1
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Gold A, Phayal A, Prins B. The unexpected consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on maritime
crime: Evidence from Indonesia and Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL AREA STUDIES REVIEW 2023; 26:7-23. [PMCID: PMC9852966 DOI: 10.1177/22338659221151130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic has been devastating. Job losses,
negative growth rates, and increased poverty have all followed rising infection
rates. The economic costs have been especially challenging for many piracy-prone
countries. The international monetary fund anticipates sizable unemployment
increases in many Indo-Pacific countries. Deeper and more durable economic
damage may materialize in some West African countries. Often, negative economic
shocks produce surges in crime, both on land and at sea. The present study
evaluates the effects of COVID-19 on maritime pirate attacks in two countries,
Nigeria, located in the Gulf of Guinea, and Indonesia, located in the
Indo-Pacific. We employ monthly and quarterly data on government measures to
prevent infection, sea-piracy incidents, and economic conditions to explore
whether the subsequent economic fallout produced more maritime crime. We do not
find clear evidence of this relationship in Indonesia. However, COVID-19-induced
stringency measure does appear to have increased sea-piracy incidents in
Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gold
- Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee,
TN, USA
| | - Anup Phayal
- Anup Phayal, Department of Public and
International Affairs, University of North Carolina , 268 Leutze Hall,
Wilmington, NC, USA.
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2
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Zhou Y, Zhaohua Li, Zhao L. Research on the Impact of Livelihood Capital by the Honghu Fishermen's Willingness to Quit Fishing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:1900301. [PMID: 36225755 PMCID: PMC9550402 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the livelihood of fishermen under the fishing prohibition policy, quantitative research methods were used to explore the relationship between the willingness to quit fishing and livelihood capital. With reference to 609 survey data from 20 fishing grounds in 2 counties and cities of Hubei Province, this paper explores the necessity of convincing fishermen in the Yangtze River to quit fishing and evaluates the impact of livelihood mode on Honghu fishermen's willingness to quit fishing by means of structural equation model based on the sustainable livelihood framework developed by the UK Department for International Development. The results showed the following conclusions: (1) The proportion of fishermen who are willing to participate in quitting fishing is 66.7%, indicating that fishery production is still the main source of livelihood for many fishermen. The overall willingness of fishermen to quit fishing is strong, and fishermen have realized the importance of protecting fishery resources. (2) There is a strong correlation between the indicators of livelihood capital and the willingness of fishermen to quit fishing. Among them, the human capital has the most significant impact on fishermen's willingness to quit fishing for some compensation from public power. The research conclusion is helpful for the government to improve the fishing prohibition policy in a targeted manner and mobilize the enthusiasm of fishermen to protect fishery resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhaohua Li
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Liya Zhao
- Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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3
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Salgueiro-Otero D, Barnes ML, Ojea E. Climate adaptation pathways and the role of social-ecological networks in small-scale fisheries. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15526. [PMID: 36109527 PMCID: PMC9478087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to have increasing impacts on marine ecosystems which will threaten the livelihoods and wellbeing of millions of people. Drawing on social-ecological network and sociodemographic data collected via face-to-face interviews with 404 small-scale commercial fishers from 9 Galician communities (Spain), we empirically examine the adaptation pathways that fishers follow when they face hypothetical impacts on their fishery resources and test the role of five social-ecological network structures on fisher’s stated intended responses to such scenarios. Our results show that fishers generally intend to follow a ‘remain—adapt—transform—exit (the fishery)’ pathway when faced with increasing climate impacts. Next, we demonstrate that trust-based bonding ties and ties to informal leaders are associated with a ‘business-as-usual’ strategy. In contrast, communicative bonding ties are associated with adaptive responses, while communicative bridging ties are associated with transformative and exit strategies. Our findings provide key empirical insight that broaden our understanding of the intricate relationship between social networks and adaptive behaviour relevant to social-ecological systems worldwide.
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4
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Nyboer EA, Musinguzi L, Ogutu‐Ohwayo R, Natugonza V, Cooke SJ, Young N, Chapman LJ. Climate change adaptation and adaptive efficacy in the inland fisheries of the Lake Victoria basin. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laban Musinguzi
- National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) Jinja Uganda
| | | | - Vianny Natugonza
- Busitema University Maritime Institute Namasagali campus Kamuli Uganda
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute for Environment and Interdisciplinary Science Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Nathan Young
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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5
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Koehn LE, Nelson LK, Samhouri JF, Norman KC, Jacox MG, Cullen AC, Fiechter J, Pozo Buil M, Levin PS. Social-ecological vulnerability of fishing communities to climate change: A U.S. West Coast case study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272120. [PMID: 35976855 PMCID: PMC9385011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is already impacting coastal communities, and ongoing and future shifts in fisheries species productivity from climate change have implications for the livelihoods and cultures of coastal communities. Harvested marine species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem support U.S. West Coast communities economically, socially, and culturally. Ecological vulnerability assessments exist for individual species in the California Current but ecological and human vulnerability are linked and vulnerability is expected to vary by community. Here, we present automatable, reproducible methods for assessing the vulnerability of U.S. West Coast fishing dependent communities to climate change within a social-ecological vulnerability framework. We first assessed the ecological risk of marine resources, on which fishing communities rely, to 50 years of climate change projections. We then combined this with the adaptive capacity of fishing communities, based on social indicators, to assess the potential ability of communities to cope with future changes. Specific communities (particularly in Washington state) were determined to be at risk to climate change mainly due to economic reliance on at risk marine fisheries species, like salmon, hake, or sea urchins. But, due to higher social adaptive capacity, these communities were often not found to be the most vulnerable overall. Conversely, certain communities that were not the most at risk, ecologically and economically, ranked in the category of highly vulnerable communities due to low adaptive capacity based on social indicators (particularly in Southern California). Certain communities were both ecologically at risk due to catch composition and socially vulnerable (low adaptive capacity) leading to the highest tier of vulnerability. The integration of climatic, ecological, economic, and societal data reveals that factors underlying vulnerability are variable across fishing communities on the U.S West Coast, and suggests the need to develop a variety of well-aligned strategies to adapt to the ecological impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Koehn
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura K. Nelson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jameal F. Samhouri
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Karma C. Norman
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Jacox
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, CA, United States of America
| | - Alison C. Cullen
- Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jerome Fiechter
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Pozo Buil
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Phillip S. Levin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Nature Conservancy in Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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6
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Williams BA, Watson JEM, Beyer HL, Klein CJ, Montgomery J, Runting RK, Roberson LA, Halpern BS, Grantham HS, Kuempel CD, Frazier M, Venter O, Wenger A. Global rarity of intact coastal regions. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13874. [PMID: 34907590 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Management of the land-sea interface is essential for global conservation and sustainability objectives because coastal regions maintain natural processes that support biodiversity and the livelihood of billions of people. However, assessments of coastal regions have focused strictly on either the terrestrial or marine realm. Consequently, understanding of the overall state of Earth's coastal regions is poor. We integrated the terrestrial human footprint and marine cumulative human impact maps in a global assessment of the anthropogenic pressures affecting coastal regions. Of coastal regions globally, 15.5% had low anthropogenic pressure, mostly in Canada, Russia, and Greenland. Conversely, 47.9% of coastal regions were heavily affected by humanity, and in most countries (84.1%) >50% of their coastal regions were degraded. Nearly half (43.3%) of protected areas across coastal regions were exposed to high human pressures. To meet global sustainability objectives, all nations must undertake greater actions to preserve and restore the coastal regions within their borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Williams
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hawthorne L Beyer
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carissa J Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie Montgomery
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Rebecca K Runting
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leslie A Roberson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caitlin D Kuempel
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Frazier
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amelia Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Marine Program, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Stier AC, Essington TE, Samhouri JF, Siple MC, Halpern BS, White C, Lynham JM, Salomon AK, Levin PS. Avoiding critical thresholds through effective monitoring. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220526. [PMID: 35703054 PMCID: PMC9198780 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in sustainability science is identifying targets that maximize ecosystem benefits to humanity while minimizing the risk of crossing critical system thresholds. One critical threshold is the biomass at which populations become so depleted that their population growth rates become negative-depensation. Here, we evaluate how the value of monitoring information increases as a natural resource spends more time near the critical threshold. This benefit emerges because higher monitoring precision promotes higher yield and a greater capacity to recover from overharvest. We show that precautionary buffers that trigger increased monitoring precision as resource levels decline may offer a way to minimize monitoring costs and maximize profits. In a world of finite resources, improving our understanding of the trade-off between precision in estimates of population status and the costs of mismanagement will benefit stakeholders that shoulder the burden of these economic and social costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C. Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Timothy E. Essington
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jameal F. Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Margaret C. Siple
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 1021 Anacapa Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA,Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Crow White
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA
| | - John M. Lynham
- Department of Economics & UHERO, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Anne K. Salomon
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Phillip S. Levin
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA,School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,The Nature Conservancy, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Kotowicz DM, Torell E, Castro J, Oracion EG, Pollnac R, Ricci G. Exploring Influences on Environmental Stewardship of Fishing Communities in Fisheries Management in the Philippines. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 69:1102-1117. [PMID: 35435475 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fisheries compliance has been explored conceptually and empirically in numerous contexts but in many fisheries, compliance with rules is not sufficient to return to sustainable levels of effort. Failing to understand the context and what drives fishers to behave the way they do, has the potential to misdirect investments. The authors present a conceptual model of fisheries ecosystem stewardship (FES) that expands upon fisheries compliance with the addition of moral obligation for fishing communities. This paper uses household survey data from fishing communities in three marine key biodiversity areas (MKBA) in the Philippines to test part of the FES model using logistic regression and multiple regression analysis with empirical data to test the model. Data shows that apart from the respondents' location (i.e., which MKBA is adjacent to their community), knowledge of laws protecting coastal/marine resources was the most important predictor of environmental stewardship, followed by support for limiting fishing effort and knowledge of illegal fishing. Individual decisions about if and how-to fish are influenced by the economic context and available livelihood opportunities. However, the moral obligation to "do the right thing" is equally, if not more important to consider for fisheries ecosystem stewardship in fishing communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Kotowicz
- University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center, 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, USA.
