1
|
Chan CY, Tran N, Cheong KC, Sulser TB, Cohen PJ, Wiebe K, Nasr-Allah AM. The future of fish in Africa: Employment and investment opportunities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261615. [PMID: 34936682 PMCID: PMC8694441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most pressing challenges facing food systems in Africa is ensuring availability of a healthy and sustainable diet to 2.4 billion people by 2050. The continent has struggled with development challenges, particularly chronic food insecurity and pervasive poverty. In Africa's food systems, fish and other aquatic foods play a multifaceted role in generating income, and providing a critical source of essential micronutrients. To date, there are no estimates of investment and potential returns for domestic fish production in Africa. To contribute to policy debates about the future of fish in Africa, we applied the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agriculture Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) to explore two Pan-African scenarios for fish sector growth: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a high-growth scenario for capture fisheries and aquaculture with accompanying strong gross domestic product growth (HIGH). Post-model analysis was used to estimate employment and aquaculture investment requirements for the sector in Africa. Africa's fish sector is estimated to support 20.7 million jobs in 2030, and 21.6 million by 2050 under the BAU. Approximately 2.6 people will be employed indirectly along fisheries and aquaculture value chains for every person directly employed in the fish production stage. Under the HIGH scenario, total employment in Africa's fish food system will reach 58.0 million jobs, representing 2.4% of total projected population in Africa by 2050. Aquaculture production value is estimated to achieve US$ 3.3 billion and US$ 20.4 billion per year under the BAU and HIGH scenarios by 2050, respectively. Farm-gate investment costs for the three key inputs (fish feeds, farm labor, and fish seed) to achieve the aquaculture volumes projected by 2050 are estimated at US$ 1.8 billion per year under the BAU and US$ 11.6 billion per year under the HIGH scenario. Sustained investments are critical to sustain capture fisheries and support aquaculture growth for food system transformation towards healthier diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Timothy B. Sulser
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Keith Wiebe
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swasey JH, Iudicello S, Parkes G, Trumble R, Stevens K, Silver M, Recchia CA. The fisheries governance tool: A practical and accessible approach to evaluating management systems. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253775. [PMID: 34197497 PMCID: PMC8248635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fisheries Governance Tool (FGT) is a comprehensive, evidence-based diagnostic tool that fishery managers, environmental organizations, funders, investors, and other key stakeholders can use to track progress against sustainability goals, identify gaps and challenges that impede continued improvement, and set targets for improvement. The diagnostic tool was developed following a thorough review of existing evaluation and assessment schemes and builds upon many of the credible and widely accepted guidelines and assessment tools currently available. It is built on the premise that the most comprehensive and informative measures of country or regional performance requires evaluation of evidence across three components: 1) the laws and policies governing fisheries, 2) the capacity to implement those policies, and 3) the functioning and performance of the fishery management system and fisheries. The Tool’s reliance on empirical evidence allows for an objective, repeatable and rigorous evaluation. Driving this work has been recognition of the importance of identifying and strengthening the enabling conditions for good fisheries management. The FGT offers a unique integrated evaluation of enabling factors and outcomes across the triple bottom line of ecological sustainability, economic efficiency and social/community well-being, with measures spanning a range of identifiable performance levels. Measures identify the building blocks of sound and durable management that lead to more sustainable and responsible fisheries. The Tool was refined through consultation with experts from around the world. The public version of the FGT can be downloaded and allows users to enter data and visualize the results, providing a diagnosis of their management system. The Tool is available in several languages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill H. Swasey
- MRAG Americas, Inc., Danvers, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Iudicello
- Iudicello Environmental Consulting, Rapid City, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Graeme Parkes
- MRAG Americas, Inc., Danvers, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Trumble
- MRAG Americas, Inc., Danvers, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kara Stevens
- Strategy, Learning and Evaluation Department, Walton Family Foundation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Martha Silver
- Strategy, Learning and Evaluation Department, Walton Family Foundation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Cheri A. Recchia
- Strategy, Learning and Evaluation Department, Walton Family Foundation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Blasi MF, Caserta V, Bruno C, Salzeri P, Di Paola AI, Lucchetti A. Behaviour and vocalizations of two sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) entangled in illegal driftnets in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250888. [PMID: 33914839 PMCID: PMC8084192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Illegal driftnetting causes each year several entanglements and deaths of sperm whales in different Mediterranean areas, primarily in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In summer 2020, during the June-July fishing season, two sperm whales were found entangled in illegal driftnets in the Aeolian Archipelago waters, Southern Italy. These two rare events were an exceptional chance to collect behavioural and acoustics data about entangled sperm whales. We analysed 1132 one-minute sets of breathing/behavioural data and 1575 minutes of acoustic recording, when the whales were found entangled, during the rescue operation, immediately after release, and in the days thereafter. The first whale was generally quiet showing a general status of debilitation/weakness, numerous skin lesions, and low breathing rate (0.31 (0.60)); it collaborated during rescue operations. On the contrary, the second whale showed a high level of agitation with a high breathing rate (1.48 (1.31)) during both the entanglement period and the net cutting operations, vigorously moving its fluke and pectoral fins, opening its mouth, sideway rolling or side fluking and frequently defecating. Acoustically, the first whale produced mainly single clicks in all phases except for two series of creaks during rescuing operations while the second whale produced a wide range of vocalizations (single clicks, likely either slow clicks or regular clicks, creaks, and codas). Our observations indicate that acoustics, respiratory and behavioural parameters may be useful to monitor the physical/physiological status of sperm whales during disentanglement operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Francesca Blasi
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Località Stimpagnato, Filicudi, Lipari (ME), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Valentina Caserta
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Località Stimpagnato, Filicudi, Lipari (ME), Italy
| | - Chiara Bruno
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Località Stimpagnato, Filicudi, Lipari (ME), Italy
| | - Perla Salzeri
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Località Stimpagnato, Filicudi, Lipari (ME), Italy
| | - Agata Irene Di Paola
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Località Stimpagnato, Filicudi, Lipari (ME), Italy
| | - Alessandro Lucchetti
- Centro Nazionale Ricerca - Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine (CNR-IRBBM), Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
van Putten I, Longo C, Arton A, Watson M, Anderson CM, Himes-Cornell A, Obregón C, Robinson L, van Steveninck T. Shifting focus: The impacts of sustainable seafood certification. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233237. [PMID: 32433702 PMCID: PMC7239462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongside government driven management initiatives to achieve sustainable fisheries management, there remains a role for market-based mechanisms to improve fisheries outcomes. Market-based mechanisms are intended to create positive economic incentives that improve the status and management of fisheries. Research to understand consumer demand for certified fish is central but needs to be mirrored by supply side understanding including why fisheries decide to gain or retain certification and the impact of certification on them and other stakeholders involved. We apply semi-structured interviews in seven different Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fisheries that operate in (or from) Western Australia with the aim of better understanding fisheries sector participation in certification schemes (the supply side) and the impacts and unintended benefits and costs of certification. We find that any positive economic impacts of certification were only realised in a limited number of MSC fisheries in Western Australia, which may be explained by the fact that only a small proportion of Western Australian state-managed fisheries are sold with the MSC label and ex-vessel or consumer market price premiums are therefore mostly not obtained. Positive impacts of certification in these Western Australian fisheries are more of a social and institutional nature, for example, greater social acceptability and increased efficiency in the governance process respectively. However, opinion is divided on whether the combined non-monetary and monetary benefits outweigh the costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid van Putten
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Longo
- Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Snow Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Arton
- Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Snow Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Watson
- Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), Marine Terrace, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Anderson
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Clara Obregón
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Harry Butler Institute, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Lucy Robinson
- CSIRO, Oceans & Atmosphere, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Oceans Graduate School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crona B, Käll S, Van Holt T. Fishery Improvement Projects as a governance tool for fisheries sustainability: A global comparative analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223054. [PMID: 31574120 PMCID: PMC6773218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs) are a form of private governance using seafood supply chains to reduce environmental impacts of fishing in some of the most challenged fisheries. Some FIPs are industry-led, others are championed by NGOs. They range across many different fishery types, in both high- and low-income settings. Their diversity is notable, and their proliferation remarkable. This rapid growth suggests FIPs are becoming a key feature of the fisheries governance landscape globally. Based on a global sample of 107 FIPs, we systematically examined their reported actions, the actors involved, and their achievements in terms of policy and practice outputs. The most common actions were dialogues with policy stakeholders, data collection, and educational efforts directed at fishers. Common policy outputs included development of management plans and/or a management body, and rules for limiting entry and increasing compliance. Practice related outputs were dominated by gear changes, and observer and traceability programs. Only crab and lobster FIPs engaged in sustained policy conversations as one of the most common actions. Shrimp and tuna fisheries report more engagement in testing and implementing changes to fishery practices. While supply chain actors are involved in all FIPs, retailers and 1st tier suppliers are relatively absent from FIP activities, and are primarily involved in rallying financial support or some policy engagement. Based on our analysis we discuss the opportunities and challenges FIPs will likely need to engage with to contribute to a global transition to more socially and environmentally sustainable fisheries. We outline key areas where further work is needed to understand how FIPs can improve their contribution to global fisheries governance in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Crona
