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Roux A, Jackson SN, Muller L, Barbacci D, O’Rourke J, Thanos PK, Volkow ND, Balaban C, Schultz JA, Woods AS. Ethanol Induced Brain Lipid Changes in Mice Assessed by Mass Spectrometry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1148-56. [PMID: 27269520 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a chronic disease characterized by the consumption of alcohol at a level that interferes with physical and mental health and causes serious and persistent changes in the brain. Lipid metabolism is of particular interest due to its high concentration in the brain. Lipids are the main component of cell membranes, are involved in cell signaling, signal transduction, and energy storage. In this study, we analyzed lipid composition of chronically ethanol exposed mouse brains. Juvenile (JUV) and adult (ADU) mice were placed on a daily limited-access ethanol intake model for 52 days. After euthanasia, brains were harvested, and total lipids were extracted from brain homogenates. Samples were analyzed using high resolution mass spectrometry and processed by multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Significant lipid changes were observed in different classes including sphingolipids, fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholines, and other glycerophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Roux
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Shelley N. Jackson
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Ludovic Muller
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | - Joseph O’Rourke
- Behavioral
Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral
Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Carey Balaban
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Neurobiology, Communication Sciences & Disorders, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | - Amina S. Woods
- Structural
Biology Unit, NIDA IRP, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Battaini F, Pascale A, Ancona DM, Cagiano R, Cuomo V, Govoni S. Moderate Alcohol Intake: Behavioral and Neurochemical Correlates in Rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 1:151-9. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1998.11747224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Barceló-Coblijn G, Wold LE, Ren J, Murphy EJ. Prenatal ethanol exposure increases brain cholesterol content in adult rats. Lipids 2013; 48:1059-68. [PMID: 23996454 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome is the most severe expression of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Although alterations in fetal and neonate brain fatty acid composition and cholesterol content are known to occur in animal models of FASD, the persistence of these alterations into adulthood is unknown. To address this question, we determined the effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on individual phospholipid class fatty acid composition, individual phospholipid class mass, and cholesterol mass in brains from 25-week-old rats that were exposed to ethanol during gestation beginning at gestational day 2. While total phospholipid mass was unaffected, phosphatidylinositol and cardiolipin mass was decreased 14 and 43 %, respectively. Exposure to prenatal ethanol modestly altered brain phospholipid fatty acid composition, and the most consistent change was a significant 1.1-fold increase in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in the n-3/n-6 ratio, and in the 22:6n-3 content in ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and in phosphatidylserine. In contrast, prenatal ethanol consumption significantly increased brain cholesterol mass 1.4-fold and the phospholipid to cholesterol ratio was significantly increased 1.3-fold. These results indicate that brain cholesterol mass was significantly increased in adult rats exposed prenatally to ethanol, but changes in phospholipid mass and phospholipid fatty acid composition were extremely limited. Importantly, suppression of postnatal ethanol consumption was not sufficient to reverse the large increase in cholesterol observed in the adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Barceló-Coblijn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Rd, Room 3700, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA
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Chung CS, Wang J, Wehman M, Rhoads DE. Severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms depends on developmental stage of Long-Evans rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 89:137-44. [PMID: 18207224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate alcohol dependency and the potential role of age of initial alcohol consumption, Long-Evans (LE) rats were fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet starting at postnatal (P) ages (days): P23-27 (juvenile), P35-45 (adolescent) or P65-97 (young adult). Severity of subsequent withdrawal symptoms was dependent on age when consumption began and on duration of alcohol consumption. Frequency of withdrawal seizures was highest for rats starting consumption as juveniles, intermediate for adolescents and lowest for adults. Normalized to body weight, alcohol consumption was significantly higher for adolescent and juvenile rats than for adults. Sprague-Dawley rats that began alcohol consumption as adolescents (P35) had a level of alcohol consumption identical to that of the adolescent LE rats but showed much lower frequency of withdrawal seizures when tested after 2, 3 and 5 weeks of alcohol consumption. Based on several indicators, the capacity of the juveniles to metabolize ethanol is equal to or exceeds that of adults. Recoveries from a single dose of ethanol (2.5 g ethanol/kg body weight) were faster for juvenile LE rats than adults. The rate of decline in blood ethanol concentration was identical for juvenile and adult rats while the corrected ethanol elimination rate was higher for juveniles. The primary isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in rat liver, ADH-3, had a similar Km and higher activity in liver preparations from juveniles. In conclusion, LE rats beginning alcohol consumption as juveniles or adolescents develop a severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome that may not be attributed entirely to higher levels of consumption and was not explained by any obvious deficiencies in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shiang Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
