1
|
Folli F, La Rosa S, Finzi G, Davalli AM, Galli A, Dick EJ, Perego C, Mendoza RG. Pancreatic islet of Langerhans' cytoarchitecture and ultrastructure in normal glucose tolerance and in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018; 20 Suppl 2:137-144. [PMID: 30230173 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While a number of structural and cellular abnormalities occur in the islet of Langerhans in diabetes, and in particular in type 2 diabetes, the focus has been mostly on the insulin producing β-cells and only more recently on glucagon producing α- and δ-cells. There is ample evidence that in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in addition to a progressive decline in β-cell function and associated insulin resistance in a number of insulin-sensitive tissues, alterations in glucagon secretion are also present and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia both in the fasting and in the postprandial state. Recently, a number of studies have showed that there are also functional and structural alterations in glucagon-producing α-cells and somatostatin-producing δ-cells. Thus, it is becoming increasingly clear that multiple cellular alterations of multiple cell types occur, which adds even more complexity to our understanding of the pathophysiology of this common and severe disease. We believe that persistent efforts to increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of hormone secretion in the islets of Langerhans will also improve our capability to better prevent and treat diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Folli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Health Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Finzi
- Anatomical Pathology, Ospedale di Circolo Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto M Davalli
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, H.S Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Carla Perego
- Anatomical Pathology, Ospedale di Circolo Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Guardado Mendoza
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad del Bajío, Guanajuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Han C, Zhu W, Wu Z, Liu Y, Chen L. An optical method to evaluate both mass and functional competence of pancreatic α- and β-cells. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2462-71. [PMID: 27173492 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalanced glucagon and insulin release leads to the onset of type 2 diabetes. To pinpoint the underlying primary driving force, here we have developed a fast, non-biased optical method to measure ratios of pancreatic α- and β-cell mass and function simultaneously. We firstly label both primary α- and β-cells with the red fluorescent probe ZinRhodaLactam-1 (ZRL1), and then highlight α-cells by selectively quenching the ZRL1 signal from β-cells. Based on the signals before and after quenching, we calculate the ratio of the α-cell to β-cell mass within live islets, which we found matched the results from immunohistochemistry. From the same islets, glucagon and insulin release capability can be concomitantly measured. Thus, we were able to measure the ratio of α-cell to β-cell mass and their function in wild-type and diabetic Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) (denoted db/db) mice at different ages. We find that the initial glucose intolerance that appears in 10-week-old db/db mice is associated with further expansion of α-cell mass prior to deterioration in functional β-cell mass. Our method is extendable to studies of islet mass and function in other type 2 diabetes animal models, which shall benefit mechanistic studies of imbalanced hormone secretion during type 2 diabetes progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhengxing Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cinti F, Bouchi R, Kim-Muller JY, Ohmura Y, Sandoval PR, Masini M, Marselli L, Suleiman M, Ratner LE, Marchetti P, Accili D. Evidence of β-Cell Dedifferentiation in Human Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1044-54. [PMID: 26713822 PMCID: PMC4803182 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes is associated with a deficit of insulin-producing β-cells. Animal studies show that β-cells become dedifferentiated in diabetes, reverting to a progenitor-like stage, and partly converting to other endocrine cell types. OBJECTIVE To determine whether similar processes occur in human type 2 diabetes, we surveyed pancreatic islets from 15 diabetic and 15 nondiabetic organ donors. DESIGN We scored dedifferentiation using markers of endocrine lineage, β-cell-specific transcription factors, and a newly identified endocrine progenitor cell marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3. RESULTS By these criteria, dedifferentiated cells accounted for 31.9% of β-cells in type 2 diabetics vs 8.7% in controls, and for 16.8% vs 6.5% of all endocrine cells (P < .001). The number of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3-positive/hormone-negative cells was 3-fold higher in diabetics compared with controls. Moreover, β-cell-specific transcription factors were ectopically found in glucagon- and somatostatin-producing cells of diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS The data support the view that pancreatic β-cells become dedifferentiated and convert to α- and δ-"like" cells in human type 2 diabetes. The findings should prompt a reassessment of goals in the prevention and treatment of β-cell dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cinti
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ryotaro Bouchi
