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Ji MJ, Son KH, Hong JH. Addition of oh8dG to Cardioplegia Attenuated Myocardial Oxidative Injury through the Inhibition of Sodium Bicarbonate Cotransporter Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091641. [PMID: 36139714 PMCID: PMC9495749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomarker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (oh8dG) is derived from oxidized nucleic acids or products of oxidant-mediated DNA damage. Enhanced sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC) activity is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in ventricular myocytes. Thus, we hypothesized that cardioplegia-solution-mediated ROS generation may be involved in the regulation of NBC activity in cardiomyocytes and that oh8dG treatment may modulate ROS and associated NBC activity. Langendorff-free cardioplegia-arrested cardiac strips and cardiomyocytes were isolated to determine the NBC activity and effects of oh8dG on oxidative-stress-mediated cardiac damage markers. We first determined the histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution mediated NBC activity in cardiac strips and cells. The oh8dG treatment attenuated NBC activity in the electroneutral or electrogenic form of NBC. Additionally, exposure to HTK solution induced ROS, whereas co-administration of oh8dG attenuated ROS-mediated NBC activity, reduced ROS levels, and decreased the expression of apoptotic markers and fibrosis-associated proteins in cardiac cells. The oh8dG-administrated cardiac tissues were also protected from enhanced HTK-induced damage markers, heat shock protein 60 and polyADP-ribose. Our results show that oh8dG has a protective role against myocardial oxidative damage and provides a useful treatment strategy for restoring cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Ji
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (J.H.H.); Tel.: +82-32-899-6682 (J.H.H.)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (J.H.H.); Tel.: +82-32-899-6682 (J.H.H.)
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Shang Q, Zhu L, Shang W, Zeng J, Qi Y. Dioscin exhibits protective effects on in vivo and in vitro asthma models via suppressing TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and AKT pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23084. [PMID: 35481609 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dioscin is a natural product that possesses protective effects on multiple chronic injuries, but its effects on asthma are not fully understood. Herein, we evaluated its effects on asthmatic mice established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenges and further explored the mechanism. Inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were analyzed using Diff-Quik staining. OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE)/IgG1 in serum and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 4[IL-4], IL-5, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α) in BALFs and lung tissues were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits. Hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunohistochemistry staining showed histopathological changes in lung tissues. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Hydroxyproline content was used to evaluate collagen deposition. Polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to measure messenger RNA and protein expression. We found that dioscin treatment (particularly at the dose of 80 mg/kg) significantly inhibited pulmonary inflammation in asthmatic mice, as evidenced by the decreased serum OVA-specific IgE/IgG1 and the reduced inflammatory cells and cytokines in BALFs and lung tissues. Moreover, dioscin effectively ameliorated the goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, collagen deposition, and smooth muscle hyperplasia in the airways of asthmatic mice. Mechanistically, dioscin restrained the activated TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and protein kinase B (AKT) signal pathways in lung tissues and potently reversed the TGF-β1-induced EMT and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and AKT in 16HBE cells. Collectively, dioscin displayed protective effects on OVA-induced asthmatic mice via adjusting TGF-β1/Smad2/3 and AKT signal pathways, supporting the fact that dioscin could be a candidate for chronic asthma prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weina Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Kim S, Jang YW, Ku YA, Shin Y, Rahman MM, Chung MH, Kim YH, Kim DH. Investigating the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of RCI001 for Treating Ocular Surface Diseases: Insight Into the Mechanism of Action. