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Yoneten KK, Kasap M, Arga KY, Akpinar G, Utkan NZ. Decreased serum levels of glycerol-3- phosphate dehydrogenase 1 and monoacylglycerol lipase act as diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer. Cancer Biomark 2021; 34:67-76. [PMID: 34657876 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most life-threatening cancer types among women. Despite major developments in medical sciences and technologies, the incidence and mortality rates of BC cases are still increasing. One of the reasons for this increase is the absence of an easy to perform early-diagnostic tool. Although there are defined BC biomarkers routinely used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, none of these biomarkers is useful for early diagnosis. Therefore, early diagnosis of BC remains an important challenge and there is a great need for the early-diagnostic biomarker(s). OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic values of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) proteins as non-invasive serum biomarkers. METHODS GPD1 and MAGL serum levels were determined by ELISA for BC patients (n= 100) from five different subtypes, and healthy controls (n= 20), and a comparative analysis was performed to determine statistically significant expression differences among the groups. RESULTS The results provided evidence that GPD1 acted as a diagnostic biomarker in distinguishing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients from other subtypes, and MAGL acted as a diagnostic biomarker in distinguishing healthy individuals from BC patients. CONCLUSION GPD1 and MAGL might be proposed as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for BC with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nihat Zafer Utkan
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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2
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Yoneten KK, Kasap M, Akpinar G, Gunes A, Gurel B, Utkan NZ. Comparative Proteome Analysis of Breast Cancer Tissues Highlights the Importance of Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase 1 and Monoacylglycerol Lipase in Breast Cancer Metabolism. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2020; 16:377-397. [PMID: 31467232 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Breast cancer (BC) incidence and mortality rates have been increasing due to the lack of appropriate diagnostic tools for early detection. Proteomics-based studies may provide novel targets for early diagnosis and efficient treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the global changes occurring in protein profiles in breast cancer tissues to discover potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. MATERIALS AND METHODS BC tissues and their corresponding healthy counterparts were collected, subtyped, and subjected to comparative proteomics analyses using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis fluorescence difference gel (DIGE) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF) to explore BC metabolism at the proteome level. Western blot analysis was used to verify changes occurring at the protein levels. RESULTS Bioinformatics analyses performed with differentially regulated proteins highlighted the changes occurring in triacylglyceride (TAG) metabolism, and directed our attention to TAG metabolism-associated proteins, namely glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). These proteins were down-regulated in tumor groups in comparison to controls. CONCLUSION GPD1 and MAGL might be promising tissue-based protein biomarkers with a predictive potential for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Medical Biology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Gunes
- Department of General Surgery, Derince Education and Application Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Bora Gurel
- Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nihat Zafer Utkan
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
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3
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Reyes AC, Amyes TL, Richard JP. Primary Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects: A Probe for the Origin of the Rate Acceleration for Hydride Transfer Catalyzed by Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4338-4348. [PMID: 29927590 PMCID: PMC6091503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Large
primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (1° DKIEs)
on enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer may be observed when the transferred
hydride tunnels through the energy barrier. The following 1°
DKIEs on kcat/Km and relative reaction driving force are reported for wild-type and
mutant glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH)-catalyzed reactions
of NADL (L = H, D): wild-type GPDH, ΔΔG⧧ = 0 kcal/mol, 1° DKIE = 1.5;
N270A, 5.6 kcal/mol, 3.1; R269A, 9.1 kcal/mol, 2.8; R269A + 1.0 M
guanidine, 2.4 kcal/mol, 2.7; R269A/N270A, 11.5 kcal/mol, 2.4. Similar
1° DKIEs were observed on kcat. The
narrow range of 1° DKIEs (2.4–3.1) observed for a 9.1
kcal/mol change in reaction driving force provides strong evidence
that these are intrinsic 1° DKIEs on rate-determining hydride
transfer. Evidence is presented that the intrinsic DKIE on wild-type
GPDH-catalyzed reduction of DHAP lies in this range. A similar range
of 1° DKIEs (2.4–2.9) on (kcat/KGA, M–1 s–1) was reported for dianion-activated hydride transfer from NADL to
glycolaldehyde (GA) [Reyes, A. C.; Amyes, T. L.; Richard, J.
P. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2016, 138, 14526–14529].
These 1° DKIEs are much smaller than those observed for enzyme-catalyzed
hydrogen transfer that occurs mainly by quantum mechanical tunneling.
These results support the conclusion that the rate acceleration for
GPDH-catalyzed reactions is due to the stabilization of the transition
state for hydride transfer by interactions with the protein catalyst.
The small 1° DKIEs reported for mutant GPDH-catalyzed and for
wild-type dianion-activated reactions are inconsistent with a model
where the dianion binding energy is utilized in the stabilization
of a tunneling ready state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie C Reyes
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
| | - Tina L Amyes
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
| | - John P Richard
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
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4
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He R, Reyes AC, Amyes TL, Richard JP. Enzyme Architecture: The Role of a Flexible Loop in Activation of Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase for Catalysis of Hydride Transfer. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3227-3236. [PMID: 29337541 PMCID: PMC6001809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
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The side chain of Q295 of glycerol-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase from
human liver (hlGPDH) lies in a flexible loop, that
folds over the phosphodianion of substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate
(DHAP). Q295 interacts with the side-chain cation from R269, which
is ion-paired to the substrate phosphodianion. Kinetic parameters kcat/Km (M–1 s–1) and kcat/KGAKHPi (M–2 s–1) were determined, respectively, for catalysis
of the reduction of DHAP and for dianion activation of catalysis of
reduction of glycolaldehyde (GA) catalyzed by wild-type, Q295G, Q295S,
Q295A, and Q295N mutants of hlGPDH. These mutations
result in up to a 150-fold decrease in (kcat/Km)DHAP and up to a 2.7 kcal/mol
decrease in the intrinsic phosphodianion binding energy. The data
define a linear correlation with slope 1.1, between the intrinsic
phosphodianion binding energy and the intrinsic phosphite dianion
binding energy for activation of hlGPDH-catalyzed
reduction of GA, that demonstrates a role for Q295 in optimizing this
dianion binding energy. The R269A mutation of wild-type GPDH results
in a 9.1 kcal/mol destabilization of the transition state for reduction
of DHAP, but the same R269A mutation of N270A and Q295A mutants result
in smaller 5.9 and 4.9 kcal/mol transition-state destabilization.
Similarly, the N270A or Q295A mutations of R269A GPDH each result
in large falloffs in the efficiency of rescue of the R269A mutant
by guanidine cation. We conclude that N270, which interacts for the
substrate phosphodianion and Q295, which interacts with the guanidine
side chain of R269, function to optimize the apparent
transition-state stabilization provided by the cationic side chain
of R269.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
| | - Archie C Reyes
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
| | - Tina L Amyes
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
| | - John P Richard
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, SUNY , Buffalo , New York 14260-3000 , United States
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5
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Crisóstomo L, Alves MG, Calamita G, Sousa M, Oliveira PF. Glycerol and testicular activity: the good, the bad and the ugly. Mol Hum Reprod 2017; 23:725-737. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Crisóstomo
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
| | - Mário Sousa
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Professor Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Bari, Italy
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Gao YZ, Jiang Y, Wu X, Bai CY, Pan YC, Sun YZ. Molecular characteristics and expression profiles of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) gene in pig. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1875-81. [PMID: 20857217 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1, EC 1.1.1.8) plays an important role in the synthesis of triacylglycerol and in the transport of reducing equivalents from the cytosol to mitochondria. Here we report the full-length genomic sequence of porcine GPD1 gene including promoter region. Porcine GPD1 gene contains eight exons and seven introns. Using the ImpRH, the GPD1 gene was mapped on chromosome 5. Sub-cellular localization of the pig GPD1 was localized in cytoplasm by GFP reporter gene. The full-length CDS of porcine GPD1 gene comprises 1050 nucleotides and it encodes 349 amino acids. Using the CDS sequences of 17 species, we built the phylogeny tree of GPD1 gene. We investigated the expression level of the gene in 13 different tissues and time course from birth to postnatal day 28 in longissinus doris muscle (LD) and in cerebrum. The result shows that porcine GPD1 gene is expressed in almost all tissues we tested but its levels of expression varies widely over 2 orders of magnitude. LD and the cerebrum have similar expression pattern that is at a low level at birth and increasing with aging to the highest level at postnatal day 8 in LD and postnatal day 14 in cerebrum. But weaning decreased the expression level of the GPD1 gene. This may partially explains the effects of weaning on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Z Gao
