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Minutillo R, Pirard B, Fatihi A, Cavaiuolo M, Lefebvre D, Gérard A, Taminiau B, Nia Y, Hennekinne JA, Daube G, Clinquart A. The Enterotoxin Gene Profiles and Enterotoxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Artisanal Cheeses in Belgium. Foods 2023; 12:4019. [PMID: 37959138 PMCID: PMC10650413 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A Staphyloccoccus aureus is one of the leading causes of food poisoning outbreaks (FPOs) worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is induced by the ingestion of food containing sufficient levels of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). Currently, 33 SEs and SE-like toxins (SEls) have been described in the literature, but only five named "classical" enterotoxins are commonly investigated in FPOs due to lack of specific routine analytical techniques. The aims of this study were to (i) establish the genetic profile of strains in a variety of artisanal cheeses (n = 30) in Belgium, (ii) analyze the expression of the SE(l)s by these strains and (iii) compare the output derived from the different analytical tools. Forty-nine isolates of S. aureus were isolated from ten Belgian artisanal cheeses and were analyzed via microbiological, immunological, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, molecular typing and genetic methods. The results indicated that classical SEs were not the dominant SEs in the Belgian artisanal cheeses that were analyzed in this study, and that all S. aureus isolates harbored at least one gene encoding a new SE(l). Among the new SE(l)s genes found, some of them code for enterotoxins with demonstrated emetic activity and ecg-enterotoxins. It is worth noting that the involvement of some of these new SEs has been demonstrated in SFP outbreaks. Thus, this study highlighted the importance of the development of specific techniques for the proper investigation of SFP outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Minutillo
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Barbara Pirard
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Abdelhak Fatihi
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Marina Cavaiuolo
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Donatien Lefebvre
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Amaury Gérard
- Brewing and Food Science Unit, LABIRIS, Avenue Emile Gryzon 1, 1070 Anderlecht, Belgium;
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (M.C.); (D.L.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Georges Daube
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Antoine Clinquart
- Department of Food Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medecine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liege, Belgium (B.P.); (B.T.); (G.D.)
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Rasooly R, Do P, Hernlem B. T-cell receptor Vβ8 for detection of biologically active streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6723-6730. [PMID: 37210361 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is an important human pathogen, commonly spread by airborne droplets but also by ingestion of contaminated food. Apart from causing infection, this pathogen produces 13 distinct types of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPE). The current method for detection cannot distinguish between the biologically active form of SPE that has been reported to cause foodborne outbreaks and the inactivated toxin that poses no health risk. To measure the biological activity of SPE type C (SPE-C), one such toxin that was linked to foodborne outbreaks associated with milk and milk products, we developed a cell-based assay that can discern between biologically active and inactive SPE-C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first showing that SPE-C activates T-cells expressing Vβ8. With this finding, we used a T-cell line natively expressing Vβ8 that was genetically engineered to also express the luciferase reporter gene under the regulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells response element in combination with a B-cell line to present the recombinant SPE-C (rSPE-C) toxin via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II to the Vβ8 T-cell receptor (TCR) in an assay to detect and to discern between biologically active and inactive rSPE-C. By using this system, we demonstrated that SPE-C induced significant IL-2 secretion after 72 h and visible light emission after only 5 h, doubling by 24 h. We utilize this finding to assess the specificity of the assay and the effect of pasteurization on SPE-C activity. We observed no cross-reactivity with SPE-B and significant loss of SPE-C biological activity in spiked phosphate-buffered saline while SPE-C spiked into milk is heat stable. Once SPE-C has formed, it is infeasible to eliminate it from milk by thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710.
| | - Paula Do
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Western Regional Research Center, Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710
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Fluorescent Immunoassay for Determination of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A in Milk by Immobilized F(ab')2 Fragment of Anti-enterotoxin A Monoclonal Antibody. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tian Y, Gao X, Qi WL, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhou J, Lu D, Chen B. Advances in differentiation and identification of foodborne bacteria using near infrared spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2558-2566. [PMID: 34095906 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne bacteria is a growing concern for ensuring safe food supply and preventing human foodborne infections. It is difficult for conventional methods to meet these detection requirements because they are often tedious and time-consuming. In the recent years, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been found to be a promising method for all sorts of analyses in microbiology due to its highly specific absorption signature and non-destructive measurements. In this review, we first briefly introduce the fundamental and basic operational procedure of NIR spectroscopy for foodborne bacteria detection. Then we summarize the main advances and contributions of this technique in the study of foodborne bacteria. Finally, we conclude that much work still remains to be done before NIR spectroscopy really becomes a viable alternative in the field of microbiological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Tian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Prevalence of the Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated from Raw Milk and Cheese Produced in North Macedonia. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important foodborne pathogen due to toxin-related virulence, invasiveness and antibiotic resistance. The ability of S. aureus strains to produce one or more staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in food has been associated with the occurrence of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), which is the most common foodborne intoxication worldwide. The study aimed to determine the count of S. aureus strains in samples of raw cow’s milk and various cheeses produced in R. North Macedonia and to detect their ability to produce enterotoxins by passive agglutination SET RPLA (OXOID, UK) and by enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) VIDAS SET 2 (Biomerieux, France). A total of 130 S. aureus strains were analyzed. The ability to produce SEs was determined in 17 (13.1%) strains using the SET RPLA detection kit and in 20 (15.4%) strains using the VIDAS SET 2. The study detected enterotoxigenic strains in cheese samples, despite the low count of S. aureus which was below the detection limit according to the Book of rules for microbiological criteria (Off. G. of R.M no 100/2013). Based on these and similar findings, S. aureus must be considered as a possible cause of intoxication, despite the undetected and underreported cases of SFP in the scientific literature.
