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Solntseva EI, Bukanova JV, Skrebitsky VG, Kudova E. Pregnane neurosteroids exert opposite effects on GABA and glycine-induced chloride current in isolated rat neurons. Hippocampus 2022; 32:552-563. [PMID: 35703084 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of endogenous neurosteroids (NSs) with pregnane skeleton modified at positions C-3 and C-5 to modulate the functional activity of inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyR) and ionotropic ɣ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAA R) was estimated. The glycine and GABA-induced chloride current (IGly and IGABA ) were measured in isolated pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampus and in isolated rat cerebellar Purkinje cells, respectively. Our experiments demonstrated that pregnane NSs affected IGABA and IGly in a different manner. At low concentrations (up to 5 μM), tested pregnane NSs increased or did not change the peak amplitude of the IGABA , but reduced the IGly by decreasing the peak amplitude and/or accelerating desensitization. Namely, allopregnanolone (ALLO), epipregnanolone (EPI), pregnanolone (PA), pregnanolone sulfate (PAS) and 5β-dihydroprogesterone (5β-DHP) enhanced the IGABA in Purkinje cells. Dose-response curves plotted in the concentration range from 1 nM to 100 μM were smooth for EPI and 5β-DHP, but bell-shaped for ALLO, PA and PAS. The peak amplitude of the IGly was reduced by PA, PAS, and 5α- and 5β-DHP. In contrast, ALLO, ISO and EPI did not modulate it. Dose-response curves for the inhibition of the IGly peak amplitude were smooth for all active compounds. All NSs accelerated desensitization of the IGly . The dose-response relationship for this effect was smooth for ALLO, PA, PAS and 5β-DHP, but it was U-shaped for EPI, 5α-DHP and ISO. These results, together with our previous results on NSs with androstane skeleton, offer comprehensive overview for understanding the mechanisms of effects of NSs on IGly and IGABA .
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Solntseva
- Functional Synaptology Laboratory, Brain Research Department, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Bukanova
- Functional Synaptology Laboratory, Brain Research Department, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Skrebitsky
- Functional Synaptology Laboratory, Brain Research Department, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Garcia JD, Gookin SE, Crosby KC, Schwartz SL, Tiemeier E, Kennedy MJ, Dell'Acqua ML, Herson PS, Quillinan N, Smith KR. Stepwise disassembly of GABAergic synapses during pathogenic excitotoxicity. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110142. [PMID: 34936876 PMCID: PMC8824488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic synaptic inhibition controls neuronal firing, excitability, and synaptic plasticity to regulate neuronal circuits. Following an acute excitotoxic insult, inhibitory synapses are eliminated, reducing synaptic inhibition, elevating circuit excitability, and contributing to the pathophysiology of brain injuries. However, mechanisms that drive inhibitory synapse disassembly and elimination are undefined. We find that inhibitory synapses are disassembled in a sequential manner following excitotoxicity: GABAARs undergo rapid nanoscale rearrangement and are dispersed from the synapse along with presynaptic active zone components, followed by the gradual removal of the gephyrin scaffold, prior to complete elimination of the presynaptic terminal. GABAAR nanoscale reorganization and synaptic declustering depends on calcineurin signaling, whereas disassembly of gephyrin relies on calpain activation, and blockade of both enzymes preserves inhibitory synapses after excitotoxic insult. Thus, inhibitory synapse disassembly occurs rapidly, with nanoscale precision, in a stepwise manner and most likely represents a critical step in the progression of hyperexcitability following excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sara E Gookin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kevin C Crosby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Samantha L Schwartz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Erika Tiemeier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Neuronal Injury Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharine R Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Sarbishegi M, Gorgich EAC. Withania coagulans extract attenuates oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis of cerebellar purkinje neurons after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1699-1708. [PMID: 33970396 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, consequences of oxidative stress (OS), and neuronal death in the susceptible brain areas including the cerebellum. Newly, remarkable attention has been paid to a natural diet with the capability to scavenge ROS. Withania coagulans root extract (WCE) is rich in components with antioxidants properties. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of WCE on cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) against OS-mediated apoptosis after I/R injury. In this experimental study 64 male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 16) as follows: control, sham, I/R, and WCE 1000 + I/R. I/R animals were pretreated with daily administration of hydro-alcoholic WCE (1000 mg/kg) or distilled water as a vehicle for 30 days before I/R injury. After 72 h, the animals were sacrificed, the cerebellum tissue was removed and used for biochemical (CAT, SOD, GPx, and MDA levels) and histopathological (Nissl and TUNEL staining) assays. Findings showed that the MDA level and the number of apoptotic neurons significantly increased and viable Purkinje neurons decreased in I/R injury (p < 0.05). Administration of 1000 mg/kg WCE reduced MDA level and enhanced antioxidants activity including CAT, SOD, and GPx significantly. In addition, intact surviving PCs increased. At the same time, TUNEL-positive neurons decreased significantly in the WCE pre-treated group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that WCE can counteract cerebral I/R-induced OS and associated neuronal death by enhancement of ROS scavenging and antioxidant capacity. It appears that pre-treatment with 1000 mg/kg WCE for thirty days can protect PCs against OS-mediated apoptosis after I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Infection Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb
- Infection Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran.
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran.