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850287. [PMID: 35401555 PMCID: PMC8987014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is continuously exposed to various environmental factors, and innate and adaptive immunity play crucial roles in ocular surface diseases (OSDs). Previously, we have reported that the topical application of RCI001 affords excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in dry eye disease and ocular chemical burn models. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of RCI001 on the Rac1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes in vitro and in vivo. Following RCI001 application to RAW264.7 and Swiss 3T3 cells, we measured Rac1 activity using a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay and G-protein activation assay kit. In addition, we quantified the expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells using ELISA and real-time PCR. In the mouse ocular alkali burn model, RCI001 was administered via eye drops (10 mg/mL, twice daily) for 5 days, and 1% prednisolone acetate (PDE) ophthalmic suspension was used as a positive control. Corneal epithelial integrity (on days 0-5) and histological examinations were performed, and transcript and protein levels of Rac1, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β were quantified using real-time PCR and western blotting in corneal tissues collected on days 3 and 5. We observed that RCI001 dose-dependently inhibited Rac1 activity and various inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Furthermore, RCI001 restored corneal epithelial integrity more rapidly than corticosteroid treatment in chemically injured corneas. Compared to the saline group, activation of Rac1 and the NLRP3 inflammasome/IL-1β axis was suppressed in the RCI001 group, especially during the early phase of the ocular alkali burn model. Topical RCI001 suppressed the expression of activated Rac1 and inflammatory cytokines in vitro and rapidly restored the injured cornea by inhibiting activation of Rac1 and the NLRP inflammasome/IL-1β axis in vivo. Accordingly, RCI001 could be a promising therapeutic agent for treating OSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Kim
- RudaCure Co. Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | | | - Yungyeong Shin
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Yong Ho Kim
- RudaCure Co. Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dong Hyun Kim, ; Yong Ho Kim,
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- RudaCure Co. Ltd., Incheon, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dong Hyun Kim, ; Yong Ho Kim,
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Oxidized Cell-Free DNA Role in the Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms under Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1245749. [PMID: 31360293 PMCID: PMC6644271 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1245749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the investigation of the oxidized cell-free DNA (cfDNA) properties in several experimental models, including cultured cerebellum cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), plasma, and hippocampus under an acute and chronic unpredictable stress model in rats. Firstly, our study shows that Spectrum Green fluorescence-labeled oxidized cfDNA fragments were transferred into the cytoplasm of 80% of the cerebellum culture cells; meanwhile, the nonoxidized cfDNA fragments do not pass into the cells. Oxidized cfDNA stimulates the antioxidant mechanisms and induction of transcription factor NRF2 expression, followed by an activation of NRF2 signaling pathway genes-rise of Nrf2 and Hmox1 gene expression and consequently NRF2 protein synthesis. Secondly, we showed that stress increases plasma cfDNA concentration in rats corresponding with the duration of the stress exposure. At the same time, our study did not reveal any significant changes of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) level in PBL of rats under acute or chronic stress, probably due to the significantly increased Nrf2 expression, that we found in such conditions. 8-oxodG is one of the most reliable markers of DNA oxidation. We also found an increased level of 8-oxodG in the hippocampal homogenates and hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats subjected to acute and chronic stress. Taken together, our data shows that oxidized cfDNA may play a significant role in systemic and neuronal physiological mechanisms of stress and adaptation.