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Féraudet Tarisse C, Goulard-Huet C, Nia Y, Devilliers K, Marcé D, Dambrune C, Lefebvre D, Hennekinne JA, Simon S. Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins SEA, SEG, SEH, and SEI by Immunoassay. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:130. [PMID: 33572449 PMCID: PMC7916246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide, resulting from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), primarily SE type A (SEA), which is produced in food by enterotoxigenic strains of staphylococci, mainly S. aureus. Since newly identified SEs have been shown to have emetic properties and the genes encoding them have been found in food involved in poisoning outbreaks, it is necessary to have reliable tools to prove the presence of the toxins themselves, to clarify the role played by these non-classical SEs, and to precisely document SFP outbreaks. We have produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies directed specifically against SE type G, H or I (SEG, SEH or SEI respectively) or SEA. With these antibodies, we have developed, for each of these four targets, highly sensitive, specific, and reliable 3-h sandwich enzyme immunoassays that we evaluated for their suitability for SE detection in different matrices (bacterial cultures of S. aureus, contaminated food, human samples) for different purposes (strain characterization, food safety, biological threat detection, diagnosis). We also initiated and described for the first time the development of monoplex and quintuplex (SEA, SE type B (SEB), SEG, SEH, and SEI) lateral flow immunoassays for these new staphylococcal enterotoxins. The detection limits in buffer were under 10 pg/mL (0.4 pM) by enzyme immunoassays and at least 300 pg/mL (11 pM) by immunochromatography for all target toxins with no cross-reactivity observed. Spiking studies and/or bacterial supernatant analysis demonstrated the applicability of the developed methods, which could become reliable detection tools for the routine investigation of SEG, SEH, and SEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Féraudet Tarisse
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Céline Goulard-Huet
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Yacine Nia
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Dominique Marcé
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Chloé Dambrune
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Donatien Lefebvre
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Paris-Saclay University, CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department (DMTS), SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.G.-H.); (K.D.); (D.M.); (C.D.); (D.L.); (S.S.)
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Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Gajewska J, Wiśniewski P, Zadernowska A. Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090734. [PMID: 32899905 PMCID: PMC7559265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coagulase-positive staphylococci are considered to be the main factor responsible for food poisoning, an increasing role for the coagulase-negative staphylococci in the production of enterotoxins has been observed in recent years. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence of genes responsible for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), enterotoxin-like toxins (SEI) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from ready-to-eat food from bars and restaurants. One hundred and eighteen CoNS strains were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to five superantigenic toxin genes, including five different types of classical enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and the toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tsst-1) as well as to supertoxin-like genes. PCR-positive isolates were then tested using immunoenzymatic methods (SET-RPLA, Vidas SET 2) for toxin expression. Out of 118 CoNS strains, the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins was confirmed in 72% of them. The most frequently found enterotoxin-like genotype was ser, selu. Two of the tested strains had up to ten different enterotoxin genes in the genome at the same time. Although no production of enterotoxins was detected in the CoNS, which means that their possible role in the epidemiology of food-borne diseases is minimal, the data demonstrated that the toxigenic capacity of the CoNS should not be ignored, and that this group of microorganisms should be continuously monitored in food.
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Rajkovic A, Jovanovic J, Monteiro S, Decleer M, Andjelkovic M, Foubert A, Beloglazova N, Tsilla V, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S, Uyttendaele M. Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1605-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marlies Decleer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer SafetyService for Chemical Residues and Contaminants Brussels Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Varvara Tsilla
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Laboratorium for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
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Godjevargova T, Becheva Z, Ivanov Y, Tchorbanov A. Immunofluorescence Assay Using Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A in Milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive microorganism. S. aureus can grow in various foods and cause food poisoning by secreting enterotoxins. The most common enterotoxins involved in food poisoning are staphylococcal enterotoxin A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B, but Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) is predominant. The main types of food contaminated with SEs are meat and meat products, poultry and eggs, milk and dairy products. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive fluorescence immunoassay for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in milk.
Methods:
Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for SEA were produced and characterized. Competitive fluorescence immunoassay based on Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) was performed and optimized. MNPs were used as a solid carrier of the antibodies. The first step of the assay was immunoreaction between the immobilized antibody onto MNPs and SEA in milk sample. Then the fluorescein-SEA conjugate was added to the sample. Thus, competitive immunoreaction between MNP-mAb/MNP-pAb with SEA and SEA-FITC was performed. These immuno-complexes were separated by a magnetic separator and the obtained supernatants were analyzed. The fluorescent signal from the excess of conjugated SEA was proportional to the SEA contained in the milk. The assay duration was only 30 min.
Results:
The fluorescence immunoassays performed with polyclonal antibody had linear ranges from 5 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL SEA in a buffer, and from 50 pg/mL to 50 ng/mL SEA in spiked milk samples. While the same assays performed with monoclonal antibody had linear ranges from 1 pg/mL to 20 ng/mL SEA in buffer, and from 10 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL SEA in spiked milk samples. The detection limits of the developed immunoassays performed in milk were: 48 pg/mL with polyclonal antibody and 9 pg/mL with monoclonal antibody.
Conclusion:
A rapid and sensitive fluorescence immunoassay based on magnetic nanoparticles with a polyclonal and monoclonal antibody for determination of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in milk was developed.
