1
|
Chen M, Zhang X, Li M, Cao Y. Species mixing enhances the resistance of Robinia pseudoacacia L. to drought events in semi-arid regions: Evidence from China's Loess Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161796. [PMID: 36702266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a potential planting strategy, species mixing increases biomass production, improves ecosystem service functions, and mitigates climate change. However, the effect of species mixing on tree growth and drought resilience in semi-arid areas remains unclear. Hence, we established tree-ring chronologies of Robinia pseudoacacia L. in pure Robinia pseudoacacia L. plantation (RP) and mixed plantations with Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Populus simonii Carr. at different proportions of 8:2 and 5:5 (RH 8:2, RH 5:5, RC 8:2, RC 5:5) in the typical semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau (LP), China. The mean annual growth, climate-growth relationships, and tree resilience (Rs) to drought, including resistance (Rt) and recovery (Rc), were analyzed using dendrochronological methods. The results showed that the growth of R. pseudoacacia L. in mixed plantations was lower when Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) >0, but much higher than that in monoculture under drought stress (PDSI <0 or after drought event). Meanwhile, the relationship between PDSI and tree growth was significantly positive in the pure plantation, but weakened in the mixed plantations, indicating that species mixing alleviated drought stress to some extent. The resilience results showed that, although the Rc was higher in monoculture after drought events, species mixing could enhance Rt and mitigate the growth decline of R. pseudoacacia L. during drought events. Moreover, the Rt varied significantly among mixing species and proportions and was also affected by the magnitude and timing of drought. The RC 5:5 and RH 8:2 had higher resistance to moderate and severe drought stress. However, RC 8:2 and RH 5:5 could cope better with mild drought stress. These results indicate that species mixing can alleviate drought stress and improve the drought resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to expand species mixing to maximize plantation functions and minimize the potential impacts of warming and drought in semi-arid regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- College of forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silvestro R, Sylvain JD, Drolet G, Buttò V, Auger I, Mencuccini M, Rossi S. Upscaling xylem phenology: sample size matters. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:811-824. [PMID: 36018569 PMCID: PMC9758298 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Upscaling carbon allocation requires knowledge of the variability at the scales at which data are collected and applied. Trees exhibit different growth rates and timings of wood formation. However, the factors explaining these differences remain undetermined, making samplings and estimations of the growth dynamics a complicated task, habitually based on technical rather than statistical reasons. This study explored the variability in xylem phenology among 159 balsam firs [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.]. METHODS Wood microcores were collected weekly from April to October 2018 in a natural stand in Quebec, Canada, to detect cambial activity and wood formation timings. We tested spatial autocorrelation, tree size and cell production rates as explanatory variables of xylem phenology. We assessed sample size and margin of error for wood phenology assessment at different confidence levels. KEY RESULTS Xylem formation lasted between 40 and 110 d, producing between 12 and 93 cells. No effect of spatial proximity or size of individuals was detected on the timings of xylem phenology. Trees with larger cell production rates showed a longer growing season, starting xylem differentiation earlier and ending later. A sample size of 23 trees produced estimates of xylem phenology at a confidence level of 95 % with a margin of error of 1 week. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the high variability in the timings of wood formation among trees within an area of 1 km2. The correlation between the number of new xylem cells and the growing season length suggests a close connection between the processes of wood formation and carbon sequestration. However, the causes of the observed differences in xylem phenology remain partially unresolved. We point out the need to carefully consider sample size when assessing xylem phenology to explore the reasons underlying this variability and to allow reliable upscaling of carbon allocation in forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Silvestro
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
| | - Jean-Daniel Sylvain
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Guillaume Drolet
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Valentina Buttò
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
- Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Auger
- Direction de la recherche forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC G1P3W8, Canada
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi (QC) G7H2B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martínez‐Sancho E, Treydte K, Lehmann MM, Rigling A, Fonti P. Drought impacts on tree carbon sequestration and water use - evidence from intra-annual tree-ring characteristics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:58-70. [PMID: 35576102 PMCID: PMC9542003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate extremes on forest ecosystems is poorly understood but important for predicting carbon and water cycle feedbacks to climate. Some knowledge gaps still remain regarding how drought-related adjustments in intra-annual tree-ring characteristics directly impact tree carbon and water use. In this study we quantified the impact of an extreme summer drought on the water-use efficiency and carbon sequestration of four mature Norway spruce trees. We used detailed observations of wood formation (xylogenesis) and intra-annual tree-ring properties (quantitative wood anatomy and stable carbon isotopes) combined with physiological water-stress monitoring. During 41 d of tree water deficit, we observed an enrichment in 13 C but a reduction in cell enlargement and wall-thickening processes, which impacted the anatomical characteristics. These adjustments diminished carbon sequestration by 67% despite an 11% increase in water-use efficiency during drought. However, with the resumption of a positive hydric state in the stem, we observed a fast recovery of cell formation rates based on the accumulated assimilates produced during drought. Our findings enhance our understanding of carbon and water fluxes between the atmosphere and forest ecosystems, providing observational evidence on the tree intra-annual carbon sequestration and water-use efficiency dynamics to improve future generations of vegetation models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez‐Sancho
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco M. Lehmann
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETHUniversitaetsstrasse 168092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Enhanced leaf turnover and nitrogen recycling sustain CO 2 fertilization effect on tree-ring growth. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1271-1278. [PMID: 35817826 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Whether increased photosynthates under elevated atmospheric CO2 could translate into sustained biomass accumulation in forest trees remains uncertain. Here we demonstrate how tree radial growth is closely linked to litterfall dynamics, which enhances nitrogen recycling to support a sustained effect of CO2 fertilization on tree-ring growth. Our ten-year observations in two alpine treeline forests indicated that annual (or seasonal) stem radial increments generally had a positive relationship with the previous year's (or season's) litterfall and its associated nitrogen return and resorption. Annual tree-ring width, annual litterfall and annual nitrogen return and resorption all showed an increasing trend during 2007-2017, and most of the variations were explained by elevated atmospheric CO2 rather than climate change. Similar patterns were found in the longer time series of tree-ring width index from 1986-2017. The regional representativeness of our observed patterns was confirmed by the literature data of six other tree species at 11 treeline sites over the Tibetan Plateau. Enhanced nitrogen recycling through increased litterfall under elevated atmospheric CO2 supports a general increasing trend of tree-ring growth in recent decades, especially in cold and nitrogen-poor environments.