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Barcelo-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Mills K, Winchester B, Jakobs C, Snead O, Gibson KM. Lipid abnormalities in succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh5a1-/-) deficient mouse brain provide additional evidence for myelin alterations. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:556-62. [PMID: 17300923 PMCID: PMC2362103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Earlier work from our laboratory provided evidence for myelin abnormalities (decreased quantities of proteins associated with myelin compaction, decreased sheath thickness) in cortex and hippocampus of Aldh5a1(-/-) mice, which have a complete ablation of the succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase protein [E.A. Donarum, D.A. Stephan, K. Larkin, E.J. Murphy, M. Gupta, H. Senephansiri, R.C. Switzer, P.L. Pearl, O.C. Snead, C. Jakobs, K.M. Gibson, Expression profiling reveals multiple myelin alterations in murine succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 29 (2006) 143-156]. In the current report, we have extended these findings via comprehensive analysis of brain phospholipid fractions, including quantitation of fatty acids in individual phospholipid subclasses and estimation of hexose-ceramide in Aldh5a1(-/-) brain. In comparison to wild-type littermates (Aldh5a1(+/+)), we detected a 20% reduction in the ethanolamine glycerophospholipid content of Aldh5a1(-/-)mice, while other brain phospholipids (choline glycerophospholipid, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol) were within normal limits. Analysis of individual fatty acids in each of these fractions revealed consistent alterations in n-3 fatty acids, primarily increased 22:6n-3 levels (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA). In the phosphatidyl serine fraction there were marked increases in the proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids with corresponding decreases of monounsaturated fatty acids. Interestingly, the levels of hexose-ceramide (glucosyl- and galactosylceramide, principal myelin cerebrosides) were decreased in Aldh5a1(-/-) brain tissue (one-tailed t test, p=0.0449). The current results suggest that lipid and myelin abnormalities in this animal may contribute to the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Barcelo-Coblijn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - E. J. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - K. Mills
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology & Metabolism Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health at Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - B. Winchester
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology & Metabolism Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health at Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - C. Jakobs
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - O.C. Snead
- Brain and Behavior Program, Division of Neurology and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - KM Gibson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- *Correspondence: Rangos Research Building, Room 2111, Children’s Hospital Pittsburgh, 3460 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213; 412-692-7608; fax 412-692-7816;
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6
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Abstract
It has been suggested that hippocampus-related cognitive processes are especially sensitive to ethanol. To provide an insight into the biochemical mechanisms underlying the hippocampus-related functional deficits associated with prenatal ethanol exposure, we investigated the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on the phospholipid profile in developing rat hippocampi. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that ethanol lowered the levels of total phosphatidylserine (PS) by 15-20% at all ages examined, primarily owing to the reduction in 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PS (18:0,22:6n-3-PS) species. Ethanol exposure also led to a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but the total phospholipid content was not significantly changed. At the fatty acid level, ethanol exposure significantly decreased the 22:6n-3 content at postnatal days 0 and 21, with a slight increase in 22:5n-6, without changing the total fatty acid content significantly. In conclusion, ethanol depleted PS, especially 22:6-containing species, and PC from hippocampal membranes with concomitant increase in PE. Alteration of the phospholipid profile in the hippocampus resulting from exposure to ethanol during prenatal and developmental stages may have significant implications with respect to the cognitive dysfunction observed in fetal alcohol syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Wen
- Section of Mass Spectrometry, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 12-420 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20892-8115, USA
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7
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Pascale A, Battaini F, Govoni S, Persichella M, De Salvia MA, Cuomo V. Chronic low doses of ethanol affect brain protein kinase C and ultrasonic calls in rats. Alcohol 1997; 14:557-61. [PMID: 9401670 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(97)00047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated neurobehavioral and neurochemical consequences of chronic consumption of low doses of ethanol. The present study shows that in rats exposure to 3% ethanol (v/v in drinking water) for 2 months decreased both calcium-dependent and -independent protein kinase C (PKC) activities in the cortex and in the hippocampus. This treatment also reduced ultrasonic calls (UCs), an index of emotional and motivational states of the animal. In addition, at cortical level of ethanol-treated rats, we observed a correlation between calcium-dependent activities and UCs. These results suggest that nonaddicting doses of ethanol affect brain PKC activities and that this enzyme may be involved in the ethanol modulation of emotional and motivational behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pascale
- Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Italy.