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Bragina VA, Znoyko SL, Orlov AV, Pushkarev AV, Nikitin MP, Nikitin PI. Analytical Platform with Selectable Assay Parameters Based on Three Functions of Magnetic Nanoparticles: Demonstration of Highly Sensitive Rapid Quantitation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in Food. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9852-9857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera A. Bragina
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey L. Znoyko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Orlov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Averyan V. Pushkarev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Maxim P. Nikitin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskii per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Becheva Z, Ivanov Y, Gabrovska K, Godjevargova T. Rapid immunofluorescence assay for staphylococcal enterotoxin A using magnetic nanoparticles. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zlatina Becheva
- Department of Biotechnology University of “Prof. Dr Assen Zlatarov” 8010 Burgas Bulgaria
| | - Yavor Ivanov
- Department of Biotechnology University of “Prof. Dr Assen Zlatarov” 8010 Burgas Bulgaria
| | - Katya Gabrovska
- Department of Biotechnology University of “Prof. Dr Assen Zlatarov” 8010 Burgas Bulgaria
| | - Tzonka Godjevargova
- Department of Biotechnology University of “Prof. Dr Assen Zlatarov” 8010 Burgas Bulgaria
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Reddy PN, Srirama K, Dirisala VR. An Update on Clinical Burden, Diagnostic Tools, and Therapeutic Options of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 10:1179916117703999. [PMID: 28579798 PMCID: PMC5443039 DOI: 10.1177/1179916117703999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections, food poisoning to highly serious diseases such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and toxic shock syndrome. Proper diagnosis of pathogen and virulence factors is important for providing timely intervention in the therapy. Owing to the invasive nature of infections and the limited treatment options due to rampant spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, the trend for development of vaccines and antibody therapy is increasing at rapid rate than development of new antibiotics. In this article, we have discussed elaborately about the host-pathogen interactions, clinical burden due to S aureus infections, status of diagnostic tools, and treatment options in terms of prophylaxis and therapy.
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Quantitative Analysis of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A and B in Food Matrices Using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3637-56. [PMID: 26378579 PMCID: PMC4591654 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A method that uses mass spectrometry (MS) for identification and quantification of protein toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB), in milk and shrimp is described. The analysis was performed using a tryptic peptide, from each of the toxins, as the target analyte together with the corresponding 13C-labeled synthetic internal standard peptide. The performance of the method was evaluated by analyzing spiked samples in the quantification range 2.5–30 ng/g (R2 = 0.92–0.99). The limit of quantification (LOQ) in milk and the limit of detection (LOD) in shrimp was 2.5 ng/g, for both SEA and SEB toxins. The in-house reproducibility (RSD) was 8%–30% and 5%–41% at different concentrations for milk and shrimp, respectively. The method was compared to the ELISA method, used at the EU-RL (France), for milk samples spiked with SEA at low levels, in the quantification range of 2.5 to 5 ng/g. The comparison showed good coherence for the two methods: 2.9 (MS)/1.8 (ELISA) and 3.6 (MS)/3.8 (ELISA) ng/g. The major advantage of the developed method is that it allows direct confirmation of the molecular identity and quantitative analysis of SEA and SEB at low nanogram levels using a label and antibody free approach. Therefore, this method is an important step in the development of alternatives to the immune-assay tests currently used for staphylococcal enterotoxin analysis.
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Sharma P, Wang N, Chervin AS, Quinn CL, Stone JD, Kranz DM. A Multiplex Assay for Detection of Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Exotoxins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135986. [PMID: 26305471 PMCID: PMC4549143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal and streptococcal exotoxins, also known as superantigens, mediate a range of diseases including toxic shock syndrome, and they exacerbate skin, pulmonary and systemic infections caused by these organisms. When present in food sources they can cause enteric effects commonly known as food poisoning. A rapid, sensitive assay for the toxins would enable testing of clinical samples and improve surveillance of food sources. Here we developed a bead-based, two-color flow cytometry assay using single protein domains of the beta chain of T cell receptors engineered for high-affinity for staphylococcal (SEA, SEB and TSST-1) and streptococcal (SpeA and SpeC) toxins. Site-directed biotinylated forms of these high-affinity agents were used together with commercial, polyclonal, anti-toxin reagents to enable specific and sensitive detection with SD50 values of 400 pg/ml (SEA), 3 pg/ml (SEB), 25 pg/ml (TSST-1), 6 ng/ml (SpeA), and 100 pg/ml (SpeC). These sensitivities were in the range of 4- to 80-fold higher than achieved with standard ELISAs using the same reagents. A multiplex format of the assay showed reduced sensitivity due to higher noise associated with the use of multiple polyclonal agents, but the sensitivities were still well within the range necessary for detection in food sources or for rapid detection of toxins in culture supernatants. For example, the assay specifically detected toxins in supernatants derived from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, these reagents can be used for simultaneous detection of the toxins in food sources or culture supernatants of potential pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ningyan Wang
- ImmuVen, Inc., University of Illinois Research Park, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Chervin
- ImmuVen, Inc., University of Illinois Research Park, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Quinn
- ImmuVen, Inc., University of Illinois Research Park, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Development of a reference material for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A in cheese: Feasibility study, processing, homogeneity and stability assessment. Food Chem 2015; 168:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Rasooly R, Hernlem BJ. Quantitative analysis of staphylococcus enterotoxin A by differential expression of IFN-γ in splenocyte and CD4⁺ T-cells. SENSORS 2014; 14:8869-76. [PMID: 24854207 PMCID: PMC4063072 DOI: 10.3390/s140508869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen that produces a range of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEs) which cause gastroenteritis and superantigen activation of T cells, the mechanism of which is not well understood. The ability to rapidly detect and quantify SEs is very important in order to learn the causes of staphylococcal outbreaks and to stop similar outbreaks in the future. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) have been developed for detection of several SEs. However, these immunological methods cannot distinguish between active and inactive toxin. It is known that interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expressed in response to stimulation by SEs contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection. Nonetheless, the cellular source of IFN-γ is still unclear and the contributions of the specific splenocyte types. In our effort to understand the immunologic response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) exposure, we studied IFN-γ production in mouse splenocytes. We demonstrated that short term ex vivo exposure of splenocytes or primary naïve CD4+ T-cells to biologically active SEA induces differential expression of IFN-γ mRNA in a time and dose dependent manner and the expression levels reflect the levels of IFN-γ secreted protein. Positive isolated CD4+ T-cells accounted for only 10% of IFN-γ production. We also demonstrate that expression of IFN-γ can be used for rapid quantitative analysis of active SEA with a detection limit of 1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| | - Bradley J Hernlem
