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Weerachatyanukul W, Xu H, Anupriwan A, Carmona E, Wade M, Hermo L, da Silva SM, Rippstein P, Sobhon P, Sretarugsa P, Tanphaichitr N. Acquisition of arylsulfatase A onto the mouse sperm surface during epididymal transit. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:1183-92. [PMID: 12773421 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylsulfatase A (AS-A) is localized to the sperm surface and participates in sperm-zona pellucida binding. We investigated how AS-A, usually known as an acrosomal enzyme, trafficked to the sperm surface. Immunocytochemistry of the mouse testis confirmed the existence of AS-A in the acrosomal region of round and elongating spermatids. However, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry indicated the absence of AS-A on the surface of live testicular sperm. In contrast, positive AS-A staining was observed in the heads of live caudal epididymal and vas deferens sperm. The results suggested that acquisition of AS-A on the sperm surface occurred during epididymal transit. Immunocytochemistry of the epididymis revealed AS-A in narrow and apical cells in the initial segment and in clear cells in all epididymal regions. However, these epithelial cells are in the minority and are not involved in secretory activity. In the caudal epididymis and vas deferens, AS-A was also localized to principal cells, the major epithelial cells. Because principal cells have secretory activity, they may secrete AS-A into the epididymal fluid. This hypothesis was supported by our results revealing the presence of AS-A in the epididymal and vas deferens fluid (determined by immunoblotting and ELISA) and an AS-A transcript in the epididymis (by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Alexa-430 AS-A bound to epididymal sperm with high affinity (Kd = 46 nM). This binding was inhibited by treatment of sperm with an antibody against sperm surface sulfogalactosylglycerolipid. This finding suggests that AS-A in the epididymal fluid may deposit onto sperm via its affinity to sulfogalactosylglycerolipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattana Weerachatyanukul
- Hormones/Growth/Development Research Group, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
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Abstract
The previous demonstration that incubation of brain slices with [32P]phosphate brings about rapid labeling of phosphatidic acid in myelin suggests that the enzyme involved should be present in this specialized membrane. DAG kinase (ATP:1,2-diacyglycerol 3-phosphotransferase, E.C. 2.7.1.107) is present in rat brain homogenate at a specific activity of 2.5 nmol phosphatidic acid formed/min/mg protein, while highly purified myelin had a much lower specific activity (0.29 nmol/min/mg protein). Nevertheless, the enzyme appears to be intrinsic to this membrane since it can not be removed by washing with a variety of detergents or chelating agents, and it could not be accounted for as contamination by another subcellular fraction. Production of endogenous, membrane-associated, diacylglycerol (DAG) by PLC (phospholipase C) treatment brought about translocation from soluble to particulate fractions, including myelin. Another level of control of activity involves inactivation by phosphorylation; a 10 min incubation of brain homogenate with ATP resulted in a large decrease in DAG kinase activity in soluble, particulate and myelin fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7250
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Abstract
Liposomes prepared from lecithin:cholesterol:p-aminophenyl-alpha-mannoside (7:2:1, v/v/v) were efficiently incorporated into the mouse brain across the blood brain barrier. Furthermore, liposomes injected intraperitoneally were exclusively distributed into lysosome rich fraction and also taken up by glial cells. These data suggest that blood brain barrier cells and glial cells recognize mannose molecule on the surface of the membrane and can be used for the treatment of brain damage by lysosomal storage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Umezawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
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Kung MP, Roth JA. Cellular localization of soluble and membrane-bound forms of arylsulfatase in rat brain. Brain Res 1987; 419:141-6. [PMID: 2890406 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cellular localization of the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the enzyme, arylsulfatase (ArS), in rat brain was investigated by measuring their activities in rat striatum after unilateral lesioning with the neurotoxin, kainic acid. Membrane-bound ArS (C form of ArS) activity was found to increase after lesioning and the increase paralleled that of the astroglial marker enzyme, glutamine synthetase. Total soluble ArS (A and B forms of ArS) was shown to decrease on day 2 after the kainic acid injection but rapidly increase thereafter. When the two soluble forms of arylsulfatase were measured separately, the activity associated with the A form was found to initially decrease followed by a rapid increase in activity, whereas the activity of the B form of the enzyme increased over the entire duration of the experiment. These data suggest that the ArS-C and B form of arylsulfatase predominate in proliferating astroglial cells, whereas the A form of arylsulfatase is present both in neuronal cell bodies and astroglia associated with the rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kung