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Chernikov AV, Gudkov SV, Usacheva AM, Bruskov VI. Exogenous 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine: Biomedical properties, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917130089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hong GU, Kim NG, Ro JY. Expression of airway remodeling proteins in mast cell activated by TGF-β released in OVA-induced allergic responses and their inhibition by low-dose irradiation or 8-oxo-dG. Radiat Res 2014; 181:425-38. [PMID: 24720751 DOI: 10.1667/rr13547.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic airway remodeling, which is associated with the expression of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) by TGF-β. However, to date there are no reports demonstrating that structural proteins are directly expressed in mast cells. This study aimed to investigate whether ECM proteins are expressed in mast cells activated with antigen/antibody reaction, and whether the resolution effects of irradiation or 8-oxo-dG may contribute to allergic asthma prevention. Bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were activated with DNP-HSA/anti-DNP IgE antibody (act-BMMCs). C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic asthma. Mice were treated orally with 8-oxo-dG or exposed to whole body irradiation (using (137)Cs gamma ray at a dose of 0.5 Gy) for three consecutive days 24 h after OVA challenge. Expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, TGF-β signaling molecules and NF-κB/AP-1 was determined in the BMMCs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells or lung tissues using Western blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. Act-BMMCs increased expression of ECM proteins, TGF-β/TGF-β receptor I, TGF-β signaling molecules and cytokines; and increased both NF-κB and AP-1 activity. In addition, the population of mast cells; expression of mast cell markers, TGF-β signaling molecules, ECM proteins/amounts; OVA-specific serum IgE level; numbers of goblet cells; airway hyperresponsiveness; cytokines/chemokines were increased in BAL cells and lung tissues of OVA-challenged mice. All of the above end points were reduced by irradiation or 8-oxo-dG in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The data suggest that mast cells induce expression of ECM proteins through TGF-β produced in inflammatory cells of OVA mice and that post treatment of irradiation or 8-oxo-dG after OVA-challenge may reduce airway remodeling through down-regulating mast cell re-activation by TGF-β/Smad signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwan Ui Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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7
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Ko SH, Lee JK, Lee HJ, Ye SK, Kim HS, Chung MH. 8-Oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine ameliorates features of metabolic syndrome in obese mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:610-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hong GU, Kim NG, Jeoung D, Ro JY. Anti-CD40 Ab- or 8-oxo-dG-enhanced Treg cells reduce development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via down-regulating migration and activation of mast cells. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:60-73. [PMID: 23622820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether anti-CD40 Ab and 8-oxo-dG attenuate mast cell migration and EAE development. Anti-CD40 Ab and 8-oxo-dG reduced EAE scores, mast cell numbers, expression of adhesion molecules, OX40L and Act1, levels of TNF-α, LTs, expression of cytokines, and co-localization of Treg cells and mast cells, all of which are increased in EAE-brain tissues. Each treatment enhanced Treg cells, expression of OX40, and cytokines related to suppressive function of Treg cells in EAE brain tissues. Act-BMMCs with Treg cells reduced expression of OX40L and CCL2/CCR2, VCAM-1, PECAM-1, [Ca²⁺]i levels, release of mediators, various signaling molecules, Act1 related to IL-17a signals versus those in act-BMMCs without Treg cells. The data suggest that IL-10- and IL-35-producing Foxp3⁺-Treg cells, enhanced by anti-CD40 Ab or 8-oxo-dG, suppress migration of mast cells through down-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules, and suppress mast cell activation through cell-to-cell cross-talk via OX40/OX40L in EAE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwan Ui Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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Huh JY, Son DJ, Lee Y, Lee J, Kim B, Lee HM, Jo H, Choi S, Ha H, Chung MH. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine prevents plaque formation and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell activation through Rac1 inactivation. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:109-21. [PMID: 22580124 PMCID: PMC5489255 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, has been recently rediscovered to inhibit Rac1 in neutrophils and macrophages, thereby inhibiting Rac1-linked functions of these cells, including reactive oxygen species production through NADPH oxidase activation, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and cytokine release. