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Salomón RL, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, De Roo L, Miranda JC, Bodé S, Boeckx P, Steppe K. Carbon isotope composition of respired CO2 in woody stems and leafy shoots of three tree species along the growing season: physiological drivers for respiratory fractionation. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:1731-1744. [PMID: 37471648 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotope composition of respired CO2 (δ13CR) and bulk organic matter (δ13CB) of various plant compartments informs about the isotopic fractionation and substrate of respiratory processes, which are crucial to advance the understanding of carbon allocation in plants. Nevertheless, the variation across organs, species and seasons remains poorly understood. Cavity Ring-Down Laser Spectroscopy was applied to measure δ13CR in leafy shoots and woody stems of maple (Acer platanoides L.), oak (Quercus robur L.) and cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) trees during spring and late summer. Photosynthesis, respiration, growth and non-structural carbohydrates were measured in parallel to evaluate potential drivers for respiratory fractionation. The CO2 respired by maple and oak shoots was 13C-enriched relative to δ13CB during spring, but not late summer or in the stem. In cedar, δ13CR did not vary significantly throughout organs and seasons, with respired CO2 being 13C-depleted relative to δ13CB. Shoot δ13CR was positively related to leaf starch concentration in maple, while stem δ13CR was inversely related to stem growth. These relations were not significant for oak or cedar. The variability in δ13CR suggests (i) different contributions of respiratory pathways between organs and (ii) seasonality in the respiratory substrate and constitutive compounds for wood formation in deciduous species, less apparent in evergreen cedar, whose respiratory metabolism might be less variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Linus De Roo
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Research Group FORESCENT, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Bodé
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Isotope Bioscience Laboratory - ISOFYS, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Domergue J, Abadie C, Lalande J, Deswarte J, Ober E, Laurent V, Zimmerli C, Lerebour P, Duchalais L, Bédard C, Derory J, Moittie T, Lamothe‐Sibold M, Beauchêne K, Limami AM, Tcherkez G. Grain carbon isotope composition is a marker for allocation and harvest index in wheat. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:2145-2157. [PMID: 35475551 PMCID: PMC9323493 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The natural 13 C abundance (δ13 C) in plant leaves has been used for decades with great success in agronomy to monitor water-use efficiency and select modern cultivars adapted to dry conditions. However, in wheat, it is also important to find genotypes with high carbon allocation to spikes and grains, and thus with a high harvest index (HI) and/or low carbon losses via respiration. Finding isotope-based markers of carbon partitioning to grains would be extremely useful since isotope analyses are inexpensive and can be performed routinely at high throughput. Here, we took the advantage of a set of field trials made of more than 600 plots with several wheat cultivars and measured agronomic parameters as well as δ13 C values in leaves and grains. We find a linear relationship between the apparent isotope discrimination between leaves and grain (denoted as Δδcorr ), and the respiration use efficiency-to-HI ratio. It means that overall, efficient carbon allocation to grains is associated with a small isotopic difference between leaves and grains. This effect is explained by postphotosynthetic isotope fractionations, and we show that this can be modelled by equations describing the carbon isotope composition in grains along the wheat growth cycle. Our results show that 13 C natural abundance in grains could be useful to find genotypes with better carbon allocation properties and assist current wheat breeding technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Baptiste Domergue
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesUniversité d'Angers, INRAeBeaucouzéFrance
| | - Cyril Abadie
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesUniversité d'Angers, INRAeBeaucouzéFrance
| | - Julie Lalande
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesUniversité d'Angers, INRAeBeaucouzéFrance
| | - Jean‐Charles Deswarte
- Arvalis Institut du Végétal, Pôle valorisation de l'écophysiologie, ZA des GraviersVilliers le BâcleFrance
| | - Eric Ober
- National Institute of Agricultural BotanyCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marlène Lamothe‐Sibold
- Plateforme Metabolisme MetabolomeSPOmics plant métabolisme métabolome platform, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAe, University Paris‐SaclayOrsayFrance
| | - Katia Beauchêne
- Arvalis Institut du Végétal, Pôle PhenoHD3Beauce‐La‐RomaineFrance
| | - Anis M. Limami
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesUniversité d'Angers, INRAeBeaucouzéFrance
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et SemencesUniversité d'Angers, INRAeBeaucouzéFrance
- Research School of Biology, ANU College of ScienceAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
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Hilman B, Muhr J, Helm J, Kuhlmann I, Schulze ED, Trumbore S. The size and the age of the metabolically active carbon in tree roots. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:2522-2535. [PMID: 34096615 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the sources and age of C respired by tree roots. Previous research in stems identified two functional pools of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC): an "active" pool supplied directly from canopy photo-assimilates supporting metabolism and a "stored" pool used when fresh C supplies are limited. We compared the C isotope composition of water-soluble NSC and respired CO2 for aspen roots (Populus tremula hybrids) cut off from fresh C supply after stem-girdling or prolonged incubation of excised roots. We used bomb radiocarbon to estimate the time elapsed since C fixation for respired CO2 , water-soluble NSC and structural α-cellulose. While freshly excised roots (mostly <2.9 mm in diameter) respired CO2 fixed <1 year previously, the age increased to 1.6-2.9 year within a week after root excision. Freshly excised roots from trees girdled ~3 months ago had respiration rates and NSC stocks similar to un-girdled trees but respired older C (~1.2 year). We estimate that over 3 months NSC in girdled roots must be replaced 5-7 times by reserves remobilized from root-external sources. Using a mixing model and observed correlations between Δ14 C of water-soluble C and α-cellulose, we estimate ~30% of C is "active" (~5 mg C g-1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Hilman
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Muhr
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Department of Bioclimatology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Helm
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Iris Kuhlmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ernst-Detlef Schulze
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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Ghashghaie J, Badeck FW, Girardin C, Huignard C, Aydinlis Z, Fonteny C, Priault P, Fresneau C, Lamothe-Sibold M, Streb P, Terwilliger VJ. Changes and their possible causes in δ13C of dark-respired CO2 and its putative bulk and soluble sources during maize ontogeny. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2603-15. [PMID: 26970389 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The issues of whether, where, and to what extent carbon isotopic fractionations occur during respiration affect interpretations of plant functions that are important to many disciplines across the natural sciences. Studies of carbon isotopic fractionation during dark respiration in C3 plants have repeatedly shown respired CO2 to be (13)C enriched relative to its bulk leaf sources and (13)C depleted relative to its bulk root sources. Furthermore, two studies showed respired CO2 to become progressively (13)C enriched during leaf ontogeny and (13)C depleted during root ontogeny in C3 legumes. As such data on C4 plants are scarce and contradictory, we investigated apparent respiratory fractionations of carbon and their possible causes in different organs of maize plants during early ontogeny. As in the C3 plants, leaf-respired CO2 was (13)C enriched whereas root-respired CO2 was (13)C depleted relative to their putative sources. In contrast to the findings for C3 plants, however, not only root- but also leaf-respired CO2 became more (13)C depleted during ontogeny. Leaf-respired CO2 was highly (13)C enriched just after light-dark transition but the enrichment rapidly decreased over time in darkness. We conclude that (i) although carbon isotopic fractionations in C4 maize and leguminous C3 crop roots are similar, increasing phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase activity during maize ontogeny could have produced the contrast between the progressive (13)C depletion of maize leaf-respired CO2 and (13)C enrichment of C3 leaf-respired CO2 over time, and (ii) in both maize and C3 leaves, highly (13)C enriched leaf-respired CO2 at light-to-dark transition and its rapid decrease during darkness, together with the observed decrease in leaf malate content, may be the result of a transient effect of light-enhanced dark respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Ghashghaie
