied by lower transcript as well as activity levels. Purified recombinant CalA from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 was shown to interact with the promoter region of alr2938, encoding FeSOD, indicating a transcriptional regulation of FeSOD by CalA. The bleaching phenotype is in line with a decreased tolerance against oxidative stress and indicates that CalA is involved in regulation of cellular responses in which FeSOD has an important and specific function in the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asa Agervald
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chumsakul O, Takahashi H, Oshima T, Hishimoto T, Kanaya S, Ogasawara N, Ishikawa S. Genome-wide binding profiles of the Bacillus subtilis transition state regulator AbrB and its homolog Abh reveals their interactive role in transcriptional regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:414-28. [PMID: 20817675 PMCID: PMC3025583 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbrB is a global transcriptional regulator of Bacillus subtilis that represses the expression of many genes during exponential growth. Here, we demonstrate that AbrB and its homolog Abh bind to hundreds of sites throughout the entire B. subtilis genome during exponential growth. Comparison of regional binding of AbrB and Abh in wild-type, ΔabrB and Δabh backgrounds revealed that they bind as homomer and/or heteromer forms with different specificities and affinities. We found four AbrB and Abh binding patterns were major. Three of these contain pairs of TGGNA motifs connected by A/T-rich sequences, differing in arrangement and spacing. We also assessed the direct involvement of these complexes in the control of gene expression. Our data indicate that AbrB usually acts as a repressor, and that the ability of Abh to act as a transcriptional regulator was limited. We found that changes to AbrB/Abh levels affect their binding at several promoters and consequently transcriptional regulation. Surprisingly, most AbrB/Abh binding events had no impact on transcription, suggesting an interesting possibility that AbrB/Abh binding is analogous to nucleoid-associated protein binding in Escherichia coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onuma Chumsakul
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Enslavement in the Water Body by Toxic Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Inducing Alkaline Phosphatase in Phytoplanktons. Curr Biol 2010; 20:1557-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
34
|
Mazmouz R, Chapuis-Hugon F, Mann S, Pichon V, Méjean A, Ploux O. Biosynthesis of cylindrospermopsin and 7-epicylindrospermopsin in Oscillatoria sp. strain PCC 6506: identification of the cyr gene cluster and toxin analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4943-9. [PMID: 20525864 PMCID: PMC2916468 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00717-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin is a cytotoxin produced by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and other cyanobacteria that has been implicated in human intoxications. We report here the complete sequence of the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of this toxin in Oscillatoria sp. strain PCC 6506. This cluster of genes was found to be homologous with that of C. raciborskii but with a different gene organization. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an optimized liquid chromatography analytical method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, we detected 7-epicylindrospermopsin, cylindrospermopsin, and 7-deoxycylindrospermopsin in the culture medium of axenic Oscillatoria PCC 6506 at the following relative concentrations: 68.6%, 30.2%, and 1.2%, respectively. We measured the intracellular and extracellular concentrations, per mg of dried cells of Oscillatoria PCC 6506, of 7-epicylindrospermopsin (0.18 microg/mg and 0.29 microg/mg, respectively) and cylindrospermopsin (0.10 microg/mg and 0.11 microg/mg, respectively). We showed that these two toxins accumulated in the culture medium of Oscillatoria PCC 6506 but that the ratio (2.5 +/- 0.3) was constant with 7-epicylindrospermopsin being the major metabolite. We also determined the concentrations of these toxins in culture media of other Oscillatoria strains, PCC 6407, PCC 6602, PCC 7926, and PCC 10702, and found that, except for PCC 6602, they all produced 7-epicylindrospermopsin and cylindrospermopsin, with the former being the major toxin, except for PCC 7926, which produced very little 7-epicylindrospermopsin. All the cylindrospermopsin producers studied gave a PCR product using specific primers for the amplification of the cyrJ gene from genomic DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Mazmouz
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Florence Chapuis-Hugon
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Stéphane Mann
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Annick Méjean
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Ploux
- Laboratoire Charles Friedel, UMR CNRS 7223, ENSCP ChimieParisTech, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 75013 Paris, France, Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, UMR PECSA CNRS 7195, ESPCI ParisTech, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
He D, Xu X. CalA, a cyAbrB protein, binds to the upstream region of ftsZ and is down-regulated in heterocysts in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Arch Microbiol 2010; 192:461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-010-0573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
36
|
Agervald Å, Zhang X, Stensjö K, Devine E, Lindblad P. CalA, a cyanobacterial AbrB protein, interacts with the upstream region of hypC and acts as a repressor of its transcription in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:880-90. [PMID: 20023111 PMCID: PMC2813017 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02521-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous, heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 may contain, depending on growth conditions, up to two hydrogenases directly involved in hydrogen metabolism. HypC is one out of at least seven auxiliary gene products required for synthesis of a functional hydrogenase, specifically involved in the maturation of the large subunit. In this study we present a protein, CalA (Alr0946 in the genome), belonging to the transcription regulator family AbrB, which in protein-DNA assays was found to interact with the upstream region of hypC. Transcriptional investigations showed that calA is cotranscribed with the downstream gene alr0947, which encodes a putative protease from the abortive infection superfamily, Abi. CalA was shown to interact specifically not only with the upstream region of hypC but also with its own upstream region, acting as a repressor on hypC. The bidirectional hydrogenase activity was significantly downregulated when CalA was overexpressed, demonstrating a correlation with the transcription factor, either direct or indirect. In silico studies showed that homologues to both CalA and Alr0947 are highly conserved proteins within cyanobacteria with very similar physical organizations of the corresponding structural genes. Possible functions of the cotranscribed downstream protein Alr0947 are presented. In addition, we present a three-dimensional (3D) model of the DNA binding domain of CalA and putative DNA binding mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Agervald