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (SK); (BC)
| | - Sofia Käll
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (SK); (BC)
| | - Tracy Van Holt
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- NYU Stern Center for Sustainable Business, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haque AB, Das SA, Biswas AR. DNA analysis of elasmobranch products originating from Bangladesh reveals unregulated elasmobranch fishery and trade on species of global conservation concern. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222273. [PMID: 31553744 PMCID: PMC6760772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trade involving elasmobranch products in Bangladesh is a four-decade-long practice in large scale and there is little understanding of its impact on species composition, population, and subsequent conservation. Capacity for monitoring and identification is lacking in landing and shark processing centres. A rapid survey and collection of tissue samples were performed in three landings and nine shark processing centres between 2016 and 2017 in the south-eastern coastal region of Bangladesh. Sequencing for a 707-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was used to assess the taxonomic status and species composition from 71 elasmobranch tissue samples collected from the shark processing centre only. Good quality COI sequences were obtained for 34 specimens representing 21 species-the majority of which are threatened with extinction. A total of ten species of sharks (Carcharhinus brevipinna, C. amboinensis, C. leucas, C. sorrah, C. amblyrhynchoides, Chiloscyllium burmensis, Galeocerdo cuvier, Rhincodon typus, Scoliodon laticaudus, and Sphyrna lewini), eleven species of rays (Aetomylaeus maculatus, Gymnura poecilura, Mobula mobular, M. kuhlii, Neotrygon indica, Pateobatis uarnacoides, Rhinoptera javanica, and R. jayakari), including three species of guitarfish (Glaucostegus granulatus, G. obtusus, and G. typus), were identified. Four species (14.7% of samples) were found to be listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Appendix II. Sixteen species (59% of the specimens) were threatened with extinction according to IUCN Red List, whereas 41% were data deficient or not assessed. The results have important implications for the management of regional fisheries and the conservation of elasmobranchs as they 1) represent a preliminary understanding of elasmobranch diversity in trade; 2) depict a lack of awareness and monitoring; and 3) demonstrate a need for urgent monitoring and regulation of elasmobranch trade in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alifa Bintha Haque
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Sudipta Arka Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Couce Montero L, Christensen V, Bilbao Sieyro A, Pérez González Y, Jiménez-Alvarado D, Castro JJ. Temporal and spatial predictions of effect of alternative fishing policies for the Gran Canaria marine ecosystem. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:882-895. [PMID: 31090067 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we consider what may happen to the marine ecosystem of Gran Canaria Island within the 2030 horizon, if fishing strategies different from those currently in place were implemented and we evaluate the effect of, for example, reduction of recreational-artisanal fishing, limitation of catches (e.g. total allowable catches, TAC), or spatial distribution of fishing sectors. From all scenarios tested, only those that significantly reduce the high effort of the recreational fishing would allow the recovery of the most exploited stocks in the marine ecosystem in the short and medium-term. Moreover, the best management strategy, in contribution to abundance, was obtained with a scenario that has a spatial partition of exploitation rights between artisanal and recreational fishermen and includes no-fishing zones (NTZ). This work is a first attempt to use spatial and temporal models to assess the effectiveness of alternative fishery policies in the Canary Islands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Couce Montero
- Área de Pesca, División de Proyectos, Gestión del Medio Rural de Canarias S.A.U., Agüimes, Spain
| | - Villy Christensen
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alberto Bilbao Sieyro
- Área de Pesca, División de Proyectos, Gestión del Medio Rural de Canarias S.A.U., Agüimes, Spain
| | - Yeray Pérez González
- Área de Pesca, División de Proyectos, Gestión del Medio Rural de Canarias S.A.U., Agüimes, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Alvarado
- I.U. EcoAqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José J Castro
- I.U. EcoAqua, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Smith
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Department of Economics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miller EA, McClenachan L, Uni Y, Phocas G, Hagemann ME, Van Houtan KS. The historical development of complex global trafficking networks for marine wildlife. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav5948. [PMID: 30957017 PMCID: PMC6449156 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav5948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of trade networks is a major challenge to controlling wildlife trafficking and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. These networks may not be modern inventions, but have developed over centuries, from integrated global markets that preceded modern regulatory policies. To understand these linkages, we curated 150 years of tortoiseshell transactions and derived biologically informed harvest models to estimate the trade in critically endangered hawksbill sea turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). We find that trade networks concentrated in Southeast Asia harvested 9 million turtles, over six times previous estimates. These networks spread from within the Pacific, to the Indian and Atlantic basins, and became markedly more complex after 1950. Our results further indicate that the magnitude and extent of the coastally restricted hawksbill exploitation parallel current patterns of IUU fishing. Policies to combat these interlinked illegal practices should assimilate the important role of small-scale, coastal fisheries in these increasingly complex global networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Miller
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Loren McClenachan
- Environmental Studies Program, Colby College, 5356 Mayflower Hill, Waterville, ME 04901, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uni
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan
| | - George Phocas
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement, Regional Attaché (ret.)—U.S. Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Molly E. Hagemann
- Vertebrate Zoology Collections, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA
| | - Kyle S. Van Houtan
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karim MS, Uddin MM. Swatch-of-no-ground marine protected area for sharks, dolphins, porpoises and whales: Legal and institutional challenges. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 139:275-281. [PMID: 30686429 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bangladesh is host to a major cetacean habitat. The country declared its first marine protected area, namely, the Swatch-of-No-Ground Marine Protected Area, for conservation of some species of dolphins, porpoises, whales and sharks. However, this declaration has not been supported with an effective and robust legal, policy and institutional framework. Against this backdrop, this article critically examines the existing legal and institutional framework for management of this marine protected area. A study on the existing legal framework shows the absence of a robust national legal system for prevention of marine pollution and protection of marine biodiversity. This lack of national legal framework will have a significant impact on the future success of the Marine Protected Area. Moreover, an analysis of the relevant national institutions shows that they are not fully capable of enforcing the law and policy in the marine protected area. Through this analysis, this paper proposes that preparation of a management plan, provision of adequate resources to the relevant agencies, ensuring interagency cooperation, engagement of stakeholders and implementation of international marine environmental law are crucial for the future success of this marine protected area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Karim
- Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Collective action of resource users is essential for sustainability. Yet, often user groups are socioculturally heterogeneous, which requires cooperation to be established across salient group boundaries. We explore the effect of this type of heterogeneity on resource extraction in lab-in-the-field Common Pool Resource (CPR) experiments in Zanzibar, Tanzania. We create heterogeneous groups by mixing fishers from two neighbouring fishing villages which have distinct social identities, a history of conflict and diverging resource use practices and institutions. Additionally, we analyse between-village differences in extraction behaviour in the heterogeneous setting to assess if out-group cooperation in a CPR dilemma is associated with a community’s institutional scope in the economic realm (e.g., degree of market integration). We find no aggregate effect of heterogeneity on extraction. However, this is because fishers from the two villages behave differently in the heterogeneity treatment. We find support for the hypothesis that cooperation under sociocultural heterogeneity is higher for fishers from the village with larger institutional scope. In line with this explanation, cooperation under heterogeneity also correlates with a survey measure of individual fishers’ radius of trust. We discuss implications for resource governance and collective action research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gehrig
- Department of Social Sciences, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Achim Schlüter
- Department of Social Sciences, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Department of Business & Economics, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Hammerstein