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Don Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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McDermid EM, Agar NS, Chai CK. Electrophoretic variation of red cell enzyme systems in farm animals. ANIMAL BLOOD GROUPS AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS 2009; 6:127-74. [PMID: 812391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1975.tb01361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Ou X, Ji C, Han X, Zhao X, Li X, Mao Y, Wong LL, Bartlam M, Rao Z. Crystal structures of human glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1). J Mol Biol 2006; 357:858-69. [PMID: 16460752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Homo sapiens L-alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) catalyzes the reversible biological conversion of dihydroxyacetone (DHAP) to glycerol-3-phosphate. The GPD1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified as a fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase. Here we report the apoenzyme structure of GPD1 determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction phasing, and other complex structures with small molecules (NAD+ and DHAP) by the molecular replacement method. This enzyme structure is organized into two distinct domains, the N-terminal eight-stranded beta-sheet sandwich domain and the C-terminal helical substrate-binding domain. An electrophilic catalytic mechanism by the epsilon-NH3+ group of Lys204 is proposed on the basis of the structural analyses. In addition, the inhibitory effects of zinc and sulfate on GPDHs are assayed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Ou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics (IBP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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9
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Kim JY, Park HS, Kang SI, Choi EJ, Kim IY. Redox regulation of cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: Cys(102) is the target of the redox control and essential for the catalytic activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1569:67-74. [PMID: 11853959 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cG3PDH) occupies the branch point between the glycolytic pathway and triglyceride biosynthesis. However, the regulatory mechanism of the cG3PDH activity has remained obscure. Here we report that cG3PDH is efficiently inhibited by modification of the thiol group through a redox mechanism. In this study, we found that sodium selenite and nitric oxide (NO) donors such as S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine and 3-morpholinosydnonimine inhibited cG3PDH activity, and that similar effects could be achieved with selenium metabolites such as selenocysteine and selenomethionine. Furthermore, we found that reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol and beta-mercaptoethanol, restored the cG3PDH activity suppressed by selenite and NO both in vitro and in cultured cells. Buthionine sulfoximine depleted levels of both reduced glutathione and the oxidized form but had no effect on the suppression of cG3PDH activity by selenite in cultured cells. Moreover, thiol-reactive agents, such as N-ethylmaleimide and o-iodosobenzoic acid, blocked the enzyme activity of cG3PDH through the modification of redox-sensitive cysteine residues in cG3PDH. The inhibitor of NO synthase, L-N(G)-nitro-arginine, restored the cG3PDH activity inhibited by NO in cultured cells, whereas the inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazole[4,3-alpha] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), has no effect. NO directly inhibits cG3PDH activity not via a cGMP-dependent mechanism. Finally, using site-directed mutagenesis, we found that Cys(102) of cG3PDH was sensitive to both selenite and NO. From the results, we suggest that cG3PDH is a target of cellular redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Menaya J, González-Manchón C, Parrilla R, Ayuso MS. Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of a cDNA encoding a human liver NAD-dependent alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1262:91-4. [PMID: 7772607 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(95)00069-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the primary nucleotide structure and in vitro translation of a cDNA, expressed by a gene mapping on chromosome 12, that encodes a human hepatic alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (L-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.8). The 1413 bp cDNA comprises an ORF of 1050 bp that encodes a 349 amino acid protein of 37.5 kDa. Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+ mRNA from human liver showed three transcripts, while from human placenta only two transcripts were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Menaya
- Department of Physiopathology and Human Molecular Genetics, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Birkenmeier EH, Hoppe PC, Lyford KA, Gwynn B. Tissue- and cell-specific expression of human sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:2819-25. [PMID: 1614868 PMCID: PMC336927 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.11.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of the promoter sequence for the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH, EC 1.1.1.8) genes in mice and humans showed that there were three promoter domains conserved in evolution (1). To study the functional organization of the GPDH promoter, we generated transgenic mice carrying the complete human gene, GPD1. The level of human and mouse GPDH activity was measured in each tissue and the amount of human-mouse GPDH heterodimer was used as a sensitive indicator of cell-specific expression of GPD1. During postnatal development and in adult tissues of the transgenic mice, human GPDH was expressed at levels that corresponded closely to the expression of the endogenous mouse gene, Gdc-1. Surprisingly, deletion of the evolutionarily conserved fat-specific elements (FSE) in the proximal promoter region failed to reveal any alterations in GPD1 expression that were specific for either white or brown adipose tissue.