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Franz W Badeck
- Genomics Research Centre, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 29017 Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
| | - Cyril Girardin
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Christophe Huignard
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Zackarie Aydinlis
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Charlotte Fonteny
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Pierrick Priault
- Université de Lorraine, UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France INRA, UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Chantal Fresneau
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Marlène Lamothe-Sibold
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Peter Streb
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Valery J Terwilliger
- Department of Geography, 1475 Jayhawk Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA School of Natural Sciences, 5200 North Lake Road, University of California, CA 95343, USA
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5
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Salmon Y, Buchmann N, Barnard RL. Effects of Ontogeny on δ13C of Plant- and Soil-Respired CO2 and on Respiratory Carbon Fractionation in C3 Herbaceous Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151583. [PMID: 27010947 PMCID: PMC4807002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge gaps regarding potential ontogeny and plant species identity effects on carbon isotope fractionation might lead to misinterpretations of carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of respired CO2, a widely-used integrator of environmental conditions. In monospecific mesocosms grown under controlled conditions, the δ13C of C pools and fluxes and leaf ecophysiological parameters of seven herbaceous species belonging to three functional groups (crops, forage grasses and legumes) were investigated at three ontogenetic stages of their vegetative cycle (young foliage, maximum growth rate, early senescence). Ontogeny-related changes in δ13C of leaf- and soil-respired CO2 and 13C/12C fractionation in respiration (ΔR) were species-dependent and up to 7‰, a magnitude similar to that commonly measured in response to environmental factors. At plant and soil levels, changes in δ13C of respired CO2 and ΔR with ontogeny were related to changes in plant physiological status, likely through ontogeny-driven changes in the C sink to source strength ratio in the aboveground plant compartment. Our data further showed that lower ΔR values (i.e. respired CO2 relatively less depleted in 13C) were observed with decreasing net assimilation. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for ontogenetic stage and plant community composition in ecological studies using stable carbon isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Salmon
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Alexova R, Nelson CJ, Jacoby RP, Millar AH. Exposure of barley plants to low Pi leads to rapid changes in root respiration that correlate with specific alterations in amino acid substrates. New Phytol 2015; 206:696-708. [PMID: 25557489 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The majority of inorganic phosphate (Pi ) stress studies in plants have focused on the response after growth has been retarded. Evidence from transcript analysis, however, shows that a Pi -stress specific response is initiated within minutes of transfer to low Pi and in crop plants precedes the expression of Pi transporters and depletion of vacuolar Pi reserves by days. In order to investigate the physiological and metabolic events during early exposure to low Pi in grain crops, we monitored the response of whole barley plants during the first hours following Pi withdrawal. Lowering the concentration of Pi led to rapid changes in root respiration and leaf gas exchange throughout the early phase of the light course. Combining amino and organic acid analysis with (15) N labelling we show a root-specific effect on nitrogen metabolism linked to specific substrates of respiration as soon as 1 h following Pi withdrawal; this explains the respiratory responses observed and was confirmed by stimulation of respiration by exogenous addition of these respiratory substrates to roots. The rapid adjustment of substrates for respiration in roots during short-term Pi -stress is highlighted and this could help guide roots towards Pi -rich soil patches without compromising biomass accumulation of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitza Alexova
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia; Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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7
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Ghashghaie J, Badeck FW, Girardin C, Sketriené D, Lamothe-Sibold M, Werner RA. Changes in δ(13)C of dark respired CO2 and organic matter of different organs during early ontogeny in peanut plants. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2015; 51:93-108. [PMID: 25704798 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2015.1011635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope composition in respired CO2 and organic matter of individual organs were measured on peanut seedlings during early ontogeny in order to compare fractionation during heterotrophic growth and transition to autotrophy in a species with lipid seed reserves with earlier results obtained on beans. Despite a high lipid content in peanut seeds (48%) compared with bean seeds (1.5%), the isotope composition of leaf- and root-respired CO2 as well as its changes during ontogeny were similar to already published data on bean seedlings: leaf-respired CO2 became (13)C-enriched reaching -21.5‰, while root-respired CO2 became (13)C-depleted reaching around -31‰ at the four-leaf stage. The opposite respiratory fractionation in leaves vs. roots already reported for C3 herbs was thus confirmed for peanuts. However, contrarily to beans, the peanut cotyledon-respired CO2 was markedly (13)C-enriched, and its (13)C-depletion was noted from the two-leaf stage onwards only. Carbohydrate amounts being very low in peanut seeds, this cannot be attributed solely to their use as respiratory substrate. The potential role of isotope fractionation during glyoxylate cycle and/or gluconeogenesis on the (13)C-enriched cotyledon-respired CO2 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Ghashghaie
- a Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE) , Université de Paris-Sud (XI) , Orsay , France
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8
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Ayub G, Zaragoza-Castells J, Griffin KL, Atkin OK. Leaf respiration in darkness and in the light under pre-industrial, current and elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Plant Sci 2014; 226:120-30. [PMID: 25113457 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Our study sought to understand how past, low atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) impact respiration (R) of soybean (Glycine max), when compared to plants grown under current and future [CO2]s. Experiments were conducted using plants grown under 290, 400 and 700 ppm [CO2]. Leaf R was measured in both darkness (RD) and in the light (RL; using the Kok method), with short-term changes in measurement [CO2] and [O2] being used to explore the relationship between light inhibition of leaf R and photorespiration. Root R, photosynthesis (A), leaf [N] and biomass allocation traits were also quantified. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of low growth [CO2] on A, growth [CO2] had no significant effect on leaf RD or root R. Irrespective of growth [CO2], RL was always lower than RD, with light inhibiting leaf R by 17-47%. Importantly, the degree of light inhibition of leaf R was lowest in plants grown under low [CO2], with variations in RL being positively correlated with RD and photorespiration. Irrespective of whether leaf R was measured in the light or dark, a greater proportion of the carbon fixed by leaf photosynthesis was released by leaf R in plants grown under low [CO2] than under current/future [CO2]'s. Collectively, our results highlight the differential responses of A and R to growth of plants under low to elevated atmospheric [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Ayub
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK.