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Valdivia A, Wolf S, Suckling K. Marine mammals and sea turtles listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act are recovering. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210164. [PMID: 30650125 PMCID: PMC6334928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) is a powerful environmental law protecting imperiled plants and animals, and a growing number of marine species have been protected under this law as extinction risk in the oceans has increased. Marine mammals and sea turtles comprise 38% of the 163 ESA-listed marine "species", which includes subspecies and distinct population segments, yet analyses of recovery trends after listing are lacking. Here we gathered the best available annual abundance estimates for geographically delimited populations of all 62 marine mammal and sea turtle species listed under the ESA. Of these, we chose representative populations of species that were listed before 2012, occur and reproduce in U.S. waters, and have data of sufficient quality and timespan for trend analyses. Thus, we quantitatively analyzed population trends, magnitude of population change, and recovery status for 23 and 8 representative populations of 14 marine mammal and 5 sea turtle species, respectively. Using generalized linear and non-linear models, we found that 18 marine mammal (78%) and 6 sea turtle (75%) populations significantly increased after listing; 3 marine mammal (13%) and 2 sea turtle (25%) populations showed non-significant changes; while 2 marine mammal (9%), but no sea turtle populations declined after ESA protection. Overall, the 24 populations that increased in abundance were from species listed for 20 years or more (e.g., large whales, manatees, and sea turtles). Conservation measures triggered by ESA listing such as ending exploitation, tailored species management, and fishery regulations, and other national and international measures, appear to have been largely successful in promoting species recovery, leading to the delisting of some species and to increases in most populations. These findings underscore the capacity of marine mammal and sea turtle species to recover from substantial geographical population declines when conservation actions are implemented in a timely and effective manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Valdivia
- Center for Biological Diversity, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Shaye Wolf
- Center for Biological Diversity, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Kieran Suckling
- Center for Biological Diversity, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rolim FA, Langlois T, Rodrigues PFC, Bond T, Motta FS, Neves LM, Gadig OBF. Network of small no-take marine reserves reveals greater abundance and body size of fisheries target species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0204970. [PMID: 30629577 PMCID: PMC6328244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
No-take marine reserves (NTRs), i.e. areas with total fishing restrictions, have been established worldwide aiming to promote biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Brazil has 3.3% of its exclusive economic zone protected by 73 different NTRs, however, most of them currently lack scientific knowledge and understanding of their ecological role, particularly regarding rocky reefs in subtropical regions. In this context, this study aimed to contrast a network of NTRs with comparable fished sites across a coastal biogeographic gradient to investigate the effect of fishing and habitat variability on the abundance and body size of rocky reef fish. We used Baited Remote Underwater stereo-Video (stereo-BRUVs) and Diver Operated stereo-Video (stereo-DOVs) systems to simultaneously sample reef fish and habitat. Model selection and results identified habitat and biogeographic variables, such as distance from shore, as important predictor variables, explaining several aspects of the fish assemblage. The effect of protection was important in determining the abundance and body size of targeted species, in particular for epinephelids and carangids. Conversely, species richness was correlated with habitat complexity but not with protection status. This is the first study using these survey methods in the Southwestern Atlantic, demonstrating how a network of NTRs can provide benchmarks for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A. Rolim
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Elasmobrânquios, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim Langlois
- The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pedro F. C. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Elasmobrânquios, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Todd Bond
- The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fábio S. Motta
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M. Neves
- Departamento de Ciências do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Campus Três Rios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otto B. F. Gadig
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Elasmobrânquios, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Johnston FD, Allen MS, Beardmore B, Riepe C, Pagel T, Hühn D, Arlinghaus R. How ecological processes shape the outcomes of stock enhancement and harvest regulations in recreational fisheries. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:2033-2054. [PMID: 30144215 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish stocking and harvest regulations are frequently used to maintain or enhance freshwater recreational fisheries and contribute to fish conservation. However, their relative effectiveness has rarely been systematically evaluated using quantitative models that account for key size- and density-dependent ecological processes and adaptive responses of anglers. We present an integrated model of freshwater recreational fisheries where the population dynamics of two model species affect the effort dynamics of recreational anglers. With this model, we examined how stocking various fish densities and sizes (fry, fingerlings, and adults) performed relative to minimum-length limits using a variety of biological, social, and economic performance measures, while evaluating trade-offs. Four key findings are highlighted. First, stocking often augmented the exploited fish population, but size- and density-dependent bottlenecks limited the number of fry and fingerlings surviving to a catchable size in self-sustaining populations. The greatest enhancement of the catchable fish population occurred when large fish that escaped early bottlenecks were stocked, but this came at the cost of wild-stock replacement, thereby demonstrating a fundamental trade-off between fisheries benefits and conservation. Second, the relative performance of stocking naturally reproducing populations was largely independent of habitat quality and was generally low. Third, stocking was only economically advisable when natural reproduction was impaired or absent, stocking rates were low, and enough anglers benefitted from stocking to offset the associated costs. Fourth, in self-sustaining fish populations, minimum-length limits generally outperformed stocking when judged against a range of biological, social and economic objectives. By contrast, stocking in culture-based fisheries often generated substantial benefits. Collectively, our study demonstrates that size- and density-dependent processes, and broadly the degree of natural recruitment, drive the biological, social, and economic outcomes of popular management actions in recreational fisheries. To evaluate these outcomes and the resulting trade-offs, integrated fisheries-management models that explicitly consider the feedbacks among ecological and social processes are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Johnston
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Micheal S Allen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, The University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, Florida, 32653-3071, USA
| | - Ben Beardmore
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, 53703, USA
| | - Carsten Riepe
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thilo Pagel
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Hühn
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, Haus 7, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mangin T, Costello C, Anderson J, Arnason R, Elliott M, Gaines SD, Hilborn R, Peterson E, Sumaila R. Are fishery management upgrades worth the cost? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204258. [PMID: 30235291 PMCID: PMC6147551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many analyses of fishery recovery have demonstrated the potential biological and economic benefits of management reform, but few have compared these to the associated costs of management upgrades, which can be substantial. This study aims to determine if the projected economic benefits of management reform outweigh the increases in management costs required to achieve those benefits. To answer this question, we developed a database of country-level fisheries management costs and use those to estimate the country-level costs of management changes. We use this framework to compare estimates of future costs of management upgrades against their economic benefits in terms of profit. Results indicate that for most nations, including the top 25 fishing nations, management upgrades outweigh their associated costs. This result is robust to a number of alternative assumptions about costs. Results also suggest that stronger reforms such as rights-based management, although sometimes more expensive to implement, can lead to greater net economic benefits compared to alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Mangin
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher Costello
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - James Anderson
- Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ragnar Arnason
- Department of Economics, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Matthew Elliott
- California Environmental Associates, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steve D. Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Ray Hilborn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emily Peterson
- California Environmental Associates, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rashid Sumaila
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Duarte de Paula Costa M, Mills M, Richardson AJ, Fuller RA, Muelbert JH, Possingham HP. Efficiently enforcing artisanal fisheries to protect estuarine biodiversity. Ecol Appl 2018; 28:1450-1458. [PMID: 29944185 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal fisheries support millions of livelihoods worldwide, yet ineffective enforcement can allow for continued environmental degradation due to overexploitation. Here, we use spatial planning to design an enforcement strategy for a pre-existing spatial closure for artisanal fisheries considering climate variability, existing seasonal fishing closures, representative conservation targets and enforcement costs. We calculated enforcement cost in three ways, based on different assumptions about who could be responsible for monitoring the fishery. We applied this approach in the Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil), where we found three important results. First, spatial priorities for enforcement were similar under different climate scenarios. Second, we found that the cost and percentage of area enforced varied among scenarios tested by the conservation planning analysis, with only a modest increase in budget needed to incorporate climate variability. Third, we found that spatial priorities for enforcement depend on whether enforcement is carried out by a central authority or by the community itself. Here, we demonstrated a method that can be used to efficiently design enforcement plans, resulting in the conservation of biodiversity and estuarine resources. Also, cost of enforcement can be potentially reduced when fishers are empowered to enforce management within their fishing grounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Duarte de Paula Costa
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Ictioplâncton, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Campus Carreiros, Avenida Itália Km 8, CP 474, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
| | - Morena Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland BioSciences Precinct (QBP), St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - José H Muelbert
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Ictioplâncton, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Campus Carreiros, Avenida Itália Km 8, CP 474, Rio Grande, RS, 96203900, Brazil