| | - Maryam Sarbishegi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR, Iran
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Bu X, Li T, Guo D, Yang C, Wang J, Wang X, Yang Z, Wang H. 1% Isoflurane and 1.2 μg/ml of Propofol: A Combination of Anesthetics That Causes the Least Damage to Hypoxic Neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:591938. [PMID: 33304268 PMCID: PMC7701289 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.591938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds: Aging-related impairment of cerebral blood flow regulation leads to the disruption of neuronal micro-environmental homeostasis. Anesthetics should be carefully selected for aging patients since they have less cognition capacity. Effects and mechanisms of propofol or isoflurane have been widely investigated. However, how different combinations of propofol and isoflurane affect neurons and the mechanism still needs to be demonstrated. Methods: We cultured rat hippocampal neurons and established a hypoxic injury model to imitate the micro-environment of aging brains. Three different combinations of propofol and isoflurane were applied to find out an optimum group via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, real-time qPCR, and immunofluorescence of key proteins. Then BiP was silenced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) to explore the mechanism of how isoflurane and propofol affect neurons. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was measured by Western blot and immunofluorescence. To detect GABAAR α1 subunit proteostasis and its function, real-time qPCR, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot were carried out. Results: Hypoxic neurons showed no different changes on cell viability, LDH leakage, and ER stress after treatment with 1% isoflurane and 1.2 μg/ml of propofol. Hypoxic neurons showed a sharp increase of LDH leakage and ER stress and a decrease of cell viability after treatment with 1.4% isoflurane and 0.6 μg/ml of propofol or 0.5% isoflurane and 1.8 μg/ml of propofol. After knockdown of BiP, the application of 1% isoflurane and 1.2 μg/ml of propofol led to the decrease of GABAAR α1 subunit protein content and viability of cell, as well as aggravation of ER stress. Conclusion: A combination of 1% isoflurane and 1.2 μg/ml of propofol causes the least damage than do other dosages of both two drugs, and endogenous BiP plays an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Tang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenyi Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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5
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Bu X, Li T, Wang H, Xia Z, Guo D, Wang J, Sun Y, Yang C, Liu G, Ma J, Yang Z, Wang G. Combination of Isoflurane and Propofol as General Anesthesia During Orthopedic Surgery of Perioperative Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rats to Avoid Cognitive Impairment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:549081. [PMID: 33195298 PMCID: PMC7646644 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.549081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Perioperative cerebral hypoperfusion (CH) is common, although the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairment that results due to perioperative cerebral hypoperfusion remains to be determined. Isoflurane anesthesia induces neuronal injury via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, whereas a sub-anesthetic dose of propofol improves postoperative cognitive function. However, the effects of the combination of isoflurane plus propofol, which is a common aesthetic combination administered to patients, on ER stress and cognition remain unknown. Methods: We sought to determine the effects of isoflurane plus propofol on ER stress and cognitive function in rats insulted by cerebral hypoperfusion. Ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) was adopted to develop the cerebral hypoperfusion rat model. A second surgery, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), requiring general anesthesia, was performed 30 days later so that the effects of anesthetics on the cognitive function of CH rats could be assessed. Rats received isoflurane alone (1.9%), propofol alone (40 mg·kg-1·h-1) or a combination of isoflurane and propofol (1% and 20 mg·kg-1·h-1 or 1.4% and 10 mg·kg-1·h-1). Behavioral studies (contextual fear conditioning [FC] test), histological analyses (Nissl staining) and biochemical analyses (western blotting of the harvested rat brain tissues) were employed. Results: Hippocampus-dependent memory of rats in group IP1 (1% isoflurane plus 20 mg·kg-1·h-1 propofol) was not impaired, and expression level of γ-aminobutyric acid A type receptor α1 subunit, a key cognition-related protein, remained normal. ER stress alleviator, binding immunoglobulin protein, increased extremely while ER stress transcription factor, C/EBP homologous protein, showed no statistical difference compared with the control group. Numbers of surviving neurons confirmed the substantial neuronal damage caused by propofol or isoflurane alone. Conclusions: These data suggest that ER stress contributes to the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairment and that the combination of isoflurane and propofol did not aggravate cognitive impairment and ER stress in aging rats with CH that were further subjected to ORIF surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Tang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenyi Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China.,The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guolin Wang
- Tianjin Research Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin, China
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Vahidinia Z, Karimian M, Joghataei MT. Neurosteroids and their receptors in ischemic stroke: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Baek H, Sariev A, Kim MJ, Lee H, Kim J, Kim H. A neuroprotective brain stimulation for vulnerable cerebellar Purkinje cell after ischemic stroke: a study with low-intensity focused ultrasound. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019; 2018:4744-4747. [PMID: 30441409 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of established contralateral cerebrocerebellar connections on cerebellar injury during stroke has been increasingly revealed in recent years. An extensive number of studies have investigated alteration in inter-hemispheric correlation in order to find brain regions whose responses are specific to restore functional loss and enhance adaptive neural plasticity after stroke. Although, several non-invasive brain stimulation studies have proven their efficacy in the treatment of stroke recovery, finding more effective brain regions that responsible for stroke rehabilitation as well as optimizing neural stimulation protocol are the main goals of further investigations. In this study, the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) was exposed to Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (LIFU) to reduce the cerebellar damage resulting from crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) phenomenon after cerebral ischemia. A mouse brain ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). A level of decrease in Purkinje cell (PC) number and a quantity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive neutrophils in the cerebral cortex were compared between stroke and stroke+LIFU groups after MCAO. In stroke+LIFU group, the increased ipsilateral water content due to tissue swelling was observed, showing an attenuation of brain edema. Prominently, the reduction of the neuroimmune reactivity at the infarct core and the peri-infarct regions, and the increased rate of survival among PCs clearly demonstrated primary evidence of neuroprotective effect induced by LIFU-mediated cerebellar modulation.