| | - Joana Zaragoza-Castells
- Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK; School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Building 46, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York YO10 5YW, UK; ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Building 134, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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9
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Nogués S, Aljazairi S, Arias C, Sánchez E, Aranjuelo I. Two distinct plant respiratory physiotypes might exist which correspond to fast-growing and slow-growing species. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:1157-1163. [PMID: 24973588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the carbon atoms in CO2 respired by leaves in the dark of several plant species has been studied using 13C/12C stable isotopes. This study was conducted using an open gas exchange system for isotope labeling that was coupled to an elemental analyzer and further linked to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) or coupled to a gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC-C-IRMS). We demonstrate here that the carbon, which is recently assimilated during photosynthesis, accounts for nearly ca. 50% of the carbon in the CO2 lost through dark respiration (Rd) after illumination in fast-growing and cultivated plants and trees and, accounts for only ca. 10% in slow-growing plants. Moreover, our study shows that fast-growing plants, which had the largest percentages of newly fixed carbon of leaf-respired CO2, were also those with the largest shoot/root ratios, whereas slow-growing plants showed the lowest shoot/root values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Nogués
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Salvador Aljazairi
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Arias
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Barbour
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia;
| | - Xin Song
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
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11
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Ghashghaie J, Badeck FW. Opposite carbon isotope discrimination during dark respiration in leaves versus roots - a review. New Phytol 2014; 201:751-769. [PMID: 24251924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In general, leaves are (13) C-depleted compared with all other organs (e.g. roots, stem/trunk and fruits). Different hypotheses are formulated in the literature to explain this difference. One of these states that CO2 respired by leaves in the dark is (13) C-enriched compared with leaf organic matter, while it is (13) C-depleted in the case of root respiration. The opposite respiratory fractionation between leaves and roots was invoked as an explanation for the widespread between-organ isotopic differences. After summarizing the basics of photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic discrimination, we mainly review the recent findings on the isotopic composition of CO2 respired by leaves (autotrophic organs) and roots (heterotrophic organs) compared with respective plant material (i.e. apparent respiratory fractionation) as well as its metabolic origin. The potential impact of such fractionation on the isotopic signal of organic matter (OM) is discussed. Some perspectives for future studies are also proposed .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Ghashghaie
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS UMR8079, Bâtiment 362, Université de Paris-Sud (XI), F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Franz W Badeck
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Genomics research centre (CRA - GPG), Via San Protaso, 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda (PC), Italy
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), PF 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Sweetlove LJ, Williams TCR, Cheung CYM, Ratcliffe RG. Modelling metabolic CO₂ evolution--a fresh perspective on respiration. Plant Cell Environ 2013; 36:1631-1640. [PMID: 23531106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Respiration is a major contributor to net exchange of CO₂ between plants and the atmosphere and thus an important aspect of the vegetation component of global climate change models. However, a mechanistic model of respiration is lacking, and so here we explore the potential for flux balance analysis (FBA) to predict cellular CO₂ evolution rates. Metabolic flux analysis reveals that respiration is not always the dominant source of CO₂, and that metabolic processes such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) and lipid synthesis can be quantitatively important. Moreover, there is considerable variation in the metabolic origin of evolved CO₂ between tissues, species and conditions. Comparison of FBA-predicted CO₂ evolution profiles with those determined from flux measurements reveals that FBA is able to predict the metabolic origin of evolved CO₂ in different tissues/species and under different conditions. However, FBA is poor at predicting flux through certain metabolic processes such as the OPPP and we identify the way in which maintenance costs are accounted for as a major area of improvement for future FBA studies. We conclude that FBA, in its standard form, can be used to predict CO₂ evolution in a range of plant tissues and in response to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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13
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Abstract
• An unbiased partitioning of autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil CO(2) efflux is important to estimate forest carbon budgets and soil carbon sequestration. The contribution of autotrophic sources to soil CO(2) efflux (F(A)) may be underestimated during the daytime as a result of internal transport of CO(2) produced by root respiration through the transpiration stream. • Here, we tested the hypothesis that carbon isotope composition of soil CO(2) efflux (δ(FS)) in a Eucalyptus plantation grown on a C(4) soil is enriched during the daytime, which will indicate a decrease in F(A) during the periods of high transpiration. • Mean δ(FS) of soil CO(2) efflux decreased to -25.7‰ during the night and increased to -24.7‰ between 11:00 and 15:00 h when the xylem sap flux density was at its maximum. • Our results indicate a decrease in the contribution of root respiration to soil CO(2) efflux during the day that may be interpreted as a departure of root-produced CO(2) in the transpiration stream, leading to a 17% underestimation of autotrophic contribution to soil CO(2) efflux on a daily timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lorraine, UMR1137, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- CIRAD, UMR 111, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR1137, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Louis Mareschal
- CIRAD, UMR 111, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- CRDPI, Centre de Recherche sur la Durabilité et la Productivité des Plantations Industrielles, BP 1291, Pointe-Noire, République du Congo
| | - Daniel Epron
- Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lorraine, UMR1137, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- CIRAD, UMR 111, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR1137, Centre de Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