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8
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Meskar A, Holownia A, Bardou LG, Menez JF. Effect of acetaldehyde generated from ethanol by ADH-transfected CHO cells on their membrane fatty acid profiles. Alcohol 1996; 13:611-6. [PMID: 8949957 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(96)00076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol has been previously shown to reduce the unsaturated fatty acid content of cell membranes. It is not known, however, if the observed deleterious effects are due to ethanol itself or its metabolite, acetaldehyde. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of acetaldehyde produced from ethanol by alcohol-deyhdrogenase-transfected Chinese hamster ovary Cells on the membrane lipids and the lipid peroxidation measured by free and bound malondialdehyde (MDA). The effects of ethanol alone was assessed in the presence of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase. After 8 days of incubation, total cellular lipids were extracted, subjected to TLC, and analyzed by gas chromatography. MDA concentration were determined by thiobarbituric acid reaction followed by HPLC detection. The level of acetaldehyde in the culture medium increased with concentration of ethanol from 5 to 20 mM as did the lipid peroxidation. Total cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerids all increased with increasing concentration of acetaldehyde. These effects were due to acetaldehyde as they were blocked by 4-MP. Some changes in fatty acid profiles were observed by effect of ethanol itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meskar
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France
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9
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Abstract
Synaptic plasma membranes (SPM) isolated from rat cerebral cortex contain lipid kinases for conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), and diacylglycerol (DG) to PIP, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidic acid (PA), respectively. These anionic phospholipids are important in signal transduction mechanisms and are required for synaptic function. The effect of ethanol and other aliphatic alcohols on phosphorylation of these lipids in SPM has not been established. Incubation of SPM with [gamma-32P]ATP resulted in labeling of PIP, lyso-PIP, PIP2, and PA. Ethanol (50-200 mM) added to the incubation system showed a dose-dependent decrease in labeling of PIP2, but not PIP or PA. To a lesser extent, labeling of PIP2 was also inhibited by 1-propanol, but neither isopropanol nor 1-butanol could alter the PIP2 labeling pattern. Under similar incubation conditions, labeling of PIP and PA in SPM was not altered by ethanol, 1-propanol, iso-propanol, but 1-butanol stimulated PIP labeling with a peak at 25 mM. Addition of exogenous PIP to the incubation mixture led to an increase in labeling of PIP2, suggesting that the endogenous PIP pool in SPM is limiting for the synthesis of PIP2 in SPM. Interestingly, when SPM were incubated with exogenous PIP, addition of ethanol (50-100 mM) to this incubation mixture resulted in an increase in PIP2 labeling. Taken together, these results suggest a specific effect of ethanol on PIP kinase in SPM, and this effect seems to be dependent on the location and/or amount of PIP in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tong
- Biochemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212, USA
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Omodeo-Salé F, Gornati R, Palestini P. Ganglioside long-chain base composition of rat brain subcellular fractions after chronic ethanol administration. Alcohol 1996; 13:291-5. [PMID: 8734845 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(95)02059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rats of two different ages (2 and 7 months) were treated with an ethanol-containing liquid diet for 24 days and change of the ceramide composition of gangliosides were studied in the brain synaptosomal, microsomal and myelin fractions. Greater differences were observed in the younger age, where ethanol treatment caused a significant increase of C20:1 LCB in GM1 ganglioside of synaptosomes and microsomes and in GD1a of myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Omodeo-Salé
- Institute of General Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Italy
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11
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Le Petit-Thevenin J, Nobili O, Vérine A, Somma-Delpéro C, Boyer J. Reversible inhibition by ethanol of Mg(2+)-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase: an in vitro study in the rat reticulocyte. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1257:111-7. [PMID: 7619850 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00057-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