| | - Elin Torell
- University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center, 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Joan Castro
- The PATH Foundation Philippines Inc., Cityland Condominium 10, 154 H.V. dela Costa Street, Salcedo Village, 1227, Makati, Philippines
| | - Enrique G Oracion
- Research and Development Center 3/F Rm 302 Uytengsu Computer Studies Hall, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines
| | - Richard Pollnac
- School of Marine & Environmental Affairs, University Of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Marine Affairs, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Glenn Ricci
- University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center, 220 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, USA
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9
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Smallhorn-West P, van der Ploeg J, Boso D, Sukulu M, Leamae J, Isihanua M, Jasper M, Saeni-Oeta J, Batalofo M, Orirana G, Konamalefo A, Houma J, Eriksson H. Patterns of catch and trophic signatures illustrate diverse management requirements of coastal fisheries in Solomon Islands. AMBIO 2022; 51:1504-1519. [PMID: 35150394 PMCID: PMC9005606 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coastal fisheries are a critical component of Pacific island food systems; they power village economies and provide nutritious aquatic foods. Many coastal women and men actively fishing in this region rely on multi-species fisheries, which given their extraordinary diversity are notoriously difficult to both characterize, and to manage. Understanding patterns of fishing, diversity of target species and drivers of these patterns can help define requirements for sustainable management and enhanced livelihoods. Here we use a 12-month data set of 8535 fishing trips undertaken by fishers across Malaita province, Solomon Islands, to create fisheries signatures for 13 communities based on the combination of two metrics; catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch trophic levels. These signatures are in turn used as a framework for guiding suitable management recommendations in the context of community-based resource management. While a key proximate driver of these patterns was fishing gear (e.g. angling, nets or spearguns), market surveys and qualitative environmental information suggest that community fishing characteristics are coupled to local environmental features more than the market value of specific species they target. Our results demonstrate that even within a single island not all small-scale fisheries are equal, and effective management solutions ultimately depend on catering to the specific environmental characteristics around individual communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Smallhorn-West
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4810 Australia
| | - Jan van der Ploeg
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Delvene Boso
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Meshach Sukulu
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Janet Leamae
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Mathew Isihanua
- Malaita Fisheries Division, Malaita Provincial Government, Auki, Malaita Solomon Islands
| | - Martin Jasper
- Malaita Fisheries Division, Malaita Provincial Government, Auki, Malaita Solomon Islands
| | - Janet Saeni-Oeta
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Margaret Batalofo
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Grace Orirana
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Alick Konamalefo
- Malaita Fisheries Division, Malaita Provincial Government, Auki, Malaita Solomon Islands
| | - Jill Houma
- Malaita Fisheries Division, Malaita Provincial Government, Auki, Malaita Solomon Islands
| | - Hampus Eriksson
- WorldFish, Unit 2, LKP Building, Mission Place, PO Box 438, Honiara, Solomon Islands
- Australian National Center for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
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10
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Spatial Solutions and Their Impacts When Reshuffling Coastal Management Priorities in Small Islands with Limited Diversification Opportunities. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14073871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In small islands, the potential for new coastal activities and management options are often spatially limited. To reduce dependence on external factors and increase the resilience of populations to global changes and fluctuations in international markets, a recommended pathway is to diversify activities. We used a systematic prioritization tool with single and multiobjective zoning to explore the feasibility of scenarios at various levels of spatial diversification in the Gambier lagoon (French Polynesia), where black pearl culture is economically and spatially dominant. Local managers are committed to economic, livelihood, and environmental sustainability and agree that prioritizing both artisanal fisheries, which provide local food security, and ecosystem conservation should also be considered. Diversification options included the optimized reallocation of farming concessions and the identification of different types of conservation areas while taking into account traditional management areas. The scenarios were set to minimize surface areas and loss of access to existing fishing grounds. The solutions were compared between the scenarios with different cost metrics, allowing further discussions with stakeholders and managers. The Gambier case study shows that exploring diversification options in small islands using systematic prioritization tools can provide local managers with tailor-made plans adapted to island development questions.
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11
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Bernos TA, Travouck C, Ramasinoro N, Fraser DJ, Mathevon B. What can be learned from fishers' perceptions for fishery management planning? Case study insights from Sainte-Marie, Madagascar. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259792. [PMID: 34780489 PMCID: PMC8592436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local support is critical to the success and longevity of fishery management initiatives. Previous research suggests that how resource users perceive ecological changes, explain them, and cope with them, influences local support. The objectives of this study were two-fold. First, we collated local fishers' knowledge to characterize the long-term socio-ecological dynamics of the small-scale fishery of Sainte-Marie Island, in Madagascar. Second, we empirically assessed the individual- and site-level factors influencing support for fishery restrictions. Our results indicate that fishers observed a decline in fish abundance and catch sizes, especially in nearshore areas; many also perceived a reduction in fish sizes and the local disappearance of species. To maintain their catches, most fishers adapted by fishing harder and further offshore. Accordingly, fishers identified increased fishing effort (number of fishers and gear evolution) as the main cause of fishery changes. Collectively, our results highlight that the transition from a subsistence to commercial fishery, and resulting changes in the relationship between people and the fisheries, was an underlying driver of fishery changes. Additionally, we found that gender, membership to local associations, coping mechanisms, and perceptions of ecological health, were all interlinked and significantly associated with conservation-oriented attitudes. Conservation-oriented attitudes, however, were not associated with fishers' willingness to decrease fishing. In the short-term, area-based restrictions could contribute to building support for conservation. In the long-term, addressing the underlying causes of the decline will necessitate collaborations among the various groups involved to progressively build livelihood flexibility. Collectively, our study provides additional insights on the individual- and site-level factors influencing support for fishery restrictions. It also highlights the importance of dialoguing with fishers to ensure that fishery management plans are adapted to the local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaïs A. Bernos
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Soavimbahoaka, Madagascar
| | - Clodio Travouck
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Soavimbahoaka, Madagascar
| | - Naly Ramasinoro
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Soavimbahoaka, Madagascar
| | - Dylan J. Fraser
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Mathevon
- Natural Resources Management Program, Gret Professionals for Fair Development, Nogent sur Marne Cedex, France
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12
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Mbaru EK, Hicks CC, Gurney GG, Cinner JE. Evaluating outcomes of conservation with multidimensional indicators of well-being. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1417-1425. [PMID: 33938596 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many conservation interventions are hypothesized to be beneficial for both the environment and people's well-being, but this has rarely been tested rigorously. We examined the effects of adoption or nonadoption of a conservation intervention on 3 dimensions of people's well-being (material, relational, and subjective) over time. We focused on a fisheries bycatch management initiative intended to reduce environmental externalities associated with resource extraction. We collected panel data from fishers (n = 250) in villages with (adopters and nonadopters) and without (control) the conservation intervention 3 times over 2 years. We found no evidence that adoption reduced any of the 3 dimensions of well-being in the local populations affected by the intervention. There were modest improvements in material (t = -1.58) and subjective livelihood well-being (p = 0.04) for adopters relative to nonadopters over time. The variations in well-being experiences (in terms of magnitude of change) among adopters, nonadopters, and controls across the different domains over time affirmed the dynamic and social nature of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K Mbaru