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), reactive oxygen species also induce abnormal proliferation and migration leading to progression of atherosclerosis. Based upon the involvement of reactive oxygen species in phagocytic cells and VSMCs during the atherosclerotic process, we hypothesized that 8-OHdG could have antiatherosclerotic action and tested this hypothesis in an experimentally induced atherosclerosis in mice. Partially ligated ApoE knockout mice, a more physiologically relevant model of low and oscillatory flow, developed an advanced lesion in 2 weeks, and orally administered 8-OHdG significantly reduced plaque formation along with reduced superoxide formation, monocyte/macrophage infiltration, and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. The effects of 8-OHdG observed in primary VSMCs were consistent with the in vivo effects of 8-OHdG and were inhibitory to angiotensin II or platelet-derived growth factor-induced production of reactive oxygen species, proliferation, migration, and ECM production. Also, angiotensin II-induced Rac1 activity in VSMCs was significantly inhibited by 8-OHdG, and transfection of constitutively active Rac1 reversed the inhibitory effect of 8-OHdG on VSMC activation. Molecular docking study showed that 8-OHdG stabilizes Rac1-GEF complex, indicating the physical contact of 8-OHdG with Rac1. These findings highly suggest that the antiatherosclerotic effect of 8-OHdG is mediated by inhibition of Rac1 activity. In conclusion, our results show a novel action of orally active 8-OHdG in suppressing atherosclerotic plaque formation in vivo and VSMC activation in vitro through inhibition of Rac1, which emphasizes a new therapeutic avenue to benefit atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Deoxyguanosine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxyguanosine/pharmacology
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/prevention & control
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Huh
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoonji Lee
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Junghyun Lee
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Boyeon Kim
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Department of Cosmetic Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sun Choi
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Corresponding author. (S. Choi), (H. Ha)
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling & Drug Discovery Research, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Department of Bioinspired Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Corresponding author. Fax: +82 2 3277 2851
| | - Myung-Hee Chung
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul, Korea
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Ock CY, Kim EH, Choi DJ, Lee HJ, Hahm KB, Chung MH. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine: Not mere biomarker for oxidative stress, but remedy for oxidative stress-implicated gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:302-8. [PMID: 22294836 PMCID: PMC3261525 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i4.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack guanine bases in DNA easily and form 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which can bind to thymidine rather than cytosine, based on which, the level of 8-OHdG is generally regarded as a biomarker of mutagenesis consequent to oxidative stress. For example, higher levels of 8-OHdG are noted in Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic atrophic gastritis as well as gastric cancer. However, we have found that exogenous 8-OHdG can paradoxically reduce ROS production, attenuate the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and ameliorate the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, cyclo-oxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in addition to expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)-1, NOX organizer-1 and NOX activator-1 in various conditions of inflammation-based gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and even colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Our recent finding that exogenous 8-OHdG was very effective in either inflammation-based or oxidative-stress-associated diseases of stress-related mucosal damage has inspired the hope that synthetic 8-OHdG can be a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammation-based GI diseases, as well as the prevention of inflammation-associated GI cancer. In this editorial review, the novel fact that exogenous 8-OHdG can be a functional molecule regulating oxidative-stress-induced gastritis through either antagonizing Rac-guanosine triphosphate binding or blocking the signals responsible for gastric inflammatory cascade is introduced.
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Ock CY, Kim EH, Hong H, Hong KS, Han YM, Choi KS, Hahm KB, Chung MH. Prevention of colitis-associated colorectal cancer with 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1507-21. [PMID: 21733838 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colitis-associated cancer (CAC) is one of clear examples of inflammation-carcinogenesis sequence, by which the strict control of colitis with potent anti-inflammatory or antioxidative agent offers the chance of cancer prevention. Supported with the facts that Rac1 binds and activates STAT3, which are significantly upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as well as CAC, but 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine or 8-OHdG) paradoxically can block Rac1 activation and subsequent NADPH oxidase (NOX) inactivation in various inflammation models, we hypothesized that attenuated Rac1-STAT3 and COX-NF-κB pathway by exogenous 8-OHdG administration may ameliorate inflammatory signaling in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and can prevent CAC. Before commencing carcinogenesis model, we checked whether exogenous 8-OHdG can alleviate IBD, for which interleukin (IL)-10 knockout mice were designed to ingest 5% DSS for 1 week, and 8-OHdG is given through intraperitoneal route daily. 