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Zhan C, Chen L, Guo D, Sun J, Duan Y, Zhang P, Li P, Ma L, Xu M, Wang Y, Bao H, Gao G, Liu L, Zhang K. An Intestinal Symbiotic Bacterial Strain of Oscheius chongmingensis Modulates Host Viability at Both Global and Post-Transcriptional Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314692. [PMID: 36499019 PMCID: PMC9739912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A rhabditid entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Oscheius chongmingensis, has a stable symbiotic relationship with the bacterial strain Serratia nematodiphila S1 harbored in its intestines and drastically reduced viability when associated with a non-native strain (186) of the same bacterial species. This nematode is thus a good model for understanding the molecular mechanisms and interactions involved between a nematode host and a member of its intestinal microbiome. Transcriptome analysis and RNA-seq data indicated that expression levels of the majority (8797, 87.59%) of mRNAs in the non-native combination of O. chongmingensis and S. nematodiphila 186 were downregulated compared with the native combination, including strain S1. Accordingly, 88.84% of the total uniq-sRNAs mapped in the O. chongmingensis transcriptome were specific between the two combinations. Six DEGs, including two transcription factors (oc-daf-16 and oc-goa-1) and four kinases (oc-pdk-1, oc-akt-1, oc-rtk, and oc-fak), as well as an up-regulated micro-RNA, oc-miR-71, were found to demonstrate the regulatory mechanisms underlying diminished host viability induced by a non-native bacterial strain. Oc-rtk and oc-fak play key roles in the viability regulation of O. chongmingensis by positively mediating the expression of oc-daf-16 to indirectly impact its longevity and stress tolerances and by negatively regulating the expression of oc-goa-1 to affect the olfactory chemotaxis and fecundity. In response to the stress of invasion by the non-native strain, the expression of oc-miR-71 in the non-native combination was upregulated to downregulate the expression of its targeting oc-pdk-1, which might improve the localization and activation of the transcription factor DAF-16 in the nucleus to induce longevity extension and stress resistance enhancement to some extent. Our findings provide novel insight into comprehension of how nematodes deal with the stress of encountering novel potential bacterial symbionts at the physiological and molecular genetic levels and contribute to improved understanding of host-symbiont relationships generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiu Zhan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunbin Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Panjie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lijun Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Man Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haoran Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guofu Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liwang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crop (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horiticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Keyun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (K.Z.)
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Fodor A, Gualtieri M, Zeller M, Tarasco E, Klein MG, Fodor AM, Haynes L, Lengyel K, Forst SA, Furgani GM, Karaffa L, Vellai T. Type Strains of Entomopathogenic Nematode-Symbiotic Bacterium Species, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii (EMC) and X. budapestensis (EMA), Are Exceptional Sources of Non-Ribosomal Templated, Large-Target-Spectral, Thermotolerant-Antimicrobial Peptides (by Both), and Iodinin (by EMC). Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030342. [PMID: 35335666 PMCID: PMC8950435 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial multidrug resistance (MDR) is a global challenge, not only for public health, but also for sustainable agriculture. Antibiotics used in humans should be ruled out for use in veterinary or agricultural settings. Applying antimicrobial peptide (AMP) molecules, produced by soil-born organisms for protecting (soil-born) plants, seems a preferable alternative. The natural role of peptide-antimicrobials, produced by the prokaryotic partner of entomopathogenic-nematode/bacterium (EPN/EPB) symbiotic associations, is to sustain monoxenic conditions for the EPB in the gut of the semi-anabiotic infective dauer juvenile (IJ) EPN. They keep pathobiome conditions balanced for the EPN/EPB complex in polyxenic (soil, vanquished insect cadaver) niches. Xenorhabdus szentirmaii DSM16338(T) (EMC), and X. budapestensis DSM16342(T) (EMA), are the respective natural symbionts of EPN species Steinernema rarum and S. bicornutum. We identified and characterized both of these 15 years ago. The functional annotation of the draft genome of EMC revealed 71 genes encoding non-ribosomal peptide synthases, and polyketide synthases. The large spatial Xenorhabdus AMP (fabclavine), was discovered in EMA, and its biosynthetic pathway in EMC. The AMPs produced by EMA and EMC are promising candidates for controlling MDR prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens (bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, protozoa). EMC releases large quantity of iodinin (1,6-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide) in a water-soluble form into the media, where it condenses to form spectacular water-insoluble, macroscopic crystals. This review evaluates the scientific impact of international research on EMA and EMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Középfasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-(30)-490-9294
| | - Maxime Gualtieri
- Nosopharm, 110 Allée Charles Babbage, Espace Innovation 2, 30000 Nîmes, France;
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Eustachio Tarasco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection of CNR, Via Amendola 122/D, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michael G. Klein
- USDA-ARS & Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 13416 Claremont Ave, Cleveland, OH 44130, USA;
| | - Andrea M. Fodor
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
| | - Leroy Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Katalin Lengyel
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition (NIPN), Zrinyi utca 3, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven A. Forst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA;
| | - Ghazala M. Furgani
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli P.O. Box 13793, Libya
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Institute of Metagenomics, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vellai
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.F.); (K.L.); or (G.M.F.); or (T.V.)