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Georgina G Gurney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Guiry EJ, Kennedy JR, O'Connell MT, Gray DR, Grant C, Szpak P. Early evidence for historical overfishing in the Gulf of Mexico. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabh2525. [PMID: 34348901 PMCID: PMC8336961 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fisheries encompass complex interplays between social, economic, and environmental factors, but limitations on historical fisheries data can hamper efforts to identify and contextualize the long-term spatiotemporal patterns that shape them. We integrate 2500 years of stable isotope (δ34S, δ13C, and δ15N) and zooarchaeological evidence from Gulf of Mexico fisheries to assess cultural, demographic, and technological changes affecting sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) populations and fishing practices in Louisiana, USA. Concurrent with human population growth, average sizes of sheepshead caught decreased from the 1720s to 1830s. The size of fish caught after the 1830s increased to pre-1720 levels at the same time that isotopic compositions of fish bone collagen show that fish were being caught from a more diverse range of ecosystems, including distant seagrass beds. Our findings provide the first evidence for large-scale depressions of historical sheepshead populations and the processes driving them, including rapid human population growth and sustained harvesting pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Guiry
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Mayor's Walk, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
- Department of Anthropology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Kennedy
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Orleans, Milneburg Hall 352, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Martin T O'Connell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New Orleans, 1065 Geology and Psychology Building, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - D Ryan Gray
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Orleans, Milneburg Hall 352, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | - Christopher Grant
- Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Paul Szpak
- Department of Anthropology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
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Tourism-Based Alternative Livelihoods for Small Island Communities Transitioning towards a Blue Economy. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tourism development has been promoted as an alternative livelihood to reduce the dependence of small island communities on declining marine resources. It is often central to emerging agendas around marine planning and the blue economy. However, relatively little is known about how communities perceive tourism development as an alternative and potentially sustainable livelihood in their area and its implications. This qualitative study tracks a governance system in transition and analyzes the factors perceived by stakeholders to be driving and hindering the adoption of tourism-based livelihoods on small islands in UNESCO’s Taka Bonerate Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve (Indonesia). The findings indicate that, despite a series of tourism-enhancing investments and initiatives and the positive attitudes of local communities towards it, tourism is not a direct route towards sustainability for small island communities. The benefits of tourism are perceived to be unequally distributed. The lack of education and skills limits participation in new job opportunities, and the incentives to continue destructive fishing inhibits livelihood transition to tourism. The article concludes that tourism cannot be assumed to generate simultaneous benefits for conservation and development without more equitable benefit sharing, the meeting of basic needs in communities, and addressing the drivers of unsustainable livelihoods.
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Gibson E, Stacey N, Sunderland TCH, Adhuri DS. Coping or adapting? Experiences of food and nutrition insecurity in specialised fishing households in Komodo District, eastern Indonesia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:355. [PMID: 33588828 PMCID: PMC7885255 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing recognition of the need for fish to be better integrated into nutrition-sensitive strategies for addressing malnutrition. Fish are overwhelmingly produced by the small-scale sector, which supports food and nutrition security directly through the provision of fish and indirectly through the generation of income which can be used to purchase other desired foods. However, there has been relatively little research on the extent of food and nutrition security in specialised fishing communities. This study assessed food and nutrition security among households in specialised fishing communities in Komodo District, eastern Indonesia. METHODS We assessed the seasonal nutrition quality of household diets using the Food Consumption Score for nutritional analysis and food insecurity using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale in 66 households across three communities, using a modified cluster sampling strategy. We calculated and generated descriptive statistics for these indicators with Microsoft Excel and ran a logistic generalized linear mixed model to determine factors associated with severe food insecurity using SPSS. We used semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to understand perceptions of, change over time, and strategies for dealing with food shortfalls. RESULTS While most households have acceptable access to nutritious foods, especially protein and heme iron-rich foods, nearly one half of households consumed vitamin A rich foods on less than 3 days of the 7-day recall period in either season. More than half of households reported experiencing a moderate or severe level of food insecurity, with higher food insecurity in the wet season. Low maternal education (OR: 3.8, 95%CI 1.5-9.9) and lower household wealth (OR: 0.5, 95%CI 0.3-0.9) were found to be associated with a severe level of food insecurity. Household's consumptive and non-consumptive response strategies reflect adaptation to chronic food insecurity but are nutritionally and economically unsustainable. CONCLUSION Households in specialised fishing communities in Komodo District consumed diets with low diversity and experienced high levels of food insecurity. There is a need for culturally-appropriate nutrition-sensitive strategies to enhance food and nutrition security in vulnerable fishing communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gibson
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Northern Territory Australia
| | - Natasha Stacey
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Northern Territory Australia
| | - Terry C. H. Sunderland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Colombia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dedi S. Adhuri
- Research Centre for Society and Culture, Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Jl.Jend Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta, Indonesia
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16
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Evaluating sustainable development policies in rural coastal economies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33170-33176. [PMID: 33376216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017835117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable development (SD) policies targeting marine economic sectors, designed to alleviate poverty and conserve marine ecosystems, have proliferated in recent years. Many developing countries are providing poor fishing households with new fishing boats (fishing capital) that can be used further offshore as a means to improve incomes and relieve fishing pressure on nearshore fish stocks. These kinds of policies are a marine variant of traditional SD policies focused on agriculture. Here, we evaluate ex ante economic and environmental impacts of provisions of fishing and agricultural capital, with and without enforcement of fishing regulations that prohibit the use of larger vessels in nearshore habitats. Combining methods from development economics, natural resource economics, and marine ecology, we use a unique dataset and modeling framework to account for linkages between households, business sectors, markets, and local fish stocks. We show that the policies investing capital in local marine fisheries or agricultural sectors achieve income gains for targeted households, but knock-on effects lead to increased harvest of nearshore fish, making them unlikely to achieve conservation objectives in rural coastal economies. However, pairing an agriculture stimulus with increasing enforcement of existing fisheries' regulations may lead to a win-win situation. While marine-based policies could be an important tool to achieve two of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (alleviate poverty and protect vulnerable marine resources), their success is by no means assured and requires consideration of land and marine socioeconomic linkages inherent in rural economies.