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Chang Y, Hsieh HL, Huang SK, Wang SJ. Neurosteroid allopregnanolone inhibits glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals. Synapse 2018; 73:e22076. [PMID: 30362283 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone, an active metabolite of progesterone, has been reported to exhibit neuroprotective activity in several preclinical models. Considering that the excitotoxicity caused by excessive glutamate is implicated in many brain disorders, the effect of allopregnanolone on glutamate release in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals and possible underlying mechanism were investigated. We observed that allopregnanolone inhibited 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-evoked glutamate release, and this inhibition was prevented by chelating the extracellular Ca2+ ions and the vesicular transporter inhibitor. Allopregnanolone reduced the elevation of 4-AP-evoked intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ levels, but did not affect the synaptosomal membrane potential. In the presence of N-, P/Q-, and R-type channel blockers, allopregnanolone-mediated inhibition of 4-AP-evoked glutamate release was markedly reduced; however, the intracellular Ca2+ -release inhibitors did not affect the allopregnanolone effect. Furthermore, allopregnanolone-mediated inhibition of 4-AP-evoked glutamate release was completely abolished in the synaptosomes pretreated with inhibitors of Ca2+ /calmodulin, adenylate cyclase, and protein kinase A (PKA), namely calmidazolium, MDL12330A, and H89, respectively. Additionally, the allopregnanolone effect on evoked glutamate release was antagonized by the GABAA receptor antagonist SR95531. Our data are the first to suggest that allopregnanolone reduce the Ca2+ influx through N-, P/Q-, and R-type Ca2+ channels, through the activation of GABAA receptors present on cerebrocortical nerve terminals, subsequently suppressing the Ca2+ -calmodulin/PKA cascade and decreasing 4-AP-evoked glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Lung Hsieh
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu Kuei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Su Jane Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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9
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Mendell AL, MacLusky NJ. Neurosteroid Metabolites of Gonadal Steroid Hormones in Neuroprotection: Implications for Sex Differences in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:359. [PMID: 30344476 PMCID: PMC6182082 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadal steroid hormones are neurotrophic and neuroprotective. These effects are modulated by local metabolism of the hormones within the brain. Such control is necessary to maintain normal function, as several signaling pathways that are activated by gonadal steroid hormones in the brain can also become dysregulated in disease. Metabolites of the gonadal steroid hormones—particularly 3α-hydroxy, 5α-reduced neurosteroids—are synthesized in the brain and can act through different mechanisms from their parent steroids. These metabolites may provide a mechanism for modulating the responses to their precursor hormones, thereby providing a regulatory influence on cellular responses. In addition, there is evidence that the 3α-hydroxy, 5α-reduced neurosteroids are neuroprotective in their own right, and therefore may contribute to the overall protection conferred by their precursors. In this review article, the rapidly growing body of evidence supporting a neuroprotective role for this class of neurosteroids will be considered, including a discussion of potential mechanisms that may be involved. In addition, we explore the hypothesis that differences between males and females in local neurosteroid production may contribute to sex differences in the development of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Loren Mendell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Neil James MacLusky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Tualang Honey Reduced Neuroinflammation and Caspase-3 Activity in Rat Brain after Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7287820. [PMID: 30108663 PMCID: PMC6077521 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7287820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of tualang honey (TH) on neuroinflammation and caspase-3 activity in rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem after kainic acid- (KA-) induced status epilepticus was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated orally with TH (1.0 g/kg body weight) five times at 12 h intervals. KA (15 mg/kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously 30 min after last oral treatment. Rats were sacrificed at 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration. Neuroinflammation markers and caspase-3 activity were analyzed in different brain regions 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration. Administration of KA induced epileptic seizures. KA caused significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and increase in the caspase-3 activity in the rat cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem at multiple time points. Pretreatment with TH significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the elevation of TNF-α, IL-1β, GFAP, AIF-1, and COX-2 level in those brain regions at multiple time points and attenuated the increased caspase-3 activity in the cerebral cortex. In conclusion, TH reduced neuroinflammation and caspase-3 activity after kainic acid- (KA-) induced status epilepticus.
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11
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Mendell AL, Chung BY, Creighton CE, Kalisch BE, Bailey CD, MacLusky NJ. Neurosteroid metabolites of testosterone and progesterone differentially inhibit ERK phosphorylation induced by amyloid β in SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons. Brain Res 2018; 1686:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Lee JM, Kim CJ, Park JM, Song MK, Kim YJ. Effect of treadmill exercise on spatial navigation impairment associated with cerebellar Purkinje cell loss following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8121-8128. [PMID: 29693705 PMCID: PMC5983984 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to roles in motor coordination, the cerebellum is also associated with cognitive function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial navigation deficit induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Furthermore, whether decreased loss of Purkinje cells, which contain the calcium-binding protein in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum, attenuates the spatial navigation deficit induced by CCH was also investigated. Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham group, bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO) group and a BCCAO + exercise (Ex) group. The rats in the BCCAO + Ex group ran on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 8 weeks, starting at 4 weeks post-birth. CCH was induced by performing BCCAO at 12 weeks post-birth. The Morris water maze test was performed to determine the spatial navigation function of the rats. To investigate the histological features of the cerebellum in all of the experimental groups post-treatment, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, as well as immunohistochemical analysis revealing the expression of calbindin, parvalbumin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 and caspase-3, was performed. The results of the present study revealed that treadmill exercise improved spatial navigation, decreased the expression of reactive astrocytes and microglial cells, and decreased apoptotic rates in the cerebellar vermis post-CCH. Treadmill exercise also attenuated the loss of Purkinje cells following CCH. The number of Purkinje cells was revealed to be negatively correlated with spatial navigation performance. These results indicate that treadmill exercise may attenuate spatial navigation impairment via inhibition of Purkinje cell loss in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum following CCH. Therefore, treadmill exercise may represent a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with spatial navigation impairment following CCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Miller SM, Sullivan SM, Ireland Z, Chand KK, Colditz PB, Bjorkman ST. Neonatal seizures are associated with redistribution and loss of GABA A α-subunits in the hypoxic-ischaemic pig. J Neurochem 2016; 139:471-484. [PMID: 27456541 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are a common manifestation of hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury in the neonate. In status epilepticus models alterations to GABAA R subunit expression have been suggested to contribute to (i) abnormal development of the GABAergic system, (ii) why seizures become self-sustaining and (iii) the development of pharmacoresistance. Detailed investigation of GABAA R subunit protein expression after neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is currently insufficient. Using our pig model of HI and subsequent spontaneous neonatal seizures, we investigated changes in protein expression of the three predominant α-subunits of the GABAA R; α1 , α2 and α3 . Anaesthetized, ventilated newborn pigs (< 24 h old) were subjected to 30 min HI and subsequently recovered to 24 or 72 h. Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography was used to monitor brain activity and identify seizure activity. Brain tissue was collected post-mortem and GABAA R α-subunit protein expression was analysed using western blot and immunohistochemistry. GABAA R α1 and α3 protein expression was significantly reduced in animals that developed seizures after HI; HI animals that did not develop seizures did not exhibit the same reductions. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased α1 and α3 expression, and α1 redistribution from the cell membrane to the cytosol, in the hippocampus of seizure animals. Multivariate analyses, controlling for HI severity and neuronal injury, revealed that seizures were independently associated with significant GABAA R α3 reduction. This is the first study to show loss and redistribution of GABAA R α-subunits in a neonatal brain experiencing seizures. Our findings are similar to those reported in models of SE and in chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Miller
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia.