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ojaveer H, Galil BS, Carlton JT, Alleway H, Goulletquer P, Lehtiniemi M, Marchini A, Miller W, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Peharda M, Ruiz GM, Williams SL, Zaiko A. Historical baselines in marine bioinvasions: Implications for policy and management. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202383. [PMID: 30114232 PMCID: PMC6095587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-mediated introduction of marine non-indigenous species is a centuries- if not millennia-old phenomenon, but was only recently acknowledged as a potent driver of change in the sea. We provide a synopsis of key historical milestones for marine bioinvasions, including timelines of (a) discovery and understanding of the invasion process, focusing on transfer mechanisms and outcomes, (b) methodologies used for detection and monitoring, (c) approaches to ecological impacts research, and (d) management and policy responses. Early (until the mid-1900s) marine bioinvasions were given little attention, and in a number of cases actively and routinely facilitated. Beginning in the second half of the 20th century, several conspicuous non-indigenous species outbreaks with strong environmental, economic, and public health impacts raised widespread concerns and initiated shifts in public and scientific perceptions. These high-profile invasions led to policy documents and strategies to reduce the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species, although with significant time lags and limited success and focused on only a subset of transfer mechanisms. Integrated, multi-vector management within an ecosystem-based marine management context is urgently needed to address the complex interactions of natural and human pressures that drive invasions in marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henn Ojaveer
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia
| | - Bella S. Galil
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - James T. Carlton
- Maritime Studies Program of Williams College and Mystic Seaport, Mystic, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Heidi Alleway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Maiju Lehtiniemi
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Agnese Marchini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Whitman Miller
- Marine Invasion Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gregory M. Ruiz
- Marine Invasion Research Laboratory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Williams
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Anastasija Zaiko
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ford JH, Peel D, Kroodsma D, Hardesty BD, Rosebrock U, Wilcox C. Detecting suspicious activities at sea based on anomalies in Automatic Identification Systems transmissions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201640. [PMID: 30091985 PMCID: PMC6084947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) are a standard feature of ocean-going vessels, designed to allow vessels to notify each other of their position and route, to reduce collisions. Increasingly, the system is being used to monitor vessels remotely, particularly with the advent of satellite receivers. One fundamental problem with AIS transmission is the issue of gaps in transmissions. Gaps occur for three basic reasons: 1) saturation of the system in locations with high vessel density; 2) poor quality transmissions due to equipment on the vessel or receiver; and 3) intentional disabling of AIS transmitters. Resolving which of these mechanisms is responsible for generating gaps in transmissions from a given vessel is a critical task in using AIS to remotely monitor vessels. Moreover, separating saturation and equipment issues from intentional disabling is a key issue, as intentional disabling is a useful risk factor in predicting illicit behaviors such as illegal fishing. We describe a spatial statistical model developed to identify gaps in AIS transmission, which allows calculation of the probability that a given gap is due to intentional disabling. The model we developed successfully identifies high risk gaps in the test case example in the Arafura Sea. Simulations support that the model is sensitive to frequent gaps as short as one hour. Results in this case study area indicate expected high risk vessels were ranked highly for risk of intentional disabling of AIS transmitters. We discuss our findings in the context of improving enforcement opportunities to reduce illicit activities at sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Ford
- CSIRO Data61, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Peel
- CSIRO Data61, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Kroodsma
- Skytruth, Shepherdstown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Uwe Rosebrock
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Chris Wilcox
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Babali N, Kacher M, Belhabib D, Louanchi F, Pauly D. Recreational fisheries economics between illusion and reality: The case of Algeria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201602. [PMID: 30071001 PMCID: PMC6072071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreational fishing is often perceived as harmless when it comes to fisheries management, and its impact often estimated to surpass the economic outcomes of e.g. large-scale fisheries. Recreational fisheries are often an indication of political stability and sound ecosystem management. However, despite a high economic impact, the economic costs on traditional and small-scale commercial fishers is yet to be known. This paper answers the question of how unregulated recreational fisheries could rather generate a loss to an economy, and cause unfair competition with existing commercial sectors using the example of Algeria. This paper assesses catches and economic value of recreational fisheries in Algeria, and finds that over 6,000 tonnes reach commercial markets annually, competing directly with the small-scale artisanal sector, while selling recreationally caught fish is still illegal. The paper further finds that the public is thereby deprived-through lost tax, licence income and landed value of $45 million US annually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadhéra Babali
- National Research Center for the Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA), Boulevard front de Mer, Bou Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
- National School of Marine Science and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), Campus Universitaire Dely Ibrahim, Bois des Cars, Algiers, Algeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed Kacher
- National School of Marine Science and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), Campus Universitaire Dely Ibrahim, Bois des Cars, Algiers, Algeria
- Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries (MADRP), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Dyhia Belhabib
- Sea Around Us, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ferial Louanchi
- National School of Marine Science and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), Campus Universitaire Dely Ibrahim, Bois des Cars, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Daniel Pauly
- Sea Around Us, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities pose one of the most significant threats to sustainable fisheries worldwide. Identifying illegal behaviour, specifically fishing and at-sea transhipment, continues to be a fundamental hurdle in combating IUU fishing. Here, we explore the use of spatial statistical methods to identify vessels behaving anomalously, in particular with regard to loitering, using the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and surrounding waters as a case-study. Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) for vessel tracking, we applied Generalized Additive Models to capture both the temporal and spatial nature of loitering behaviour. We identified three statistically anomalous loitering behaviours (based on time, speed and distance) and applied the models to 2700 vessels in the region. We were able to rank vessels for individual and joint probability of atypical behaviour, providing a hierarchical list of vessels engaging in anomalous behaviour. While identification of irregular behaviour does not mean vessels are definitely engaging in illegal activities, this statistical modelling approach can be used to prioritise the allocation of enforcement resources and assist authorities under the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization Port State Measures Agreement for management and enforcement of IUU fishing associated activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H. Ford
- CSIRO Data61, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Peel
- CSIRO Data61, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Uwe Rosebrock
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Chris Wilcox
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu M, Sasa S, Komatsu T. Sargassum horneri C. Agardh space capacity estimation reveals that thallus surface area varies with wet weight. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199103. [PMID: 29920534 PMCID: PMC6007897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sargassum horneri C. Agardh is an important commercial edible seaweed species in east Asia. Benthic beds and floating rafts in coastal areas make excellent habitats for marine organisms to feed, hide, and spawn. Many commercially important fish species such as Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata), and Japanese horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) live in seaweed beds. Chinese and Japanese fisherman rely on S. horneri beds as productive fish harvest areas. The Zhejiang government in China set a total allowable catch standard, to preserve the Ma'an Islands ecosystem, which is a marine protected area. In this study we analysed the association between weight and one-sided surface area of S. horneri beds, and calculated the ratio of one-sided surface area to change in wet weight over time. We collected samples from December 2014 to May 2015. Approximately 1 g of S. horneri biomass provided ~15 cm2 of one-sided surface area available to marine organisms. These calculations can be used as a reference regarding potential space to improve total allowable catch standard management in S. horneri beds, through the estimation of space capacity of seaweed beds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, P.R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R. China
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- Hebei Provincial Research Institute for Engineering Technology of Coastal Ecology Rehabilitation, Tangshan, P.R. China
| | - Shuji Sasa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Komatsu
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Longépé N, Hajduch G, Ardianto R, Joux RD, Nhunfat B, Marzuki MI, Fablet R, Hermawan I, Germain O, Subki BA, Farhan R, Muttaqin AD, Gaspar P. Completing fishing monitoring with spaceborne Vessel Detection System (VDS) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) to assess illegal fishing in Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 131:33-39. [PMID: 29106935 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Indonesian fisheries management system is now equipped with the state-of-the-art technologies to deter and combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing. Since October 2014, non-cooperative fishing vessels can be detected from spaceborne Vessel Detection System (VDS) based on high resolution radar imagery, which directly benefits to coordinated patrol vessels in operation context. This study attempts to monitor the amount of illegal fishing in the Arafura Sea based on this new source of information. It is analyzed together with Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) and satellite-based Automatic Identification System (Sat-AIS) data, taking into account their own particularities. From October 2014 to March 2015, i.e. just after the establishment of a new moratorium by the Indonesian authorities, the estimated share of fishing vessels not carrying VMS, thus being illegal, ranges from 42 to 47%. One year later in January 2016, this proportion decreases and ranges from 32 to 42%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Longépé
- Space and Ground Segment, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Plouzané, France.