- MTA-ELTE Genetics Research Group, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
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An R, Grewal PS. Comparative Analysis of Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi Gene Expression during Symbiotic Persistence in the Host Nematode. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145739. [PMID: 26745883 PMCID: PMC4706420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria form mutualistic associations with Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematodes, respectively and serve as model systems for studying microbe-animal symbioses. Here, we profiled gene expression of Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi during their symbiotic persistence in the newly formed infective juveniles of the host nematode Steinernema scarabaei through the selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS). The obtained gene expression profile was then compared with other nematode-bacteria partnerships represented by Steinernema carpocapsae-Xenorhabdus nematophila and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-Photorhabdus temperata. A total of 29 distinct genes were identified to be up-regulated and 53 were down-regulated in X. koppenhoeferi while in S. scarabaei infective juveniles. Of the identified genes, 8 of the up-regulated and 14 of the down-regulated genes were similarly expressed in X. nematophila during persistence in its host nematode S. carpocapsae. However, only one from each of these up- and down-regulated genes was common to the mutualistic partnership between the bacterium P. temperata and the nematode H. bacteriophora. Interactive network analysis of the shared genes between X. koppenhoeferi and X. nematophila demonstrated that the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in bacterial survival and the down-regulated genes were more related to bacterial virulence and active growth. Disruption of two selected genes pta (coding phosphotransacetylase) and acnB (coding aconitate hydratase) in X. nematophila with shared expression signature with X. koppenhoeferi confirmed that these genes are important for bacterial persistence in the nematode host. The results of our comparative analyses show that the two Xenorhabdus species share a little more than a quarter of the transcriptional mechanisms during persistence in their nematode hosts but these features are quite different from those used by P. temperata bacteria in their nematode host H. bacteriophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng An
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 2505 E. J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Parwinder S. Grewal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 2505 E. J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
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Abebe-Akele F, Tisa LS, Cooper VS, Hatcher PJ, Abebe E, Thomas WK. Genome sequence and comparative analysis of a putative entomopathogenic Serratia isolated from Caenorhabditis briggsae. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:531. [PMID: 26187596 PMCID: PMC4506600 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entomopathogenic associations between nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabdus with their cognate bacteria from the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively, are extensively studied for their potential as biological control agents against invasive insect species. These two highly coevolved associations were results of convergent evolution. Given the natural abundance of bacteria, nematodes and insects, it is surprising that only these two associations with no intermediate forms are widely studied in the entomopathogenic context. Discovering analogous systems involving novel bacterial and nematode species would shed light on the evolutionary processes involved in the transition from free living organisms to obligatory partners in entomopathogenicity. Results We report the complete genome sequence of a new member of the enterobacterial genus Serratia that forms a putative entomopathogenic complex with Caenorhabditis briggsae. Analysis of the 5.04 MB chromosomal genome predicts 4599 protein coding genes, seven sets of ribosomal RNA genes, 84 tRNA