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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17
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Bruck HA, Yang M, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. Electrical percolation based biosensors. Methods 2013; 63:282-9. [PMID: 24041756 PMCID: PMC3902888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach to label free biosensing has been developed based on the principle of "electrical percolation". In electrical percolation, long-range electrical connectivity is formed in randomly oriented and distributed systems of discrete elements. By applying this principle to biological interactions, it is possible to measure biological components both directly and electronically. The main element for electrical percolation biosensor is the biological semiconductor (BSC) which is a multi-layer 3-D carbon nanotube-antibody network. In the BSC, molecular interactions, such as binding of antigens to the antibodies, disrupt the network continuity causing increased resistance of the network. BSCs can be fabricated by immobilizing conducting elements, such as pre-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)-antibody complex, directly onto a substrate, such as a Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface (also known as plexi-glass or Acrylic). BSCs have been demonstrated for direct (label-free) electronic measurements of antibody-antigen binding using SWNTs. If the concentration of the SWNT network is slightly above the electrical percolation threshold, then binding of a specific antigen to the pre-functionalized SWNT dramatically increases the electrical resistance due to changes in the tunneling between the SWNTs. Using anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) IgG as a "gate" and SEB as an "actuator", it was demonstrated that the BSC was able to detect SEB at concentrations of 1 ng/ml. Based on this concept, an automated configuration for BSCs is described here that enables real time continuous detection. The new BSC configuration may permit assembly of multiple sensors on the same chip to create "biological central processing units (CPUs)" with multiple biological elements, capable of processing and sorting out information on multiple analytes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Alan Bruck
- University of Maryland College Park (UMCP), College Park MD 20742
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410083, China
| | | | - Avraham Rasooly
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993
- National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850
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18
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Jin W, Yamada K, Ikami M, Kaji N, Tokeshi M, Atsumi Y, Mizutani M, Murai A, Okamoto A, Namikawa T, Baba Y, Ohta M. Application of IgY to sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, lateral flow devices, and immunopillar chips for detecting staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk and dairy products. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 92:323-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Laminated object manufacturing (LOM) technology using polymer sheets is an easy and affordable method for rapid prototyping of Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. It has recently been used to fabricate a miniature 96 sample ELISA lab-on-a-chip (ELISA-LOC) by integrating the washing step directly into an ELISA plate. LOM has been shown to be capable of creating complex 3D microfluidics through the assembly of a stack of polymer sheets with features generated by laser micromachining and by bonding the sheets together with adhesive. A six layer ELISA-LOC was fabricated with an acrylic (poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) core and five polycarbonate layers micromachined by a CO(2) laser with simple microfluidic features including a miniature 96-well sample plate. Immunological assays can be carried out in several configurations (1 × 96 wells, 2 × 48 wells, or 4 × 24 wells). The system includes three main functional elements: (1) a reagent loading fluidics module, (2) an assay and detection wells plate, and (3) a reagent removal fluidics module. The ELISA-LOC system combines several biosensing elements: (1) carbon nanotube (CNT) technology to enhance primary antibody immobilization, (2) sensitive ECL (electrochemiluminescence) detection, and (3) a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector for measuring the light signal generated by ECL. Using a sandwich ELISA assay, the system detected Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml, a detection level similar to that reported for conventional ELISA. ELISA-LOC can be operated by a syringe and does not require power for operation. This simple point-of-care (POC) system is useful for carrying out various immunological assays and other complex medical assays without the laboratory required for conventional ELISA, and therefore may be more useful for global healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Rasooly
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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20
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Orlov AV, Khodakova JA, Nikitin MP, Shepelyakovskaya AO, Brovko FA, Laman AG, Grishin EV, Nikitin PI. Magnetic Immunoassay for Detection of Staphylococcal Toxins in Complex Media. Anal Chem 2012; 85:1154-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303075b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Orlov
- A. M. Prokhorov General Physics
Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
38 Vavilova St. Moscow 119991 Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia A. Khodakova
- A. M. Prokhorov General Physics
Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
38 Vavilova St. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Maxim P. Nikitin
- A. M. Prokhorov General Physics
Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
38 Vavilova St. Moscow 119991 Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna O. Shepelyakovskaya
- Pushchino
Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Fedor A. Brovko
- Pushchino
Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Laman
- Pushchino
Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov
Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Grishin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute
of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr I. Nikitin
- A. M. Prokhorov General Physics
Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,
38 Vavilova St. Moscow 119991 Russia
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21
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Novel platform for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1422-7. [PMID: 23241982 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02743-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal contamination of food products and staphylococcal food-borne illnesses continue to be a problem worldwide. Screening of food for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and/or enterotoxins using traditional methods is laborious. Reliable and rapid multiplex detection methods from a single food extract or culture supernatant would simplify testing. A fluorescence-based cytometric bead array was developed for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), using magnetic microspheres coupled with either an engineered, enterotoxin-specific Vβ domain of the T-cell receptor (Vβ-TCR) or polyclonal antibodies. The binding affinity of the Vβ-TCR for SEB has been shown to be in the picomolar range, comparable to the best monoclonal antibodies. The coupled beads were validated with purified enterotoxins and tested in a variety of food matrices spiked with enterotoxins. The Vβ-TCR or antibody was shown to specifically bind SEB in four different food matrices, including milk, mashed potatoes, vanilla pudding, and cooked chicken. The use of traditional polyclonal antibodies and Vβ-TCR provides a redundant system that ensures accurate identification of the enterotoxin, and the use of labeled microspheres permits simultaneous testing of multiple enterotoxins from a single sample.