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Peixer J, Maroni Neto R. Economic efficiency and family income of small-scale fisheries on the north coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180527. [PMID: 33146257 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-scale fisheries is an important factor in the generation of income, jobs and food security. Understanding the characteristics of small-scale fisheries, and the volume of resources and food that they generate can help society recognize their value, lead to the establishment of public policies to improve working conditions and adapt the management of exploited resources for long-term conservation. The objective of this study was to estimate income, production capacity and importance of small-scale fisheries for fisher families of the municipality of Caraguatatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Fishers were interviewed from May 2012 to June 2013 and categorized according to vessel size and the number of people on the boat and helpers. Monthly income ranged from US$ 566.78 to US$ 1,466.87. The importance of fishing to family income ranged from 50.60% (employee) to 78.25% (entrepreneur). Fishers usually dedicate themselves to this activity for 8.47 to 13.22 hours daily, with daily fish production volume ranging from 42.72 to 122.14 kg/day. Small-scale fisheries involve, either directly or indirectly, about 1,170 people in the municipality and provide a network of social protection due to their local and regional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Peixer
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Câmpus Caraguatatuba, Avenida Bahia, 1739, Indaiá, 11665-071 Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Maroni Neto
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Câmpus Caraguatatuba, Avenida Bahia, 1739, Indaiá, 11665-071 Caraguatatuba, SP, Brazil
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19
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Free CM, Mangin T, Molinos JG, Ojea E, Burden M, Costello C, Gaines SD. Realistic fisheries management reforms could mitigate the impacts of climate change in most countries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224347. [PMID: 32134926 PMCID: PMC7058327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although climate change is altering the productivity and distribution of marine fisheries, climate-adaptive fisheries management could mitigate many of the negative impacts on human society. We forecast global fisheries biomass, catch, and profits to 2100 under three climate scenarios (RCPs 4.5, 6.0, 8.5) and five levels of management reform to (1) determine the impact of climate change on national fisheries and (2) quantify the national-scale benefits of implementing climate-adaptive fisheries reforms. Management reforms accounting for shifting productivity and shifting distributions would yield higher catch and profits in the future relative to today for 60–65% of countries under the two least severe climate scenarios but for only 35% of countries under the most severe scenario. Furthermore, these management reforms would yield higher cumulative catch and profits than business-as-usual management for nearly all countries under the two least severe climate scenarios but would yield lower cumulative catch for 40% of countries under the most severe scenario. Fortunately, perfect fisheries management is not necessary to achieve these benefits: transboundary cooperation with 5-year intervals between adaptive interventions would result in comparable outcomes. However, the ability for realistic management reforms to offset the negative impacts of climate change is bounded by changes in underlying biological productivity. Although realistic reforms could generate higher catch and profits for 23–50% of countries experiencing reductions in productivity, the remaining countries would need to develop, expand, and reform aquaculture and other food production sectors to offset losses in capture fisheries. Still, climate-adaptive management is more profitable than business-as-usual management in all countries and we provide guidance on implementing–and achieving the benefits of–climate-adaptive fisheries reform along a gradient of scientific, management, and enforcement capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Free
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tracey Mangin
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge García Molinos
- Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Arctic Research, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Elena Ojea
- Future Oceans Lab, CIM-UVigo, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Merrick Burden
- Environmental Defense Fund, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher Costello
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
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20
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Holland DS, Abbott JK, Norman KE. Fishing to live or living to fish: Job satisfaction and identity of west coast fishermen. AMBIO 2020; 49:628-639. [PMID: 31161600 PMCID: PMC6965537 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fishing is a dangerous and financially risky way to make a living, but it attracts many participants that prefer it to higher paying and safer jobs. Based on a survey of over 1400 U.S. West Coast fishing vessel owners we use factor analysis and structural equation modeling to quantify distinct latent variables representing job satisfaction related to non-monetary versus monetary aspects of fishing and measures of identity and social capital associated with being a fisher. We show that these latent variables have distinct effects on (stated) fishery participation behavior and that higher non-monetary job satisfaction, social capital, and identity, are associated with a willingness to forgo higher income to be a fisher. Understanding how these factors affect and are affected by participation in fisheries could be important to increase benefits from fisheries and to ensure sustainability of management regimes that rely on indirect controls on effort to limit catch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Holland
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Joshua K. Abbott
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Karma E. Norman
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
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21
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Robinson JPW, Robinson J, Gerry C, Govinden R, Freshwater C, Graham NAJ. Diversification insulates fisher catch and revenue in heavily exploited tropical fisheries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0587. [PMID: 32128420 PMCID: PMC7034998 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Declines in commercial landings and increases in fishing fleet power have raised concerns over the continued provisioning of nutritional and economic services by tropical wild fisheries. Yet, because tropical fisheries are often data-poor, mechanisms that might buffer fishers to declines are not understood. This data scarcity undermines fisheries management, making tropical fishing livelihoods particularly vulnerable to changes in marine resources. We use high-resolution fisheries data from Seychelles to understand how fishing strategy (catch diversification) influences catch rates and revenues of individual fishing vessels. We show that average catch weight decreased by 65% over 27 years, with declines in all nine species groups coinciding with increases in fishing effort. However, for individual vessels, catch diversity was associated with larger catches and higher fishing revenues and with slower catch declines from 1990 to 2016. Management strategies should maximize catch diversity in data-poor tropical fisheries to help secure nutritional security while protecting fishing livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. W. Robinson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Jan Robinson
- Ministry of Finance, Trade and Economic Planning, Victoria, Seychelles
| | - Calvin Gerry
- Seychelles Fishing Authority, Fishing Port, P.O. Box 449, Mahe, Seychelles
| | - Rodney Govinden
- Seychelles Fishing Authority, Fishing Port, P.O. Box 449, Mahe, Seychelles
| | - Cameron Freshwater
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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Livelihood Vulnerability of Marine Fishermen to Multi-Stresses under the Vessel Buyback and Fishermen Transfer Programs in China: The Case of Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030765. [PMID: 31991750 PMCID: PMC7037923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the context of vessel buyback and fishermen transfer, some traditional marine fishermen changed their profession and turned to other related industries such as mariculture, fish processing, and recreational fishery. Studying the livelihood vulnerability of different types of fishermen is an important basis to help fishermen rebuild sustainable livelihoods. This paper developed a framework of a fishermen’s livelihood vulnerability assessment under multi-stresses, and then conducted an empirical analysis based on a survey in Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China. Finally, the determinants of livelihood vulnerability were analyzed by a regression tree model. Results showed that fishermen with a high level of vulnerability accounted for about 37.35%, and they had some unique characteristics such as advanced age, low education levels. Although converted fishermen faced fewer exposure risks than non-converted fishermen, they eventually showed higher vulnerability due to poor adaptive ability. The livelihood vulnerability of fishermen engaged in recreational fisheries was relatively low, while that of fishermen engaged in non-fisheries was quite different from each other. The results of the regression tree analysis showed that the number of household income sources, whether they converted or not, impacts of disturbances, and whether they were equipped with fishery facilities could influence the fishermen’s livelihood vulnerability. The government should pay more attention to the fishermen whose family income source was single, and the converted fishermen whose productive physical capital was scare.
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Mukabana WR, Onyango JA, Mweresa CK. Artisanal fishing supports breeding of malaria mosquitoes in Western Kenya. Malar J 2019; 18:77. [PMID: 30866935 PMCID: PMC6417063 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Everyday hundreds of people, mainly men, set out to take part in a vibrant artisanal capture fishing (ACF) industry on Lake Victoria. It is not known whether actions of artisanal fishers, in their unrelenting quest for existence, surpass ecosystems' sustainability thresholds with potentially negative repercussions on human health with respect to malaria transmission potential. This article sought to fill this information gap. METHODS This study used an ecosystem approach to find out how ACF processes facilitate the breeding of mosquitoes. The observational study adopted a cross-sectional design and was carried out on Mageta Island situated inside Lake Victoria in western Kenya. RESULTS Of the 87 mosquito larval habitats identified 27 (31%) were created through ACF activities. The ACF-related habitats, hereafter collectively referred to as 'fishing habitats', included fishing boats (24), trenches (1) and fish bait mines (2). About half (48%) of Anopheles larvae were recovered from fishing habitats. The mean larval density in the fishing habitats (35.7 ± 1.15) was double that in non-fishing habitats (17.4 ± 0.539). Despite being the most common 'non-fishing habitat' type (N = 32), the mean number of Anopheles larvae present in rock pools (30.81 ± 10.54) was significantly less than those found inside fishing boats (N = 24; 40.08 ± 10.16). Overall, man-made habitats and those used to support livelihoods contained significantly more Anopheles larvae. CONCLUSIONS These data show that artisanal capture fishing is a key driver of malaria epidemiology on Mageta Island. This suggests that larval source management strategies in the global south should pay attention to the heterogeneity in Anopheles breeding habitats created through livelihood activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Richard Mukabana
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Science for Health, P.O. Box 44970-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Janet Achieng Onyango
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Science for Health, P.O. Box 44970-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Kalwale Mweresa
- Science for Health, P.O. Box 44970-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
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Brown CJ, Jupiter SD, Albert S, Anthony KRN, Hamilton RJ, Fredston‐Hermann A, Halpern BS, Lin H, Maina J, Mangubhai S, Mumby PJ, Possingham HP, Saunders MI, Tulloch VJD, Wenger A, Klein CJ. A guide to modelling priorities for managing land‐based impacts on coastal ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Albert
- School of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Kenneth R. N. Anthony
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Qld Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Richard J. Hamilton
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Qld Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Alexa Fredston‐Hermann
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Benjamin S. Halpern
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
- Imperial College London Ascot UK
- National Center for Ecological Analysis & Synthesis University of California Santa Barbara California
| | - Hsien‐Yung Lin
- Quantitative Fisheries Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan
| | - Joseph Maina
- Department of Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Asia Pacific Resource Centre South Brisbane Qld Australia
- Imperial College London Ascot UK
| | - Megan I. Saunders
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
| | - Vivitskaia J. D. Tulloch
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld Australia
- Marine Predator Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Amelia Wenger
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Carissa J. Klein
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
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Productive instability of coral reef fisheries after climate-driven regime shifts. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 3:183-190. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hossain MAR, Ahmed M, Ojea E, Fernandes JA. Impacts and responses to environmental change in coastal livelihoods of south-west Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:954-970. [PMID: 29763877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are of global importance for maintaining high levels of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and for the number of livelihoods dependent on them. In Bangladesh, coastal and delta communities rely on these systems for a livelihood, and the sustainability of the productivity is seriously threatened by both climate change and unsustainable management. These multiple drivers of change shape the livelihood dependence and adaptation responses, where a better understanding is needed to achieve sustainable management in these systems, while maintaining and improving dependent livelihoods. This need has been addressed in this study in the region of Satkhira, in the southwest coast of Bangladesh, where livelihoods are highly dependent on aquatic systems for food supply and income. Traditional wild fish harvest in the rivers and aquaculture systems, including ghers, ponds, and crab points have been changing in terms of the uses and intensity of management, and suffering from climate change impacts as well. By means of six focus groups with 50 participants total, and validated by expert consultations, we conduct an analysis to understand the main perceived impacts from climate and human activities; and the adaptation responses from the aquatic system livelihoods. We find that biodiversity has decreased drastically, while farmed species have increased and shrimp gher farming turned more intensive becoming the main source of income. All these changes have important implications for food supply in the region and environmental sustainability. Dramatic responses taken in the communities include exit the fisheries and migration, and more adaptive responses include species diversification, crab fattening and working more on the pond and gher infrastructure. This study evidences the results of the combination of multiple stressors in productive systems and the barriers to adaptation in aquatic ecosystem dependent communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A R Hossain
- Department of Fish. Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Munir Ahmed
- TARA, 1 Purbachal Road, Northeast Badda, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Elena Ojea
- Future Oceans Lab, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain.