genes and a 64.8 KB plasmid encoding 74 genes. Comparative genomic analysis with three of the previously sequenced Serratia species, S. marcescens DB11 and S. proteamaculans 568, and Serratia sp. AS12, revealed that these four representatives of the genus share a core set of ~3100 genes and extensive structural conservation. The newly identified species shares a more recent common ancestor with S. marcescens with 99 % sequence identity in rDNA sequence and orthology across 85.6 % of predicted genes. Of the 39 genes/operons implicated in the virulence, symbiosis, recolonization, immune evasion and bioconversion, 21 (53.8 %) were present in Serratia while 33 (84.6 %) and 35 (89 %) were present in Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus EPN bacteria respectively. Conclusion The majority of unique sequences in Serratia sp. SCBI (South African Caenorhabditis briggsae Isolate) are found in ~29 genomic islands of 5 to 65 genes and are enriched in putative functions that are biologically relevant to an entomopathogenic lifestyle, including non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, bacteriocins, fimbrial biogenesis, ushering proteins, toxins, secondary metabolite secretion and multiple drug resistance/efflux systems. By revealing the early stages of adaptation to this lifestyle, the Serratia sp. SCBI genome underscores the fact that in EPN formation the composite end result – killing, bioconversion, cadaver protection and recolonization- can be achieved by dissimilar mechanisms. This genome sequence will enable further study of the evolution of entomopathogenic nematode-bacteria complexes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1697-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feseha Abebe-Akele
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA. .,Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, 444 Gregg Hall, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Louis S Tisa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Vaughn S Cooper
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Philip J Hatcher
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Eyualem Abebe
- Department of Biology, Elizabeth City State University, 1704 Weeksville Road, Jenkins Science Center 421, Elizabeth City, NC, 27909, USA
| | - W Kelley Thomas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.,Hubbard Center for Genome Studies, 444 Gregg Hall, University of New Hampshire, 35 Colovos Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
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Identification of novel factors involved in modulating motility of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. PLoS One 2014. [PMID: 25369209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111513.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium can move through liquid using swimming motility, and across a surface by swarming motility. We generated a library of targeted deletion mutants in Salmonella Typhimurium strain ATCC14028, primarily in genes specific to Salmonella, that we have previously described. In the work presented here, we screened each individual mutant from this library for the ability to move away from the site of inoculation on swimming and swarming motility agar. Mutants in genes previously described as important for motility, such as flgF, motA, cheY are do not move away from the site of inoculation on plates in our screens, validating our approach. Mutants in 130 genes, not previously known to be involved in motility, had altered movement of at least one type, 9 mutants were severely impaired for both types of motility, while 33 mutants appeared defective on swimming motility plates but not swarming motility plates, and 49 mutants had reduced ability to move on swarming agar but not swimming agar. Finally, 39 mutants were determined to be hypermotile in at least one of the types of motility tested. Both mutants that appeared non-motile and hypermotile on plates were assayed for expression levels of FliC and FljB on the bacterial surface and many of them had altered levels of these proteins. The phenotypes we report are the first phenotypes ever assigned to 74 of these open reading frames, as they are annotated as 'hypothetical genes' in the Typhimurium genome.