8-OHdG treatment groups significantly reduced pathologic grade of DSS-induced colitis as well as various inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS in a dose-dependent manner. To document the cancer prevention effects of 8-OHdG, mice were injected azoxymethane followed by drinking 2.5% DSS for 1 week, after which 8-OHdG-containing diets were given for 20 weeks. As results, mice that consumed 8-OHdG-containing diet significantly reduced both tumor incidence and multiplicity. Rac1 activity and phosphorylated STAT3 level were significantly attenuated in the 8-OHdG-treated group. Significantly decreased levels of malondialdehyde, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, matrix metalloproteinasess, COX-2, NOX4, and β-catenin nuclear accumulation were responsible for cancer prevention effects of exogenous 8-OHdG. In conclusion, we clearly showed cancer-preventive effect of exogenous 8-OHdG against CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Young Ock
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Gachon University Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Kim DY, Hong GU, Ro JY. Signal pathways in astrocytes activated by cross-talk between of astrocytes and mast cells through CD40-CD40L. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:25. [PMID: 21410936 PMCID: PMC3068960 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocytes, which play an active role in chronic inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis, exist close to mast cells with which they share perivascular localization. We previously demonstrated the possibility that astrocytes and mast cells interact in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the signaling pathways and the role for astrocytes in the interaction of astrocytes and mast cells. Methods We co-cultured human U87 glioblastoma (U87) and human mast cell-1 (HMC-1) cell lines, and mouse cerebral cortices-derived astrocytes and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was measured by confocal microscopy; CD40 siRNA by Silencer Express Kit; small GTPases by GTP-pull down assay; PKCs, MAPKs, CD40, CD40L, Jak1/2, STAT1, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) by Western blot; NF-κB and AP-1 by EMSA; cytokines by RT-PCR. An experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was induced using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide and pertussis toxin in mice. Co-localization of TNFR1 and astrocytes in EAE brain tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Each astrocyte co-culture had increases in [Ca2+]i levels, release of cytokines and chemokines; activities of Rho-family GTPases, NF-κB/AP-1/STAT1727, and Jack1/2, STAT1701. These effects were inhibited by anti-CD40 antibody or CD40 siRNA, and signaling pathways for Jak1/2 were inhibited by anti-TNFR1 antibody. EAE score, expression of TNFR1, and co-localization of TNFR1 and astrocytes were enhanced in brain of the EAE model. Anti-CD40 antibody or 8-oxo-dG pretreatment reduced these effects in EAE model. Conclusions These data suggest that astrocytes activated by the CD40-CD40L interaction in co-culture induce inflammatory cytokine production via small GTPases, and the secreted cytokines re-activate astrocytes via Jak/STAT1701 pathways, and then release more cytokines that contribute to exacerbating the development of EAE. These findings imply that the pro-inflammatory mediators produced by cell-to-cell cross-talk via interaction of CD40-CD40L may be as a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine suppresses allergy-induced lung tissue remodeling in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 651:218-26. [PMID: 21114981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness and allergy-associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced allergic mice by inactivating Rac. In the present study, 8-oxo-dG was investigated for its suppression of inflammation and remodeling in lung tissues induced by allergic reaction in mice. Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin without or with oral administration of 8-oxo-dG. The mice without 8-oxo-dG administration showed the following inflammatory and airway remodeling signs: infiltration of inflammatory cells into peribronchial area, hyperplasia of mucus-secreting goblet cells in bronchial walls, increase of expressions of Muc5ac and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, collagen deposition and protein expression, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 expressions. We also observed an increase of various inflammation-mediating proteins, namely IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, TNF-α and IFN-γ, and activation of STAT1 and NF-κB. Production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO(.)) was increased as indicated by a dramatic increase in formation of nitro-tyrosine. Importantly, Rac1 and 2 were also markedly activated. However, 8-oxo-dG suppressed all these inflammatory and tissue remodeling signs as well as activation of Rac1 and 2. These results indicate that 8-oxo-dG can inhibit allergy-induced inflammation and remodeling in airway and lung tissues through Rac inactivation.