- CRDPI, Centre de Recherche sur la Durabilité et la Productivité des Plantations Industrielles, BP 1291, Pointe-Noire, République du Congo
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Sun W, Resco V, Williams DG. Environmental and physiological controls on the carbon isotope composition of CO2 respired by leaves and roots of a C3 woody legume (Prosopis velutina) and a C4 perennial grass (Sporobolus wrightii). Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:567-577. [PMID: 21955347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimates of the δ(13) C value of CO(2) respired from roots (δ(13) C(R_root) ) and leaves (δ(13) C(R_leaf) ) are important for tracing and understanding changes in C fluxes at the ecosystem scale. Yet the mechanisms underlying temporal variation in these isotopic signals are not fully resolved. We measured δ(13) C(R_leaf) , δ(13) C(R_root) , and the δ(13) C values and concentrations of glucose and sucrose in leaves and roots in the C(4) grass Sporobolus wrightii and the C(3) tree Prosopis velutina in a savanna ecosystem in southeastern Arizona, USA. Night-time variation in δ(13) C(R_leaf) of up to 4.6 ± 0.6‰ in S. wrightii and 3.0 ± 0.6‰ in P. velutina were correlated with shifts in leaf sucrose concentration, but not with changes in δ(13) C values of these respiratory substrates. Strong positive correlations between δ(13) C(R_root) and root glucose δ(13) C values in P. velutina suggest large diel changes in δ(13) C(R_root) (were up to 3.9‰) influenced by short-term changes in δ(13) C of leaf-derived phloem C. No diel variation in δ(13) C(R_root) was observed in S. wrightii. Our findings show that short-term changes in δ(13) C(R_leaf) and δ(13) C(R_root) were both related to substrate isotope composition and concentration. Changes in substrate limitation or demand for biosynthesis may largely control short-term variation in the δ(13) C of respired CO(2) in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Renewable Resources Department of Botany Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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15
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Gilbert A, Silvestre V, Robins RJ, Remaud GS, Tcherkez G. Biochemical and physiological determinants of intramolecular isotope patterns in sucrose from C3, C4 and CAM plants accessed by isotopic 13C NMR spectrometry: a viewpoint. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:476-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Tcherkez G, Mahé A, Hodges M. (12)C/(13)C fractionations in plant primary metabolism. Trends Plant Sci 2011; 16:499-506. [PMID: 21705262 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural (13)C abundance is now an unavoidable tool to study ecosystem and plant carbon economies. A growing number of studies take advantage of isotopic fractionation between carbon pools or (13)C abundance in respiratory CO(2) to examine the carbon source of respiration, plant biomass production or organic matter sequestration in soils. (12)C/(13)C isotope effects associated with plant metabolism are thus essential to understand natural isotopic signals. However, isotope effects of enzymes do not influence metabolites separately, but combine to yield a (12)C/(13)C isotopologue redistribution orchestrated by metabolic flux patterns. In this review, we summarise key metabolic isotope effects and integrate them into the corpus of plant primary carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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17
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18
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Barbour MM, Hunt JE, Kodama N, Laubach J, McSeveny TM, Rogers GND, Tcherkez G, Wingate L. Rapid changes in δ¹³C of ecosystem-respired CO₂ after sunset are consistent with transient ¹³C enrichment of leaf respired CO₂. New Phytol 2011; 190:990-1002. [PMID: 21294737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The CO₂ respired by darkened, light-adapted, leaves is enriched in ¹³C during the first minutes, and this effect may be related to rapid changes in leaf respiratory biochemistry upon darkening. We hypothesized that this effect would be evident at the ecosystem scale. High temporal resolution measurements of the carbon isotope composition of ecosystem respiration were made over 28 diel periods in an abandoned temperate pasture, and were compared with leaf-level measurements at differing levels of pre-illumination. At the leaf level, CO₂ respired by darkened leaves that had been preadapted to high light was strongly enriched in ¹³C, but such a ¹³C-enrichment rapidly declined over 60-100 min. The ¹³C-enrichment was less pronounced when leaves were preadapted to low light. These leaf-level responses were mirrored at the ecosystem scale; after sunset following clear, sunny days respired CO₂ was first ¹³C enriched, but the ¹³C-enrichment rapidly declined over 60-100 min. Further, this response was less pronounced following cloudy days. We conclude that the dynamics of leaf respiratory isotopic signal caused variations in ecosystem-scale ¹²CO₂/¹³) CO₂ exchange. Such rapid isotope kinetics should be considered when applying ¹³C-based techniques to elucidate ecosystem carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Barbour
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567, Australia
| | - John E Hunt
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Naomi Kodama
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
- Agro-Meteorology Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS UMR 8618, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Kuptz D, Matyssek R, Grams TEE. Seasonal dynamics in the stable carbon isotope composition δ¹³C from non-leafy branch, trunk and coarse root CO₂ efflux of adult deciduous (Fagus sylvatica) and evergreen (Picea abies) trees. Plant Cell Environ 2011; 34:363-373. [PMID: 21054435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Respiration is a substantial driver of carbon (C) flux in forest ecosystems and stable C isotopes provide an excellent tool for its investigation. We studied seasonal dynamics in δ¹³C of CO₂ efflux (δ¹³C(E)) from non-leafy branches, upper and lower trunks and coarse roots of adult trees, comparing deciduous Fagus sylvatica (European beech) with evergreen Picea abies (Norway spruce). In both species, we observed strong and similar seasonal dynamics in the δ¹³C(E) of above-ground plant components, whereas δ¹³C(E) of coarse roots was rather stable. During summer, δ¹³C(E) of trunks was about -28.2‰ (Beech) and -26.8‰ (Spruce). During winter dormancy, δ¹³C(E) increased by 5.6-9.1‰. The observed dynamics are likely related to a switch from growth to starch accumulation during fall and remobilization of starch, low TCA cycle activity and accumulation of malate by PEPc during winter. The seasonal δ¹³C(E) pattern of branches of Beech and upper trunks of Spruce was less variable, probably because these organs were additionally supplied by winter photosynthesis. In view of our results and pervious studies, we conclude that the pronounced increases in δ¹³C(E) of trunks during the winter results from interrupted access to recent photosynthates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kuptz
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Life Science Center Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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20