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22
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Rajkovic A. Incidence, growth and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus in insufficiently dried traditional beef ham “govedja pršuta” under different storage conditions. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Rasooly R, Hernlem BJ. CD154 as a potential early molecular biomarker for rapid quantification analysis of active Staphylococcus enterotoxin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:169-74. [PMID: 22067024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen producing a group of 21 enterotoxins (SEs). These enterotoxins have two separate but related biological activities. They cause gastroenteritis, and they function as superantigens that activate large numbers of T cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that short-term ex vivo exposure of primary naïve CD4(+) T-cells to SEA induces differential expression of the T cell surface receptor CD154 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, we show that SEA induces higher CD154 protein expression and higher splenocyte cell proliferation compared with SEB. We also demonstrate that expression of CD154 can be used for rapid detection of active SEA in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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24
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Friedman M, Rasooly R, Do PM, Henika PR. The olive compound 4-hydroxytyrosol inactivates Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA). J Food Sci 2012; 76:M558-63. [PMID: 22417596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus produces the virulent staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), a single chain protein which consists of 233 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 27078 Da. SEA is a superantigen that is reported to contribute to animal (mastitis) and human (emesis, diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, and toxic shock) syndromes. Changes in the native structural integrity may inactivate the toxin by preventing molecular interaction with cell membrane receptor sites of their host cells. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of the pure olive compound 4-hydroxytyrosol and a commercial olive powder called Hidrox-12, prepared by freeze-drying olive juice, to inhibit S. aureus bacteria and SEA's biological activity. Dilutions of both test substances inactivated the pathogens. Two independent cell assays (BrdU incorporation into newly synthesized DNA and glycyl-phenylalanyl-aminofluorocoumarin proteolysis) demonstrated that the olive compound 4-hydroxytyrosol also inactivated the biological activity of SEA at concentrations that were not toxic to the spleen cells. However, efforts to determine inhibition of the toxin by Hidrox-12 were not successful because the olive powder was cytotoxic to the spleen cells at concentrations found to be effective against the bacteria. The results suggest that food-compatible and safe antitoxin olive compounds can be used to inactivate both pathogens and toxins produced by the pathogens. Practical Application: The results of this study suggest that food-compatible and safe antitoxin olive compounds can be used to reduce both pathogens and toxins produced by the pathogens in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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25
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TNF as biomarker for rapid quantification of active Staphylococcus enterotoxin A in food. SENSORS 2012; 12:5978-85. [PMID: 22778626 PMCID: PMC3386725 DOI: 10.3390/s120505978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen which causes clinical infections and food poisoning. This bacterium produces a group of twenty-one enterotoxins (SEs). These enterotoxins have two separate but related biological activities. They cause gastroenteritis and function as superantigens that activate large numbers of T cells. The current method for detection of enterotoxins activity is an in vivo monkey or kitten bioassay; however, this method is not practical to test on a large number of samples. Several immunological assays have been developed however, but these assays cannot distinguish between active toxin which causes food poisoning and inactive toxin, which can bind antibody, but shows no toxicity. The current study demonstrates that short term ex vivo exposure of primary naïve CD4(+) T-cells or splenocytes to SEA induces differential expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) protein. We used immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-SEA antibody to specifically isolate SEA from food. After the eluted toxin was added to the cells SEA biological activity was measured by quantifying TNF protein expression or secretion.
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26
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Sakata J, Kawatsu K, Kawahara R, Kanki M, Iwasaki T, Kumeda Y, Kodama H. Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant thermolabile hemolysin and its application to screen for Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination in raw seafood. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Benefits of the Combined Use of Immunological- and PCR-Based Methods for Determination of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Food Safety Criteria in Cheeses. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Sun S, Yang M, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. ELISA-LOC: lab-on-a-chip for enzyme-linked immunodetection. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2093-100. [PMID: 20544092 DOI: 10.1039/c003994b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A miniature 96 sample ELISA-lab-on-a-chip (ELISA-LOC) was designed, fabricated, and tested for immunological detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB). The chip integrates a simple microfluidics system into a miniature ninety-six sample plate, allowing the user to carry out an immunological assay without a laboratory. Assay reagents are delivered into the assay plate without the need for separate devices commonly used in immunoassays. The ELISA-LOC was constructed using Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) technology to assemble six layers with an acrylic (poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)) core and five polycarbonate layers micromachined by a CO(2) laser. The ELISA-LOC has three main functional elements: reagent loading fluidics, assay and detection wells, and reagent removal fluidics, a simple "surface tension" valve used to control the flow. To enhance assay sensitivity and to perform the assay without a lab, ELISA-LOC detection combines several biosensing elements: (1) carbon nanotube (CNT) technology to enhance primary antibody immobilization, (2) sensitive ECL (electrochemiluminescence) detection, and (3) a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector for measuring the light signal generated by ECL. Using a sandwich ELISA assay, the system detected SEB at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng ml(-1), which is similar to the reported sensitivity of conventional ELISA. The fluidics system can be operated by a syringe and does not require power for operation. This simple point-of-care (POC) system is useful for carrying out various immunological assays and other complex medical assays without a laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sun
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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29