| | - Jose A Fernandes
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL13 DH, UK; AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea, z/g, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa 20110, Spain
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Social Considerations of Large River Sanctuaries: A Case Study from the Hilsa Shad Fishery in Bangladesh. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10041254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kramer DB, Stevens K, Williams NE, Sistla SA, Roddy AB, Urquhart GR. Coastal livelihood transitions under globalization with implications for trans-ecosystem interactions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186683. [PMID: 29077748 PMCID: PMC5659644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic threats to natural systems can be exacerbated due to connectivity between marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, complicating the already daunting task of governance across the land-sea interface. Globalization, including new access to markets, can change social-ecological, land-sea linkages via livelihood responses and adaptations by local people. As a first step in understanding these trans-ecosystem effects, we examined exit and entry decisions of artisanal fishers and smallholder farmers on the rapidly globalizing Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. We found that exit and entry decisions demonstrated clear temporal and spatial patterns and that these decisions differed by livelihood. In addition to household characteristics, livelihood exit and entry decisions were strongly affected by new access to regional and global markets. The natural resource implications of these livelihood decisions are potentially profound as they provide novel linkages and spatially-explicit feedbacks between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Our findings support the need for more scientific inquiry in understanding trans-ecosystem tradeoffs due to linked-livelihood transitions as well as the need for a trans-ecosystem approach to natural resource management and development policy in rapidly changing coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Kramer
- James Madison College and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Kara Stevens
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicholas E. Williams
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Adam B. Roddy
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Gerald R. Urquhart
- Lyman Briggs College and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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Lopes PFM, Mendes L, Fonseca V, Villasante S. Tourism as a driver of conflicts and changes in fisheries value chains in Marine Protected Areas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 200:123-134. [PMID: 28575780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although critical tools for protecting ocean habitats, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are sometimes challenged for social impacts and conflicts they may generate. Some conflicts have an economic base, which, once understood, can be used to resolve associated socioenvironmental problems. We addressed how the fish trade in an MPA that combines no-take zones and tourist or resident zones creates incentives for increased fisheries. We performed a value chain analysis following the fish supply and trade through interviews that assessed consumer demand and preference. The results showed a simple and closed value chain driven by tourism (70% of the consumption). Both tourists and local consumers preferred high trophic level species (predators), but the former preferred large pelagics (tuna and dolphinfish) and the latter preferred reef species (barracuda and snapper). Pelagic predators are caught with fresh sardines, which are sometimes located only in the no-take zone. Pelagic species are mainly served as fillet, and the leftover fish parts end up as waste, an issue that, if properly addressed, can help reduce fishing pressure. Whereas some of the target species may be sustainable (e.g., dolphinfish), others are more vulnerable (e.g., wahoo) and should not be intensively fished. We advise setting stricter limits to the number of tourists visiting MPAs, according to their own capacity and peculiarities, in order to avoid conflicts with conservations goals through incentives for increased resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F M Lopes
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil; Fisheries and Food Institute, Santos, SP, Brazil; Fishing Ecology, Management and Economics (FEME), Natal, Brazil.
| | - L Mendes
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - V Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - S Villasante
- Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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Grafeld S, Oleson KLL, Teneva L, Kittinger JN. Follow that fish: Uncovering the hidden blue economy in coral reef fisheries. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182104. [PMID: 28771508 PMCID: PMC5542444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance for human well-being, nearshore fisheries are often data poor, undervalued, and underappreciated in policy and development programs. We assess the value chain for nearshore Hawaiian coral reef fisheries, mapping post-catch distribution and disposition, and quantifying associated monetary, food security, and cultural values. We estimate that the total annual value of the nearshore fishery in Hawaiʻi is $10.3-$16.4 million, composed of non-commercial ($7.2-$12.9 million) and commercial ($2.97 million licensed + $148,500-$445,500 unlicensed) catch. Hawaii’s nearshore fisheries provide >7 million meals annually, with most (>5 million) from the non-commercial sector. Over a third (36%) of meals were planktivores, 26% piscivores, 21% primary consumers, and 18% secondary consumers. Only 62% of licensed commercial catch is accounted for in purchase reports, leaving 38% of landings unreported in sales. Value chains are complex, with major buyers for the commercial fishery including grocery stores (66%), retailers (19%), wholesalers (14%), and restaurants (<1%), who also trade and sell amongst themselves. The bulk of total nearshore catch (72–74%) follows a short value chain, with non-commercial fishers keeping catch for household consumption or community sharing. A small amount (~37,000kg) of reef fish—the equivalent of 1.8% of local catch—is imported annually into Hawaiʻi, 23,000kg of which arrives as passenger luggage on commercial flights from Micronesia. Evidence of exports to the US mainland exists, but is unquantifiable given existing data. Hawaiian nearshore fisheries support fundamental cultural values including subsistence, activity, traditional knowledge, and social cohesion. These small-scale coral reef fisheries provide large-scale benefits to the economy, food security, and cultural practices of Hawaiʻi, underscoring the need for sustainable management. This research highlights the value of information on the value chain for small-scale production systems, making the hidden economy of these fisheries visible and illuminating a range of conservation interventions applicable to Hawaiʻi and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Grafeld
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirsten L. L. Oleson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Lida Teneva
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Arizona State University, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Life Sciences Center, Tempe, Arizona
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Abstract
AbstractTun Mustapha Park, in Sabah, Malaysia, was gazetted in May 2016 and is the first multiple-use park in Malaysia where conservation, sustainable resource use and development co-occur within one management framework. We applied a systematic conservation planning tool, Marxan with Zones, and stakeholder consultation to design and revise the draft zoning plan. This process was facilitated by Sabah Parks, a government agency, and WWF-Malaysia, under the guidance of the Tun Mustapha Park steering committee and with support from the University of Queensland. Four conservation and fishing zones, including no-take areas, were developed, each with representation and replication targets for key marine habitats, and a range of socio-economic and community objectives. Here we report on how decision-support tools informed the reserve design process in three planning stages: prioritization, government review, and community consultation. Using marine habitat and species representation as a reporting metric, we describe how the zoning plan changed at each stage of the design process. We found that the changes made to the zoning plan by the government and stakeholders resulted in plans that compromised the achievement of conservation targets because no-take areas were moved away from villages and the coastline, where unique habitats are located. The design process highlights a number of lessons learned for future conservation zoning, which we believe will be useful as many other places embark on similar zoning processes on land and in the sea.