Collapse
|
5
|
D’Orangeville L, Itter M, Kneeshaw D, Munger JW, Richardson AD, Dyer JM, Orwig DA, Pan Y, Pederson N. Peak radial growth of diffuse-porous species occurs during periods of lower water availability than for ring-porous and coniferous trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:304-316. [PMID: 34312673 PMCID: PMC8842417 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate models project warmer summer temperatures will increase the frequency and heat severity of droughts in temperate forests of Eastern North America. Hotter droughts are increasingly documented to affect tree growth and forest dynamics, with critical impacts on tree mortality, carbon sequestration and timber provision. The growing acknowledgement of the dominant role of drought timing on tree vulnerability to water deficit raises the issue of our limited understanding of radial growth phenology for most temperate tree species. Here, we use well-replicated dendrometer band data sampled frequently during the growing season to assess the growth phenology of 610 trees from 15 temperate species over 6 years. Patterns of diameter growth follow a typical logistic shape, with growth rates reaching a maximum in June, and then decreasing until process termination. On average, we find that diffuse-porous species take 16-18 days less than other wood-structure types to put on 50% of their annual diameter growth. However, their peak growth rate occurs almost a full month later than ring-porous and conifer species (ca. 24 ± 4 days; mean ± 95% credible interval). Unlike other species, the growth phenology of diffuse-porous species in our dataset is highly correlated with their spring foliar phenology. We also find that the later window of growth in diffuse-porous species, coinciding with peak evapotranspiration and lower water availability, exposes them to a higher water deficit of 88 ± 19 mm (mean ± SE) during their peak growth than ring-porous and coniferous species (15 ± 35 mm and 30 ± 30 mm, respectively). Given the high climatic sensitivity of wood formation, our findings highlight the importance of wood porosity as one predictor of species climatic sensitivity to the projected intensification of the drought regime in the coming decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc D’Orangeville
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Malcolm Itter
- Research Center for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, 00014, Finland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 225 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst MA 01003, USA
| | - Dan Kneeshaw
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, 1295 S. Knoles Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5620, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - James M Dyer
- Department of Geography, Ohio University, Clippinger 122, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
| | - Yude Pan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 11 Campus Blvd #200, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Species and Competition Interact to Influence Seasonal Stem Growth in Temperate Eucalypts. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insights on tree species and competition effects on seasonal stem growth are critical to understanding the impacts of changing climates on tree productivity, particularly for eucalypts species that occur in narrow climatic niches and have unreliable tree rings. To improve our understanding of climate effects on forest productivity, we examined the relative importance of species, competition and climate to the seasonal stem growth of co-occurring temperate eucalypts. We measured monthly stem growth of three eucalypts (Eucalyptus obliqua, E. radiata, and E. rubida) over four years in a natural mixed-species forest in south-eastern Australia, examining the relative influences of species, competition index (CI) and climate variables on the seasonal basal area increment (BAI). Seasonal BAI varied with species and CI, and was greatest in spring and/or autumn, and lowest in summer. Our study highlights the interactive effects of species and competition on the seasonal stem growth of temperate eucalypts, clearly indicating that competitive effects are strongest when conditions are favourable to growth (spring and autumn), and least pronounced in summer, when reduced BAI was associated with less rainfall. Thus, our study indicates that management to reduce inter-tree competition would have minimal influence on stem growth during less favourable (i.e., drier) periods.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hilty J, Muller B, Pantin F, Leuzinger S. Plant growth: the What, the How, and the Why. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:25-41. [PMID: 34245021 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Growth is a widely used term in plant science and ecology, but it can have different meanings depending on the context and the spatiotemporal scale of analysis. At the meristem level, growth is associated with the production of cells and initiation of new organs. At the organ or plant scale and over short time periods, growth is often used synonymously with tissue expansion, while over longer time periods the increase in biomass is a common metric. At even larger temporal and spatial scales, growth is mostly described as net primary production. Here, we first address the question 'what is growth?'. We propose a general framework to distinguish between the different facets of growth, and the corresponding physiological processes, environmental drivers and mathematical formalisms. Based on these different definitions, we then review how plant growth can be measured and analysed at different organisational, spatial and temporal scales. We conclude by discussing why gaining a better understanding of the different facets of plant growth is essential to disentangle genetic and environmental effects on the phenotype, and to uncover the causalities around source or sink limitations of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hilty
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Florent Pantin
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The European Heat Wave 2018: The Dendroecological Response of Oak and Spruce in Western Germany. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The European heat wave of 2018 was characterized by extraordinarily dry and hot spring and summer conditions in many central and northern European countries. The average temperatures from June to August 2018 were the second highest since 1881. Accordingly, many plants, especially trees, were pushed to their physiological limits. However, while the drought and heat response of field crops and younger trees have been well investigated in laboratory experiments, little is known regarding the drought and heat response of mature forest trees. In this study, we compared the response of a coniferous and a deciduous tree species, located in western and central–western Germany, to the extreme environmental conditions during the European heat wave of 2018. Combining classic dendroecological techniques (tree–ring analysis) with measurements of the intra–annual stem expansion (dendrometers) and tree water uptake (sap flow sensors), we found contrasting responses of spruce and oak trees. While spruce trees developed a narrow tree ring in 2018 combined with decreasing correlations of daily sap flow and dendrometer parameters to the climatic parameters, oak trees developed a ring with above–average tree–ring width combined with increasing correlations between the daily climatic parameters and the parameters derived from sap flow and the dendrometer sensors. In conclusion, spruce trees reacted to the 2018 heat wave with the early completion of their growth activities, whereas oaks appeared to intensify their activities based on the water content in their tree stems.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vernay A, Tian X, Chi J, Linder S, Mäkelä A, Oren R, Peichl M, Stangl ZR, Tor-Ngern P, Marshall JD. Estimating canopy gross primary production by combining phloem stable isotopes with canopy and mesophyll conductances. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2124-2142. [PMID: 32596814 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gross primary production (GPP) is a key component of the forest carbon cycle. However, our knowledge of GPP at the stand scale remains uncertain, because estimates derived from eddy covariance (EC) rely on semi-empirical modelling and the assumptions of the EC technique are sometimes not fully met. We propose using the sap flux/isotope method as an alternative way to estimate canopy GPP, termed GPPiso/SF , at the stand scale and at daily resolution. It is based on canopy conductance inferred from sap flux and intrinsic water-use efficiency estimated from the stable carbon isotope composition of phloem contents. The GPPiso/SF estimate was further corrected for seasonal variations in photosynthetic capacity and mesophyll conductance. We compared our estimate of GPPiso/SF to the GPP derived from PRELES, a model parameterized with EC data. The comparisons were performed in a highly instrumented, boreal Scots pine forest in northern Sweden, including a nitrogen fertilized and a reference plot. The resulting annual and daily GPPiso/SF estimates agreed well with PRELES, in the fertilized plot and the reference plot. We discuss the GPPiso/SF method as an alternative which can be widely applied without terrain restrictions, where the assumptions of EC are not met.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Vernay
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xianglin Tian
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jinshu Chi
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ram Oren
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Environmental Science & Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zsofia R Stangl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pantana Tor-Ngern
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Environment, Health and Social Data Analytics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John D Marshall
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eitel JUH, Griffin KL, Boelman NT, Maguire AJ, Meddens AJH, Jensen J, Vierling LA, Schmiege SC, Jennewein JS. Remote sensing tracks daily radial wood growth of evergreen needleleaf trees. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4068-4078. [PMID: 32279395 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between gross primary productivity (GPP) and the remotely sensed photochemical reflectance index (PRI) suggest that time series of foliar PRI may provide insight into climate change effects on carbon cycling. However, because a large fraction of carbon assimilated via GPP is quickly returned to the atmosphere via respiration, we ask a critical question-can PRI time series provide information about longer term gains in aboveground carbon stocks? Here we study the suitability of PRI time series to understand intra-annual stem-growth dynamics at one of the world's largest terrestrial carbon pools-the boreal forest. We hypothesized that PRI time series can be used to determine the onset (hypothesis 1) and cessation (hypothesis 2) of radial growth and enable tracking of intra-annual tree growth dynamics (hypothesis 3). Tree-level measurements were collected in 2018 and 2019 to link highly temporally resolved PRI observations unambiguously with information on daily radial tree growth collected via point dendrometers. We show that the seasonal onset of photosynthetic activity as determined by PRI time series was significantly earlier (p < .05) than the onset of radial tree growth determined from the point dendrometer time series which does not support our first hypothesis. In contrast, seasonal decline of photosynthetic activity and cessation of radial tree growth was not significantly different (p > .05) when derived from PRI and dendrometer time series, respectively, supporting our second hypothesis. Mixed-effects modeling results supported our third hypothesis by showing that the PRI was a statistically significant (p < .0001) predictor of intra-annual radial tree growth dynamics, and tracked these daily radial tree-growth dynamics in remarkable detail with conditional and marginal coefficients of determination of 0.48 and 0.96 (for 2018) and 0.43 and 0.98 (for 2019), respectively. Our findings suggest that PRI could provide novel insights into nuances of carbon cycling dynamics by alleviating important uncertainties associated with intra-annual vegetation response to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan U H Eitel
- Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- McCall Outdoor Science School (MOSS), College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, McCall, ID, USA
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Natalie T Boelman
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Maguire
- Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- McCall Outdoor Science School (MOSS), College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, McCall, ID, USA
| | - Arjan J H Meddens
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Johanna Jensen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee A Vierling
- Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- McCall Outdoor Science School (MOSS), College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, McCall, ID, USA
| | - Stephanie C Schmiege
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jyoti S Jennewein
- Department of Natural Resources and Society, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hinko-Najera N, Najera Umaña JC, Smith MG, Löw M, Griebel A, Bennett LT. Relationships of intra-annual stem growth with climate indicate distinct growth niches for two co-occurring temperate eucalypts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:991-1004. [PMID: 31302562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forests are an important global carbon sink but their responses to climate change are uncertain. Tree stems, as the predominant carbon pool, represent net productivity in temperate eucalypt forests but the drivers of growth in these evergreen forests remain poorly understood partly because the dominant tree species lack distinct growth rings. Disentangling eucalypt species' growth responses to climate from other factors, such as competition and disturbances like fire, remains challenging due to a lack of long-term growth data. We measured monthly stem-diameter changes (as basal area increment, BAI) of two co-occurring dominant eucalypts from different sub-genera (Eucalyptus obliqua and E. rubida) over nearly four years. Our study included seven sites in a natural temperate forest of south-eastern Australia, and we used linear mixed-effects models to examine the relative importance to monthly BAI of species, monthly climate variables (temperature and rainfall), inter-tree competition, and recent fire history (long-unburnt, prescribed fire, wildfire). Monthly BAI peaked in spring and autumn and was significantly different between species during spring and summer. BAI variation was most clearly associated with temperature, increasing in hyperbolic response curves up to maximum mean temperatures of ~ 15-17 °C and thereafter decreasing. Temperature optima for maximum monthly BAI were 1 to 2 °C warmer for E. rubida than E. obliqua. While less important than temperature, rainfall, particularly autumn rainfall, also helped explain patterns in monthly BAI, with inter-tree competition and recent fire history of comparatively minor importance. Our study provides the first comprehensive field-based evidence of different growth niches for eucalypts from different subgenera in natural temperate mixed forests. It highlights the importance of intra-annual climate to understanding productivity variation in temperate evergreen forests and provides insights into the mechanisms underpinning the successful co-existence of different tree species as well as their relative vulnerabilities to changing climates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia.