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Kodama N, Ferrio JP, Brüggemann N, Gessler A. Short-term dynamics of the carbon isotope composition of CO2 emitted from a wheat agroecosystem--physiological and environmental controls. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2011; 13:115-125. [PMID: 21143732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding environmental and physiological controls of the variations in δ(13) C of CO(2) respired (δ(13) C(R)) from different compartments of an ecosystem is important for separation of CO(2) fluxes and to assess coupling between assimilation and respiration. In a wheat field, over 3 days we characterised the temporal dynamics of δ(13) C(R) from shoots and roots, from the soil and from the whole agroecosystem. To evaluate the basis of potential variations in δ(13) C(R), we also measured δ(13) C in different organic matter pools, as well as meteorological and gas exchange parameters. We observed strong diel variations up to ca. 6% in shoot, root and soil δ(13) C(R), but not in δ(13) C of the putative organic substrates for respiration, which varied by not more than ca. 1% within 24 h. Whole ecosystem-respired CO(2) was least depleted in (13) C in the afternoon and most negative in the early morning. We assume that temporally variable respiratory carbon isotope fractionation and changes in fluxes through metabolic pathways, rather than photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation, governs the δ(13) C of respired CO(2) at the diel scale, and thus provides insights into the metabolic processes related to respiration under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kodama
- Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Moyes AB, Gaines SJ, Siegwolf RTW, Bowling DR. Diffusive fractionation complicates isotopic partitioning of autotrophic and heterotrophic sources of soil respiration. Plant Cell Environ 2010; 33:1804-1819. [PMID: 20545887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of heterotrophic and rhizospheric sources of soil respiration under deciduous trees were evaluated over two growing seasons. Fluxes and δ¹³C of soil respiratory CO₂ on trenched and untrenched plots were calculated from closed chambers, profiles of soil CO₂ mole fraction and δ¹³C and continuous open chambers. δ¹³C of respired CO₂ and bulk carbon were measured from excised leaves and roots and sieved soil cores. Large diel variations (>5‰) in δ¹³C of soil respiration were observed when diel flux variability was large relative to average daily fluxes, independent of trenching. Soil gas transport modelling supported the conclusion that diel surface flux δ¹³C variation was driven by non-steady state gas transport effects. Active roots were associated with high summertime soil respiration rates and around 1‰ enrichment in the daily average δ¹³C of the soil surface CO₂ flux. Seasonal δ¹³C variability of about 4‰ (most enriched in summer) was observed on all plots and attributed to the heterotrophic CO₂ source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Moyes
- University of Utah, Department of Biology, 257 South, 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Wingate L, Ogée J, Burlett R, Bosc A, Devaux M, Grace J, Loustau D, Gessler A. Photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination and its relationship to the carbon isotope signals of stem, soil and ecosystem respiration. New Phytol 2010; 188:576-89. [PMID: 20663061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
• Photosynthetic carbon (C) isotope discrimination (Δ(Α)) labels photosynthates (δ(A) ) and atmospheric CO(2) (δ(a)) with variable C isotope compositions during fluctuating environmental conditions. In this context, the C isotope composition of respired CO(2) within ecosystems is often hypothesized to vary temporally with Δ(Α). • We investigated the relationship between Δ(Α) and the C isotope signals from stem (δ(W)), soil (δ(S)) and ecosystem (δ(E)) respired CO(2) to environmental fluctuations, using novel tuneable diode laser absorption spectrometer instrumentation in a mature maritime pine forest. • Broad seasonal changes in Δ(Α) were reflected in δ(W,) δ(S) and δ(E). However, respired CO(2) signals had smaller short-term variations than Δ(A) and were offset and delayed by 2-10 d, indicating fractionation and isotopic mixing in a large C pool. Variations in δ(S) did not follow Δ(A) at all times, especially during rainy periods and when there is a strong demand for C allocation above ground. • It is likely that future isotope-enabled vegetation models will need to develop transfer functions that can account for these phenomena in order to interpret and predict the isotopic impact of biosphere gas exchange on the C isotope composition of atmospheric CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wingate
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Maunoury-Danger F, Fresneau C, Eglin T, Berveiller D, François C, Lelarge-Trouverie C, Damesin C. Impact of carbohydrate supply on stem growth, wood and respired CO2 delta13C: assessment by experimental girdling. Tree Physiol 2010; 30:818-30. [PMID: 20504776 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the impact of the C source (reserves vs current assimilates) on tree C isotope signals and stem growth, using experimental girdling to stop the supply of C from leaves to stem. Two-year-old sessile oaks (Quercus petraea) were girdled at three different phenological periods during the leafy period: during early wood growth (Girdling Period 1), during late wood growth (Girdling Period 2) and just after growth cessation (Girdling Period 3). The measured variables included stem respiration rates, stem radial increment, delta(13)C of respired CO(2) and contents of starch and water-soluble fraction in stems (below the girdle) and leaves. Girdling stopped growth, even early in the growing season, leading to a decrease in stem CO(2) efflux (CO(2R)). Shift in substrate use from recently fixed carbohydrate to reserves (i.e., starch) induced (13)C enrichment of CO(2) respired by stem. However, change in substrate type was insufficient to explain alone all the observed CO(2R) delta(13)C variations, especially at the period corresponding to large growth rate of control trees. The below-girdle mass balance suggested that, during girdling periods, stem C was invested in metabolic pathways other than respiration and stem growth. After Girdling Period 1, the girdle healed and the effects of girdling on stem respiration were reversed. Stem growth restarted and total radial increment was similar to the control one, indicating that growth can be delayed when a stress event occurs early in the growth period. Concerning tree ring, seasonal shift in substrate use from reserves (i.e., starch) to recently fixed carbohydrate is sufficient to explain the observed (13)C depletion of tree ring during the early wood growth. However, the inter-tree intra-ring delta(13)C variability needs to be resolved in order to improve the interpretation of intra-seasonal ring signals in terms of climatic or ecophysiological information. This study highlighted, via carbohydrate availability effects, the importance of the characterization of stem metabolic pathways for a complete understanding of the delta(13)C signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Maunoury-Danger
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay CEDEX, France.