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Ojea E, Pearlman I, Gaines SD, Lester SE. Fisheries regulatory regimes and resilience to climate change. AMBIO 2017; 46:399-412. [PMID: 27854068 PMCID: PMC5385667 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is already producing ecological, social, and economic impacts on fisheries, and these effects are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude in the future. Fisheries governance and regulations can alter socio-ecological resilience to climate change impacts via harvest control rules and incentives driving fisher behavior, yet there are no syntheses or conceptual frameworks for examining how institutions and their regulatory approaches can alter fisheries resilience to climate change. We identify nine key climate resilience criteria for fisheries socio-ecological systems (SES), defining resilience as the ability of the coupled system of interacting social and ecological components (i.e., the SES) to absorb change while avoiding transformation into a different undesirable state. We then evaluate the capacity of four fisheries regulatory systems that vary in their degree of property rights, including open access, limited entry, and two types of rights-based management, to increase or inhibit resilience. Our exploratory assessment of evidence in the literature suggests that these regulatory regimes vary widely in their ability to promote resilient fisheries, with rights-based approaches appearing to offer more resilience benefits in many cases, but detailed characteristics of the regulatory instruments are fundamental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ojea
- Future Oceans Lab, University of Vigo, Edificio Torre CACTI, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Basque Center for Climate Change (BC3), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Isaac Pearlman
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 USA
| | - Steven D. Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 USA
| | - Sarah E. Lester
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190 USA
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Chang CH, Barnes ML, Frye M, Zhang M, Quan RC, Reisman LMG, Levin SA, Wilcove DS. The pleasure of pursuit: recreational hunters in rural Southwest China exhibit low exit rates in response to declining catch. ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE SCIENCE FOR RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY 2017; 22:43. [PMID: 29250123 PMCID: PMC5726562 DOI: 10.5751/es-09072-220143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hunting is one of the greatest threats to tropical vertebrates. Examining why people hunt is crucial to identifying policy levers to prevent excessive hunting. Overhunting is particularly relevant in Southeast Asia, where a high proportion of mammals and birds are globally threatened. We interviewed hunters in Southwest China to examine their social behavior, motivations, and responses to changes in wildlife abundance. Respondents viewed hunting as a form of recreation, not as an economic livelihood, and reported that they would not stop hunting in response to marked declines in expected catch. Even in scenarios where the expected catch was limited to minimal quantities of small, low-price songbirds, up to 36.7% of respondents said they would still continue to hunt. Recreational hunting may be a prominent driver for continued hunting in increasingly defaunated landscapes; this motivation for hunting and its implications for the ecological consequences of hunting have been understudied relative to subsistence and profit hunting. The combination of a preference for larger over smaller game, reluctance to quit hunting, and weak enforcement of laws may lead to hunting-down-the-web outcomes in Southwest China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Chang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Michele L Barnes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa
| | | | - Mingxia Zhang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Rui-Chang Quan
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Simon A Levin
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University
| | - David S Wilcove
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University
- Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University
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Purcell SW, Ngaluafe P, Foale SJ, Cocks N, Cullis BR, Lalavanua W. Multiple Factors Affect Socioeconomics and Wellbeing of Artisanal Sea Cucumber Fishers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165633. [PMID: 27930649 PMCID: PMC5145150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-scale fisheries are important to livelihoods and subsistence seafood consumption of millions of fishers. Sea cucumbers are fished worldwide for export to Asia, yet few studies have assessed factors affecting socioeconomics and wellbeing among fishers. We interviewed 476 men and women sea cucumber fishers at multiple villages within multiple locations in Fiji, Kiribati, Tonga and New Caledonia using structured questionnaires. Low rates of subsistence consumption confirmed a primary role of sea cucumbers in income security. Prices of sea cucumbers sold by fishers varied greatly among countries, depending on the species. Gender variation in landing prices could be due to women catching smaller sea cucumbers or because some traders take advantage of them. Dissatisfaction with fishery income was common (44% of fishers), especially for i-Kiribati fishers, male fishers, and fishers experiencing difficulty selling their catch, but was uncorrelated with sale prices. Income dissatisfaction worsened with age. The number of livelihood activities averaged 2.2-2.5 across countries, and varied significantly among locations. Sea cucumbers were often a primary source of income to fishers, especially in Tonga. Other common livelihood activities were fishing other marine resources, copra production in Kiribati, agriculture in Fiji, and salaried jobs in New Caledonia. Fishing other coastal and coral reef resources was the most common fall-back livelihood option if fishers were forced to exit the fishery. Our data highlight large disparities in subsistence consumption, gender-related price equity, and livelihood diversity among parallel artisanal fisheries. Improvement of supply chains in dispersed small-scale fisheries appears as a critical need for enhancing income and wellbeing of fishers. Strong evidence for co-dependence among small-scale fisheries, through fall-back livelihood preferences of fishers, suggests that resource managers must mitigate concomitant effects on other fisheries when considering fishery closures. That is likely to depend on livelihood diversification programs to take pressure off co-dependent fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Purcell
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Poasi Ngaluafe
- Ministry of Agriculture & Food, Forests and Fisheries, Nuku’alofa, Tonga
| | - Simon J. Foale
- College of Arts, Society and Education, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Cocks
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Brian R. Cullis
- School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Watisoni Lalavanua
- Partners in Community Development Fiji, Suva, Fiji
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji
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Baum G, Kusumanti I, Breckwoldt A, Ferse SCA, Glaser M, Adrianto L, van der Wulp S, Kunzmann A. Under pressure: Investigating marine resource-based livelihoods in Jakarta Bay and the Thousand Islands. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:778-789. [PMID: 27241879 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Jakarta Bay, next to the Jakarta Metropolitan Area with around 30 million inhabitants, is facing extreme pollution. Although local coral reefs are degraded and marine resources heavily exploited, they provide livelihoods for millions of people. This study investigates anthropogenic pressures on local fisheries resources and associated livelihoods. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in 15 coastal communities (10 coastal neighborhoods in Jakarta Bay on the mainland and 5 of the offshore Thousand Islands). The most economically valuable species were Caesio cuning (Redbelly yellowtail fusilier) on the islands and Rastrelliger kanagurta (Indian mackerel) on the mainland. Over 80% of all interviewed fishermen regarded the current state of marine resources as declining, mainly due to pollution and overexploitation. While perceptions of declining resources were equally high on the islands and the mainland, pollution was listed as the principal cause of degradation significantly more on the mainland. Findings are discussed in the context of coastal livelihood vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Baum
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Faculty of Biology & Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, PO Box 33 04 40, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ima Kusumanti
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Indonesia
| | - Annette Breckwoldt
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian C A Ferse
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marion Glaser
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Luky Adrianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Indonesia
| | - Simon van der Wulp
- Research and Technology Centre, Westcoast (FTZ), Kiel University, Germany
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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36
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Angeler DG. Heavy metal music meets complexity and sustainability science. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1637. [PMID: 27722055 PMCID: PMC5031579 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper builds a bridge between heavy metal music, complexity theory and sustainability science to show the potential of the (auditory) arts to inform different aspects of complex systems of people and nature. The links are described along different dimensions. This first dimension focuses on the scientific aspect of heavy metal. It uses complex adaptive systems theory to show that the rapid diversification and evolution of heavy metal into multiple subgenres leads to a self-organizing and resilient socio-musicological system. The second dimension builds on the recent use of heavy metal as a critical thinking model and educational tool, emphasizing the artistic component of heavy metal and its potential to increase people's awareness of environmental sustainability challenges. The relationships between metal, complexity theory and sustainability are first discussed independently to specifically show mechanistic links and the reciprocal potential to inform one domain (science) by the other (metal) within these dimensions. The paper concludes by highlighting that these dimensions entrain each other within a broader social-cultural-environmental system that cannot be explained simply by the sum of independent, individual dimensions. Such a unified view embraces the inherent complexity with which systems of people and nature interact. These lines of exploration suggest that the arts and the sciences form a logical partnership. Such a partnership might help in endeavors to envision, understand and cope with the broad ramifications of sustainability challenges in times of rapid social, cultural, and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Angeler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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McNamara J, Rowcliffe M, Cowlishaw G, Alexander JS, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Brenya A, Milner-Gulland EJ. Characterising Wildlife Trade Market Supply-Demand Dynamics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162972. [PMID: 27632169 PMCID: PMC5024990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade in wildlife products can represent an important source of income for poor people, but also threaten wildlife locally, regionally and internationally. Bushmeat provides livelihoods for hunters, traders and sellers, protein to rural and urban consumers, and has depleted the populations of many tropical forest species. Management interventions can be targeted towards the consumers or suppliers of wildlife products. There has been a general assumption in the bushmeat literature that the urban trade is driven by consumer demand with hunters simply fulfilling this demand. Using the urban bushmeat trade in the city of Kumasi, Ghana, as a case study, we use a range of datasets to explore the processes driving the urban bushmeat trade. We characterise the nature of supply and demand by explicitly considering three market attributes: resource condition, hunter behaviour, and consumer behaviour. Our results suggest that bushmeat resources around Kumasi are becoming increasingly depleted and are unable to meet demand, that hunters move in and out of the trade independently of price signals generated by the market, and that, for the Kumasi bushmeat system, consumption levels are driven not by consumer choice but by shortfalls in supply and consequent price responses. Together, these results indicate that supply-side processes dominate the urban bushmeat trade in Kumasi. This suggests that future management interventions should focus on changing hunter behaviour, although complementary interventions targeting consumer demand are also likely to be necessary in the long term. Our approach represents a structured and repeatable method to assessing market dynamics in information-poor systems. The findings serve as a caution against assuming that wildlife markets are demand driven, and highlight the value of characterising market dynamics to inform appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. McNamara
- Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berks, United Kingdom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Rowcliffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - G. Cowlishaw
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. S. Alexander
- Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berks, United Kingdom
| | - Y. Ntiamoa-Baidu
- Centre for African Wetlands, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - A. Brenya
- Ghana Wildlife Division, Forestry Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | - E. J. Milner-Gulland
- Imperial College London, Division of Biology, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berks, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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38
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Aquaculture: a rapidly growing and significant source of sustainable food? Status, transitions and potential. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:274-86. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The status and potential of aquaculture is considered as part of a broader food landscape of wild aquatic and terrestrial food sources. The rationale and resource base required for the development of aquaculture are considered in the context of broader societal development, cultural preferences and human needs. Attention is drawn to the uneven development and current importance of aquaculture globally as well as its considerable heterogeneity of form and function compared with established terrestrial livestock production. The recent drivers of growth in demand and production are examined and the persistent linkages between exploitation of wild stocks, full life cycle culture and the various intermediate forms explored. An emergent trend for sourcing aquaculture feeds from alternatives to marine ingredients is described and the implications for the sector with rapidly growing feed needs discussed. The rise of non-conventional and innovative feed ingredients, often shared with terrestrial livestock, are considered, including aquaculture itself becoming a major source of marine ingredients. The implications for the continued expected growth of aquaculture are set in the context of sustainable intensification, with the challenges that conventional intensification and emergent integration within, and between, value chains explored. The review concludes with a consideration of the implications for dependent livelihoods and projections for various futures based on limited resources but growing demand.