| | - Julio C Najera Umaña
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Merryn G Smith
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Markus Löw
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Lauren T Bennett
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Environmental Controls of Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in the Stem Radius of Platycladus orientalis in Northern China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fine-resolution studies of stem radial variation over short timescales throughout the year can provide insight into intra-annual stem dynamics and improve our understanding of climate impacts on tree physiology and growth processes. Using data from high-resolution point dendrometers collected from Platycladus orientalis (Linn.) trees between September 2013 and December 2014, this study investigated the daily and seasonal patterns of stem radial variation in addition to the relationships between daily stem radial variation and environmental factors over the growing season. Two contrasting daily cycle patterns were observed for warm and cold seasons. A daily mean air temperature of 0 °C was a critical threshold that was related to seasonal shifts in stem diurnal cycle patterns, indicating that air temperature critically influences diurnal stem cycles. The annual variation in P. orientalis stem radius variation can be divided into four distinct periods including (1) spring rehydration, (2) the summer growing season, (3) autumn stagnation, and (4) winter contraction. These periods reflect seasonal changes in tree water status that are especially pronounced in spring and winter. During the growing season, the maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) of P. orientalis was positively correlated with air temperature (Ta) and negatively correlated with soil water content (SWC) and precipitation (P). The vapor pressure deficit (VPD) also exhibited a threshold-based control on MDS at values below or above 0.8 kPa. Daily radial changes (DRC) were negatively correlated with Ta and VPD but positively correlated with relative air humidity (RH) and P. These results suggest that the above environmental factors are associated with tree water status via their influence on moisture availability to trees, which in turn affects the metrics of daily stem variation including MDS and DRC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Clark RE, Gutierrez Illan J, Comerford MS, Singer MS. Keystone mutualism influences forest tree growth at a landscape scale. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1599-1607. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Emerson Clark
- Department of Biology Wesleyan University Middletown CT USA
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
| | | | - Mattheau S. Comerford
- Department of Biology Wesleyan University Middletown CT USA
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston TX USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of Long-Term vs. Short-Term Ambient Ozone Exposure on Radial Stem Growth, Sap Flux and Xylem Morphology of O3-Sensitive Poplar Trees. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High ozone (O3) pollution impairs the carbon and water balance of trees, which is of special interest in planted forests. However, the effect of long-term O3 exposure on tree growth and water use, little remains known. In this study, we analysed the relationships of intra-annual stem growth pattern, seasonal sap flow dynamics and xylem morphology to assess the effect of long term O3 exposure of mature O3-sensitive hybrid poplars (‘Oxford’ clone). Rooted cuttings were planted in autumn 2007 and drip irrigated with 2 liters of water as ambient O3 treatment, or 450 ppm ethylenediurea (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N0-phenylurea, abbreviated as EDU) solution as O3 protection treatment over all growing seasons. During 2013, point dendrometers and heat pulses were installed to monitor radial growth, stem water relations and sap flow. Ambient O3 did not affect growth rates, even if the seasonal culmination point was 20 days earlier on average than that recorded in the O3 protected trees. Under ambient O3, trees showed reduced seasonal sap flow, however, the lower water use was due to a decrease of Huber value (decrease of leaf area for sapwood unit) rather than to a change in xylem morphology or due to a direct effect of sluggish stomatal responses on transpiration. Under high evaporative demand and ambient O3 concentrations, trees showed a high use of internal stem water resources modulated by stomatal sluggishness, thus predisposing them to be more sensitive water deficit during summer. The results of this study help untangle the compensatory mechanisms involved in the acclimation processes of forest species to long-term O3 exposure in a context of global change.
Collapse
|
15
|
Forner A, Valladares F, Bonal D, Granier A, Grossiord C, Aranda I. Extreme droughts affecting Mediterranean tree species' growth and water-use efficiency: the importance of timing. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1127-1137. [PMID: 29554342 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for a long time that drought intensity is a critical variable in determining water stress of Mediterranean tree species. However, not as much attention has been paid to other drought characteristics, for example the timing of the dry periods. We investigated the impact of the timing and intensity of extreme droughts on growing season length, growth and water-use efficiency of three tree species, Pinus nigra ssp. Salzmannii J.F. Arnold, Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. and Quercus faginea Lam. coexisting in a continental Mediterranean ecosystem. Over the study period (2009-13), intense droughts were observed at annual and seasonal scales, particularly during 2011 and 2012. In 2012, an atypically dry winter and spring was followed by an intense summer drought. Quercus faginea growth was affected more by drought timing than by drought intensity, probably because of its winter-deciduous leaf habit. Pinus nigra showed a lower decrease in secondary growth than observed in the two Quercus species in extremely dry years. Resilience to extreme droughts was different among species, with Q. faginea showing poorer recovery of growth after very dry years. The highest intra- and inter-annual plasticity in water-use efficiency was observed in P. nigra, which maintained a more water-saving strategy. Our results revealed that the timing of extreme drought events can affect tree function to a larger extent than drought intensity, especially in deciduous species. Legacy effects of drought over months and years significantly strengthened the impact of drought timing and intensity on tree function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Forner
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal), Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal), Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnológicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, France
| | - André Granier
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, France
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA, Forest Research Centre, Avda. A Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
- INAGEA, Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Manrique-Alba À, Sevanto S, Adams HD, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Chirino E, Bellot J, McDowell NG. Stem radial growth and water storage responses to heat and drought vary between conifers with differing hydraulic strategies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1926-1934. [PMID: 29761501 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated stem radial growth and water storage dynamics of 2 conifer species differing in hydraulic carbon strategies, Juniperus monosperma and Pinus edulis, under conditions of ambient, drought (∼45% reduction in precipitation), heat (∼4.8 °C temperature increase), and the combination of drought + heat, in 2013 and 2014. Juniper maintained low growth across all treatments. Overall, the relatively isohydric piñon pine showed significantly greater growth and water storage recharge than the relatively anisohydric juniper across all treatments in the average climate year (2014) but no differences in the regionally dry year (2013). Piñon pine ceased growth at a constant predawn water potential across all treatments and at a less negative water potential threshold than juniper. Heat has a greater negative impact on piñon pines' growth and water storage than drought, whereas juniper was, in contrast, unaffected by heat but strongly impacted by drought. The whole-plant hydraulic carbon strategies, in this case captured using the isohydric/anisohydric concept, translate into alternative growth and water storage strategies under drought and heat conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Àngela Manrique-Alba