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Tcherkez G, Schäufele R, Nogués S, Piel C, Boom A, Lanigan G, Barbaroux C, Mata C, Elhani S, Hemming D, Maguas C, Yakir D, Badeck FW, Griffiths H, Schnyder H, Ghashghaie J. On the 13C/12C isotopic signal of day and night respiration at the mesocosm level. Plant Cell Environ 2010; 33:900-913. [PMID: 20082670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
While there is currently intense effort to examine the (13)C signal of CO(2) evolved in the dark, less is known on the isotope composition of day-respired CO(2). This lack of knowledge stems from technical difficulties to measure the pure respiratory isotopic signal: day respiration is mixed up with photorespiration, and there is no obvious way to separate photosynthetic fractionation (pure c(i)/c(a) effect) from respiratory effect (production of CO(2) with a different delta(13)C value from that of net-fixed CO(2)) at the ecosystem level. Here, we took advantage of new simple equations, and applied them to sunflower canopies grown under low and high [CO(2)]. We show that whole mesocosm-respired CO(2) is slightly (13)C depleted in the light at the mesocosm level (by 0.2-0.8 per thousand), while it is slightly (13)C enriched in darkness (by 1.5-3.2 per thousand). The turnover of the respiratory carbon pool after labelling appears similar in the light and in the dark, and accordingly, a hierarchical clustering analysis shows a close correlation between the (13)C abundance in day- and night-evolved CO(2). We conclude that the carbon source for respiration is similar in the dark and in the light, but the metabolic pathways associated with CO(2) production may change, thereby explaining the different (12)C/(13)C respiratory fractionations in the light and in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, Paris, France.
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Unger S, Máguas C, Pereira JS, Aires LM, David TS, Werner C. Disentangling drought-induced variation in ecosystem and soil respiration using stable carbon isotopes. Oecologia 2010; 163:1043-57. [PMID: 20217141 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Combining C flux measurements with information on their isotopic composition can yield a process-based understanding of ecosystem C dynamics. We studied the variations in both respiratory fluxes and their stable C isotopic compositions (delta(13)C) for all major components (trees, understory, roots and soil microorganisms) in a Mediterranean oak savannah during a period with increasing drought. We found large drought-induced and diurnal dynamics in isotopic compositions of soil, root and foliage respiration (delta(13)C(res)). Soil respiration was the largest contributor to ecosystem respiration (R (eco)), exhibiting a depleted isotopic signature and no marked variations with increasing drought, similar to ecosystem respired delta(13)CO(2), providing evidence for a stable C-source and minor influence of recent photosynthate from plants. Short-term and diurnal variations in delta(13)C(res) of foliage and roots (up to 8 and 4 per thousand, respectively) were in agreement with: (1) recent hypotheses on post-photosynthetic fractionation processes, (2) substrate changes with decreasing assimilation rates in combination with increased respiratory demand, and (3) decreased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in drying roots, while altered photosynthetic discrimination was not responsible for the observed changes in delta(13)C(res). We applied a flux-based and an isotopic flux-based mass balance, yielding good agreement at the soil scale, while the isotopic mass balance at the ecosystem scale was not conserved. This was mainly caused by uncertainties in Keeling plot intercepts at the ecosystem scale due to small CO(2) gradients and large differences in delta(13)C(res) of the different component fluxes. Overall, stable isotopes provided valuable new insights into the drought-related variations of ecosystem C dynamics, encouraging future studies but also highlighting the need of improved methodology to disentangle short-term dynamics of isotopic composition of R (eco).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Unger
- Department of Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25 W4-114, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Maseyk K, Wingate L, Seibt U, Ghashghaie J, Bathellier C, Almeida P, Lobo de Vale R, Pereira JS, Yakir D, Mencuccini M. Biotic and abiotic factors affecting the delta(13)C of soil respired CO(2) in a Mediterranean oak woodland. Isotopes Environ Health Stud 2009; 45:343-359. [PMID: 20183242 DOI: 10.1080/10256010903388212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The flux (R(s)) and carbon isotopic composition (delta(13)C (Rs)) of soil respired CO (2) was measured every 2 h over the course of three diel cycles in a Mediterranean oak woodland, together with measurements of the delta(13)C composition of leaf, root and soil organic matter (delta(13)C (SOM)) and metabolites. Simulations of R(s) and delta(13)C (Rs) were also made using a numerical model parameterised with the SOM data and assuming short-term production rates were driven mainly by temperature. Average values of delta(13)C (Rs) over the study period were within the range of root metabolite and average delta(13)C (SOM) values, but enriched in (13)C relative to the bulk delta(13)C of leaf, litter, and roots and the upper soil organic layers. There was good agreement between model output and observed CO (2) fluxes and the underlying features of delta(13)C (Rs). Observed diel variations of 0.5 per thousand in delta(13)C (Rs) were predicted by the model in response to temperature-related shifts in production rates along a approximately 3 per thousand gradient observed in the profile of delta(13)C (SOM). However, observed delta(13)C (Rs) varied by over 2 per thousand, indicating that both dynamics in soil respiratory metabolism and physical processes can influence short-term variability of delta(13)C (Rs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadmiel Maseyk
- BIOEMCO (UMR 7618), Universite de Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Bathellier C, Tcherkez G, Mauve C, Bligny R, Gout E, Ghashghaie J. On the resilience of nitrogen assimilation by intact roots under starvation, as revealed by isotopic and metabolomic techniques. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:2847-2856. [PMID: 19670342 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The response of root metabolism to variations in carbon source availability is critical for whole-plant nitrogen (N) assimilation and growth. However, the effect of changes in the carbohydrate input to intact roots is currently not well understood and, for example, both smaller and larger values of root:shoot ratios or root N uptake have been observed so far under elevated CO(2). In addition, previous studies on sugar starvation mainly focused on senescent or excised organs while an increasing body of data suggests that intact roots may behave differently with, for example, little protein remobilization. Here, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen primary metabolism in intact roots of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants maintained under continuous darkness for 4 days. We combined natural isotopic (15)N/(14)N measurements, metabolomic and (13)C-labeling data and show that intact roots continued nitrate assimilation to glutamate for at least 3 days while the respiration rate decreased. The activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle diminished so that glutamate synthesis was sustained by the anaplerotic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase fixation. Presumably, the pentose phosphate pathway contributed to provide reducing power for nitrate reduction. All the biosynthetic metabolic fluxes were nevertheless down-regulated and, consequently, the concentration of all amino acids decreased. This is the case of asparagine, strongly suggesting that, as opposed to excised root tips, protein remobilization in intact roots remained very low for 3 days in spite of the restriction of respiratory substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bathellier