| | - Guillaume Hajduch
- Space and Ground Segment, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Plouzané, France
| | - Romy Ardianto
- Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development - MMAF, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Romain de Joux
- Space and Ground Segment, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Plouzané, France
| | - Béatrice Nhunfat
- Space and Ground Segment, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Plouzané, France
| | - Marza I Marzuki
- Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development - MMAF, Jakarta, Indonesia; Institut Mines-Télécom/Télécom Bretagne, CNRS UMR 6285 Lab-STICC, France
| | - Ronan Fablet
- Institut Mines-Télécom/Télécom Bretagne, CNRS UMR 6285 Lab-STICC, France
| | - Indra Hermawan
- Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development - MMAF, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Olivier Germain
- Space and Ground Segment, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Plouzané, France
| | - Berny A Subki
- Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development - MMAF, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Riza Farhan
- Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development - MMAF, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Deni Muttaqin
- Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research and Development - MMAF, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Philippe Gaspar
- Sustainable Management of Fisheries, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Ramonville Saint-Agne, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sotelo CG, Velasco A, Perez-Martin RI, Kappel K, Schröder U, Verrez-Bagnis V, Jérôme M, Mendes R, Silva H, Mariani S, Griffiths A. Tuna labels matter in Europe: Mislabelling rates in different tuna products. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196641. [PMID: 29768435 PMCID: PMC5955508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuna fisheries and processing represent economic activities of paramount importance around the world. Most of these products are traded for human consumption and in general are highly demanded commodities. However, not all tuna products achieve the same market price, some consumers are willing to pay a huge amount of money for certain species (i.e. Japanese market for Bluefin tuna) while other species are rather affordable (i.e. Skipjack tuna), therefore mislabelling has been observed frequently. We collected and analysed 545 tuna samples in six European countries, including fresh, frozen and canned products, and we have investigated whether or not these products were correctly labelled under European and national legislations. We found an overall mislabelling rate of 6.79%; in particular, 6.70% of the fresh and frozen tuna products and 7.84% of canned tuna were mislabelled, and only in the case of fresh and frozen tuna samples significant differences among countries were found. Mislabelling rates for Atlantic Bluefin tuna labelled products were very high, ranging from 50 up to 100%. In general, mislabelling was higher when specific names were included in the labels. The “tuna” umbrella term is a very popular one with consumers, but also one that remains vulnerable to ambiguity, hampering efforts towards market transparency and with potential negative consequences to the adequate management of tuna species stocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen G. Sotelo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Amaya Velasco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Kristina Kappel
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ute Schröder
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Rogério Mendes
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Silva
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Ecosystems & Environment Research Centre, School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
He P, Suuronen P. Technologies for the marking of fishing gear to identify gear components entangled on marine animals and to reduce abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 129:253-261. [PMID: 29680545 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fishing gears are marked to establish and inform origin, ownership and position. More recently, fishing gears are marked to aid in capacity control, reduce marine litter due to abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) and assist in its recovery, and to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Traditionally, physical marking, inscription, writing, color, shape, and tags have been used for ownership and capacity purposes. Buoys, lights, flags, and radar reflectors are used for marking of position. More recently, electronic devices have been installed on marker buoys to enable easier relocation of the gear by owner vessels. This paper reviews gear marking technologies with focus on coded wire tags, radio frequency identification tags, Automatic Identification Systems, advanced electronic buoys for pelagic longlines and fish aggregating devices, and re-location technology if the gear becomes lost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingguo He
- School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 836 Rodney French Boulevard South, New Bedford, MA 02744, USA; Fishing Operations and Technology Branch, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy.
| | - Petri Suuronen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Showen R, Dunson C, Woodman GH, Christopher S, Lim T, Wilson SC. Locating fish bomb blasts in real-time using a networked acoustic system. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 128:496-507. [PMID: 29571401 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Results are presented of a demonstration of real-time fish blast location in Sabah, Malaysia using a networked hydroacoustic array based on the ShotSpotter gunshot location system. A total of six acoustic sensors - some fixed and others mobile - were deployed at ranges from 1 to 9 km to detect signals from controlled test blasts. This allowed the blast locations to be determined to within 60 m accuracy, and for the calculated locations to be displayed on a map on designated internet-connected computers within 10 s. A smaller three-sensor system was then installed near Semporna in Eastern Sabah that determined the locations of uncontrolled blasts set off by local fishermen. The success of these demonstrations shows that existing technology can be used to protect reefs and permit more effective management of blast fishing activity through improved detection and enforcement measures and enhanced community engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Showen
- ShotSpotter Inc., Suite 210, 7979 Gateway Blvd, Newark, CA 94560, USA.
| | - C Dunson
- ShotSpotter Inc., Suite 210, 7979 Gateway Blvd, Newark, CA 94560, USA
| | - G H Woodman
- Teng Hoi Conservation Organization, Room 1906, 19/F, China Insurance Group Building, 141 Des Voeux Road, Central, Hong Kong
| | - S Christopher
- Scubazoo Images Sdn. Bhd., 3, Jalan Nosoob Hungab, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - T Lim
- Scubazoo Images Sdn. Bhd., 3, Jalan Nosoob Hungab, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - S C Wilson
- Five Oceans Environmental Services LLC, P.O. Box 660, Postal Code 131, Hamriyah, Oman
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Andreu-Cazenave M, Subida MD, Fernandez M. Exploitation rates of two benthic resources across management regimes in central Chile: Evidence of illegal fishing in artisanal fisheries operating in open access areas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180012. [PMID: 28666013 PMCID: PMC5493345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to quantify the impacts of artisanal fisheries and define management practices that allow for the recovery and conservation of exploited stocks. The extent of illegal catch is particularly critical as a driver of overexploitation in artisanal fisheries. However, the lack of data at proper spatial scales limits the evaluation of illegal fishing and effectiveness of management practices. We used a catch curve analysis to estimate total instantaneous mortality as a proxy of fishing pressure in the artisanal benthic fishery in central Chile. We compared the patterns of total mortality in fishing grounds under the well-studied territorial use rights for fisheries system (TURF) immersed in a landscape of open access areas (OAA; no access restriction), and from these patterns determined the extent of illegal fishing in open access areas focusing on the two most frequently extracted resources: locos (Concholepas concholepas) and keyhole limpets (Fissurella spp.). The beauty of this seascape is the presence of the no-take (NT) area of Las Cruces as control (no fishing), allowing us to estimate natural mortality. Loco exploitation is banned in OAAs. However, loco mortality in OAAs was 92% higher than in the NT, and 42% higher than in TURFs. Keyhole limpet mortality was similar between TURFs and the NT, but doubled in OAAs. We also found strong differences in mortality among fishing grounds with the same level of protection (i.e. TURFs), and over time. Our results highlight (a) the high level of illegal fishing that may occur in artisanal fisheries under traditional management regimes, and (b) that TURFs can be effective to reduce fishing mortality. However, large variability among TURFs suggests the need for a deeper understanding of the drivers of success of TURFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Andreu-Cazenave
- Núcleo Milenio - Centro de Conservación Marina CCM, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Dulce Subida
- Núcleo Milenio - Centro de Conservación Marina CCM, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miriam Fernandez
- Núcleo Milenio - Centro de Conservación Marina CCM, Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Ojea E, Pearlman I, Gaines SD, Lester SE. Fisheries regulatory regimes and resilience to climate change. Ambio 2017; 46:399-412. [PMID: 27854068 PMCID: PMC5385667 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is already producing ecological, social, and economic impacts on fisheries, and these effects are expected to increase in frequency and magnitude in the future. Fisheries governance and regulations can alter socio-ecological resilience to climate change impacts via harvest control rules and incentives driving fisher behavior, yet there are no syntheses or conceptual frameworks for examining how institutions and their regulatory approaches can alter fisheries resilience to climate change. We identify nine key climate resilience criteria for fisheries socio-ecological systems (SES), defining resilience as the ability of the coupled system of interacting social and ecological components (i.e., the SES) to absorb change while avoiding transformation into a different undesirable state. We then evaluate the capacity of four fisheries regulatory systems that vary in their degree of property rights, including open access, limited entry, and two types of rights-based management, to increase or inhibit resilience. Our exploratory assessment of evidence in the literature suggests that these regulatory regimes vary widely in their ability to promote resilient fisheries, with rights-based approaches appearing to offer more resilience benefits in many cases, but detailed characteristics of the regulatory instruments are fundamental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ojea
- Future Oceans Lab, University of Vigo, Edificio Torre CACTI, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Basque Center for Climate Change (BC3), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Isaac Pearlman
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 USA
| | - Steven D. Gaines
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131 USA
| | - Sarah E. Lester