- IMEM "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-3013, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Esteban Chirino
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Laica "Eloy Alfaro" de Manabí, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Juan Bellot
- IMEM "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Contrasting Patterns of Tree Growth of Mediterranean Pine Species in the Iberian Peninsula. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Van de Wal BAE, Leroux O, Steppe K. Post-veraison irreversible stem shrinkage in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is caused by periderm formation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:745-754. [PMID: 29244181 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Grapevines are characterized by a period of irreversible stem shrinkage around the onset of ripening of the grape berries. Since this shrinkage is unrelated to meteorological conditions or drought, it is often suggested that it is caused by the increased sink strength of the grape berries during this period. However, no studies so far have experimentally investigated the mechanisms underlying this irreversible stem shrinkage. We therefore combined continuous measurements of stem diameter variations and histology of potted 2-year-old grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. 'Boskoop Glory'). Sink strength was altered by pruning all grape clusters (treatment P), while non-pruned grapevines served as control (treatment C). Unexpectedly, our results showed irreversible post-veraison stem shrinkage in both treatments, suggesting that the shrinkage is not linked to grape berry sink strength. Anatomical analysis indicated that the shrinkage is the result of the formation of successive concentric periderm layers, and the subsequent dehydration and compression of the older bark tissues, an anatomical feature that is characteristic of Vitis stems. Stem shrinkage is hence unrelated to grape berry development, in contrast to what has been previously suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart A E Van de Wal
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Leroux
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K L Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Relationships between Wood Formation and Cambium Phenology on the Tibetan Plateau during 1960–2014. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Stangler DF, Hamann A, Kahle HP, Spiecker H, Mäkelä A. A heat wave during leaf expansion severely reduces productivity and modifies seasonal growth patterns in a northern hardwood forest. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:47-59. [PMID: 28173593 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A useful approach to monitor tree response to climate change and environmental extremes is the recording of long-term time series of stem radial variations obtained with precision dendrometers. Here, we study the impact of environmental stress on seasonal growth dynamics and productivity of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in the Great Lakes, St Lawrence forest region of Ontario. Specifically, we research the effects of a spring heat wave in 2010, and a summer drought in 2012 that occurred during the 2005–14 study period. We evaluated both growth phenology (onset, cessation, duration of radial growth, time of maximum daily growth rate) and productivity (monthly and seasonal average growth rates, maximum daily growth rate, tree-ring width) and tested for differences and interactions among species and years. Productivity of sugar maple was drastically compromised by a 3-day spring heat wave in 2010 as indicated by low growth rates, very early growth cessation and a lagged growth onset in the following year. Sugar maple also responded more sensitively than yellow birch to a prolonged drought period in July 2012, but final tree-ring width was not significantly reduced due to positive responses to above-average temperatures in the preceding spring. We conclude that sugar maple, a species that currently dominates northern hardwood forests, is vulnerable to heat wave disturbances during leaf expansion, which might occur more frequently under anticipated climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Florian Stangler
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hans-Peter Kahle
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Spiecker
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Steppe K, von der Crone JS, De Pauw DJW. TreeWatch.net: A Water and Carbon Monitoring and Modeling Network to Assess Instant Tree Hydraulics and Carbon Status. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:993. [PMID: 27458474 PMCID: PMC4932327 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
TreeWatch.net is an initiative that has been developed to watch trees grow and function in real-time. It is a water- and carbon-monitoring and modeling network, in which high-quality measurements of sap flow and stem diameter variation are collected on individual trees. Automated data processing using a cloud service enables instant visualization of water movement and radial stem growth. This can be used to demonstrate the sensitivity of trees to changing weather conditions, such as drought, heat waves, or heavy rain showers. But TreeWatch.net's true innovation lies in its use of these high-precision harmonized data to also parameterize process-based tree models in real-time, which makes displaying the much-needed mechanisms underlying tree responses to climate change possible. Continuous simulation of turgor to describe growth processes and long-term time series of hydraulic resistance to assess drought-vulnerability in real-time are only a few of the opportunities our approach offers. TreeWatch.net has been developed with the view to be complementary to existing forest monitoring networks and with the aim to contribute to existing dynamic global vegetation models. It provides high-quality data and real-time simulations in order to advance research on the impact of climate change on the biological response of trees and forests. Besides its application in natural forests to answer climate-change related scientific and political questions, we also envision a broader societal application of TreeWatch.net by selecting trees in nature reserves, public areas, cities, university areas, schoolyards, and parks to teach youngsters and create public awareness on the effects of changing weather conditions on trees and forests in this era of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jonas S. von der Crone
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Dirk J. W. De Pauw