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12
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Bewley GC, Cook JL, Kusakabe S, Mukai T, Rigby DL, Chambers GK. Sequence, structure and evolution of the gene coding for sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:8553-67. [PMID: 2511555 PMCID: PMC335027 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.21.8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence for the gene encoding Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A transcription unit of 5kb was identified which is composed of eight protein encoding exons. Three classes of transcripts were shown to differ only in the 3'-end and to code for three protein isoforms each with a different C-terminal amino acid sequence. Each transcript is shown to arise through the differential expression of three isotype-specific exons at the 3'-end of the gene by a developmentally regulated process of 3'-end formation and alternate splicing pathways of the pre-mRNA. In contrast, the 5'-end of the gene is simple in structure and each mRNA is transcribed from the same promoter sequence. A comparison of the organization of the Drosophila and murine genes and the primary amino acid sequence between a total of four species indicates that the GPDH gene-enzyme system is highly conserved and is evolving slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bewley
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7614
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13
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Lougheed SC, Rosser BW. A survey of tissue-specific isozyme expressions during chicken ontogeny. Biochem Genet 1987; 25:275-86. [PMID: 3606563 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenetic trends in the expression of 25 isozymes in liver, gizzard, heart, and pectoralis muscle of White Leghorn chickens were examined using starch gel electrophoresis. Little change in expression during development was evident in liver S-AAT-A, GPI-A, S-ICDH-A, S-MDH-A and M-MDH-A, in gizzard S-ACON-A, ADH-A, GPI-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A PEP-1, and PGM-A, in heart ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, PGM-A, and LDH-A, in pectoralis M-ACON-A, S-ACON-A, ADH-A, HK-1, HK-3, ME-A, PEP-2, and PGM-A, and in liver, gizzard, and heart M-ACON-A, ALD-A, CK-A, G3PDH-A, HK-1, and PGDH-A. Increasing levels of activity were demonstrated in liver ADH-A, ME-A, and PEP-2, in heart M-MDH-A, S-ICDH-A, M-ICDH, and M-AAT-A, and in pectoralis LDH-A, LDH-B, G3PDH-3, ALD-A, CK-A, HK-2, and PGM-B. There was a decrease in the activity of HK-1 in liver and in PEP-1 and PGDH-A in pectoralis muscle throughout development. While CK-C is active in the embryonic pectoralis, CK-A is restricted to later developmental stages. Isozyme expressions in regions of the pectoralis containing fast and slow muscle fibers in 7-month-posthatch individuals were noted and found to be identical. The results underscore the need to use similar developmental stages and tissue samples in comparative electrophoretic studies of birds.
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14
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15
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Csaikl F. Screening of guinea pig strains for electrophoretic isoenzyme polymorphisms. Genet Res (Camb) 1986; 47:53-7. [PMID: 3957039 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300024514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SummarySeven strains of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) with different degrees of inbreeding were investigated for genetic variability by starch gel electrophoresis. Variants for six out of 31 loci (Gpd-1, Aat-1, Ak-2, Pgm-1, Ada and Gpi) are reported. The data suggest that the strains all come from a small founding population and therefore are genetically more homogenous than the visible characteristics imply. Differences between isoenzyme data and other genetic characters are described and possible underlying genetic mechanisms are discussed.