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine 14214
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Kitagawa T. An animal model of human acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (Niemann-Pick disease) and the study of its enzyme replacement (the Japan Society of Human Genetics award lecture). JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1987; 32:55-69. [PMID: 2830422 DOI: 10.1007/bf01893159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sakiyama T, Akashi K, Akatsuka A, Owada M, Miyawaki S, Kitagawa T. Subcellular localization of acid sphingomyelinase and lipid in Niemann-Pick mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 1987; 10:301-4. [PMID: 2828764 DOI: 10.1007/bf01800087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Sakiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Tada Y, Sekiguchi S, Ito F, Eto Y. 4-Methylumbelliferyl lipase in human and mouse brain: a possible localization in myelin. J Neurochem 1986; 46:140-3. [PMID: 3940274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb12936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
4-Methylumbelliferyl (4-MU) lipase activity in human and mouse brain, measured with 4-MU palmitate, was characterized with respect to effects of pH and detergents, and subcellular and myelin localization. Purified myelin isolated by Norton's procedure [J. Neurochem. 21, 749-757 (1983)] contained higher specific activity of 4-MU lipase, particularly in alkaline pH. Myelin lipase activity was markedly affected by the addition of different types of detergents, the amount of detergents added, and substrate. The optimal pH in myelin was bimodal--pH 4.5 and up to 8.0, respectively. These data indicate that myelin possesses 4-MU lipase activity at alkaline pH, with lower levels at acidic pH.
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Bhat S, Pfeiffer SE. Subcellular distribution and developmental expression of cholesterol ester hydrolases in fetal rat brain cultures. J Neurochem 1985; 45:1356-62. [PMID: 4045453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb07200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol ester hydrolase activities previously have been identified in brain and linked to the production of myelin, which has very low levels of esterified cholesterol. We have studied two cholesterol ester hydrolase activities (termed the pH 6.0 and pH 7.2 activities) in cultures derived from 19- to 21-day-old dissociated fetal rat brains and in developing rat brain. In vivo the levels of both the pH 6.0 and pH 7.2 activities began to increase by about 10 postnatal days, reached maximal levels at 20 days (20 and 1.5 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively), and thereafter remained nearly constant (pH 6.0) or decreased somewhat before becoming constant (pH 7.2). In contrast, in the cultures the pH 6.0 cholesterol ester hydrolase activity was low until 21 days in culture (DIC; 20 nmol/h/mg protein), increased to a peak activity at 31 DIC (60 nmol/h/mg protein), remained high for 24 days, and finally decreased (18 nmol/h/mg protein at 63 DIC); the pH 7.2 cholesterol ester hydrolase activity was very low until 20 DIC, increased to a peak activity at 31 days (3 nmol/h/mg protein), and thereafter decreased to a lower level (2 nmol/h/mg protein) that was maintained for about 24 days before decreasing (0.7 nmol/h/mg protein at 63 DIC). Therefore, the time courses of appearance of both cholesterol ester hydrolase activities were delayed by 10-14 days relative to that seen in vivo, and the specific activities observed in the cultures were transiently two- to three-fold higher than in rat brain, but then declined to levels characteristic of whole brain homogenates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Tsuda M, Owada M, Kitagawa T, Miyawaki S. Lack of acid sphingomyelinase in the mitochondria-lysosome fraction of brain from Niemann-Pick mice. J Inherit Metab Dis 1985; 8:147-8. [PMID: 3027450 DOI: 10.1007/bf01819301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ogino T, Suzuki K. Specificities of human and rat brain enzymes of cholesterol ester metabolism toward very long chain fatty acids: implication for biochemical pathogenesis of adrenoleukodystrophy. J Neurochem 1981; 36:776-9. [PMID: 7463092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Specificities of the cholesterol-esterifying enzyme and the three cholesterol esterases in rat brain with respect to the chain length of fatty acids were examined. For each of the hydrolases, activities toward cholesteryl lignocerate and cerotate were generally less than 1% of that toward cholesteryl oleate. However, both lignoceric and cerotic acids were esterified at rates approximately 10% of that for oleic acid. In postmortem human control and adrenoleukodystrophy brains, the esterifying activity toward cerotic acid was on the average 25% of that toward oleic acid. The abnormal accumulation of cholesterol esters with very long chain fatty acids observed in adrenoleukodystrophy can therefore occur in the absence of deficient activities of the cholesterol esterases, if the free fatty acid pool of the brain contains an abnormal amount of very long chain fatty acids.