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Bogomolnaya LM, Aldrich L, Ragoza Y, Talamantes M, Andrews KD, McClelland M, Andrews-Polymenis HL. Identification of novel factors involved in modulating motility of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111513. [PMID: 25369209 PMCID: PMC4219756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium can move through liquid using swimming motility, and across a surface by swarming motility. We generated a library of targeted deletion mutants in Salmonella Typhimurium strain ATCC14028, primarily in genes specific to Salmonella, that we have previously described. In the work presented here, we screened each individual mutant from this library for the ability to move away from the site of inoculation on swimming and swarming motility agar. Mutants in genes previously described as important for motility, such as flgF, motA, cheY are do not move away from the site of inoculation on plates in our screens, validating our approach. Mutants in 130 genes, not previously known to be involved in motility, had altered movement of at least one type, 9 mutants were severely impaired for both types of motility, while 33 mutants appeared defective on swimming motility plates but not swarming motility plates, and 49 mutants had reduced ability to move on swarming agar but not swimming agar. Finally, 39 mutants were determined to be hypermotile in at least one of the types of motility tested. Both mutants that appeared non-motile and hypermotile on plates were assayed for expression levels of FliC and FljB on the bacterial surface and many of them had altered levels of these proteins. The phenotypes we report are the first phenotypes ever assigned to 74 of these open reading frames, as they are annotated as ‘hypothetical genes’ in the Typhimurium genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M. Bogomolnaya
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Lindsay Aldrich
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuri Ragoza
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marissa Talamantes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katharine D. Andrews
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Helene L. Andrews-Polymenis
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xenocin export by the flagellar type III pathway in Xenorhabdus nematophila. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:1400-10. [PMID: 23335409 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01532-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The xenocin operon of Xenorhabdus nematophila consists of xciA and ximB genes encoding a 64-kDa xenocin and 42-kDa immunity protein to kill competing microbes in the insect larva. The catalytic domain of xenocin has RNase activity and is responsible for its cytotoxicity. Under SOS conditions, xenocin is produced with immunity protein as a complex. Here, we show that xenocin and immunity protein complex are exported through the flagellar type III system of X. nematophila. Secretion of xenocin complex was abolished in an flhA strain but not in an fliC strain. The xenocin operon is not linked to the flagellar operon transcriptionally. The immunity protein is produced alone from a second, constitutive promoter and is targeted to the periplasm in a flagellum-independent manner. For stable expression of xenocin, coexpression of immunity protein was necessary. To examine the role of immunity protein in xenocin export, an enzymatically inactive protein was produced by site-directed mutagenesis in the active site of the catalytic domain. Toxicity was abolished in D535A and H538A variants of xenocin, which were expressed alone without an immunity domain and secreted in the culture supernatant through flagellar export. Secretion of xenocin through the flagellar pathway has important implications in the evolutionary success of X. nematophila.
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Chaston JM, Suen G, Tucker SL, Andersen AW, Bhasin A, Bode E, Bode HB, Brachmann AO, Cowles CE, Cowles KN, Darby C, de Léon L, Drace K, Du Z, Givaudan A, Herbert Tran EE, Jewell KA, Knack JJ, Krasomil-Osterfeld KC, Kukor R, Lanois A, Latreille P, Leimgruber NK, Lipke CM, Liu R, Lu X, Martens EC, Marri PR, Médigue C, Menard ML, Miller NM, Morales-Soto N, Norton S, Ogier JC, Orchard SS, Park D, Park Y, Qurollo BA, Sugar DR, Richards GR, Rouy Z, Slominski B, Slominski K, Snyder H, Tjaden BC, van der Hoeven R, Welch RD, Wheeler C, Xiang B, Barbazuk B, Gaudriault S, Goodner B, Slater SC, Forst S, Goldman BS, Goodrich-Blair H. The entomopathogenic bacterial endosymbionts Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: convergent lifestyles from divergent genomes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27909. [PMID: 22125637 PMCID: PMC3220699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Xenorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that associate with nematodes. The nematode-bacteria pair infects and kills insects, with both partners contributing to insect pathogenesis and the bacteria providing nutrition to the nematode from available insect-derived nutrients. The nematode provides the bacteria with protection from predators, access to nutrients, and a mechanism of dispersal. Members of the bacterial genus Photorhabdus also associate with nematodes to kill insects, and both genera of bacteria provide similar services to their different nematode hosts through unique physiological and metabolic mechanisms. We posited that these differences would be reflected in their respective genomes. To test this, we sequenced to completion the genomes of Xenorhabdus nematophila ATCC 19061 and Xenorhabdus bovienii SS-2004. As expected, both Xenorhabdus genomes encode many anti-insecticidal compounds, commensurate with their entomopathogenic lifestyle. Despite the similarities in lifestyle between Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, a comparative analysis of the Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus luminescens, and P. asymbiotica genomes suggests genomic divergence. These findings indicate that evolutionary changes shaped by symbiotic interactions can follow different routes to achieve similar end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Chaston