| | - Susan M Sullivan
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Zoe Ireland
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Kirat K Chand
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Paul B Colditz
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - S Tracey Bjorkman
- The University of Queensland, Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Qld, Australia
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Servatius RJ, Marx CE, Sinha S, Avcu P, Kilts JD, Naylor JC, Pang KCH. Brain and Serum Androsterone Is Elevated in Response to Stress in Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:379. [PMID: 27616978 PMCID: PMC4999428 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to lateral fluid percussion (LFP) injury consistent with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) persistently attenuates acoustic startle responses (ASRs) in rats. Here, we examined whether the experience of head trauma affects stress reactivity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were matched for ASRs and randomly assigned to receive mTBI through LFP or experience a sham surgery (SHAM). ASRs were measured post injury days (PIDs) 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. To assess neurosteroids, rats received a single 2.0 mA, 0.5 s foot shock on PID 34 (S34), PID 35 (S35), on both days (2S), or the experimental context (CON). Levels of the neurosteroids pregnenolone (PREG), allopregnanolone (ALLO), and androsterone (ANDRO) were determined for the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. For 2S rats, repeated blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, and 60 min post-stressor for determination of corticosterone (CORT) levels after stress or context on PID 34. Similar to earlier work, ASRs were severely attenuated in mTBI rats without remission for 28 days after injury. No differences were observed between mTBI and SHAM rats in basal CORT, peak CORT levels or its recovery. In serum and brain, ANDRO levels were the most stress-sensitive. Stress-induced ANDRO elevations were greater than those in mTBI rats. As a positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptors, increased brain ANDRO levels are expected to be anxiolytic. The impact of brain ANDRO elevations in the aftermath of mTBI on coping warrants further elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Servatius
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical CenterSyracuse, NY, USA; Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Christine E Marx
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness, Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of MedicineDurham, NC, USA
| | - Swamini Sinha
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Pelin Avcu
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Jason D Kilts
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness, Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of MedicineDurham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer C Naylor
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness, Research Education and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical CenterDurham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of MedicineDurham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Stress and Motivated Behavior Institute, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers UniversityNewark, NJ, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care SystemEast Orange, NJ, USA
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Rabiller G, He JW, Nishijima Y, Wong A, Liu J. Perturbation of Brain Oscillations after Ischemic Stroke: A Potential Biomarker for Post-Stroke Function and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25605-40. [PMID: 26516838 PMCID: PMC4632818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain waves resonate from the generators of electrical current and propagate across brain regions with oscillation frequencies ranging from 0.05 to 500 Hz. The commonly observed oscillatory waves recorded by an electroencephalogram (EEG) in normal adult humans can be grouped into five main categories according to the frequency and amplitude, namely δ (1-4 Hz, 20-200 μV), θ (4-8 Hz, 10 μV), α (8-12 Hz, 20-200 μV), β (12-30 Hz, 5-10 μV), and γ (30-80 Hz, low amplitude). Emerging evidence from experimental and human studies suggests that groups of function and behavior seem to be specifically associated with the presence of each oscillation band, although the complex relationship between oscillation frequency and function, as well as the interaction between brain oscillations, are far from clear. Changes of brain oscillation patterns have long been implicated in the diseases of the central nervous system including ischemic stroke, in which the reduction of cerebral blood flow as well as the progression of tissue damage have direct spatiotemporal effects on the power of several oscillatory bands and their interactions. This review summarizes the current knowledge in behavior and function associated with each brain oscillation, and also in the specific changes in brain electrical activities that correspond to the molecular events and functional alterations observed after experimental and human stroke. We provide the basis of the generations of brain oscillations and potential cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying stroke-induced perturbation. We will also discuss the implications of using brain oscillation patterns as biomarkers for the prediction of stroke outcome and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratianne Rabiller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- UCSF and SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33000, France.
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33000, France.
| | - Ji-Wei He
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- UCSF and SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Yasuo Nishijima
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- UCSF and SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- UCSF and SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- UCSF and SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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16
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Laletin V, Bykov Y. General anesthetics as a factor of effective neuroprotection in ischemic stroke models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:440-8. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death in the world. Unfortunately, only a few drugs have been proved in clinical trials. Drug development of the last decade has been focused substantially on a promising and heterogeneous group of neuroprotective drugs. Hundreds of compounds were suggested as new putative neuroprotectors, which effectiveness was confirmed in preclinical trials only. At the present time discrepancy between results of preclinical studies and clinical trials requires careful analysis. One of the least evaluated and probably the most noticeable reasons is general anesthesia - an obligatory component of an overwhelming majority of existing animal stroke models. The aim of the review is to describe known mechanisms of common general anesthetics influence on ionotropic and metabotropic plasma membrane receptors, and key signal pathways involved in neuronal hypoxic-ischemic injury and survival
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Affiliation(s)
- V.S. Laletin
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Y.N. Bykov
- Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk, Russia
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17