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Bellamy Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Davies TK, Mees CC, Milner-Gulland EJ. Use of a counterfactual approach to evaluate the effect of area closures on fishing location in a tropical tuna fishery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174758. [PMID: 28355269 PMCID: PMC5371335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial closures are widely used in marine conservation and fisheries management and it is important to understand their contribution to achieving management objectives. Many previous evaluations of closed area effects have used before-after comparisons, which, without controlling for a full range of factors, cannot ascribe changes in fleet behaviour to area closures per se. In this study we used a counterfactual approach to disentangle the effect of two closed areas on fishing location from other competing effects on the behaviour of the Indian Ocean tuna purse seine fishery. Our results revealed an inconsistent effect of the one of the closed areas between years, after taking into account the influence of environmental conditions on fleet behaviour. This suggests that the policy of closing the area per se was not the main driver for the fleet allocating its effort elsewhere. We also showed a marked difference in effect between the two closed areas resulting from their different locations in the fishery area. These findings highlight the need to account for other key fleet behavioural drivers when predicting or evaluating the contribution of area closures to achieving conservation and fishery management objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim K. Davies
- Department of Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRAG Ltd, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Torres-Irineo E, Dreyfus-León M, Gaertner D, Salas S, Marchal P. Adaptive responses of tropical tuna purse-seiners under temporal regulations. Ambio 2017; 46:88-97. [PMID: 27352360 PMCID: PMC5226896 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The failure to achieve fisheries management objectives has been broadly discussed in international meetings. Measuring the effects of fishery regulations is difficult due to the lack of detailed information. The yellowfin tuna fishery in the eastern Pacific Ocean offers an opportunity to evaluate the fishers' responses to temporal regulations. We used data from observers on-board Mexican purse-seine fleet, which is the main fleet fishing on dolphin-associated tuna schools. In 2002, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission implemented a closed season to reduce fishing effort for this fishery. For the period 1992-2008, we analysed three fishery indicators using generalized estimating equations to evaluate the fishers' response to the closure. We found that purse-seiners decreased their time spent in port, increased their fishing sets, and maintained their proportion of successful fishing sets. Our results highlight the relevance of accounting for the fisher behaviour to understand fisheries dynamics when establishing management regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Torres-Irineo
- UMR MARBEC, IRD, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34200 Sète, France
- CONACYT, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 97130 Sisal, Yucatan Mexico
| | - Michel Dreyfus-León
- Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, UABC, Ensenada, Mexico
- 511 E. San Ysidro Blvd 2430, San Ysidro, CA 92173-3150 USA
| | - Daniel Gaertner
- UMR MARBEC, IRD, Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34200 Sète, France
| | - Silvia Salas
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, CP 97310 Mérida, Yucatán Mexico
| | - Paul Marchal
- Channel and North Sea Fisheries Department, IFREMER, 150 Quai Gambetta, BP 699, 62321 Boulogne s/mer, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Teh LSL, Witter A, Cheung WWL, Sumaila UR, Yin X. What is at stake? Status and threats to South China Sea marine fisheries. Ambio 2017; 46:57-72. [PMID: 27663231 PMCID: PMC5226903 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Governance of South China Sea (SCS) fisheries remains weak despite acknowledgement of their widespread overexploitation for the past few decades. This review incorporates unreported fish catches to provide an improved baseline of the current status and societal contribution of SCS marine fisheries, so that the socio-economic and ecological consequences of continued fisheries unsustainability may be understood. Potential fisheries contribution to food and livelihoods include 11-17 million t in fisheries catch and USD 12-22 × 109 in fisheries landed value annually in the 2000s, and close to 3 million jobs. However, overfishing has resulted in biodiversity and habitat loss, and altered ecosystem trophic structures to a 'fished down' state. The present situation reiterates the urgency for fisheries policies that simultaneously address multiple political, social, economic, and biological dimensions at regional, national, and local scales. Importantly, improved cooperation between SCS nations, particularly in overcoming territorial disputes, is essential for effective regional fisheries governance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise S L Teh
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Allison Witter
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - William W L Cheung
- Changing Oceans Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - U Rashid Sumaila
- Fisheries Economics Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueying Yin
- Changing Oceans Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, AERL 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Phelps QE, Hupfeld RN, Whitledge GW. Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens and shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus environmental life history revealed using pectoral fin-ray microchemistry: implications for interjurisdictional conservation through fishery closure zones. J Fish Biol 2017; 90:626-639. [PMID: 27981582 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study inferred that the majority of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus captured in the upper Mississippi River probably originated from locations outside the upper Mississippi River (Missouri River, middle Mississippi River); whereas, lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens exhibit infrequent movement outside of the upper Mississippi River, but may move throughout these interconnected large rivers at various life stages. By using pectoral fin-ray microchemistry (a non-lethal alternative to using otoliths), it is suggest that interjurisdictional cooperation will probably be needed to ensure sustainability of the S. platorynchus commercial fishery and the success of A. fulvescens reintroduction in the upper Mississippi River. Additionally, fin-ray microchemistry can provide invaluable data to make informed management decisions regarding large river fishes, that cross jurisdictional boundaries or that move outside of closure zones, without causing further mortality to compromised fish populations (e.g. threatened and endangered species).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q E Phelps
- Big Rivers and Wetlands Field Station, Missouri Department of Conservation, 3815 East Jackson Boulevard, Jackson, MO, 63755, U.S.A
| | - R N Hupfeld
- Southeast Missouri State University, Biology Department, One University Plaza, Cape Girardeau, MO, 63701, U.S.A
- Missouri River Fisheries Management Office, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, 21914 Park Loop, Onawa, IA, 51040, U.S.A
| | - G W Whitledge
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Pauly D, Weatherdon LV, Ota Y. A Global Estimate of Seafood Consumption by Coastal Indigenous Peoples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166681. [PMID: 27918581 PMCID: PMC5137875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal Indigenous peoples rely on ocean resources and are highly vulnerable to ecosystem and economic change. Their challenges have been observed and recognized at local and regional scales, yet there are no global-scale analyses to inform international policies. We compile available data for over 1,900 coastal Indigenous communities around the world representing 27 million people across 87 countries. Based on available data at local and regional levels, we estimate a total global yearly seafood consumption of 2.1 million (1.5 million-2.8 million) metric tonnes by coastal Indigenous peoples, equal to around 2% of global yearly commercial fisheries catch. Results reflect the crucial role of seafood for these communities; on average, consumption per capita is 15 times higher than non-Indigenous country populations. These findings contribute to an urgently needed sense of scale to coastal Indigenous issues, and will hopefully prompt increased recognition and directed research regarding the marine knowledge and resource needs of Indigenous peoples. Marine resources are crucial to the continued existence of coastal Indigenous peoples, and their needs must be explicitly incorporated into management policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Pauly
- Sea Around Us Project, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Yoshitaka Ota
- NEREUS Program, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Casey J, Jardim E, Martinsohn JT. The role of genetics in fisheries management under the E.U. common fisheries policy. J Fish Biol 2016; 89:2755-2767. [PMID: 27761916 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of fish and shellfish stocks by the European Union fishing fleet is managed under the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), which aims to ensure that fishing and aquaculture are environmentally, economically and socially sustainable and that they provide a source of healthy food for E.U. citizens. A notable feature of the CFP is its legally enshrined requirement for sound scientific advice to underpin its objectives. The CFP was first conceived in 1970 when it formed part of the Common Agricultural Policy. Its formal inception as a stand-alone regulation occurred in 1983 and since that time, the CFP has undergone reforms in 1992, 2002 and 2013, each time bringing additional challenges to the scientific advisory process as the scope of the advice increased in response to changing objectives arising from E.U. regulations and commitments to international agreements. This paper reviews the influence that genetics has had on fish stock assessments and the provision of management advice for European fisheries under successive reforms of the CFP. The developments in genetics since the inception of the CFP have given rise to a diverse and versatile set of genetic techniques that have the potential to provide significant added value to fisheries assessments and the scientific advisory process. While in some cases, notably Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp., genetics appear to be very well integrated into existing management schemes, it seems that for marine fishes, discussions on the use of genetics and genomics for fisheries management are often driven by the remarkable technological progress in this field, rather than imminent needs emerging from policy frameworks. An example is the recent suggestion to use environmental (e)DNA for monitoring purposes. While there is no denying that state-of-the-art genetic and genomic approaches can and will be of value to address a number of issues relevant for the management and conservation of marine renewable natural resources, a focus on technology rather than policy and management needs is prone to widen the gap between science and policy, governance and management, thereby further impeding the effective integration of genetic and genomic information into the fisheries management decision making process. Hence, rather than focusing on what is technically achievable, this review outlines suggestions as to which modern genetic and genomic approaches are likely to help address some of the most pressing fisheries management challenges under the CFP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Casey