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Tucker
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron W. Andersen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Archna Bhasin
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Edna Bode
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander O. Brachmann
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Charles E. Cowles
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kimberly N. Cowles
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Creg Darby
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Limaris de Léon
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin Drace
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zijin Du
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alain Givaudan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Erin E. Herbert Tran
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kelsea A. Jewell
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Knack
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Ryan Kukor
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anne Lanois
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Phil Latreille
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Carolyn M. Lipke
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Renyi Liu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Xiaojun Lu
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pradeep R. Marri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Claudine Médigue
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope and CNRS-UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Megan L. Menard
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nancy M. Miller
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nydia Morales-Soto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stacie Norton
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jean-Claude Ogier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Samantha S. Orchard
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dongjin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Youngjin Park
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Darby Renneckar Sugar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. Richards
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zoé Rouy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope and CNRS-UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Brad Slominski
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Slominski
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Holly Snyder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian C. Tjaden
- Department of Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ransome van der Hoeven
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Roy D. Welch
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathy Wheeler
- Department of Biology, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bosong Xiang
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brad Barbazuk
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sophie Gaudriault
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brad Goodner
- Department of Biology, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Slater
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Steven Forst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barry S. Goldman
- Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (B.Goldman); (HG-B)
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (B.Goldman); (HG-B)
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Role of Mrx fimbriae of Xenorhabdus nematophila in competitive colonization of the nematode host. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7247-54. [PMID: 21856828 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05328-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila engages in mutualistic associations with the infective juvenile (IJ) stage of specific entomopathogenic nematodes. Mannose-resistant (Mrx) chaperone-usher-type fimbriae are produced when the bacteria are grown on nutrient broth agar (NB agar). The role of Mrx fimbriae in the colonization of the nematode host has remained unresolved. We show that X. nematophila grown on LB agar produced flagella rather than fimbriae. IJs propagated on X. nematophila grown on LB agar were colonized to the same extent as those propagated on NB agar. Further, progeny IJs were normally colonized by mrx mutant strains that lacked fimbriae both when bacteria were grown on NB agar and when coinjected into the insect host with aposymbiotic nematodes. The mrx strains were not competitively defective for colonization when grown in the presence of wild-type cells on NB agar. In addition, a phenotypic variant strain that lacked fimbriae colonized as well as the wild-type strain. In contrast, the mrx strains displayed a competitive colonization defect in vivo. IJ progeny obtained from insects injected with comixtures of nematodes carrying either the wild-type or the mrx strain were colonized almost exclusively with the wild-type strain. Likewise, when insects were coinjected with aposymbiotic IJs together with a comixture of the wild-type and mrx strains, the resulting IJ progeny were predominantly colonized with the wild-type strain. These results revealed that Mrx fimbriae confer a competitive advantage during colonization in vivo and provide new insights into the role of chaperone-usher fimbriae in the life cycle of X. nematophila.