By using a tracer method, we demonstrate that short-term in vitro exposure of intact rat reticulocytes to ethanol elicits a biphasic response of cell-bound Mg(2+)-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP). An initial concentration-dependent (200-750 mM) activity decrease is rapidly (< 10 min) followed by reversal of the inhibition in the presence of ethanol, suggesting the development of a cell resistance to the inhibitory agent. Addition to the cell suspension of propranolol (100 microM), a known PAP inhibitor, does elicit PAP inhibition but unlike ethanol, inhibition is not followed by a return with time to control value. Ethanol-induced inhibition of cell-bound PAP was also demonstrated in cell-free extracts, where the Mg(2+)-dependent activity was decreased both in the particulate and soluble fractions. In the intact cells, the transient PAP inhibition occurs in concomitance with an overall increase in total glycerolipid biosynthesis, which is constant over 60-min incubation. We suggest that the biphasic mode of response to ethanol of Mg(2+)-dependent PAP activity may play a role in the mechanism of membrane adaptation to ethanol, and thereby to the pathogenesis of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Le Petit-Thevenin
- Unité 260, l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
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Le Petit-Thevenin J, Nobili O, Vérine A, Boyer J. Differential in vitro effects of ethanol on glycerolipid acylation and biosynthesis in rat reticulocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1257:103-10. [PMID: 7619849 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00058-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Earlier reports have shown that, in human and rat red blood cells (RBC), ethanol modulates acylation reaction sin several membrane glycerolipid components. Little is known, however, about the kinetics and the mechanisms involved in the acylation changes. In the present study, we show that short-term in vitro exposure of intact rat reticulocytes to ethanol differentially modifies within minutes the incorporation of [3H]oleic acid in glycerolipids. A concentration-dependent inhibition of acyl incorporation was measured in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This effect did not involve inhibition of the corresponding acyltransferase activities and is likely to be due to ethanol-dependent decreases in phospholipase activities. In contrast, ethanol markedly stimulated [3H]oleic acid incorporation in phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DG) and, to a lesser extent, in triacylglycerol (TG). To determine the mechanisms of the latter increases, reticulocytes were pulsed with [14C]glycerol and assayed as a function of time for labeled biosynthetic precursors and products. We observed a very close correlation between time courses and amplitudes of the ethanol stimulation of acylation and biosynthesis reactions, suggesting that stimulation of acylation in PA, DG and TG is causally related at least partly to their increased biosynthesis. Further studies revealed that increases in glycerolipid acylation and biosynthesis in reticulocytes were: (a) readily reversible upon ethanol withdrawal; (b) detectable for clinically relevant concentration (50 mM) of ethanol; and (c) associated with concomitant increases in cell resistance to hemolysis. These changes may be relevant to the development of tolerance to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Le Petit-Thevenin
- Unité 260, l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille, France
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Denays R, Chao SL, Mathur-Devré R, Jeghers O, Frühling J, Noël P, Ham HR. Metabolic changes in the rat brain after acute and chronic ethanol intoxication: a 31P NMR spectroscopy study. Magn Reson Med 1993; 29:719-23. [PMID: 8350714 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910290602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 31P phosphorus NMR (31P NMR) studies of the brain have been conducted in rats acutely and chronically intoxicated with ethanol. In both groups, changes in levels of high-energy phosphates were observed: increase of phosphocreatinine (PCr)/beta AaTP and PCr/inorganic phosphate (Pi) in acute and long-term ethanol exposure, and decrease of Pi/beta ATP after acute ethanol administration. These changes in high-energy phosphates, indicative of a reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and PCr consumption (PCr+ ADP+ H+ ATP+ Cr; ATP ADP+ Pi), suggest a reduction of cerebral metabolism both in acute and chronic ethanol exposure. In addition, in the group of rats chronically intoxicated with ethanol, there were variations in phosphodiester peak intensities (decrease of phosphomonoester (PME)/phosphodiester (PDE), increase of PDE/beta ATP), suggesting increased breakdown of membrane phospholipids. These changes could provide a metabolic explanation for the development of cerebral atrophy in chronic alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Denays