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Karin Stensjö
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Ellenor Devine
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schwarz C, Poss Z, Hoffmann D, Appel J. Hydrogenases and Hydrogen Metabolism in Photosynthetic Prokaryotes. RECENT ADVANCES IN PHOTOTROPHIC PROKARYOTES 2010; 675:305-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1528-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
38
|
Oliveira P, Lindblad P. Transcriptional regulation of the cyanobacterial bidirectional Hox-hydrogenase. Dalton Trans 2009:9990-6. [PMID: 19904424 DOI: 10.1039/b908593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The overall processes of transcription and its regulation have advanced significantly in the last years, making our understanding of prokaryotic biology more complex and detailed. In fact, a systematic study of different aspects of transcriptional regulation opens up outstanding opportunities to improve and develop the perception of complex reaction mechanisms, genetic processes and cell functions. In close connection to the cyanobacterial bidirectional hydrogenase, the main hydrogen-evolving enzyme in non-nitrogen fixing strains, two novel transcription factors have received increasing attention over the past five years: a LexA-related protein and the AbrB-like family members. Recent work on these regulators has produced new insights and advances towards the understanding (and possible interconnection) of several regulatory networks in cyanobacteria, namely nitrogen metabolism, redox response, toxin production, CO2 concentrating mechanisms and hydrogen metabolism. The fact that a LexA-related protein and AbrB-like family members have been co-purified in independent laboratories studying different sets of cyanobacterial genes suggests a possible common and/or complementary function of these regulators. In this review, we summarize the knowledge gained thus far regarding the transcriptional regulation of the cyanobacterial bidirectional hydrogenase, with special focus on the above mentioned transcription factors. Moreover, we discuss several additional points that warrants further investigation to increase our knowledge in this fast evolving research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Oliveira
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Angström Laboratories, Uppsala University, P. O. Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lieman-Hurwitz J, Haimovich M, Shalev-Malul G, Ishii A, Hihara Y, Gaathon A, Lebendiker M, Kaplan A. A cyanobacterial AbrB-like protein affects the apparent photosynthetic affinity for CO2by modulating low-CO2-induced gene expression. Environ Microbiol 2009; 11:927-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Baniulis D, Yamashita E, Whitelegge JP, Zatsman AI, Hendrich MP, Hasan SS, Ryan CM, Cramer WA. Structure-Function, Stability, and Chemical Modification of the Cyanobacterial Cytochrome b6f Complex from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9861-9. [PMID: 19189962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809196200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the cyanobacterial cytochrome b(6)f complex has previously been solved to 3.0-A resolution using the thermophilic Mastigocladus laminosus whose genome has not been sequenced. Several unicellular cyanobacteria, whose genomes have been sequenced and are tractable for mutagenesis, do not yield b(6)f complex in an intact dimeric state with significant electron transport activity. The genome of Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 has been sequenced and is closer phylogenetically to M. laminosus than are unicellular cyanobacteria. The amino acid sequences of the large core subunits and four small peripheral subunits of Nostoc are 88 and 80% identical to those in the M. laminosus b(6)f complex. Purified b(6)f complex from Nostoc has a stable dimeric structure, eight subunits with masses similar to those of M. laminosus, and comparable electron transport activity. The crystal structure of the native b(6)f complex, determined to a resolution of 3.0A (PDB id: 2ZT9), is almost identical to that of M. laminosus. Two unique aspects of the Nostoc complex are: (i) a dominant conformation of heme b(p) that is rotated 180 degrees about the alpha- and gamma-meso carbon axis relative to the orientation in the M. laminosus complex and (ii) acetylation of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (PetC) at the N terminus, a post-translational modification unprecedented in cyanobacterial membrane and electron transport proteins, and in polypeptides of cytochrome bc complexes from any source. The high spin electronic character of the unique heme c(n) is similar to that previously found in the b(6)f complex from other sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danas Baniulis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ishii A, Hihara Y. An AbrB-like transcriptional regulator, Sll0822, is essential for the activation of nitrogen-regulated genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:660-70. [PMID: 18667724 PMCID: PMC2528100 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.123505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Every cyanobacterial species possesses multiple genes encoding AbrB-like transcriptional regulators (cyAbrBs) distinct from those conserved among other bacterial species. In this study, two genes encoding cyAbrBs in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, sll0359 and sll0822, were insertionally disrupted in order to examine their physiological roles. A fully segregated disrupted mutant of sll0822 (Deltasll0822 mutant) but not of sll0359 was obtained, although both mutants exhibited similar phenotypes (i.e. decreases in growth rate and pigment content). The growth rate of the Deltasll0822 mutant was low under any condition, but the low pigment content could be partially recovered by nitrate supplementation of the medium. DNA microarray and RNA-blot analyses revealed that the level of expression of a part of the NtcA regulon, such as urtA, amt1, glnB, sigE, and the nrt operon, was significantly decreased in the Deltasll0822 mutant, although the induction of these genes upon nitrogen depletion was still observed to some extent. Sll0822 seems to work in parallel with NtcA to achieve flexible regulation of the nitrogen uptake system. The Sll0822 protein exists mainly in a dimeric form in vivo, and the amount of the protein was not affected by nitrogen availability. This observation, together with the low binding specificity of the purified histidine-tagged Sll0822 protein, implies that the activity of Sll0822 may be posttranslationally modulated in Synechocystis cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|