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Unit D.02-Water and Marine Resources, TP051-Bldg. 5a, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - E Jardim
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Unit D.02-Water and Marine Resources, TP051-Bldg. 5a, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - J Th Martinsohn
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate D-Sustainable Resources, Unit D.02-Water and Marine Resources, TP051-Bldg. 5a, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cooke SJ, Allison EH, Beard TD, Arlinghaus R, Arthington AH, Bartley DM, Cowx IG, Fuentevilla C, Leonard NJ, Lorenzen K, Lynch AJ, Nguyen VM, Youn SJ, Taylor WW, Welcomme RL. On the sustainability of inland fisheries: Finding a future for the forgotten. Ambio 2016; 45:753-764. [PMID: 27312662 PMCID: PMC5055481 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
At present, inland fisheries are not often a national or regional governance priority and as a result, inland capture fisheries are undervalued and largely overlooked. As such they are threatened in both developing and developed countries. Indeed, due to lack of reliable data, inland fisheries have never been part of any high profile global fisheries assessment and are notably absent from the Sustainable Development Goals. The general public and policy makers are largely ignorant of the plight of freshwater ecosystems and the fish they support, as well as the ecosystem services generated by inland fisheries. This ignorance is particularly salient given that the current emphasis on the food-water-energy nexus often fails to include the important role that inland fish and fisheries play in food security and supporting livelihoods in low-income food deficit countries. Developing countries in Africa and Asia produce about 11 million tonnes of inland fish annually, 90 % of the global total. The role of inland fisheries goes beyond just kilocalories; fish provide important micronutrients and essentially fatty acids. In some regions, inland recreational fisheries are important, generating much wealth and supporting livelihoods. The following three key recommendations are necessary for action if inland fisheries are to become a part of the food-water-energy discussion: invest in improved valuation and assessment methods, build better methods to effectively govern inland fisheries (requires capacity building and incentives), and develop approaches to managing waters across sectors and scales. Moreover, if inland fisheries are recognized as important to food security, livelihoods, and human well-being, they can be more easily incorporated in regional, national, and global policies and agreements on water issues. Through these approaches, inland fisheries can be better evaluated and be more fully recognized in broader water resource and aquatic ecosystem planning and decision-making frameworks, enhancing their value and sustainability for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Edward H Allison
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Douglas Beard
- National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, and Integrative Fisheries Management and Integrative Research Institute for the Transformation of Human-Environmental Systems, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Devin M Bartley
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Ian G Cowx
- Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Carlos Fuentevilla
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Kai Lorenzen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resource and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abigail J Lynch
- National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Vivian M Nguyen
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - So-Jung Youn
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - William W Taylor
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robin L Welcomme
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College of London, Silwood Park, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Boyes SJ, Elliott M, Murillas-Maza A, Papadopoulou N, Uyarra MC. Is existing legislation fit-for-purpose to achieve Good Environmental Status in European seas? Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 111:18-32. [PMID: 27377000 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent additions to marine environmental legislation are usually designed to fill gaps in protection and management, build on existing practices or correct deficiencies in previous instruments. Article 13 of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires Member States to develop a Programme of Measures (PoM) by 2015, to meet the objective of Good Environmental Status (GES) for their waters by 2020. This review explores key maritime-related policies with the aim to identify the opportunities and threats that they pose for the achievement of GES. It specifically examines how Member States have relied on and will integrate existing legislation and policies to implement their PoM and the potential opportunities and difficulties associated with this. Using case studies of three Member States, other external impediments to achieving GES are discussed including uses and users of the marine environment who are not governed by the MSFD, and gives recommendations for overcoming barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Boyes
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Michael Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Arantza Murillas-Maza
- AZTI Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g Sukarrieta, Bizkaia 48395, Spain
| | - Nadia Papadopoulou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, Heraklion, Crete 71003, Greece
| | - Maria C Uyarra
- AZTI Marine Research Division, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g Sukarrieta, Bizkaia 48395, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sutton AM, Rudd MA. Crossing Science-Policy-Societal Boundaries to Reduce Scientific and Institutional Uncertainty in Small-Scale Fisheries. Environ Manage 2016; 58:565-584. [PMID: 27389712 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-016-0737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The governance of small-scale fisheries (SSF) is challenging due to the uncertainty, complexity, and interconnectedness of social, political, ecological, and economical processes. Conventional SSF management has focused on a centralized and top-down approach. A major criticism of conventional management is the over-reliance on 'expert science' to guide decision-making and poor consideration of fishers' contextually rich knowledge. That is thought to exacerbate the already low governance potential of SSF. Integrating scientific knowledge with fishers' knowledge is increasingly popular and is often assumed to help reduce levels of biophysical and institutional uncertainties. Many projects aimed at encouraging knowledge integration have, however, been unsuccessful. Our objective in this research was to assess factors that influence knowledge integration and the uptake of integrated knowledge into policy-making. We report results from 54 semi-structured interviews with SSF researchers and practitioners from around the globe. Our analysis is framed in terms of scientific credibility, societal legitimacy, and policy saliency, and we discuss cases that have been partially or fully successful in reducing uncertainty via push-and-pull-oriented boundary crossing initiatives. Our findings suggest that two important factors affect the science-policy-societal boundary: a lack of consensus among stakeholders about what constitutes credible knowledge and institutional uncertainty resulting from shifting policies and leadership change. A lack of training for scientific leaders and an apparent 'shelf-life' for community organizations highlight the importance of ongoing institutional support for knowledge integration projects. Institutional support may be enhanced through such investments, such as capacity building and specialized platforms for knowledge integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Murray A Rudd
- Department of Environment Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nguyen VM, Young N, Hinch SG, Cooke SJ. Getting past the blame game: Convergence and divergence in perceived threats to salmon resources among anglers and indigenous fishers in Canada's lower Fraser River. Ambio 2016; 45:591-601. [PMID: 26897007 PMCID: PMC4980314 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This article examines threat perception as a potential dimension of inter-group conflict over salmon fisheries in Canada's Fraser River watershed. Environmental changes and the entry of new user groups are putting pressure on both the resource and regulators, as well as threatening to exacerbate conflicts, notably between First Nation (indigenous) fishers and non-indigenous recreational anglers. While resource conflicts are often superficially conceptualized as cases of competing interests, we build on recent studies suggesting that conflicts are associated with deeper cognitive and perceptual differences among user groups. We report findings from 422 riverbank interviews with First Nation fishers and recreational anglers focusing on perceptions of threat to the fisheries. Responses reveal both substantial agreement and disagreement in threat perceptions between the two groups. These patterns provide a potential roadmap for consensus building, and suggest possible avenues for policy-makers to defuse the "blame game" that often dominates this type of conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M. Nguyen
- Biology Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Biology Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mangi SC, Kenny A, Readdy L, Posen P, Ribeiro-Santos A, Neat FC, Burns F. The economic implications of changing regulations for deep sea fishing under the European Common Fisheries Policy: UK case study. Sci Total Environ 2016; 562:260-269. [PMID: 27100006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Economic impact assessment methodology was applied to UK fisheries data to better understand the implications of European Commission proposal for regulations to fishing for deep-sea stocks in the North-East Atlantic (EC COM 371 Final 2012) under the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The aim was to inform the on-going debate to develop the EC proposal, and to assist the UK fishing industry and Government in evaluating the most effective options to manage deep sea fish stocks. Results indicate that enforcing the EC proposal as originally drafted results in a number of implications for the UK fleet. Because of the proposed changes to the list of species defined as being deep sea species, and a new definition of what constitutes a vessel targeting deep sea species, a total of 695 active UK fishing vessels would need a permit to fish for deep sea species. However, due to existing and capped capacity limits many vessels would potentially not be able to obtain such a permit. The economic impact of these changes from the status quo reveals that in the short term, landings would decrease by 6540 tonnes, reducing gross value added by £3.3 million. Alternative options were also assessed that provide mitigation measures to offset the impacts of the proposed regulations whilst at the same time providing more effective protection of deep sea Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs). The options include setting a 400m depth rule that identifies a depth beyond which vessels would potentially be classified as fishing for deep sea species and designating 'core areas' for deep sea fishing at depths>400m to minimise the risk of further impacts of bottom fishing gear on deep sea habitats. Applying a 400m depth limit and 'core fishing' area approach deeper than 400m, the impact of the EC proposal would essentially be reduced to zero, that is, on average no vessels (using the status quo capacity baseline) would be impacted by the proposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Mangi
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), 55 Briseham Road, Brixham TQ5 9NX, UK.