- Department of Neurology, St-Pierre Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Sun GY, Navidi M, Yoa FG, Wood WG, Sun AY. Effects of chronic ethanol administration on poly-phosphoinositide metabolism in the mouse brain: variance with age. Neurochem Int 1993; 22:11-7. [PMID: 8382982 DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(93)90063-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Using a procedure in which poly-phosphoinositides (poly-PI) in C57Bl mouse brain were labeled with [32P]Pi or [32P]ATP, the effects of chronic ethanol administration and age on metabolism of these anionic phospholipids were examined. Within 4 h after intracerebral injection, both labeled precursors were effectively incorporated into membrane phospholipids with high proportions of labeling among phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. With few exceptions, the phospholipid labeling patterns in different brain regions, e.g. cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, were similar. However, when the brain homogenate was subjected to differential and sucrose-Ficoll gradient centrifugation, different phospholipid labeling patterns were observed in the subcellular membrane fractions. Young adult mice given an ethanol (5% w/v) liquid diet for 2 months showed an increase in the levels of labeled phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylserine in the cortex and hippocampus as compared to the pair-fed controls, but these changes were not observed in the hypothalamus. In another study, 12- and 26-month-old mice were administered either an ethanol (8 g/kg in two doses daily) or a control diet by gavage for 3 weeks. The 12-month-old group given the ethanol diet showed an increase in labeled poly-PI which was found largely in the synaptosomal fraction. Surprisingly, the 26-month-old mice given the same ethanol paradigm showed a decrease in labeled poly-PI. Consistent with our previous observations, the 26-month-old mice showed a higher proportion of labeled poly-PI in the synaptosomal fraction as compared to the younger age group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia 65212
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15
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Sanchez-Amate MC, Zurera JM, Carrasco MP, Segovia JL, Marco C. Ethanol and lipid metabolism. Differential effects on liver and brain microsomes. FEBS Lett 1991; 293:215-8. [PMID: 1959666 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81190-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the effect of prolonged ethanol treatment on several enzyme activities related to lipid metabolism in chick-brain and liver microsomes. Ethanol increased microsome cholesterol levels in both organs. The treatment caused a marked increase in the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities while in the brain a clear decrease was found in these enzyme activities. At the same time the activity of reacylation of phospholipids, was clearly modified in both brain and liver. Thus, while in the liver the turnover of acyl moieties of phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol was enhanced by ethanol consumption, in the brain only the reacylation of phosphatidylserine increased to any significant extent. These results indicate that ethanol exerts a differential action in brain and liver, namely cholesterol synthesis and esterification decreased in brain and increased in chick liver. Ethanol also induces faster phospholipid metabolism in both brain and liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Sanchez-Amate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Granada, Spain
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16
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Osada J, Aylagas H, Mirõ-Obradors MJ, Arce C, Palacios-Alaiz E, Cascales M. Effect of acute thioacetamide administration on rat brain phospholipid metabolism. Neurochem Res 1990; 15:927-31. [PMID: 2274104 DOI: 10.1007/bf00965914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain phospholipid composition and the [32P]orthophosphate incorporation into brain phospholipids of control and rats treated for 3 days with thioacetamide were studied. Brain phospholipid content, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysolecithin and phosphatidic acid did not show any significant change by the effect of thioacetamide. In contrast, thioacetamide induced a significant decrease in the levels of phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol and diphosphatidylglycerol. After 75 minutes of intraperitoneal label injection, specific radioactivity of all the above phospholipids with the exception of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine significantly increased. After 13 hours of isotope administration the specific radioactivity of almost all studied phospholipid classes was elevated, except for phosphatidic acid, the specific radioactivity of which did not change and for diphosphatidylglycerol which showed a decrease in specific radioactivity. These results suggest that under thioacetamide treatment brain phospholipids undergo metabolic transformations that may contribute to the hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Osada
- Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufs University, Boston, MA 02111
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17