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Chweh AY, Leslie SW. Effects of acute and chronic administration of ethanol on rat brain arylsulphatase A and B. Life Sci 1980; 27:1777-82. [PMID: 6110154 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Ebadi M, Chweh A. Inhibition by arylsulphatase A of Na-independent [3H]-GABA and [3H]-muscimol binding to bovine cerebellar synaptic membranes. Neuropharmacology 1980; 19:1105-11. [PMID: 6108534 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(80)90109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ogino T. Biochemical study of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). FOLIA PSYCHIATRICA ET NEUROLOGICA JAPONICA 1980; 34:117-25. [PMID: 7461509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1980.tb01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an x-linked hereditary neurological disorder characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol ester with long chain fatty acids in the brain and adrenal gland. We examined cholesterol ester metabolism for the postmortem brain tissues of ALD patients, using cholesterol ester with short and long chain fatty acids as the substrate for hydrolyzing enzyme, as well as short and long chain fatty acids for synthesizing enzyme. No enzyme abnormality was found. However, there was a discrepancy between hydrolytic and synthetic activities with short or long chain fatty acids. The findings suggest that the accumulation of cholesterol ester with long chain fatty acids in ALD brain is not due to enzyme abnormalities, but is a secondary phenomenon which comes from abnormal fatty acid metabolism causing a high concentration of long chain fatty acids.
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Freysz L, Farooqui AA, Adamczewska-Goncerzewicz Z, Mandel P. Lysosomal hydrolases in neuronal, astroglial, and olidodendroglial enriched fractions of rabbit and beef brain. J Lipid Res 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yamaguchi S, Suzuki K. A novel magnesium-independent neutral sphingomyelinase associated with rat central nervous system meylin. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Allen N, Clendenon NR, Abe H, Swenberg JA, Koestner A, Wechsler W, Shuttleworth EC. Acid hydrolase and cytochrome oxidase activities in nitrosourea induced tumors of the nervous system. Acta Neuropathol 1977; 39:13-23. [PMID: 197772 DOI: 10.1007/bf00690381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosourea induced tumors of the nervous system in rats have proven useful for biochemical studies combined with morphological approaches. The pattern of enzyme activities for acid hydrolases and cytochrome oxidase resemble those previously observed in spontaneous nervous system tumors of man. The activities of 4 acid hydrolases were generally high in the gliomas. This could not be attributed solely to zones of regression or necrosis but was a general characteristic of the neoplasms. The activities were predominantly particulate and most likely lysosomal in localization. In schwannomas a similar increase in hydrolases was found in comparison with normal neural tissues but aryl-sulfatase was not increased. Cytochrome oxidase activities were markedly reduced in all tumors studied. The proportionate reduction with respect to normal brain was comparable to that noted in man. No differences were found with respect to fairly well differentiated gliomas.