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10
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Rae RG, Tourna M, Wilson MJ. The slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita associates with complex and variable bacterial assemblages that do not affect its virulence. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 104:222-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Somvanshi VS, Kaufmann-Daszczuk B, Kim KS, Mallon S, Ciche TA. Photorhabdus phase variants express a novel fimbrial locus, mad, essential for symbiosis. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:1021-38. [PMID: 20572934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Fimbriae are adhesive organelles known to enable pathogens to colonize animal tissue, but little is known of their function in mutualistic symbioses. Photorhabdus colonization of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora nematodes is essential for the pair's insect pathogenic lifestyle. Maternal nematodes acquire Photorhabdus symbionts as a persistent intestinal biofilm prior to transmission to infective juvenile (IJ) stage offspring developing inside the maternal body. Screening 8000 Photorhabdus mutants for defects in IJ colonization revealed that a single fimbrial locus, named mad for maternal adhesion defective, is essential. The mad genes encode a novel usher/chaperone assembled fimbria regulated by an ON/OFF invertible promoter switch. Adherent Photorhabdus cells in maternal nematode intestines had the switch ON opposite to the OFF orientation of most other cells. A ΔmadA mutant failed to adhere to maternal intestines and be transmitted to the IJs. Mad fimbriae were detected on TT01 phase ON cells but not on ΔmadA phase ON cells. Also required for transmission is madJ, predicted to encode a transcriptional activator related to GrlA. Expression of madA-K or madIJK restored the ability of madJ mutant to adhere. The Mad fimbriae were not required for insect pathogenesis, indicating the specialized function of Mad fimbriae for symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal S Somvanshi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bettina Kaufmann-Daszczuk
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kwi-Suk Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shane Mallon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Todd A Ciche
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and the Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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12
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Abstract
The perpetuation of symbioses through host generations relies on symbiont transmission. Horizontally transmitted symbionts are taken up from the environment anew by each host generation, and vertically transmitted symbionts are most often transferred through the female germ line. Mixed modes also exist. In this Review we describe the journey of symbionts from the initial contact to their final residence. We provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms that mediate symbiont attraction and accumulation, interpartner recognition and selection, as well as symbiont confrontation with the host immune system. We also discuss how the two main transmission modes shape the evolution of the symbiotic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bright
- University of Vienna, Department of Marine Biology, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Chapuis E, Emelianoff V, Paulmier V, Le Brun N, Pagès S, Sicard M, Ferdy JB. Manifold aspects of specificity in a nematode-bacterium mutualism. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:2104-17. [PMID: 19732258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution in mutualistic symbiosis can yield, because the interacting partners share common interests, to coadaptation: hosts perform better when associated with symbionts of their own locality than with others coming from more distant places. However, as the two partners of a symbiosis might also experience conflicts over part of their life cycle, coadaptation might not occur for all life-history traits. We investigated this issue in symbiotic systems where nematodes (Steinernema) and bacteria (Xenorhabdus) reproduce in insects they have both contributed to kill. Newborn infective juveniles (IJs) that carry bacteria in their intestine then disperse from the insect cadaver in search of a new host to infect. We ran experiments where nematodes coinfect insects with bacteria that differ from their native symbiont. In both Steinernema carpocapsae/Xenorhabdus nematophila and Steinernema feltiae/Xenorhabdus bovienii symbioses, we detected an overall specificity which favours the hypothesis of a fine-tuned co-adaptation process. However, we also found that the life-history traits involved in specificity strongly differ between the two model systems: when associated with strains that differ too much from their native symbionts, S. carpocapsae has low parasitic success, whereas S. feltiae has low survival in dispersal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chapuis
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5554, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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14
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CpxRA influences Xenorhabdus nematophila colonization initiation and outgrowth in Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes through regulation of the nil locus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4007-14. [PMID: 19376901 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02658-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gammaproteobacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila mutualistically colonizes an intestinal region of a soil-dwelling nematode and is a blood pathogen of insects. The X. nematophila CpxRA two-component regulatory system is necessary for both of these host interactions (E. Herbert et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7826-7836, 2007). Mutualistic association of X. nematophila with its nematode host consists of two stages: initiation, where a small number of bacterial cells establish themselves in the colonization site, and outgrowth, where these cells grow to fill the space. In this study, we show that the Cpx system is necessary for both of these stages. X. nematophila DeltacpxR1 colonized fewer nematodes than its wild-type parent and did not achieve as high a density as did the wild type within a portion of the colonized nematodes. To test whether the DeltacpxR1 host interaction phenotypes are due to its overexpression of mrxA, encoding the type I pilin subunit protein, we assessed the colonization phenotype of a DeltacpxR1 DeltamrxA1 double mutant. This mutant displayed the same colonization defect as DeltacpxR1, indicating that CpxR negative regulation of mrxA does not play a detectable role in X. nematophila-host interactions. CpxR positively regulates expression of nilA, nilB, and nilC genes necessary for nematode colonization. Here we show that the nematode colonization defect of the DeltacpxR1 mutant is rescued by elevating nil gene expression through mutation of nilR, a negative regulator of nilA, nilB, and nilC. These data suggest that the nematode colonization defect previously observed in DeltacpxR1 is caused, at least in part, by altered regulation of nilA, nilB, and nilC.
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