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Yang M, Bruck HA, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. Biological semiconductor based on electrical percolation. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3567-72. [PMID: 20361741 DOI: 10.1021/ac902644z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a novel biological semiconductor (BSC) based on electrical percolation through a multilayer three-dimensional carbon nanotube-antibody bionanocomposite network, which can measure biological interactions directly and electronically. In electrical percolation, the passage of current through the conductive network is dependent upon the continuity of the network. Molecular interactions, such as binding of antigens to the antibodies, disrupt the network continuity causing increased resistance of the network. A BSC is fabricated by immobilizing a prefunctionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)-antibody bionanocomposite directly on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface (also known as plexiglass or acrylic). We used the BSC for direct (label-free) electronic measurements of antibody-antigen binding, showing that, at slightly above the electrical percolation threshold of the network, binding of a specific antigen dramatically increases the electrical resistance. Using anti-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) IgG as a "gate" and SEB as an "actuator", we demonstrated that the BSC was able to detect SEB at concentrations of 1 ng/mL. The new BSCs may permit assembly of multiple sensors on the same chip to create "biological central processing units (CPUs)" with multiple BSC elements, capable of processing and sorting out information on multiple analytes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yang
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland 21250, USA
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30
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Rasooly R, Do PM, Friedman M. Inhibition of biological activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) by apple juice and apple polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5421-5426. [PMID: 20402509 DOI: 10.1021/jf904021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus produces the virulent staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), a single-chain protein that consists of 233 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 27 078 Da. SEA is a superantigen that is reported to contribute to animal (mastitis) and human (emesis, diarrhea, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, and toxic shock) syndromes. Changes of the native structural integrity may inactivate the toxin by preventing molecular interaction with cell membrane receptor sites of their host cells. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of one commercial and two freshly prepared apple juices and a commercial apple polyphenol preparation (Apple Poly) to inhibit the biological activity of SEA. Dilutions of freshly prepared apple juices and Apple Poly inhibited the biological activity of SEA without any significant cytotoxic effect on the spleen cells. Additional studies with antibody-coated immunomagnetic beads bearing specific antibodies against the toxin revealed that SEA added to apple juice appears to be largely irreversibly bound to the juice constituents. The results suggest that food-compatible and safe anti-toxin phenolic compounds can be used to inactivate SEA in vitro and possibly also in vivo, even after induction of T-cell proliferation by long-term exposure to SEA. The significance of the results for microbial food safety and human health is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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31
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Yang M, Sun S, Kostov Y, Rasooly A. Lab-On-a-Chip for carbon nanotubes based immunoassay detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB). LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1011-1017. [PMID: 20358108 DOI: 10.1039/b923996k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new eight channel Lab-On-a-Chip (LOC) for a Carbon Nanotube (CNT) based immunoassay with optical detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) for food safety applications. In this work, we combined four biosensing elements: (1) CNT technology for primary antibody immobilization, (2) Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL) for light signal generation, (3) a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) for detection and (4) polymer lamination technology for developing a point of care immunological assay for SEB detection. Our concept for developing versatile LOCs, which can be used for many different applications, is to use a modular design with interchangeable recognition elements (e.g. various antibodies) to determine the specificity. Polymer lamination technology was used for the fabrication of a six layer, syringe operated LOC capable of analyzing eight samples simultaneously. An anti-SEB antibody-nanotube mixture was immobilized onto a polycarbonate strip, to serve as an interchangeable ligand surface that was then bonded onto the LOC. SEB samples are loaded into the device and detected by an ELISA assay using Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugated anti-SEB IgG as a secondary antibody and ECL, with detection by a previously described portable cooled CCD detector. Eight samples of SEB in buffer or soy milk were assayed simultaneously with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng mL(-1). CNT immobilization of the antibody increased the sensitivity of detection six fold. Use of a simple interchangeable immunological surface allows this LOC to be adapted to any immunoassay by simply replacing the ligand surface. A syringe was used to move fluids for this assay so no power is needed to operate the device. Our versatile portable point-of-care CCD detector combined with the LOC immunoassay method described here can be used to reduce the exposure of users to toxins and other biohazards when working outside the lab, as well as to simplify and increase sensitivity for many other types of immunological diagnostics and detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yang
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD 21250, USA
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Kalinina NA, Samokhvalova LV, Ulitin AB, Vertiev IV, Nesmeianov VA. [Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of human mini-antibodies against enterotoxin C1 of Staphylococcus aureus]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009; 35:192-201. [PMID: 19537170 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162009020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the cloning, expression, and production of specific single-chain antibodies (scFv) against the recombinant enterotoxin C1 of Staphylococcus aureus. High-affinity scFv were selected from the phage library of human mini antibodies; afterwards, the cells of E. coli trxA gor double mutant were infected with a product obtained by fusion of DNA encoding of these mini antibodies with the trxA gene to induce soluble scFv synthesis in cell cytoplasm. The scFv obtained displayed high enterotoxin C1 affinity. Analysis for cross reactivity showed that mini-antibodies interacted also with SEA- SEB-, SED-, SEE-, SEG-, and SEI-type enterotoxins, but they failed to interact with ricin, diphtheritic, and cholera toxins, or with both lethal and protective factors of the anthrax toxin. This property may be helpful in screening for staphylococcus enterotoxins.