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Gurney GG, Pressey RL, Cinner JE, Pollnac R, Campbell SJ. Integrated conservation and development: evaluating a community-based marine protected area project for equality of socioeconomic impacts. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0277. [PMID: 26460130 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of protected areas, evidence of their impacts on people is weak and remains hotly contested in conservation policy. A key question in this debate is whether socioeconomic impacts vary according to social subgroup. Given that social inequity can create conflict and impede poverty reduction, understanding how protected areas differentially affect people is critical to designing them to achieve social and biological goals. Understanding heterogeneous responses to protected areas can improve targeting of management activities and help elucidate the pathways through which impacts of protected areas occur. Here, we assessed whether the socioeconomic impacts of marine protected areas (MPAs)-designed to achieve goals for both conservation and poverty alleviation-differed according to age, gender or religion in associated villages in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using data from pre-, mid- and post-implementation of the MPAs for control and project villages, we found little empirical evidence that impacts on five key socioeconomic indicators related to poverty differed according to social subgroup. We found suggestive empirical evidence that the effect of the MPAs on environmental knowledge differed by age and religion; over the medium and long terms, younger people and Muslims showed greater improvements compared with older people and Christians, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina G Gurney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert L Pressey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua E Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Pollnac
- Marine Affairs Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Stuart J Campbell
- Indonesia Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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40
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Wallace APC, Jones JPG, Milner-Gulland EJ, Wallace GE, Young R, Nicholson E. Drivers of the Distribution of Fisher Effort at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2016; 44:105-117. [PMID: 26924876 PMCID: PMC4757614 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-016-9805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how fishers make decisions is important for improving management of fisheries. There is debate about the extent to which small-scale fishers follow an ideal free distribution (IFD) - distributing their fishing effort efficiently according to resource availability rather than being influenced by social factors or personal preference. Using detailed data from 1800 fisher catches and from semi-structured interviews with over 700 fishers at Lake Alaotra, the largest inland fishery in Madagascar, we show that fishers generally conform to IFD. However, there were differences in catch: effort relationships between fishers using different gear types as well as other revealing deviations from the predictions of IFD. Fishers report routine as the primary determinant of their choice of fishing location, explaining why they do not quickly respond to changes in catch at a site. Understanding the influences on fishers' spatial behaviour will allow better estimates of costs of fishing policies on resource users, and help predict their likely responses. This can inform management strategies to minimise the negative impacts of interventions, increasing local support for and compliance with rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P. C. Wallace
- />Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY UK
- />Frankfurt Zoological Society, PO Box 450189, Musakanya Drive, Mpika, Zambia
| | - Julia P. G. Jones
- />School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW UK
| | - E. J. Milner-Gulland
- />Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY UK
- />Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS UK
| | - Graham E. Wallace
- />Frankfurt Zoological Society, PO Box 450189, Musakanya Drive, Mpika, Zambia
| | - Richard Young
- />Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Trinity, Jersey, JE3 5BP Channel Islands UK
- />Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Emily Nicholson
- />Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY UK
- />Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, (Burwood Campus), 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125 Australia
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Loring PA. Toward a Theory of Coexistence in Shared Social-Ecological Systems: The Case of Cook Inlet Salmon Fisheries. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2016; 44:153-165. [PMID: 27122652 PMCID: PMC4832003 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-016-9806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Coexistence theory (CT) in community ecology provides a functional perspective on how multiple competing species coexist. Here, I explore CT's usefulness for understanding conflict and coexistence among human groups with diverse livelihood interests in shared resources such as fisheries. I add three concepts from social science research on coexistence: adaptability, pluralism, and equity and apply this expanded theoretical framework to the case of salmon fisheries in Alaska's Cook Inlet, synthesizing catch records with anthropological research. The analysis addresses issues of inequity, such as who bears the costs of conservation measures, a lack of pluralism, in that people have come to devalue their neighbors, and a decline in resilience for some sectors, all of which undermine the likelihood of these groups continuing coexistence. I discuss policy options for addressing escalating conflict in the region, such as improving equity in management and the resilience of some fishing groups to temporary closures. Finally, I discuss points of engagement for CT with other areas of sustainability science such as resilience thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Loring
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
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Sulu RJ, Eriksson H, Schwarz AM, Andrew NL, Orirana G, Sukulu M, Oeta J, Harohau D, Sibiti S, Toritela A, Beare D. Livelihoods and Fisheries Governance in a Contemporary Pacific Island Setting. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143516. [PMID: 26599412 PMCID: PMC4657887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inshore marine resources play an important role in the livelihoods of Pacific Island coastal communities. However, such reliance can be detrimental to inshore marine ecosystems. Understanding the livelihoods of coastal communities is important for devising relevant and effective fisheries management strategies. Semi-structured household interviews were conducted with householders in Langalanga Lagoon, Solomon Islands, to understand household livelihoods and resource governance in fishing-dependent communities. Households were engaged in a diverse range of livelihoods. Fishing, shell money production and gardening were the most important livelihoods. Proximity to an urban centre influenced how households accessed some livelihoods. Perceptions of management rules varied and different reasons were cited for why rules were broken, the most common reason being to meet livelihood needs. Current models of inshore small-scale fisheries management that are based on the notion of community-based resource management may not work in locations where customary management systems are weak and livelihoods are heavily reliant on marine resources. An important step for fisheries management in such locations should include elucidating community priorities through participatory development planning, taking into consideration livelihoods as well as governance and development aspirations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hampus Eriksson
- WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Neil L. Andrew
- WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Toritela
- Malaita Provincial Fisheries Division, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
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McClanahan TR, Muthiga NA, Abunge C, Kamukuru AT, Mwakalapa E, Kalombo H. What Happens after Conservation and Management Donors Leave? A Before and After Study of Coral Reef Ecology and Stakeholder Perceptions of Management Benefits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138769. [PMID: 26469979 PMCID: PMC4607501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coral reefs of Tanga, Tanzania were recognized as a national conservation priority in the early 1970s, but the lack of a management response led to damage by dynamite, beach seines, and high numbers of fishers until the mid 1990s. Subsequently, an Irish Aid funded IUCN Eastern Africa program operated from 1994 to mid 2007 to implement increased management aimed at reducing these impacts. The main effects of this management were to establish collaborative management areas, reduce dynamite and seine net fishing, and establish small community fisheries closures beginning in 1996. The ecology of the coral reefs was studied just prior to the initiation of this management in 1996, during, 2004, and a few years after the project ended in 2010. The perceptions of resource users towards management options were evaluated in 2010. The ecological studies indicated that the biomass of fish rose continuously during this period from 260 to 770 kg/ha but the small closures were no different from the non-closure areas. The benthic community studies indicate stability in the coral cover and community composition and an increase in coralline algae and topographic complexity over time. The lack of change in the coral community suggests resilience to various disturbances including fisheries management and the warm temperature anomaly of 1998. These results indicate that some aspects of the management program had been ecologically successful even after the donor program ended. Moreover, the increased compliance with seine net use and dynamite restrictions were the most likely factors causing this increase in fish biomass and not the closures. Resource users interviewed in 2010 were supportive of gear restrictions but there was considerable between-community disagreement over the value of specific restrictions. The social-ecological results suggest that increased compliance with gear restrictions is largely responsible for the improvements in reef ecology and is a high priority for future management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R McClanahan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Bronx, NY, United States of America; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Nyawira A Muthiga
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Bronx, NY, United States of America; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Caroline Abunge
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Program, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Albogast T Kamukuru