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS-UMR 8079 - IFR 87, Bâtiment 362, Université Paris-Sud, 91405-Orsay cedex, France.
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Badeck FW, Fontaine JL, Dumas F, Ghashghaie J. Consistent patterns in leaf lamina and leaf vein carbon isotope composition across ten herbs and tree species. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:2455-60. [PMID: 19603469 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wide-spread post-photosynthetic fractionation processes deplete metabolites and plant compartments in (13)C relative to assimilates to varying degrees. Fragmentation fractionation and exchange of metabolites with distinct isotopic signatures across organ boundaries further modify the patterns of plant isotopic composition. Heterotrophic organs tend to become isotopically heavier than the putative source material as a result of respiratory metabolism. In addition fractionation may occur during metabolite transport across organ and tissue boundaries. Leaf laminae, veins and petioles are leaf compartments that are arranged along a gradient of increasing weight of heterotrophic processes and along a transport chain. Thus, we expect to find consistent patterns of isotopic signatures associated with this gradient. Earlier studies on leaves of Fagus sylvatica, Glycine max, and Saccharum officinarum showed that the organic mass and cellulose of major veins or petioles were consistently more positive than the respective fraction in leaf laminae. The objective of the current study was to assess whether this pattern can be detected in a greater set of plant species. Leaves from ten species were collected in the summer of 2006 outdoors and in glasshouses. Leaf laminae including small veins were separated from the major veins and the isotopic signatures of the organic mass, and the soluble and non-soluble fractions were measured for laminae and veins separately. The organic mass, and the soluble and non-soluble fractions of leaf laminae, were depleted in (13)C relative to the veins in all cases. A general trend for the signature of organic mass being more depleted in (13)C than the soluble fraction is in accordance with well-known patterns of fractionation between metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-W Badeck
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PF 601203, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany.
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Maunoury-Danger F, Bathellier C, Laurette J, Fresneau C, Ghashghaie J, Damesin C, Tcherkez G. Is there any 12C/13C fractionation during starch remobilisation and sucrose export in potato tubers? Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:2527-2533. [PMID: 19603460 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The delta(13)C (carbon isotope composition) variations in respired CO(2), total organic matter, proteins, sucrose and starch have been measured during tuber sprouting of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in darkness. Measurements were carried out both on tubers and on their growing sprouts for 23 days after the start of sprout development. Sucrose was slightly (13)C-depleted compared with starch in tubers, suggesting that starch breakdown was associated with a small isotope fractionation. In sprouts, all biochemical fractions including sucrose were (13)C-enriched compared with source tuber-sucrose, suggesting that sucrose translocation from tuber to sprouts fractionated against (12)C. However, both apparent fractionations were explained by the consumption of (13)C-depleted carbon for respiration or growth that enriched in the (13)C sucrose molecules left behind. In addition, whole tuber sucrose is constantly composed of recent sucrose from starch breakdown and old sucrose associated with an inherited, slightly (13)C-depleted pool. We therefore conclude that any fractionation at either the starch breakdown or the sucrose translocation level is unlikely under our conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Maunoury-Danger
- Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, F-91405, France
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Mauve C, Bleton J, Bathellier C, Lelarge-Trouverie C, Guérard F, Ghashghaie J, Tchapla A, Tcherkez G. Kinetic 12C/13C isotope fractionation by invertase: evidence for a small in vitro isotope effect and comparison of two techniques for the isotopic analysis of carbohydrates. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:2499-2506. [PMID: 19603465 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The natural (13)C/(12)C isotope composition (delta(13)C) of plants and organic compounds within plant organs is a powerful tool to understand carbon allocation patterns and the regulation of photosynthetic or respiratory metabolism. However, many enzymatic fractionations are currently unknown, thus impeding our understanding of carbon trafficking pathways within plant cells. One of them is the (12)C/(13)C isotope effect associated with invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) that are cornerstone enzymes for Suc metabolism and translocation in plants. Another conundrum of isotopic plant biology is the need to measure accurately the specific delta(13)C of individual carbohydrates. Here, we examined two complementary methods for measuring the delta(13)C value of sucrose, glucose and fructose, that is, off-line high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification followed by elemental analysis and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) analysis, and gas chromatography-combustion (GC-C)-IRMS. We also used these methods to determine the in vitro (12)C/(13)C isotope effect associated with the yeast invertase. Our results show that, although providing more variable values than HPLC approximately EA-IRMS, and being sensitive to derivatization conditions, the GC-C-IRMS method gives reliable results. When applied to the invertase reaction, both methods indicate that the (12)C/(13)C isotope effect is rather small and it is not affected by the use of heavy water (D(2)O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mauve