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Benitez SG, Castro AE, Patterson SI, Muñoz EM, Seltzer AM. Hypoxic preconditioning differentially affects GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal cells in the injured cerebellum of the neonatal rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102056. [PMID: 25032984 PMCID: PMC4102512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we examined cerebellar alterations in a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury with or without hypoxic preconditioning (Pc). Between postnatal days 7 and 15, the cerebellum is still undergoing intense cellular proliferation, differentiation and migration, dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis. The expression of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD67) and the differentiation factor NeuroD1 were examined as markers of Purkinje and granule cells, respectively. We applied quantitative immunohistochemistry to sagittal cerebellar slices, and Western blot analysis of whole cerebella obtained from control (C) rats and rats submitted to Pc, hypoxia-ischemia (L) and a combination of both treatments (PcL). We found that either hypoxia-ischemia or Pc perturbed the granule cells in the posterior lobes, affecting their migration and final placement in the internal granular layer. These effects were partially attenuated when the Pc was delivered prior to the hypoxia-ischemia. Interestingly, whole nuclear NeuroD1 levels in Pc animals were comparable to those in the C rats. However, a subset of Purkinje cells that were severely affected by the hypoxic-ischemic insult—showing signs of neuronal distress at the levels of the nucleus, cytoplasm and dendritic arborization—were not protected by Pc. A monoclonal antibody specific for GAD67 revealed a three-band pattern in cytoplasmic extracts from whole P15 cerebella. A ∼110 kDa band, interpreted as a potential homodimer of a truncated form of GAD67, was reduced in Pc and L groups while its levels were close to the control animals in PcL rats. Additionally we demonstrated differential glial responses depending on the treatment, including astrogliosis in hypoxiated cerebella and a selective effect of hypoxia-ischemia on the vimentin-immunolabeled intermediate filaments of the Bergmann glia. Thus, while both glutamatergic and GABAergic cerebellar neurons are compromised by the hypoxic-ischemic insult, the former are protected by a preconditioning hypoxia while the latter are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Benitez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM), School of Medicine, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion (ANPCyT), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Analía E Castro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM), School of Medicine, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion (ANPCyT), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sean I Patterson
- Traumatic and Toxic Lesions in the Nervous System Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM), School of Medicine, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion (ANPCyT), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Estela M Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM), School of Medicine, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion (ANPCyT), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alicia M Seltzer
- Neonatal Brain Development Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza (IHEM), School of Medicine, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion (ANPCyT), Mendoza, Argentina
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18
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Cooke PS, Nanjappa MK, Yang Z, Wang KKW. Therapeutic effects of progesterone and its metabolites in traumatic brain injury may involve non-classical signaling mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:108. [PMID: 23781171 PMCID: PMC3680782 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important and costly medical problem for which no clinically proven treatment currently exists. Studies in rodents and humans have shown beneficial effects of progesterone (P4) on both mortality and functional outcomes following TBI. Neuroprotective effects of P4 in TBI likely involve the classical nuclear progesterone receptors (Pgr) that are widely distributed in both glial cells and neurons of the brain. However, P4 may have critical effects not mediated through Pgr. In the brain, P4 is converted to a metabolite, allopregnanolone (ALLO), whose beneficial effects equal or exceed those of P4 in TBI. ALLO does not bind Pgr, suggesting it acts through non-classical pathways. ALLO has effects on GABAA and pregnane X receptors, as well as on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In addition, ALLO is metabolized to another compound, 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone, which binds Pgr, suggesting ALLO actions may involve signaling through Pgr as well as the aforementioned mechanisms of action. P4 and ALLO also signal through a number of membrane receptors (progesterone receptor membrane component 1, and membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) in the brain that are distinct from Pgr, although the role of these receptors in the normal brain and in the therapeutic response to P4 and ALLO following TBI is unclear. In summary, P4 has the potential to become the first clinically effective treatment for TBI, and the effects of P4 and its metabolite ALLO in TBI may involve Pgr, mPRs, and other signaling pathways. Elucidating these mechanisms will more clearly reveal the potential of classical and non-classical pathways to mediate important effects of P4 and its metabolites, and potentially offer new therapeutic approaches to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Cooke
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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di Michele F, Luchetti S, Bernardi G, Romeo E, Longone P. Neurosteroid and neurotransmitter alterations in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:132-42. [PMID: 23563222 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with a massive loss of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra leading to dopamine hypofunction and alteration of the basal ganglia circuitry. These neurons, are under the control, among others, of the excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems. An imbalance between these systems may contribute to excitotoxicity and dopaminergic cell death. Neurosteroids, a group of steroid hormones synthesized in the brain, modulate the function of several neurotransmitter systems. The substantia nigra of the human brain expresses high concentrations of allopregnanolone (3α, 5αtetrahydroprogesterone), a neurosteroid that positively modulates the action of GABA at GABAA receptors and of 5α-dihydroprogesterone, a neurosteroid acting at the genomic level. This article reviews the roles of NS acting as neuroprotectants and as GABAA receptor agonists in the physiology and pathophysiology of the basal ganglia, their impact on dopaminergic cell activity and survival, and potential therapeutic application in PD.
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20
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Mechanisms of penitrem-induced cerebellar granule neuron death in vitro: Possible involvement of GABAA receptors and oxidative processes. Neurotoxicology 2013; 35:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Kelley MH, Ortiz J, Shimizu K, Grewal H, Quillinan N, Herson PS. Alterations in Purkinje cell GABAA receptor pharmacology following oxygen and glucose deprivation and cerebral ischemia reveal novel contribution of β1 -subunit-containing receptors. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:555-63. [PMID: 23176253 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) are particularly sensitive to cerebral ischemia, and decreased GABA(A) receptor function following injury is thought to contribute to PC sensitivity to ischemia-induced excitotoxicity. Here we examined the functional properties of the GABA(A) receptors that are spared following ischemia in cultured Purkinje cells from rat and in vivo ischemia in mouse. Using subunit-specific positive modulators of GABA(A) receptors, we observed that oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemia cause a decrease in sensitivity to the β(2/3) -subunit-preferring compound, etomidate. However, sensitivity to propofol, a β-subunit-acting compound that modulates β(1-3) -subunits, was not affected by OGD. The α/γ-subunit-acting compounds, diazepam and zolpidem, were also unaffected by OGD. We performed single-cell reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on isolated PCs from acutely dissociated cerebellar tissue and observed that PCs expressed the β(1) -subunit, contrary to previous reports examining GABA(A) receptor subunit expression in PCs. GABA(A) receptor β(1) -subunit protein was also detected in cultured PCs by western blot and by immunohistochemistry in the adult mouse cerebellum and levels remained unaffected by ischemia. High concentrations of loreclezole (30 μm) inhibited PC GABA-mediated currents, as previously demonstrated with β(1) -subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors expressed in heterologous systems. From our data we conclude that PCs express the β(1) -subunit and that there is a greater contribution of β(1) -subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors following OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Kelley
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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22