- University of Dar es Salaam, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Gurney GG, Pressey RL, Ban NC, Álvarez-Romero JG, Jupiter S, Adams VM. Efficient and equitable design of marine protected areas in Fiji through inclusion of stakeholder-specific objectives in conservation planning. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:1378-1389. [PMID: 25916976 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of protected areas varies, partly because socioeconomic factors are not sufficiently considered in planning and management. Although integrating socioeconomic factors into systematic conservation planning is increasingly advocated, research is needed to progress from recognition of these factors to incorporating them effectively in spatial prioritization of protected areas. We evaluated 2 key aspects of incorporating socioeconomic factors into spatial prioritization: treatment of socioeconomic factors as costs or objectives and treatment of stakeholders as a single group or multiple groups. Using as a case study the design of a system of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) in Kubulau, Fiji, we assessed how these aspects affected the configuration of no-take MPAs in terms of trade-offs between biodiversity objectives, fisheries objectives, and equity in catch losses among fisher stakeholder groups. The achievement of fisheries objectives and equity tended to trade-off concavely with increasing biodiversity objectives, indicating that it is possible to achieve low to mid-range biodiversity objectives with relatively small losses to fisheries and equity. Importantly, the extent of trade-offs depended on the method used to incorporate socioeconomic data and was least severe when objectives were set for each fisher stakeholder group explicitly. We found that using different methods to incorporate socioeconomic factors that require similar data and expertise can result in plans with very different impacts on local stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina G Gurney
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Robert L Pressey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Jorge G Álvarez-Romero
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Stacy Jupiter
- Wildlife Conservation Society Fiji Country Program, 11 Ma'afu Street, Suva, Fiji
| | - Vanessa M Adams
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
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Wallace APC, Milner-Gulland EJ, Jones JPG, Bunnefeld N, Young R, Nicholson E. Quantifying the Short-Term Costs of Conservation Interventions for Fishers at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129440. [PMID: 26107284 PMCID: PMC4481106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artisanal fisheries are a key source of food and income for millions of people, but if poorly managed, fishing can have declining returns as well as impacts on biodiversity. Management interventions such as spatial and temporal closures can improve fishery sustainability and reduce environmental degradation, but may carry substantial short-term costs for fishers. The Lake Alaotra wetland in Madagascar supports a commercially important artisanal fishery and provides habitat for a Critically Endangered primate and other endemic wildlife of conservation importance. Using detailed data from more than 1,600 fisher catches, we used linear mixed effects models to explore and quantify relationships between catch weight, effort, and spatial and temporal restrictions to identify drivers of fisher behaviour and quantify the potential effect of fishing restrictions on catch. We found that restricted area interventions and fishery closures would generate direct short-term costs through reduced catch and income, and these costs vary between groups of fishers using different gear. Our results show that conservation interventions can have uneven impacts on local people with different fishing strategies. This information can be used to formulate management strategies that minimise the adverse impacts of interventions, increase local support and compliance, and therefore maximise conservation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P. C. Wallace
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - E. J. Milner-Gulland
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Julia P. G. Jones
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Bunnefeld
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Young
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augres Manor, Trinity, Jersey, JE3 5BP, Channel Islands
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Nicholson
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
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Williams SL, Janetski N, Abbott J, Blankenhorn S, Cheng B, Crafton RE, Hameed SO, Rapi S, Trockel D. Ornamental marine species culture in the coral triangle: seahorse demonstration project in the Spermonde Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 54:1342-1355. [PMID: 25082298 PMCID: PMC4232751 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-014-0343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental marine species ('OMS') provide valuable income for developing nations in the Indo-Pacific Coral Triangle, from which most of the specimens are exported. OMS culture can help diversify livelihoods in the region, in support of management and conservation efforts to reduce destructive fishing and collection practices that threaten coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. Adoption of OMS culture depends on demonstrating its success as a livelihood, yet few studies of OMS culture exist in the region. We present a case study of a land-based culture project for an endangered seahorse (Hippocampus barbouri) in the Spermonde Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The business model demonstrated that culturing can increase family income by seven times. A Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (SWOT) analysis indicated good collaboration among diverse stakeholders and opportunities for culturing non-endangered species and for offshoot projects, but complicated permitting was an issue as were threats of market flooding and production declines. The OMS international market is strong, Indonesian exporters expressed great interest in cultured product, and Indonesia is the largest exporting country for H. barbouri. Yet, a comparison of Indonesia ornamental marine fish exports to fish abundance in a single local market indicated that OMS culture cannot replace fishing livelihoods. Nevertheless, seahorse and other OMS culture can play a role in management and conservation by supplementing and diversifying the fishing and collecting livelihoods in the developing nations that provide the majority of the global OMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Williams
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923-0247, USA,
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Smith
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Moon K, Blackman D. A guide to understanding social science research for natural scientists. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:1167-77. [PMID: 24962114 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural scientists are increasingly interested in social research because they recognize that conservation problems are commonly social problems. Interpreting social research, however, requires at least a basic understanding of the philosophical principles and theoretical assumptions of the discipline, which are embedded in the design of social research. Natural scientists who engage in social science but are unfamiliar with these principles and assumptions can misinterpret their results. We developed a guide to assist natural scientists in understanding the philosophical basis of social science to support the meaningful interpretation of social research outcomes. The 3 fundamental elements of research are ontology, what exists in the human world that researchers can acquire knowledge about; epistemology, how knowledge is created; and philosophical perspective, the philosophical orientation of the researcher that guides her or his action. Many elements of the guide also apply to the natural sciences. Natural scientists can use the guide to assist them in interpreting social science research to determine how the ontological position of the researcher can influence the nature of the research; how the epistemological position can be used to support the legitimacy of different types of knowledge; and how philosophical perspective can shape the researcher's choice of methods and affect interpretation, communication, and application of results. The use of this guide can also support and promote the effective integration of the natural and social sciences to generate more insightful and relevant conservation research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Moon
- Institute for Applied Ecology and ANZSOG Institute for Governance, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Brown CJ, Abdullah S, Mumby PJ. Minimizing the Short-Term Impacts of Marine Reserves on Fisheries While Meeting Long-Term Goals for Recovery. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Brown
- The Global Change Institute; The University of Queensland; St Lucia 4072 Australia
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia 4072 Australia
| | - Sabah Abdullah
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia 4072 Australia
| | - Peter J. Mumby
- Marine Spatial Ecology Lab; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia 4072 Australia
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Slater MJ, Mgaya YD, Stead SM. Perceptions of rule-breaking related to marine ecosystem health. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89156. [PMID: 24586558 PMCID: PMC3937321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding effective solutions to manage marine resources is high on political and conservation agendas worldwide. This is made more urgent by the rate of increase in the human population and concomitant resource pressures in coastal areas. This paper links empirical socio-economic data about perceptions of marine resource health to the breaking of marine management rules, using fisheries as a case study. The relationship between perceived rule-breaking (non-compliance with regulations controlling fishing) and perceived health of inshore marine environments was investigated through face-to-face interviews with 299 heads of households in three Tanzanian coastal communities in November and December 2011. Awareness of rules controlling fishing activity was high among all respondents. Fishers were able to describe more specific rules controlling fishing practices than non-fishers (t = 3.5, df = 297, p<0.01). Perceived breaking of fishing regulations was reported by nearly half of all respondents, saying “some” (32% of responses) or “most” (15% of responses) people break fishing rules. Ordinal regression modelling revealed a significant linkage (z = −3.44, p<0.001) in the relationship between respondents' perceptions of deteriorating marine health and their perception of increased rule-breaking. In this paper, inferences from an empirical study are used to identify and argue the potential for using perceptions of ecosystem health and level of rule-breaking as a means to guide management measures. When considering different management options (e.g. Marine Protected Areas), policy makers are advised to take account of and utilise likely egoistic or altruistic decision-making factors used by fishers to determine their marine activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Slater
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Yunus D. Mgaya
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Selina M. Stead
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
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