- Plateforme Métabolisme Métabolome, IFR87 La Plante et son Environnement, Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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Lamade E, Setiyo IE, Girard S, Ghashghaie J. Changes in 13C/12C of oil palm leaves to understand carbon use during their passage from heterotrophy to autotrophy. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:2586-2596. [PMID: 19618376 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The carbon isotope composition of leaf bulk organic matter was determined on the tropical tree Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm) in North Sumatra (Indonesia) to get a better understanding of the changes in carbon metabolism during the passage from heterotrophy to autotrophy of the leaves. Leaf soluble sugar (sucrose, glucose and fructose) contents, stomatal conductance and dark respiration, as well as leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen contents, were also investigated. Different growing stages were sampled from leaf rank -6 to rank 57. The mean values for the delta(13)C of bulk organic matter were -29.01 +/- 0.9 per thousand for the leaflets during the autotrophic stage, -27.87 +/- 1.08 per thousand for the petioles and -28.17 +/- 1.09 per thousand for the rachises, which are in the range of expected values for a C(3) plant. The differences in delta(13)C among leaf ranks clearly revealed the changes in the origin of the carbon source used for leaf growth. Leaves were (13)C-enriched at ranks below zero (around -27 per thousand). During this period, the 'spear' leaves were completely heterotrophic and reserves from storage organs were mobilised for the growth of these young emerging leaves. (13)C-depletion was then observed when the leaf was expanding at rank 1, and there was a continuous decrease during the progressive passage from heterotrophy until reaching full autotrophy. Thereafter, the delta(13)C remained more or less constant at around -29.5 per thousand. Changes in sugar content and in delta(13)C related to leaf ranks showed an interesting similarity of the passage from heterotrophy to autotrophy of oil palm leaves to the budburst of some temperate trees or seed germination reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Lamade
- CIRAD, Département PERSYST, UPR 80, Ecosystèmes de plantations, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Ogée J, Barbour MM, Wingate L, Bert D, Bosc A, Stievenard M, Lambrot C, Pierre M, Bariac T, Loustau D, Dewar RC. A single-substrate model to interpret intra-annual stable isotope signals in tree-ring cellulose. Plant Cell Environ 2009; 32:1071-1090. [PMID: 19422614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The carbon and oxygen stable isotope composition of wood cellulose (delta(13)C(cellulose) and delta(18)O(cellulose), respectively) reveal well-defined seasonal variations that contain valuable records of past climate, leaf gas exchange and carbon allocation dynamics within the trees. Here, we present a single-substrate model for wood growth to interpret seasonal isotopic signals collected in an even-aged maritime pine plantation growing in South-west France, where climate, soil and flux variables were also monitored. Observed seasonal patterns in delta(13)C(cellulose) and delta(18)O(cellulose) were different between years and individuals, and mostly captured by the model, suggesting that the single-substrate hypothesis is a good approximation for tree ring studies on Pinus pinaster, at least for the environmental conditions covered by this study. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the model was mostly affected by five isotopic discrimination factors and two leaf gas-exchange parameters. Modelled early wood signals were also very sensitive to the date when cell wall thickening begins (t(wt)). Our model could therefore be used to reconstruct t(wt) time series and improve our understanding of how climate influences this key parameter of xylogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogée
- Ephyse, Inra, Bordeaux, BP81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Cernusak LA, Tcherkez G, Keitel C, Cornwell WK, Santiago LS, Knohl A, Barbour MM, Williams DG, Reich PB, Ellsworth DS, Dawson TE, Griffiths HG, Farquhar GD, Wright IJ. Why are non-photosynthetic tissues generally 13C enriched compared with leaves in C 3 plants? Review and synthesis of current hypotheses. Funct Plant Biol 2009; 36:199-213. [PMID: 32688639 DOI: 10.1071/fp08216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-photosynthetic, or heterotrophic, tissues in C3 plants tend to be enriched in 13C compared with the leaves that supply them with photosynthate. This isotopic pattern has been observed for woody stems, roots, seeds and fruits, emerging leaves, and parasitic plants incapable of net CO2 fixation. Unlike in C3 plants, roots of herbaceous C4 plants are generally not 13C-enriched compared with leaves. We review six hypotheses aimed at explaining this isotopic pattern in C3 plants: (1) variation in biochemical composition of heterotrophic tissues compared with leaves; (2) seasonal separation of growth of leaves and heterotrophic tissues, with corresponding variation in photosynthetic discrimination against 13C; (3) differential use of day v. night sucrose between leaves and sink tissues, with day sucrose being relatively 13C-depleted and night sucrose 13C-enriched; (4) isotopic fractionation during dark respiration; (5) carbon fixation by PEP carboxylase; and (6) developmental variation in photosynthetic discrimination against 13C during leaf expansion. Although hypotheses (1) and (2) may contribute to the general pattern, they cannot explain all observations. Some evidence exists in support of hypotheses (3) through to (6), although for hypothesis (6) it is largely circumstantial. Hypothesis (3) provides a promising avenue for future research. Direct tests of these hypotheses should be carried out to provide insight into the mechanisms causing within-plant variation in carbon isotope composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Cernusak
- Charles Darwin University, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Metabolome IFR87, Batiment 630, IBP CNRS UMR8618, Université Paris-Sud XI, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Claudia Keitel
- Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - William K Cornwell
- Biodiversity Research Group, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - David G Williams
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Center for Plant and Food Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW 1797, Australia
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Howard G Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Barbour
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Gerald St., Lincoln 7640, New Zealand;University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 167 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091, USA
| | - David T Hanson
- Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Gerald St., Lincoln 7640, New Zealand;University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 167 Castetter Hall, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091, USA
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