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- Phyto-ITGhent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cocozza C, Palombo C, Tognetti R, La Porta N, Anichini M, Giovannelli A, Emiliani G. Monitoring intra-annual dynamics of wood formation with microcores and dendrometers in Picea abies at two different altitudes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:832-846. [PMID: 26941291 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal analyses of cambial cell production and day-by-day stem radial increment can help to elucidate how climate modulates wood formation in conifers. Intra-annual dynamics of wood formation were determined with microcores and dendrometers and related to climatic signals in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The seasonal dynamics of these processes were observed at two sites of different altitude, Savignano (650 m a.s.l.) and Lavazè (1800 m a.s.l.) in the Italian Alps. Seasonal dynamics of cambial activity were found to be site specific, indicating that the phenology of cambial cell production is highly variable and plastic with altitude. There was a site-specific trend in the number of cells in the wall thickening phase, with the maximum cell production in early July (DOY 186) at Savignano and in mid-July (DOY 200) at Lavazè. The formation of mature cells showed similar trends at the two sites, although different numbers of cells and timing of cell differentiation were visible in the model shapes; at the end of ring formation in 2010, the number of cells was four times higher at Savignano (106.5 cells) than at Lavazè (26.5 cells). At low altitudes, microcores and dendrometers described the radial growth patterns comparably, though the dendrometer function underlined the higher upper asymptote of maximum growth in comparison with the cell production function. In contrast, at high altitude, these functions exhibited different trends. The best model was obtained by fitting functions of the Gompertz model to the experimental data. By combining radial growth and cambial activity indices we defined a model system able to synchronize these processes. Processes of adaptation of the pattern of xylogenesis occurred, enabling P. abies to occupy sites with contrasting climatic conditions. The use of daily climatic variables in combination with plant functional traits obtained by sensors and/or destructive sampling could provide a suitable tool to better investigate the effect of disturbances on response strategies in trees and, consequently, contribute to improving our prediction of tree growth and species resilience based on climate scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cocozza
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Caterina Palombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università del Molise, I-86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università del Molise, I-86090 Pesche, Italy The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Edmund Mach Foundation, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Nicola La Porta
- The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Edmund Mach Foundation, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Monica Anichini
- Laboratorio di Xilogenesi, Istituto per la Valorizzazione Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IVALSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Laboratorio di Xilogenesi, Istituto per la Valorizzazione Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IVALSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Laboratorio di Xilogenesi, Istituto per la Valorizzazione Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IVALSA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Delpierre N, Berveiller D, Granda E, Dufrêne E. Wood phenology, not carbon input, controls the interannual variability of wood growth in a temperate oak forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:459-470. [PMID: 26619197 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the analysis of flux data has increased our understanding of the interannual variability of carbon inputs into forest ecosystems, we still know little about the determinants of wood growth. Here, we aimed to identify which drivers control the interannual variability of wood growth in a mesic temperate deciduous forest. We analysed a 9-yr time series of carbon fluxes and aboveground wood growth (AWG), reconstructed at a weekly time-scale through the combination of dendrometer and wood density data. Carbon inputs and AWG anomalies appeared to be uncorrelated from the seasonal to interannual scales. More than 90% of the interannual variability of AWG was explained by a combination of the growth intensity during a first 'critical period' of the wood growing season, occurring close to the seasonal maximum, and the timing of the first summer growth halt. Both atmospheric and soil water stress exerted a strong control on the interannual variability of AWG at the study site, despite its mesic conditions, whilst not affecting carbon inputs. Carbon sink activity, not carbon inputs, determined the interannual variations in wood growth at the study site. Our results provide a functional understanding of the dependence of radial growth on precipitation observed in dendrological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delpierre
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Elena Granda
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cuny HE, Rathgeber CBK, Frank D, Fonti P, Mäkinen H, Prislan P, Rossi S, Del Castillo EM, Campelo F, Vavrčík H, Camarero JJ, Bryukhanova MV, Jyske T, Gričar J, Gryc V, De Luis M, Vieira J, Čufar K, Kirdyanov AV, Oberhuber W, Treml V, Huang JG, Li X, Swidrak I, Deslauriers A, Liang E, Nöjd P, Gruber A, Nabais C, Morin H, Krause C, King G, Fournier M. Woody biomass production lags stem-girth increase by over one month in coniferous forests. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15160. [PMID: 27251531 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wood is the main terrestrial biotic reservoir for long-term carbon sequestration(1), and its formation in trees consumes around 15% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions each year(2). However, the seasonal dynamics of woody biomass production cannot be quantified from eddy covariance or satellite observations. As such, our understanding of this key carbon cycle component, and its sensitivity to climate, remains limited. Here, we present high-resolution cellular based measurements of wood formation dynamics in three coniferous forest sites in northeastern France, performed over a period of 3 years. We show that stem woody biomass production lags behind stem-girth increase by over 1 month. We also analyse more general phenological observations of xylem tissue formation in Northern Hemisphere forests and find similar time lags in boreal, temperate, subalpine and Mediterranean forests. These time lags question the extension of the equivalence between stem size increase and woody biomass production to intra-annual time scales(3, 4, 5, 6). They also suggest that these two growth processes exhibit differential sensitivities to local environmental conditions. Indeed, in the well-watered French sites the seasonal dynamics of stem-girth increase matched the photoperiod cycle, whereas those of woody biomass production closely followed the seasonal course of temperature. We suggest that forecasted changes in the annual cycle of climatic factors(7) may shift the phase timing of stem size increase and woody biomass production in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri E Cuny
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, Champenoux F-54280, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, Nancy F-54000, France
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille B K Rathgeber
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, Champenoux F-54280, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf CH-8903, Switzerland
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, Vantaa 01301, Finland
| | - Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Edurne Martinez Del Castillo
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Environmental Science Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Filipe Campelo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Hanuš Vavrčík
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jesus Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Zaragoza 50192, Spain
| | - Marina V Bryukhanova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, Vantaa 01301, Finland
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Vladimír Gryc
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Wood Science, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin De Luis
- Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Environmental Science Institute (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Joana Vieira
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Alexander V Kirdyanov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Vaclav Treml
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague CZ-12843, Czech Republic
| | - Jian-Guo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes and Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Irene Swidrak