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16
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Edwards Y, McMillan SL, Kielty C, Shaw MA. The expression of human glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in human/rodent somatic-cell hybrids. Biochem Genet 1985; 23:405-22. [PMID: 2994626 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies using rodent/human somatic-cell hybrids suggested that the expression of human mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDM) is dependent on the presence of human mitochondria. This has now been tested directly by analysis of GPDM activity in a series of nine hybrid-cell lines, four segregating human chromosomes and five losing rodent chromosomes (reverse segregants). The chromosome composition of the hybrids was deduced from analysis of biochemical markers and examination of G- and G11-banded metaphase spreads and the mitochondrial content was determined by Southern blot analysis, using cloned mouse and human mtDNA sequences as probes. We found that the mtDNA species present in these hybrids correlated exactly with the pattern of chromosome segregation such that the conventional hybrids contained rodent mtDNA and the reverse segregants human mtDNA. However, the pattern of GPDM expression was not directly correlated with the species of chromosomes or mitochondria present: all the hybrids showed strong rodent GPDM activity and two from each class of hybrid also showed human GPDM activity but the other hybrids were negative for human GPDM. We conclude that rodent GPDM readily integrates into human mitochondria, that the expression of rodent GPDM is not dependent on the presence of rodent mitochondria, and that GPDM is not coded by mtDNA. Human GPDM either is not capable of being inserted into the rodent mitochondrial membrane or is regulated in some way in the hybrid cells by an unidentified rodent factor.
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17
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Fisher SE, Shaklee JB, Ferris SD, Whitt GS. Evolution of five multilocus isozyme systems in the chordates. Genetica 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00121817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Wapnir RA, Lifshitz F, Sekaran C, Teichberg S, Moak SA. Glycerol-induced hypoglycemia: a syndrome associated with multiple liver enzyme deficiencies. Clinical and in vitro studies. Metabolism 1982; 31:1057-64. [PMID: 7132731 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(82)90152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A 4 10/12 yr-old white male presented with a history of occasional grand mal seizures and hypoglycemic episodes after overnight fasting. Upon evaluation, he became hypoglycemic after 1 g/kg oral glycerol challenge (plasma glucose: 31 mg/dl in 45 min), but had normal glucose, alanine and fructose tolerance tests. He responded well to a glucagon challenge after 11 hr fast but he became hypoglycemic and could not normalize his blood glucose after a 2nd glucagon stimulation test after 17 hr of fasting. Studies conducted on a percutaneous liver biopsy, and compared with 3 non-hypoglycemic controls, showed reduced activities (20%-30% of normal) of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. Alpha glycerophosphate in the patient's liver was elevated. Two types of electrophoresis showed absence of one enzymatically active zone and overall decrease of staining intensity for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Other liver enzymes tested were normal. The 50% inhibition of the patient's liver fructose-1,6-diphosphatase by alpha-glycerophosphate occurred, in vitro, or lower concentration than in controls (11 versus 22-40 mM). Electron microscopy revealed hepatocytes with moderately swollen mitochondria that very occasionally contained dense inclusions in the inner mitochondrial matrix. After discharge from the hospital, the patient followed a normal course, with a regimen of multiple snacks and avoidance of high-fat food in the morning.
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Abstract
1. A hydrophobic/phospholipid electrophoretic system has been devised which makes possible the analysis of human mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.99.5. GPDM). 2. GPDM has a wide tissue distribution in both adult and foetal life and is active in cultured lymphoblastoid cells and fibroblasts but is absent from red cells. 3. The solubilization procedure does not significantly alter the kinetic properties of the enzyme (Km alpha-glycerophosphate = 0.04-0.07 M, Km PMS = 0.19-0.35 mM) but the soluble form is less thermostable. 4. Comparisons of physicochemical characteristics, tissue distribution and coenzyme requirement point to a separate genetic determination and low level of evolutionary relatedness between GPDM and its cytosolic counterpart GPDS.
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Wise L, Green H. Participation of one isozyme of cytosolic glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in the adipose conversion of 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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McMorris FA, Post D. Extinction of differentiated glial functions in somatic ce-l hybrids is incomplete. Exp Cell Res 1978; 117:371-81. [PMID: 214319 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fisher RA, Putt W, Hackel E. An investigation of the products of 53 gene loci in three species of wild Canidae: Canis lupus, Canis latrans, and Canis familiaris. Biochem Genet 1976; 14:963-74. [PMID: 1016229 DOI: 10.1007/bf00485128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article describes an investigation of inter- and intraspecific variation in three small populations of wild Canidae-wolf, coyote, and dingo. The products of 53 gene loci were examined. Very little interspecies variation was observed, but the level of intraspecific variation was compatible with that found in man.
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