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Kosaka Y, Quillinan N, Bond C, Traystman R, Hurn P, Herson P. GPER1/GPR30 activation improves neuronal survival following global cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest in mice. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:500-507. [PMID: 23483801 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Female sex steroids, particularly estrogens, contribute to the sexually dimorphic response observed in cerebral ischemic outcome, with females being relatively protected compared to males. Using a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR), we previously demonstrated that estrogen neuroprotection is mediated in part by the estrogen receptor β, with no involvement of estrogen receptor α. In this study we examined the neuroprotective effect of the novel estrogen receptor, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1/GPR30). Male mice administered the GPR30 agonist G1 exhibited significantly reduced neuronal injury in the hippocampal CA1 region and striatum. The magnitude of neuroprotection observed in G1 treated mice was indistinguishable from estrogen treated mice, implicating GPR30 in estrogen neuroprotection. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR indicates that G1 treatment increases expression of the neuroprotective ion channel, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 2. We conclude that GPR30 agonists show promise in reducing brain injury following global cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kosaka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
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Luoma JI, Stern CM, Mermelstein PG. Progesterone inhibition of neuronal calcium signaling underlies aspects of progesterone-mediated neuroprotection. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 131:30-6. [PMID: 22101209 PMCID: PMC3303940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone is being utilized as a therapeutic means to ameliorate neuron loss and cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Although there have been numerous attempts to determine the means by which progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects, studies describing the underlying molecular mechanisms are lacking. What has become clear, however, is the notion that progesterone can thwart several physiological processes that are detrimental to neuron function and survival, including inflammation, edema, demyelination and excitotoxicity. One clue regarding the means by which progesterone has restorative value comes from the notion that these aforementioned biological processes all share the common theme of eliciting pronounced increases in intracellular calcium. Thus, we propose the hypothesis that progesterone regulation of calcium signaling underlies its ability to mitigate these cellular insults, ultimately leading to neuroprotection. Further, we describe recent findings that indicate neuroprotection is achieved via progesterone block of voltage-gated calcium channels, although additional outcomes may arise from blockade of various other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neurosteroids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie I Luoma
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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24
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Stabilization of GABA(A) receptors at endocytic zones is mediated by an AP2 binding motif within the GABA(A) receptor β3 subunit. J Neurosci 2012; 32:2485-98. [PMID: 22396422 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1622-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of synaptic inhibition can be controlled by the stability and endocytosis of surface and synaptic GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs), but the surface receptor dynamics that underpin GABA(A)R recruitment to dendritic endocytic zones (EZs) have not been investigated. Stabilization of GABA(A)Rs at EZs is likely to be regulated by receptor interactions with the clathrin-adaptor AP2, but the molecular determinants of these associations remain poorly understood. Moreover, although surface GABA(A)R downmodulation plays a key role in pathological disinhibition in conditions such as ischemia and epilepsy, whether this occurs in an AP2-dependent manner also remains unclear. Here we report the characterization of a novel motif containing three arginine residues (405RRR407) within the GABA(A)R β3-subunit intracellular domain (ICD), responsible for the interaction with AP2 and GABA(A)R internalization. When this motif is disrupted, binding to AP2 is abolished in vitro and in rat brain. Using single-particle tracking, we reveal that surface β3-subunit-containing GABA(A)Rs exhibit highly confined behavior at EZs, which is dependent on AP2 interactions via this motif. Reduced stabilization of mutant GABA(A)Rs at EZs correlates with their reduced endocytosis and increased steady-state levels at synapses. By imaging wild-type or mutant super-ecliptic pHluorin-tagged GABA(A)Rs in neurons, we also show that, under conditions of oxygen-glucose deprivation to mimic cerebral ischemia, GABA(A)Rs are depleted from synapses in dendrites, depending on the 405RRR407 motif. Thus, AP2 binding to an RRR motif in the GABA(A)R β3-subunit ICD regulates GABA(A)R residency time at EZs, steady-state synaptic receptor levels, and pathological loss of GABA(A)Rs from synapses during simulated ischemia.
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Briz V, Parkash J, Sánchez-Redondo S, Prevot V, Suñol C. Allopregnanolone prevents dieldrin-induced NMDA receptor internalization and neurotoxicity by preserving GABA(A) receptor function. Endocrinology 2012; 153:847-60. [PMID: 22166974 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dieldrin is an endocrine disruptor that accumulates in mammalian adipose tissue and brain. It induces convulsions due to its antagonism of the γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABA(A)R). We have previously reported that long-term exposure to dieldrin causes the internalization of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) as a result of persistent GABA(A)R inhibition. Because the neurosteroids 17β-estradiol (E2) and allopregnanolone are known to modulate the function and trafficking of GABA(A)R and NMDAR, we examined the effects of E2 and allopregnanolone on dieldrin-induced GABA(A)R inhibition, NMDAR internalization, and neuronal death in cortical neurons. We found that 1 nM E2 increased the membrane expression of NR1/NR2B receptors and postsynaptic density 95 but did not induce their physical association. In contrast, 10 nM E2 had no effect on these proteins but reduced NR2A membrane expression. We also found that exposure to 60 nM dieldrin for 6 d in vitro caused the internalization of NR1 and NR2B but not NR2A. Treatment with either 1 nM E2 or 10 μM allopregnanolone prevented the dieldrin-induced reduction in membrane levels of the NR1/NR2B receptors. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to 200 nM dieldrin down-regulated the expression of NR2A; this was inhibited only by allopregnanolone. Although both hormones restored NMDAR function, as measured by the NMDA-induced rise in intracellular calcium, allopregnanolone (but not E2) reversed the inhibition of GABA(A)R and neuronal death caused by prolonged exposure to dieldrin. Our results indicate that allopregnanolone protects cortical neurons against the neurotoxicity caused by long-term exposure to dieldrin by maintaining GABA(A)R and NMDAR functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Briz
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), E-08036, Barcelona, Spain
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Allen D, Nakayama S, Kuroiwa M, Nakano T, Palmateer J, Kosaka Y, Ballesteros C, Watanabe M, Bond CT, Luján R, Maylie J, Adelman JP, Herson PS. SK2 channels are neuroprotective for ischemia-induced neuronal cell death. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:2302-12. [PMID: 21712833 PMCID: PMC3323193 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, the activity of synaptic small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels type 2 (SK2 channels) provides a negative feedback on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), reestablishing Mg(2+) block that reduces Ca(2+) influx. The well-established role of NMDARs in ischemia-induced excitotoxicity led us to test the neuroprotective effect of modulating SK2 channel activity following cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). Administration of the SK channel positive modulator, 1-ethyl-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), significantly reduced CA1 neuron cell death and improved CA/CPR-induced cognitive outcome. Electrophysiological recordings showed that CA/CPR-induced ischemia caused delayed and sustained reduction of synaptic SK channel activity, and immunoelectron microscopy showed that this is associated with internalization of synaptic SK2 channels, which was prevented by 1-EBIO treatment. These results suggest that increasing SK2 channel activity, or preventing ischemia-induced loss of synaptic SK2 channels, are promising and novel approaches to neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane Allen