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Eryuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes and Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pekka Nöjd
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, Vantaa 01301, Finland
| | - Andreas Gruber
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Cristina Nabais
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Hubert Morin
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Cornelia Krause
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Gregory King
- Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Meriem Fournier
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, Champenoux F-54280, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, Nancy F-54000, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Swaef T, De Schepper V, Vandegehuchte MW, Steppe K. Stem diameter variations as a versatile research tool in ecophysiology. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1047-61. [PMID: 26377875 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution stem diameter variations (SDV) are widely recognized as a useful drought stress indicator and have therefore been used in many irrigation scheduling studies. More recently, SDV have been used in combination with other plant measurements and biophysical modelling to study fundamental mechanisms underlying whole-plant functioning and growth. The present review aims to scrutinize the important insights emerging from these more recent SDV applications to identify trends in ongoing fundamental research. The main mechanism underlying SDV is variation in water content in stem tissues, originating from reversible shrinkage and swelling of dead and living tissues, and irreversible growth. The contribution of different stem tissues to the overall SDV signal is currently under debate and shows variation with species and plant age, but can be investigated by combining SDV with state-of-the-art technology like magnetic resonance imaging. Various physiological mechanisms, such as water and carbon transport, and mechanical properties influence the SDV pattern, making it an extensive source of information on dynamic plant behaviour. To unravel these dynamics and to extract information on plant physiology or plant biophysics from SDV, mechanistic modelling has proved to be valuable. Biophysical models integrate different mechanisms underlying SDV, and help us to explain the resulting SDV signal. Using an elementary modelling approach, we demonstrate the application of SDV as a tool to examine plant water relations, plant hydraulics, plant carbon relations, plant nutrition, freezing effects, plant phenology and dendroclimatology. In the ever-expanding SDV knowledge base we identified two principal research tracks. First, in detailed short-term experiments, SDV measurements are combined with other plant measurements and modelling to discover patterns in phloem turgor, phloem osmotic concentrations, root pressure and plant endogenous control. Second, long-term SDV time series covering many different species, regions and climates provide an expanding amount of phenotypic data of growth, phenology and survival in relation to microclimate, soil water availability, species or genotype, which can be coupled with genetic information to support ecological and breeding research under on-going global change. This under-exploited source of information has now encouraged research groups to set up coordinated initiatives to explore this data pool via global analysis techniques and data-mining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Swaef
- Plant Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Veerle De Schepper
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Maurits W Vandegehuchte
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lempereur M, Martin-StPaul NK, Damesin C, Joffre R, Ourcival JM, Rocheteau A, Rambal S. Growth duration is a better predictor of stem increment than carbon supply in a Mediterranean oak forest: implications for assessing forest productivity under climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:579-590. [PMID: 25913661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding whether tree growth is limited by carbon gain (source limitation) or by the direct effect of environmental factors such as water deficit or temperature (sink limitation) is crucial for improving projections of the effects of climate change on forest productivity. We studied the relationships between tree basal area (BA) variations, eddy covariance carbon fluxes, predawn water potential (Ψpd ) and temperature at different timescales using an 8-yr dataset and a rainfall exclusion experiment in a Quercus ilex Mediterranean coppice. At the daily timescale, during periods of low temperature (< 5°C) and high water deficit (< -1.1 MPa), gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity remained positive whereas the stem increment was nil. Thus, stem increment appeared limited by drought and temperature rather than by carbon input. Annual growth was accurately predicted by the duration of BA increment during spring (Δtt0-t1 ). The onset of growth (t0 ) was related to winter temperatures and the summer interruption of growth (t1 ) to a threshold Ψpd value of -1.1 MPa. We suggest that using environmental drivers (i.e. drought and temperature) to predict stem growth phenology can contribute to an improvement in vegetation models and may change the current projections of Mediterranean forest productivity under climate change scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morine Lempereur
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie, 20, Avenue du Grésillé - BP 90406, 49004, Angers Cedex 01, France
| | | | - Claire Damesin
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution (ESE), CNRS AgroParisTech-UMR 8079, Bâtiment 362, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Richard Joffre
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ourcival
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alain Rocheteau
- IRD, CEFE, UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Rambal
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zweifel R, Drew DM, Schweingruber F, Downes GM. Xylem as the main origin of stem radius changes in Eucalyptus. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:520-534. [PMID: 32481010 DOI: 10.1071/fp13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The state-of-the-art interpretation of stem radius changes (DRTotal) for tree water relations is based on knowledge from mostly slow growing tree species. The ratio between diurnal size fluctuations of the rigid xylem (DRXylem) and the respective fluctuations of the elastic bark (DRBark) is known to be small (<0.4) and is of importance for the localisation of water storage dynamics in stems. In this study, fast growing Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in Tasmania were investigated by point dendrometers in order to investigate tree water relations. Unexpectedly, DRXylem was found to be the main driver of DRTotal with the bark acting as a passive layer on top of the fluctuating xylem under most conditions. Accordingly, the ratio between the diurnal fluctuations of the two tissues was found to be much higher (0.6-1.6) than everything reported before. Based on simulations using a hydraulic plant model, the high tissue-specific elasticity of the Eucalyptus xylem was found to explain this atypical response and not osmotically-driven processes or species-specific flow resistances. The wide zone of secondary thickening xylem in various stages of lignification is proposed to be an important component of the high wood elasticity. The tissue acts as additional water storage like the bark and may positively affect the water transport efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David M Drew
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| | - Fritz Schweingruber
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey M Downes