| | - Andrew Kenny
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Lisa Readdy
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Paulette Posen
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Ana Ribeiro-Santos
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Francis C Neat
- Marine Scotland-Science, Marine Laboratory,375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Finlay Burns
- Marine Scotland-Science, Marine Laboratory,375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
In this study data relative to the fishery in the freshwater area of the Patos Lagoon are analysed, and the dynamics, fishing gears used and catches evaluated. The results reveal the existence of two fishery strategies: forbidden mesh size gillnets (FMG; <35 mm; square measure) and allowed mesh size gillnets (AMG; ≥35 mm; square measure). In total, 31 species were caught (AMG = 27 and FMG = 24), but selectivity due to mesh size was significant (P < 0·001). The FMG may be very harmful since it captures individuals of most species below size at first maturity, including the target species, the armoured catfish Loricariichthys anus (61% of the total catch). In addition, this gear is used throughout the year, including the closed season (CS; November to January), when the target species is reproducing. Target species for the AMG are larger in size, comprising mainly the mullet Mugil liza, the marine catfish Genidens barbus and the whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri. AMS gillnets were not used during the CS. The use of FMG reveals the need for effective fishery law enforcement and the need for additional studies to assess the status of populations of the exploited species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Ceni
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Laboratório de Manejo Integrado de Ambientes Costeiros, CEP 88806-000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - N F Fontoura
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Ecologia, C.P. 1429, CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - H N Cabral
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Boettiger C, Bode M, Sanchirico JN, Lariviere J, Hastings A, Armsworth PR. Optimal management of a stochastically varying population when policy adjustment is costly. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:808-817. [PMID: 27411252 DOI: 10.1890/15-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ecological systems are dynamic and policies to manage them need to respond to that variation. However, policy adjustments will sometimes be costly, which means that fine-tuning a policy to track variability in the environment very tightly will only sometimes be worthwhile. We use a classic fisheries management problem, how to manage a stochastically varying population using annually varying quotas in order to maximize profit, to examine how costs of policy adjustment change optimal management recommendations. Costs of policy adjustment (changes in fishing quotas through time) could take different forms. For example, these costs may respond to the size of the change being implemented, or there could be a fixed cost any time a quota change is made. We show how different forms of policy costs have contrasting implications for optimal policies. Though it is frequently assumed that costs to adjusting policies will dampen variation in the policy, we show that certain cost structures can actually increase variation through time. We further show that failing to account for adjustment costs has a consistently worse economic impact than would assuming these costs are present when they are not.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Fishing using explosives is common in Tanzanian waters; it is considered to be more widely practised now than at any other point in history. Mwambao Coastal Community Network, a Tanzanian NGO carried out a multi-stakeholder consultation in April 2014 initiated through the concern of private investors and tourism operators. Consultations were held with villagers, fisheries officers, government officers, hoteliers, dive operators, fish processors, NGOs and other key individuals, and shed some light on key factors enabling this practice to flourish. Key areas identified for attention include engendering political will at all levels, upholding of the law through a non-corrupt enforcement and judicial system, and defining clear roles and responsibilities for monitoring and surveillance. The work identified other successful initiatives which have tackled this pervasive practice including projects that build local capacity for marine governance, villages that have declared themselves intolerant of blast-fishing, and private-public partnerships for patrol and protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorna M Slade
- Mwambao Coastal Community Network, P.O. Box 3810, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Separating myth and reality is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of laws. Section 7 of the US Endangered Species Act (Act) directs federal agencies to help conserve threatened and endangered species, including by consulting with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or National Marine Fisheries Service on actions the agencies authorize, fund, or carry out. Consultations ensure that actions do not violate the Act's prohibitions on "jeopardizing" listed species or "destroying or adversely modifying" these species' critical habitat. Because these prohibitions are broad, many people consider section 7 the primary tool for protecting species under the Act, whereas others believe section 7 severely impedes economic development. This decades-old controversy is driven primarily by the lack of data on implementation: past analyses are either over 25 y old or taxonomically restricted. We analyze data on all 88,290 consultations recorded by FWS from January 2008 through April 2015. In contrast to conventional wisdom about section 7 implementation, no project was stopped or extensively altered as a result of FWS finding jeopardy or adverse modification during this period. We also show that median consultation duration is far lower than the maximum allowed by the Act, and several factors drive variation in consultation duration. The results discredit many of the claims about the onerous nature of section 7 but also raise questions as to how federal agencies could apply this tool more effectively to conserve species. We build on the results to identify ways to improve the effectiveness of consultations for imperiled species conservation and increase the efficiency of consultations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Malcom
- Defenders of Wildlife Endangered Species Conservation Program, Washington, DC 20036
| | - Ya-Wei Li
- Defenders of Wildlife Endangered Species Conservation Program, Washington, DC 20036
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cruz T, Jacinto D, Sousa A, Penteado N, Pereira D, Fernandes JN, Silva T, Castro JJ. The state of the fishery, conservation and management of the stalked barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes in Portugal. Mar Environ Res 2015; 112:73-80. [PMID: 26507313 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The stalked barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes is the most important intertidal economical resource in Portugal. The assessment of the state of the fishery, conservation and management of P. pollicipes in Portugal was made for the first time in three regions with different regulations regarding this fishery: two marine protected areas ("Reserva Natural das Berlengas", RNB; and "Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina", PNSACV); and the Center coast. Different approaches (independent observations, inquiries, logbooks) and sources of data (past and recent) were used. An overall negative tendency of the state of the fishery and conservation of this resource was observed in all regions, with the exception of the stable tendency detected in PNSACV when using the inquiries approach. A weak management was considered to be in practice at Center and at PNSACV, while an acceptable management was inferred for RNB. We recommend a change into a co-management system that should be tested in pilot regions as RNB and/or PNSACV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cruz
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Portugal.
| | - David Jacinto
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal.
| | - Alina Sousa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal.
| | - Nélia Penteado
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal.
| | - Diana Pereira
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal.
| | - Joana N Fernandes
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Silva
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal.
| | - João J Castro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Apartado 190, 7521-903 Sines, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McDonald SL, Rigling Gallagher D. A Story About People and Porpoises: Consensus-Based Decision Making in the Shadow of Political Action. Environ Manage 2015; 56:814-821. [PMID: 26071765 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Professionally facilitated multi-stakeholder meetings of marine mammal Take Reduction Teams, such as the Harbor Porpoise Take Reduction Team, are mandated by the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. These meetings employ consensus-based decision-making to create policies to safeguard marine mammals. This opportunistic case study examines the history of the Harbor Porpoise Take Reduction Team multi-stakeholder group, and policy decisions the team made to address harmful interactions between harbor porpoises and the New England and mid-Atlantic groundfish fishery. For more than a decade, stakeholders regularly met to create regulations designed to mitigate the accidental entanglement of harbor porpoises in gillnets, called bycatch. A series of disruptions, including a new political appointee and the addition of new team members, altered how stakeholders interacted with one another and how regulations were implemented. These shocks to the formerly well-functioning team, placed the future of consensus-based policy creation at risk. Lessons from this case study can be applied to increase understanding of how multi-stakeholder methods, which are incorporated into many regulatory decision-making processes operate in practice and illustrate the fragile nature of long-standing consensus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L McDonald
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, P.O. Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708-0328, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gelcich S, Donlan CJ. Incentivizing biodiversity conservation in artisanal fishing communities through territorial user rights and business model innovation. Conserv Biol 2015; 29:1076-1085. [PMID: 25737027 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Territorial user rights for fisheries are being promoted to enhance the sustainability of small-scale fisheries. Using Chile as a case study, we designed a market-based program aimed at improving fishers' livelihoods while incentivizing the establishment and enforcement of no-take areas within areas managed with territorial user right regimes. Building on explicit enabling conditions (i.e., high levels of governance, participation, and empowerment), we used a place-based, human-centered approach to design a program that will have the necessary support and buy-in from local fishers to result in landscape-scale biodiversity benefits. Transactional infrastructure must be complex enough to capture the biodiversity benefits being created, but simple enough so that the program can be scaled up and is attractive to potential financiers. Biodiversity benefits created must be commoditized, and desired behavioral changes must be verified within a transactional context. Demand must be generated for fisher-created biodiversity benefits in order to attract financing and to scale the market model. Important design decisions around these 3 components-supply, transactional infrastructure, and demand-must be made based on local social-ecological conditions. Our market model, which is being piloted in Chile, is a flexible foundation on which to base scalable opportunities to operationalize a scheme that incentivizes local, verifiable biodiversity benefits via conservation behaviors by fishers that could likely result in significant marine conservation gains and novel cross-sector alliances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gelcich
- Departamento de Ecologia, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) and Centro de Conservacion Marina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Conservation Strategies (ACS), Midway, 84049, UT, U.S.A
| | - C Josh Donlan
- Advanced Conservation Strategies (ACS), Midway, 84049, UT, U.S.A
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Heath MR, Cook RM. Hind-casting the quantity and composition of discards by mixed demersal fisheries in the North Sea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117078. [PMID: 25774938 PMCID: PMC4361349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many commercial fisheries seek to maximise the economic value of the catch that they bring ashore and market for human consumption by discarding undersize or low value fish. Information on the quantity, size and species composition of discarded fish is vital for stock assessments and for devising legislation to minimise the practice. However, except for a few major species, data are usually extremely sparse and reliant on observers aboard a small sample of fishing vessels. Expanding these data to estimate total regional discards is highly problematic. Here, we develop a method for utilising additional information from scientific trawl surveys to model the quantities of fish discarded by the commercial fisheries. As a case-study, we apply the model to the North Sea over the period 1978-2011, and show a long-term decline in the overall quantity of fish discarded, but an increase in the proportion of catch which is thrown away. The composition of discarded catch has shifted from predominantly (∼80%) roundfish, to >50% flatfish. Undersized plaice constitute the largest single fraction of discards, unchanged from the beginning of the 20th century. Overall, around 60% of discarded fish are rejected on the basis of size rather than for reasons of species value or quota restrictions. The analysis shows that much more information can be gained on discarding by utilising additional sources of data rather than relying solely on information gathered by observers. In addition, it is clear that reducing fishing intensity and rebuilding stocks is likely to be more effective at reducing discards in the long term, than any technical legislation to outlaw the practice in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Heath
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M. Cook
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
EU warns four more states in fight to end illegal fishing. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 91:12. [PMID: 25806387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
|