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Pediconi MF, Barrantes FJ. Brain asymmetry in phospholipid polar head group metabolism: parallel in vivo and in vitro studies. Neurochem Res 1990; 15:25-32. [PMID: 2325823 DOI: 10.1007/bf00969180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid content and 32P-incorporation have been studied in individual rat cerebral hemispheres. The total phospholipid content was 44.9 +/- 0.9 and 47.9 +/- 1.3 mumol lipid P/100 mg protein for the right and left hemispheres respectively. Individually, only sphingomyelin was significantly (about 30%) higher in the left hemisphere. Metabolic experiments have been conducted in vivo using i.p. injection of 32P and following its incorporation into total and individual phospholipids in each cerebral hemisphere. Higher incorporations were attained by phosphatidate and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in the left cerebral hemisphere than in the right. In an attempt to determine whether phospholipid metabolism is also lateralized in specific subcellular compartments related with the neurotransmission process, we have studied in vitro the [32P] incorporation into phosphoglycerides of synaptosomal fractions obtained from each cerebral cortex. The precursor was taken up differently by the two cerebral cortex preparations, resulting in different profiles of distribution among lipids. In addition, the kinetics of lipid labeling showed higher rates of 32P-incorporation in fractions derived from the left cerebral cortex, mainly in PIP and PIP2. These results are interpreted to indicate that several enzymes involved in lipid metabolism are modulated to a different extent in the two hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Pediconi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia Blanca, Argentina
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Gandhi CR, Ross DH. Influence of ethanol on calcium, inositol phospholipids and intracellular signalling mechanisms. EXPERIENTIA 1989; 45:407-13. [PMID: 2542080 DOI: 10.1007/bf01952021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies have implicated Ca++ in the actions of ethanol at many biochemical levels. Calcium as a major intracellular messenger in the central nervous system is involved in many processes, including protein phosphorylation enzyme activation and secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. The control of intracellular calcium, therefore, represents a major step by which neuronal cells regulate their activities. The present review focuses on three primary areas which influence intracellular calcium levels; voltage-dependent Ca++ channels, receptor-mediated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, and Ca++/Mg++-ATPase, the high affinity membrane Ca++ pump. Current research suggests that a subtype of the voltage-dependent Ca++ channel, the dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca++ channel, is uniquely sensitive to acute and chronic ethanol treatment. Acute exposure inhibits, while chronic ethanol exposure increases 45Ca++-influx and [3H]dihydropyridine receptor binding sites. In addition, acute and chronic exposure to ethanol inhibits, then increases Ca++/Mg++-ATPase activity in neuronal membranes. Changes in Ca++ channel and Ca++/Mg++-ATPase activity following chronic ethanol may occur as an adaptation process to increase Ca++ availability for intracellular processes. Since receptor-dependent inositol phospholipid hydrolysis is enhanced after chronic ethanol treatment, subsequent activation of protein kinase-C may also be involved in the adaptation process and may indicate increased coupling for receptor-dependent changes in Ca++/Mg++-ATPase activity. The increased sensitivity of three Ca++-dependent processes suggest that adaptation to chronic ethanol exposure may involve coupling of one or more of these processes to receptor-mediated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Gandhi
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology, San Antonio 78284-7764
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Battaini F, Del Vesco R, Govoni S, Trabucchi M. Chronic alcohol intake modifies phorbol ester binding in selected rat brain areas. Alcohol 1989; 6:169-72. [PMID: 2713090 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(89)90043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
3H-Phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate binding to rat brain was modified by chronic ethanol treatment. Among the areas examined hippocampus and cortex showed a decrease in Bmax values of 32 and 24% respectively. No significant effect was observed in hypothalamus and cerebellum. In vitro ethanol did not modify the binding in all the areas except at molar concentrations. In hippocampus and cortex the direct measurement of protein kinase C activity indicated that the decrease in phorbol ester binding was accompanied with a concomitant decrease in kinase activity. The results indicate that chronic ethanol treatment leads to an inhibition of brain protein kinase C function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Battaini
- Chair of Toxicology, 2nd University of Roma, Italy
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