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Babst F, Bouriaud O, Papale D, Gielen B, Janssens IA, Nikinmaa E, Ibrom A, Wu J, Bernhofer C, Köstner B, Grünwald T, Seufert G, Ciais P, Frank D. Above-ground woody carbon sequestration measured from tree rings is coherent with net ecosystem productivity at five eddy-covariance sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1289-1303. [PMID: 24206564 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• Attempts to combine biometric and eddy-covariance (EC) quantifications of carbon allocation to different storage pools in forests have been inconsistent and variably successful in the past. • We assessed above-ground biomass changes at five long-term EC forest stations based on tree-ring width and wood density measurements, together with multiple allometric models. Measurements were validated with site-specific biomass estimates and compared with the sum of monthly CO₂ fluxes between 1997 and 2009. • Biometric measurements and seasonal net ecosystem productivity (NEP) proved largely compatible and suggested that carbon sequestered between January and July is mainly used for volume increase, whereas that taken up between August and September supports a combination of cell wall thickening and storage. The inter-annual variability in above-ground woody carbon uptake was significantly linked with wood production at the sites, ranging between 110 and 370 g C m(-2) yr(-1) , thereby accounting for 10-25% of gross primary productivity (GPP), 15-32% of terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) and 25-80% of NEP. • The observed seasonal partitioning of carbon used to support different wood formation processes refines our knowledge on the dynamics and magnitude of carbon allocation in forests across the major European climatic zones. It may thus contribute, for example, to improved vegetation model parameterization and provides an enhanced framework to link tree-ring parameters with EC measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Babst
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Olivier Bouriaud
- Forest Research and Management Institute ICAS, Sos. Stefanesti 128, O77190, Voluntari, Romania
| | - Dario Papale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Eero Nikinmaa
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 9, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Strasse 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Barbara Köstner
- Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Strasse 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Thomas Grünwald
- Technical University of Dresden, Pienner Strasse 23, 01737, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Günther Seufert
- EC-JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change, Zähringerstr. 25, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Etzold S, Zweifel R, Ruehr NK, Eugster W, Buchmann N. Long-term stem CO2 concentration measurements in Norway spruce in relation to biotic and abiotic factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1173-1184. [PMID: 23316716 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stem CO(2) concentrations (stem [CO(2)]) undergo large temporal variations that need to be understood to better link tree physiological processes to biosphere-atmosphere CO(2) exchange. During 19 months, stem [CO(2)] was continuously measured in mature subalpine Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) and jointly analysed with stem, soil and air temperatures, sap flow rates, stem radius changes and CO(2) efflux rates from stem and soil on different time scales. Stem [CO(2)] exhibited a strong seasonality, of which over 80% could be explained with stem and soil temperatures. Both physical equilibrium processes of CO(2) between water and air according to Henry's law as well as physiological effects, including sap flow and local respiration, concurrently contributed to these temporal variations. Moreover, the explanatory power of potential biological drivers (stem radius changes, sap flow and soil respiration) varied strongly with season and temporal resolution. We conclude that seasonal and daily courses of stem [CO(2)] in spruce trees are a combined effect of physical equilibrium and tree physiological processes. Furthermore, we emphasize the relevance of axial diffusion of CO(2) along air-filled spaces in the wood, and potential wound response processes owing to sensor installation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Werner Eugster
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetsstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Eugster W, Haeni M. Nutrients or Pollutants? Nitrogen Deposition to European Forests. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
31
|
Impacts of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) induced ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality on forest carbon cycling and successional dynamics in the eastern United States. Biol Invasions 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-012-0341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
Seidl R, Blennow K. Pervasive growth reduction in Norway spruce forests following wind disturbance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33301. [PMID: 22413012 PMCID: PMC3296682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades the frequency and severity of natural disturbances by e.g., strong winds and insect outbreaks has increased considerably in many forest ecosystems around the world. Future climate change is expected to further intensify disturbance regimes, which makes addressing disturbances in ecosystem management a top priority. As a prerequisite a broader understanding of disturbance impacts and ecosystem responses is needed. With regard to the effects of strong winds--the most detrimental disturbance agent in Europe--monitoring and management has focused on structural damage, i.e., tree mortality from uprooting and stem breakage. Effects on the functioning of trees surviving the storm (e.g., their productivity and allocation) have been rarely accounted for to date. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that growth reduction was significant and pervasive in a 6.79 million hectare forest landscape in southern Sweden following the storm Gudrun (January 2005). Wind-related growth reduction in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests surviving the storm exceeded 10% in the worst hit regions, and was closely related to maximum gust wind speed (R(2) = 0.849) and structural wind damage (R(2) = 0.782). At the landscape scale, wind-related growth reduction amounted to 3.0 million m(3) in the three years following Gudrun. It thus exceeds secondary damage from bark beetles after Gudrun as well as the long-term average storm damage from uprooting and stem breakage in Sweden. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that the impact of strong winds on forest ecosystems is not limited to the immediately visible area of structural damage, and call for a broader consideration of disturbance effects on ecosystem structure and functioning in the context of forest management and climate change mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Blennow
- Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The Carbon Balance of Two Contrasting Mountain Forest Ecosystems in Switzerland: Similar Annual Trends, but Seasonal Differences. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
34
|
Abstract
Forest canopies exchange a large part of the mass and energy between the earth and the atmosphere. The processes that regulate these exchanges have been of interest to scientists from a diverse range of disciplines for a long time. The International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Canopy Processes Working Group provides a forum for these scientists to explore canopy processes at scales ranging from the leaf to the ecosystem. Given the changes in climate that are being experienced in response to rising [CO(2)], there is a need to understand how forest canopy processes respond to altered environments. Globally, native and managed forests represent the largest terrestrial biome and, in wood and soils, the largest terrestrial stores of carbon. Changing climates have significant implications for carbon storage in forests, as well as their water use, species diversity and management. In order to address these issues, the Canopy Processes Working Group held a travelling workshop in south-east Australia during October 2010 to examine the impact of changing climates on forest canopies, highlighting knowledge gaps and developing new research directions.
Collapse
|