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ja Young Kim-Muller
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Yoshiaki Ohmura
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - P R Sandoval
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matilde Masini
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lloyd E Ratner
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Accili
- Departments of Medicine (F.C., R.B., J.Y.K.-M., D.A.) and Surgery (Y.O., P.R.S., L.E.R.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (F.C.), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (M.M., L.M., M.S., P.M.), Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahlkvist L, Brown K, Ahrén B. Upregulated insulin secretion in insulin-resistant mice: evidence of increased islet GLP1 receptor levels and GPR119-activated GLP1 secretion. Endocr Connect 2013; 2:69-78. [PMID: 23781322 PMCID: PMC3680955 DOI: 10.1530/ec-12-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the overall incretin effect and the β-cell responsiveness to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) are increased in insulin-resistant mice and may contribute to the upregulated β-cell function. Now we examined whether this could, first, be explained by increased islet GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) protein levels and, secondly, be leveraged by G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) activation, which stimulates GLP1 secretion. Female C57BL/6J mice, fed a control (CD, 10% fat) or high-fat (HFD, 60% fat) diet for 8 weeks, were anesthetized and orally given a GPR119 receptor agonist (GSK706A; 10 mg/kg) or vehicle, followed after 10 min with gavage with a liquid mixed meal (0.285 kcal). Blood was sampled for determination of glucose, insulin, intact GLP1, and glucagon, and islets were isolated for studies on insulin and glucagon secretion and GLP1R protein levels. In HFD vs CD mice, GPR119 activation augmented the meal-induced increase in the release of both GLP1 (AUCGLP1 81±9.6 vs 37±6.9 pM×min, P=0.002) and insulin (AUCINS 253±29 vs 112±19 nM×min, P<0.001). GPR119 activation also significantly increased glucagon levels in both groups (P<0.01) with, however, no difference between the groups. By contrast, GPR119 activation did not affect islet hormone secretion from isolated islets. Glucose elimination after meal ingestion was significantly increased by GPR119 activation in HFD mice (0.57±0.04 vs 0.43±0.03% per min, P=0.014) but not in control mice. Islet GLP1R protein levels was higher in HFD vs CD mice (0.8±0.1 vs 0.5±0.1, P=0.035). In conclusion, insulin-resistant mice display increased islet GLP1R protein levels and augmented meal-induced GLP1 and insulin responses to GPR119 activation, which results in increased glucose elimination. We suggest that the increased islet GLP1R protein levels together with the increased GLP1 release may contribute to the upregulated β-cell function in insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ahlkvist
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Ahlkvist Email
| | - K Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle ParkDurham, North CarolinaUSA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Irwin N, Franklin ZJ, O'Harte FPM. desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] and desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon: long-acting peptide-based PEGylated and acylated glucagon receptor antagonists with potential antidiabetic activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 709:43-51. [PMID: 23562625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is hormone secreted from the pancreatic alpha-cells that is involved in blood glucose regulation. As such, antagonism of glucagon receptor signalling represents an exciting approach for treating diabetes. To harness these beneficial metabolic effects, two novel glucagon analogues, desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] and desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon, has been evaluated for potential glucagon receptor antagonistic properties. Both novel peptides were completely resistant to enzymatic breakdown and significantly (P<0.05 to P<0.001) inhibited glucagon-mediated elevations of cAMP production in glucagon receptor transfected cells. Similarly, desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] and desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon effectively antagonised glucagon-induced increases of insulin secretion from BRIN BD11 cells. When administered acutely to normal, high fat fed or ob/ob mice, both analogues had no significant effects on overall blood glucose or plasma insulin levels when compared to saline treated controls. However, desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] significantly (P<0.05) annulled glucagon-induced increases in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in normal mice and had similar non-significant tendencies in high fat and ob/ob mice. In addition, desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon effectively (P<0.05 to P<0.001) antagonised glucagon-mediated elevations of blood glucose levels in high fat fed and ob/ob mice, but was less efficacious in normal mice. Further studies confirmed the significant persistent glucagon receptor antagonistic properties of both novel enzyme-resistant analogues 4h post administration in normal mice. These studies emphasise the potential of longer-acting peptide-based glucagon receptor antagonists, and particularly acylated versions, for the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|