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Al-Aubaidy HA, Jelinek HF. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine identifies oxidative DNA damage in a rural prediabetes cohort. Redox Rep 2010; 15:155-60. [PMID: 20663291 DOI: 10.1179/174329210x12650506623681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rising levels of oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we investigated the serum level of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG) as an early oxidative stress marker in patients with prediabetes and with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Convenience sampling from people attending a diabetes screening clinic. Participants at the rural diabetes screening clinic had their medical history recorded as well as body mass index, blood glucose, cholesterol, glutathione, malondialdehyde, fasting blood glucose and 8-OHdG measured. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Sheffe posthoc test for between-group differences. RESULTS The 8-OHdG level was significantly greater in the prediabetes (516.5 +/- 260 pg/ml) compared to control group (177.8 +/- 91 pg/ml; P < 0.01). The diabetes group (1926.9 +/- 1197 pg/ml) had the highest level of 8-OHdG, being approximately four times greater compared to the prediabetes group (P < 0.001). No significant change in the cholesterol profile, MDA level indicative of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity as measured by erythrocyte reduced glutathione was observed in the prediabetes group compared to the control group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS 8-OHdG levels in both the prediabetes and diabetes group were increased from control values suggesting a role for 8-OHdG as an early disease marker that may be more sensitive compared to cholesterol, MDA and erythrocyte reduced glutathione levels, which were within normal limits. This is of clinical significance as 8-OHdG is a strong indicator of oxidative stress related DNA damage within blood vessel walls and other tissue that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder A Al-Aubaidy
- Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia.
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Rai P. Oxidation in the nucleotide pool, the DNA damage response and cellular senescence: Defective bricks build a defective house. Mutat Res 2010; 703:71-81. [PMID: 20673809 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of persistent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling is associated with the induction of a permanent proliferative arrest known as cellular senescence, a phenomenon intrinsically linked to both tissue aging as well as tumor suppression. The DNA damage observed in senescent cells has been attributed to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), failing DNA damage repair processes, and/or oncogenic activation. It is not clear how labile molecules such as ROS are able to damage chromatin-bound DNA to a sufficient extent to invoke persistent DNA damage and DDR signaling. Recent evidence suggests that the nucleotide pool is a significant target for oxidants and that oxidized nucleotides, once incorporated into genomic DNA, can lead to the induction of a DNA strand break-associated DDR that triggers senescence in normal cells and in cells sustaining oncogene activation. Evasion of this DDR and resulting senescence is a key step in tumor progression. This review will explore the role of oxidation in the nucleotide pool as a major effector of oxidative stress-induced genotoxic damage and DDR in the context of cellular senescence and tumorigenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Rai
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Rosenstiel Medical Sciences Building, Rm#7094/Locator Code: D-503, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Kim DY, Jeoung D, Ro JY. Signaling pathways in the activation of mast cells cocultured with astrocytes and colocalization of both cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:273-83. [PMID: 20511559 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells in the CNS participate in the pathophysiology of chronic neurodegenerative inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the signaling pathway of mast cells activated in an environment cocultured with astrocytes and to explore the role of their colocalization in brain of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Human mast cell line-1 cells and human U87 glioblastoma cell lines (U87) or mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells and mouse cerebral cortices-derived astrocytes were cocultured. Intracellular Ca(2+) was measured by confocal microscopy; histamine by fluorometric analyzer; leukotrienes by ELISA; small GTPases, protein kinase Cs, MAPK, c-kit, CD40, and CD40L by Western blot; NF-kappaB and AP-1 by EMSA; cytokines by RT-PCR; and colocalization of mast cells and astrocytes in brain by immunohistochemistry. Mast cells cocultured with astrocytes showed time-dependent increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels, release of histamine and leukotrienes, and cytokine production. Mast cells or astrocytes showed enhanced surface expression of CD40L and CD40, respectively, during coculture. Mast cells cocultured with astrocytes induced small GTPases (Rac1/2, cdc42), protein kinase Cs, MAPK, NF-kappaB, and AP-1 activities. These changes were blocked by anti-CD40 Ab pretreatment or CD40 small interfering RNA. Mast cells increased in the thalamus of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis model, particularly colocalized with astrocytes in the thalamic border region of the habenula. In conclusion, the data suggest that activation of mast cells cocultured with astrocytes induces release of mediators by small GTPases/Ca(2+) influx through CD40-CD40L interactions to participate in the pathophysiology of chronic neurodegenerative inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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