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Pereira V, Lopes C, Castro A, Silva J, Gibbs P, Teixeira P. Characterization for enterotoxin production, virulence factors, and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various foods in Portugal. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:278-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rasooly R, Do PM. In vitro cell-based assay for activity analysis of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:172-8. [PMID: 19453753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are a leading cause of food poisoning and have two separate biological activities; it causes gastroenteritis and functions as a superantigen that activates large numbers of T cells. In vivo monkey or kitten bioassays were developed for analysis of SEs emetic activity. To overcome the inherent limitations of such bioassays, this study describes an in vitro splenocyte proliferation assay based on SEs superantigen activity as an alternative method for measuring the activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). After incubation of splenocytes with SEA, cell proliferation was measured by labeling the proliferating cells' DNA with bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, BrdU) and quantifying the incorporated BrdU by immunohistochemistry. BrdU labeling is shown to be highly correlated with SEA concentration (R(2)=0.99) and can detect 20 pg mL(-1) of SEA, which is far more sensitive than most enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Our assay can also distinguish between active toxin and inactive forms of the toxin in milk. By applying immunomagnetic beads that capture and concentrate the toxin, our assay was able to overcome matrix interference. These results suggest that our in vitro cell-based assay is an advantageous practical alternative to the in vivo monkey or kitten bioassays for measuring SEA and possibly other SEs activity in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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36
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Yang M, Kostov Y, Bruck HA, Rasooly A. Carbon nanotubes with enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay for CCD-based detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B in food. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8532-7. [PMID: 18855418 PMCID: PMC2845180 DOI: 10.1021/ac801418n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) detection can significantly enhance the sensitivity of immunoassays but often requires expensive and complex detectors. The need for these detectors limits broader use of ECL in immunoassay applications. To make ECL more practical for immunoassays, we utilize a simple cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) detector combined with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for primary antibody immobilization to develop a simple and portable point-of-care immunosensor. This combination of ECL, CNT, and CCD detector technologies is used to improve the detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in food. Anti-SEB primary antibodies were immobilized onto the CNT surface, and the antibody-nanotube mixture was immobilized onto a polycarbonate surface. SEB was then detected by an ELISA assay on the CNT-polycarbonate surface with an ECL assay. SEB in buffer, soy milk, apple juice, and meat baby food was assayed with a LOD of 0.01 ng/mL using our CCD detector, a level similar to the detection limit obtained with a fluorometric detector when using the CNTs. This level is far more sensitive than the conventional ELISA, which has a LOD of approximately 1 ng/mL. Our simple, versatile, and inexpensive point-of-care immunosensor combined with the CNT-ECL immunoassay method described in this work can also be used to simplify and increase sensitivity for many other types of diagnostics and detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Avraham Rasooly
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Mail: NIH/NCI, 6130 Executive Blvd. EPN, Room 6035A, Rockville, MD 20852. Phone: (301) 402-4185. Fax: (301) 402-7819.
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Bustamante MA, Moral R, Paredes C, Vargas-García MC, Suárez-Estrella F, Moreno J. Evolution of the pathogen content during co-composting of winery and distillery wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:7299-7306. [PMID: 18276130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to monitor some microbial indicators and pathogen contents (sulphite reducers clostridia, total enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, faecal coliforms (Escherichia coli), enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp.) throughout the co-composting of wastes from the winery and distillery industry with other organic residues, as well as the effect of the composting system used. Seven different piles using mixtures of winery-distillery wastes with other organic materials were prepared. P1 and P2 were made using grape stalk (GS), grape marc (GM), exhausted grape marc (EGM) and sewage sludge (SS), whereas in P3 and P4 were also used exhausted grape marc with cow manure (CW) and poultry manure (PM), respectively, using the Rutgers system. Additionally, P2 was watered with vinasse (V). The rest of piles (P5, P6 and P7) were prepared with grape marc, exhausted grape marc, cow manure and poultry manure, using the turning system. The effectiveness of the composting process to reduce the pathogen content was higher in the static aerated piles than in those elaborated with the turning. The relatively high temperatures (50-60 degrees C) reached in some of the piles produced a notable decrease in some microbial groups, such as total and faecal coliforms (E. coli), but the characteristics of the raw materials used notably influenced the pathogen contents of the end-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bustamante
- Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, EPS-Orihuela, Ctra. Beniel Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain.
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38
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Immunofunctionalisation of gold transducers for bacterial detection by physisorption. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2825-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hennekinne JA, Guillier F, Perelle S, De Buyser ML, Dragacci S, Krys S, Lombard B. Intralaboratory validation according to the EN ISO 16 140 Standard of the Vidas SET2 detection kit for use in official controls of staphylococcal enterotoxins in milk products. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 102:1261-72. [PMID: 17448161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Immunological tools used to detect staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) in foods are numerous. The aim of this study was to evaluate, on naturally contaminated milk product samples, the performance of the Vidas SET2, in comparison to the Transia plate SET. METHODS AND RESULTS The Vidas SET2 was compared with the Transia plate SET on supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and on naturally contaminated milk products. It is noteworthy that when using IgG rabbit treatment, both kits can be considered as equivalent to detect enterotoxins in naturally contaminated milk products. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the Vidas SET2 performance is similar to that of Transia plate SET kit, when a rabbit IgG treatment step is used before detection step. This additional treatment significantly decreased, from 42% to 8%, the rate of positive deviations observed using the Transia plate SET detection kit. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The Vidas SET2 was clearly found as more specific, when no preliminary rabbit IgG treatment was used, and which results in a better workflow when a large number of samples have to be analysed within a few days. Considering the results obtained, the Vidas SET2 detection kit can be used to assess the safety of milk products for SEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Hennekinne
- Laboratory for Study and Research on Quality of Food and on Food Processes, French Agency for Food Safety (AFSSA-lerqap), National and Community Reference Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
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Morandi S, Brasca M, Lodi R, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B. Detection of classical enterotoxins and identification of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus from milk and dairy products. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:66-72. [PMID: 17462836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are frequently contaminated with enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, which is often involved in staphylococcal food poisoning. The distribution of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in S. aureus isolated from bovine, goat, sheep and buffalo milk and dairy products was verified by the presence of the corresponding SE production. A total of 112 strains of S. aureus were tested for SE production by immuno-enzymatic (SEA-SEE) and reversed passive latex agglutination (SEA-SED) methods, while multiplex-PCR was applied for SE genes (sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, sej and sel). Of the total strains studied, 67% were detected to have some SE genes (se), but only 52% produced a detectable amount of the classic antigenic SE types. The bovine isolates frequently had enterotoxin SEA, SED and sej, while SEC and sel predominated in the goat and sheep strains. The results demonstrated (i) marked enterotoxigenic S. aureus strain variations, in accordance with strain origin and (ii) the two methods resulted in different information but concurred on the risk of foodstuff infection by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Celoria 2, Milan, Italy.