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Janmaat S, Akwa Y, Doulazmi M, Bakouche J, Gautheron V, Liere P, Eychenne B, Pianos A, Luiten P, Groothuis T, Baulieu EE, Mariani J, Sherrard RM, Frédéric F. Age-related Purkinje cell death is steroid dependent: RORα haplo-insufficiency impairs plasma and cerebellar steroids and Purkinje cell survival. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:565-578. [PMID: 21222044 PMCID: PMC3220403 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major problem of ageing is progressive impairment of neuronal function and ultimately cell death. Since sex steroids are neuroprotective, their decrease with age may underlie age-related neuronal degeneration. To test this, we examined Purkinje cell numbers, plasma sex steroids and cerebellar neurosteroid concentrations during normal ageing (wild-type mice, WT), in our model of precocious ageing (Rora(+/sg), heterozygous staggerer mice in which expression of the neuroprotective factor RORα is disrupted) and after long-term hormone insufficiency (WT post-gonadectomy). During normal ageing (WT), circulating sex steroids declined prior to or in parallel with Purkinje cell loss, which began at 18 months of age. Although Purkinje cell death was advanced in WT long-term steroid deficiency, this premature neuronal loss did not begin until 9 months, indicating that vulnerability to sex steroid deficiency is a phenomenon of ageing Purkinje neurons. In precocious ageing (Rora(+/sg)), circulating sex steroids decreased prematurely, in conjunction with marked Purkinje cell death from 9 months. Although Rora(+/sg) Purkinje cells are vulnerable through their RORα haplo-insufficiency, it is only as they age (after 9 months) that sex steroid failure becomes critical. Finally, cerebellar neurosteroids did not decrease with age in either genotype or gender; but were profoundly reduced by 3 months in male Rora(+/sg) cerebella, which may contribute to the fragility of their Purkinje neurons. These data suggest that ageing Purkinje cells are maintained by circulating sex steroids, rather than local neurosteroids, and that in Rora(+/sg) their age-related death is advanced by premature sex steroid loss induced by RORα haplo-insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Janmaat
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Molecular Imaging and Electron Microscopy, University Medical Centre, Groningen, 9700 AD The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Akwa
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Bakouche
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Gautheron
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Liere
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Bernard Eychenne
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Antoine Pianos
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Paul Luiten
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Groothuis
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Biological Psychiatry, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne-Emile Baulieu
- INSERM U788 and Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S788, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 94276 France
| | - Jean Mariani
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Charles Foix, UEF, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Rachel M. Sherrard
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florence Frédéric
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, UPMC Univ Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
- UMR7102 Neurobiologie des Processus Adaptatifs, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Taguchi N, Nakayama S, Tanaka M. Fluoxetine has neuroprotective effects after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in mouse. Resuscitation 2011; 83:652-6. [PMID: 22100457 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is protective in a rat focal ischaemia model via anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) were performed in mice to test the hypothesis that fluoxetine protects the brain following global cerebral ischaemia, even when administered after an insult. METHODS Global cerebral ischaemia was induced with 8 min CA/CPR in C57BL/6 male mice. Thirty minutes after recovery of spontaneous circulation, the mice were randomly assigned into 3 groups and administered fluoxetine; fluoxetine (5 mg/kg: n=15, 10 mg/kg: n=15) or vehicle (NaCl: n=15). Three days after CA/CPR, sensorimotor evaluations were conducted and brains were removed for histological evaluation of the hippocampus and caudate putamen. RESULTS Analysis of histological damage 72 h after resuscitation revealed that low dose fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) did not protect, while high dose (10 mg/kg) fluoxetine protected neurons in the caudate putamen. In contrast, there were no protective effects in the hippocampus at either dose. In agreement with histological observations of neuronal damage in the caudate putamen, high dose fluoxetine decreased sensorimotor deficits following CA/CPR compared to vehicle-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that 10mg/kg fluoxetine administered following global cerebral ischaemia decreases neuronal damage. Although long-term neuroprotection needs further study, the results of our study suggest that fluoxetine may have therapeutic potential when administered after global cerebral ischaemia, cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Taguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Jia J, Verma S, Nakayama S, Quillinan N, Grafe MR, Hurn PD, Herson PS. Sex differences in neuroprotection provided by inhibition of TRPM2 channels following experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:2160-8. [PMID: 21587268 PMCID: PMC3210342 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-permeable transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2) ion channel is activated following oxidative stress and has been implicated in ischemic damage; however, little experimental evidence exists linking TRPM2 channel activation to damage following cerebral ischemia. We directly assessed the involvement of TRPM2 channels in ischemic brain injury using pharmacological inhibitors and short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of TRPM2 expression. Each of the four TRPM2 inhibitors tested provided significant protection to male neurons following in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD), while having no effect in female neurons. Similarly, TRPM2 knockdown by TRPM2 shRNA resulted in significantly reduced neuronal cell death following OGD only in male neurons. The TRPM2 inhibitor clotrimazole reduced infarct volume in male mice, while having no effect on female infarct volume. Finally, intrastriatal injection of lentivirus expressing shRNA against TRPM2 resulted in significantly smaller striatal infarcts only in male mice following middle cerebral artery occlusion, having no significant effect in female mice. Data presented in the current study demonstrate that TRPM2 inhibition and knockdown preferentially protects male neurons and brain against ischemia in vitro and in vivo, indicating that TRPM2 inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of stroke in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Marx C, Bradford D, Hamer R, Naylor J, Allen T, Lieberman J, Strauss J, Kilts J. Pregnenolone as a novel therapeutic candidate in schizophrenia: emerging preclinical and clinical evidence. Neuroscience 2011; 191:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sex difference in sensitivity to allopregnanolone neuroprotection in mice correlates with effect on spontaneous inhibitory post synaptic currents. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:724-9. [PMID: 21640735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a neurosteroid that has many functions in the brain, most notably neuroprotection and modulation of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. Using a mouse model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, we have previously demonstrated that ALLO protects cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) from ischemia in a GABA(A) receptor-dependent manner. In this study we examined the effect of sex on ALLO neuroprotection, observing that low dose ALLO (2 mg/kg) provided greater neuroprotection in females compared to males. At a higher dose of ALLO (8 mg/kg), both sexes were significantly protected from ischemic damage. Using an acute cerebellar slice preparation, whole cell voltage clamp recordings were made from PCs. Spontaneous inhibitory post synaptic currents (IPSCs) were analyzed and the response to physiological ALLO (10 nM) was significantly greater in female PCs compared to male. In contrast, recordings of miniature IPSCs, did not exhibit a sex difference in response to ALLO, suggesting that ALLO affects males and females differentially through a mechanism other than binding postsynaptic GABA(A) receptors. We conclude that the female brain has greater sensitivity to ALLO mediated potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission, contributing to increased neuroprotection.