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Iwamori M, Moser HW, Kishimoto Y. Steroid sulfatase in brain: comparison of sulfohydrolase activities for various steroid sulfates in normal and pathological brains, including the various forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy. J Neurochem 1976; 27:1389-95. [PMID: 12249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb02620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Iwamori M, Moser HW, Kishimoto Y. Cholesterol sulfate in rat tissues. Tissue distribution, developmental change and brain subcellular localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 441:268-79. [PMID: 952990 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(76)90170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. A reliable micromethod for the determination of the tissue level of cholesterol sulfate has been developed. Cholesterol sulfate was separated from the bulk of the free cholesterol by silica gel column chromatography, and the cholesterol sulfate fraction subjected to benzoylation. A small amount of contaminating free cholesterol and other lipids remaining in this fraction were converted to benzoyl esters while the cholesterol sulfate remained unreacted. The cholesterol sulfate was then separated from the benzoylated contaminants by a second silica gel chromatography column and subjected to solvolysis. The liberated cholesterol was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. 2. The cholesterol sulfate contents of the visceral organs of 43-day-old rats were determined. Every tissue examined contained small amounts of this sulfate. Kidney contained the highest concentration of cholesterol sulfate (250-300 mug/g dry tissue weight) followed by spleen (77 mug/g), adrenal gland (50-70 mug/g) and lung (50-57 mug/g). 3. In brain, cholesterol sulfate level rises sharply from 17 mug/g dry weight in 7-day-old rats to more than 50 mug/g in 15-day-olds, then it declines rapidly to 15 mug/g in the 40-day-olds and this level is maintained to adulthood. The developmental pattern in the liver resembles that in the brain, except that the peak is somewhat flatter with the highest value (60 mug/g dry weight) occurring in the 21-day-old animal. In contrast to the above two tissues, the level of kidney cholesterol sulfate increases steadily from 15 mug/g in 7-day-olds and reaches the adult level of approx. 200 mug/g in 50-day-olds. 4. The highest level of cholesterol sulfate in subcellular fractions of rat brain occurred in a fraction rich in nerve endings. The level here was 10 times higher than that in the mitochondrial fraction, which contained the lowest levels of this steroid sulfate.
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Iwamori M, Moser HW, Kishimoto Y. Solubilization and partial purification of steroid sulfatase from rat liver: characterization of estrone sulfatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:199-208. [PMID: 7200 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Costantino-Ceccarini E, Suzuki K. Evidence for presence of UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase in rat myelin. Brain Res 1975; 93:358-62. [PMID: 1174975 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Eto Y, Rampini S, Wiesmann U, Herschkowitz NN. Enzymic studies of sulphatases in tissues of the normal human and in metachromatic leukodystrophy with multiple sulphatase deficiencies: arylsulphatases A, B and C, cerebroside sulphatase, psychosine sulphatase and steroid sulphatases. J Neurochem 1974; 23:1161-70. [PMID: 4281441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb12213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Perumal AS, Robins E. Regional and subcellular distribution of aryl-and steroid sulfatases in brain. Brain Res 1973; 59:349-58. [PMID: 4747761 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(73)90273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Perumal AS, Robins E. Arylsulphatases in human brain: purification and characterization of an isoluble arylsulphatase. J Neurochem 1973; 21:459-71. [PMID: 4724331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb04266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cuzner ML, Davison AN. Changes in cerebral lysosomal enzyme activity and lipids in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1973; 19:29-36. [PMID: 4715019 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(73)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Traurig HH, Clendenon NR, Swenberg JA, Allen N. Lysosomal acid hydrolases in neonatal rat brain. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1973; 4:105-15. [PMID: 4697863 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kishimoto Y, Sostek R. Activity of sterol-sulphate sulphohydrolase in rat brain: characterization, localization and change with age. J Neurochem 1972; 19:123-30. [PMID: 4257947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cholesterol ester metabolism in the brain: Properties and subcellular distribution of cholesterol-esterifying enzymes and cholesterol ester hydrolases in adult rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(71)90175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Cerebral lysosomes. Brain Res 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(71)80010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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