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Fischer A, von Eiff C, Kuczius T, Omoe K, Peters G, Becker K. A quantitative real-time immuno-PCR approach for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:461-9. [PMID: 17216207 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial intoxications represent a substantial public health concern with enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus among the most common causes of food poisoning. In addition to their role in the pathogenicity of food poisoning, staphylococcal enterotoxins have profound effects on the immune system as members of the family of pyrogenic toxin superantigens. As the classical diagnostic bioassays as well as the routinely used immunological methods are hampered by several drawbacks regarding sensitivity, specificity, and practicability, there is a need for the timely identification of toxins by highly sensitive and specific methods. To combine the versatility of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with the amplification power of the PCR, a quantitative real-time immuno-PCR (qRT-iPCR) was developed for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B and compared to a commercially available EIA. A broadly applicable tool for signal amplification of pre-formed immunocomplexes was established by covalent binding of a reporter DNA to secondary detection antibodies. Therefore, the amino-modified reporter DNA was coupled successfully to N-succinimidyl-S-actyl-thioacetate-activated secondary detection antibodies. The qRT-iPCR was able to detect highly reproducibly as low as approximately 0.6 to 6 pg (4 to 40 amol/microl) of staphylococcal enterotoxin B and staphylococcal enterotoxin A, respectively. In conclusion, the qRT-iPCR approach was shown to overcome clearly the sensitivity limit of traditional immunological detection procedures for bacterial toxins, as demonstrated in this study for staphylococcal enterotoxins. The development of a stable antibody-DNA conjugate providing a universal signal amplification offers a versatile as well as a highly sensitive and specific tool for diagnostic and research purposes generally applicable for pre-formed antibody-antigen complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fischer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Rajkovic A, El-Moualij B, Uyttendaele M, Brolet P, Zorzi W, Heinen E, Foubert E, Debevere J. Immunoquantitative real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6593-9. [PMID: 17021210 PMCID: PMC1610299 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03068-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time immunoquantitative PCR (iqPCR) method for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) was developed and evaluated using both pure cultures and foods. The assay consisted of immunocapture of SEB and real-time PCR amplification of the DNA probe linked to the detection antibody. iqPCR was compared to an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the same couple of capture-detection antibodies and to commercial kits for detection of S. aureus enterotoxins (SE). The iqPCR was approximately 1,000 times more sensitive (<10 pg ml(-1)) than the in-house ELISA and had a dynamic range of approximately 10 pg ml(-1) to approximately 30,000 pg ml(-1). iqPCR was not inhibited by any of the foods tested and was able to detect SEB present in these foods. No cross-reactivity with SE other than SEB was observed. Application of iqPCR for detection of SEB in cultures of S. aureus revealed the onset of SEB production after 4 h of incubation at 22, 37, and 42 degrees C, which was in the first half of the exponential growth phase. The total amounts of SEB produced by the two strains tested were larger at 42 degrees C than at 37 degrees C and were strain dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Delbes C, Alomar J, Chougui N, Martin JF, Montel MC. Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin production during the manufacture of uncooked, semihard cheese from cows' raw milk. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2161-7. [PMID: 16995519 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.9.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus growth and enterotoxin production during the manufacture of model Saint-Nectaire, Registered Designation of Origin Saint-Nectaire, and Registered Designation of Origin Salers cheeses, three types of uncooked, semihard, raw milk cheese, were investigated. Coagulase-positive staphylococci (SC+) grew rapidly during the first 6 h. Between 6 and 24 h, counts increased by less than 0.5 log CFU/ml. Raw milk counts ranged from undetectable (<10 CFU/ml) to 3.03 log CFU/ml. Maximal levels reached in cheese on day 1 ranged from 2.82 to 6.84 log CFU/g. The level of SC+ after 24 h was mainly influenced by the milk baseline SC+ level (correlation coefficient, r > 0.80) but pH at 6 h influenced the SC+ growth observed between 6 and 24 h (r > 0.70). Thus, the initial level of SC+ in raw milk should be maintained below 100 CFU/ml and best below 40 CFU/ml. To limit growth, acidification should be managed to obtain pH values around or below 5.8 at 6 h in Saint-Nectaire cheeses and around or below 6.3 at 6 h in Salers cheeses. Enterotoxins were only detected in two Salers cheeses whose SC+ counts on day 1 were 5.55 log CFU/g and 5.06 log CFU/g, respectively, and whose pH values at 6 h were high (approximately 6.6 and 6.5, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Delbes
- IINRA, Unité de Recherches Fromagères, Aurillac, F-15000, France.
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Dakić I, Vukovic D, Stepanović S, Hauschild T, Jezek P, Petrás P, Morrison D. Survey of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and exfoliative toxins in members of the Staphylococcus sciuri group. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4875-6. [PMID: 16145164 PMCID: PMC1234081 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4875-4876.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea to see, seg, and seh), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst), and exfoliative toxins (eta and etb) were not detected in a large panel of 48 Staphylococcus sciuri group isolates tested. This strongly suggests that production of the staphylococcal exotoxins by these bacteria is highly unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Dakić
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
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