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Jiang S, Miao B, Song X, Jiang Z. Inactivation of GABA(A) receptor reduces ginsenoside Rb3 neuroprotection in mouse hippocampal slices after oxygen-glucose deprivation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:914-916. [PMID: 20969942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rb(3) on synaptic transmission after oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The population spike (PS) was recorded in the stratum pyramidale of mouse hippocampal slices using extracellular recordings. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rb(3) depressed the basal synaptic transmission, which also promoted the recovery amplitude of PS after OGD in a concentration-dependent manner. The GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol improved the recovery, which was similar to that of ginsenoside Rb(3). Moreover, the effect of ginsenoside Rb(3) in combination with muscimol was not additive. Treatment with the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline or picrotoxin, which prevented the depression of PS caused by ginsenoside Rb(3), also reduced the neuroprotection. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the activation of the GABA(A) receptor is correlated with the neuroprotective mechanisms of ginsenoside Rb(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou 221002, China. shan
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Smith KR, Kittler JT. The cell biology of synaptic inhibition in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:550-6. [PMID: 20650630 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fast synaptic inhibition is largely mediated by GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs), ligand-gated chloride channels that play an essential role in the control of cell and network activity in the brain. Recent work has demonstrated that the delivery, number and stability of GABA(A)Rs at inhibitory synapses play a key role in the dynamic regulation of inhibitory synaptic efficacy and plasticity. The regulatory pathways essential for the fine-tuning of synaptic inhibition have also emerged as key sites of vulnerability during pathological changes in cell excitability in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Liu M, Kelley MH, Herson PS, Hurn PD. Neuroprotection of sex steroids. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2010; 35:127-143. [PMID: 20595940 PMCID: PMC3036837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroids are essential for reproduction and development in animals and humans, and sex steroids also play an important role in neuroprotection following brain injury. New data indicate that sex-specific responses to brain injury occur at the cellular and molecular levels. This review summarizes the current understanding of neuroprotection by sex steroids, particularly estrogen, androgen, and progesterone, based on both in vitro and in vivo studies. Better understanding of the role of sex steroids under physiological and pathological conditions will help us to develop novel effective therapeutic strategies for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Dong Y, Zhao R, Chen XQ, Yu ACH. 14-3-3γ and Neuroglobin are New Intrinsic Protective Factors for Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 41:218-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Brady JD, Mohr C, Rossi DJ. Vesicular GABA release delays the onset of the Purkinje cell terminal depolarization without affecting tissue swelling in cerebellar slices during simulated ischemia. Neuroscience 2010; 168:108-17. [PMID: 20226232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids that can enhance GABA(A) receptor sensitivity protect cerebellar Purkinje cells against transient episodes of global brain ischemia, but little is known about how ischemia affects GABAergic transmission onto Purkinje cells. Here we use patch-clamp recording from Purkinje cells in acutely prepared slices of rat cerebellum to determine how ischemia affects GABAergic signaling to Purkinje cells. In voltage-clamped Purkinje cells, exposing slices to solutions designed to simulate brain ischemia caused an early, partial suppression of the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory post synaptic currents (sIPSCs), but after 5-8 min GABA accumulated in the extracellular space around Purkinje cells, generating a large (approximately 17 nS), sustained GABA(A) receptor-mediated conductance. The sustained GABA(A) conductance occurred in parallel with an even larger (approximately 117 nS) glutamate receptor-mediated conductance, but blocking GABA(A) receptors did not affect the timing or magnitude of the glutamate conductance, and blocking glutamate receptors did not affect the timing or magnitude of the GABA(A) conductance. Despite the lack of interaction between GABA and glutamate, blocking GABA(A) receptors significantly accelerated the onset of the Purkinje cell "ischemic" depolarization (ID), as assessed with current-clamp recordings from Purkinje cells or field potential recordings in the dendritic field of the Purkinje cells. The Purkinje cell ID occurred approximately 2 min prior to the sustained glutamate release under control conditions and a further 1-2 min earlier when GABA(A) receptors were blocked. Tissue swelling, as assessed by monitoring light transmittance through the slice, peaked just after the ID, prior to the sustained glutamate release, but was not affected by blocking GABA(A) receptors. These data indicate that ischemia induces the Purkinje cell ID and tissue swelling prior to the sustained glutamate release, and that blocking GABA(A) receptors accelerates the onset of the ID without affecting tissue swelling. Taken together these data may explain why Purkinje cells are one of the most ischemia sensitive neurons in the brain despite lacking NMDA receptors, and why neurosteroids that enhance GABA(A) receptor function protect Purkinje cells against transient episodes of global brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Brady
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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