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Luke SH, Roy HE, Thomas CD, Tilley LAN, Ward S, Watt A, Carnaghi M, Jaworski CC, Tercel MPTG, Woodrow C, Aown S, Banfield‐Zanin JA, Barnsley SL, Berger I, Brown MJF, Bull JC, Campbell H, Carter RAB, Charalambous M, Cole LJ, Ebejer MJ, Farrow RA, Fartyal RS, Grace M, Highet F, Hill JK, Hood ASC, Kent ES, Krell F, Leather SR, Leybourne DJ, Littlewood NA, Lyons A, Matthews G, Mc Namara L, Menéndez R, Merrett P, Mohammed S, Murchie AK, Noble M, Paiva M, Pannell MJ, Phon C, Port G, Powell C, Rosell S, Sconce F, Shortall CR, Slade EM, Sutherland JP, Weir JC, Williams CD, Zielonka NB, Dicks LV. Grand challenges in entomology: Priorities for action in the coming decades. INSECT CONSERVATION AND DIVERSITY 2023; 16:173-189. [PMID: 38505358 PMCID: PMC10947029 DOI: 10.1111/icad.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Entomology is key to understanding terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems at a time of unprecedented anthropogenic environmental change and offers substantial untapped potential to benefit humanity in a variety of ways, from improving agricultural practices to managing vector-borne diseases and inspiring technological advances.We identified high priority challenges for entomology using an inclusive, open, and democratic four-stage prioritisation approach, conducted among the membership and affiliates (hereafter 'members') of the UK-based Royal Entomological Society (RES).A list of 710 challenges was gathered from 189 RES members. Thematic analysis was used to group suggestions, followed by an online vote to determine initial priorities, which were subsequently ranked during an online workshop involving 37 participants.The outcome was a set of 61 priority challenges within four groupings of related themes: (i) 'Fundamental Research' (themes: Taxonomy, 'Blue Skies' [defined as research ideas without immediate practical application], Methods and Techniques); (ii) 'Anthropogenic Impacts and Conservation' (themes: Anthropogenic Impacts, Conservation Options); (iii) 'Uses, Ecosystem Services and Disservices' (themes: Ecosystem Benefits, Technology and Resources [use of insects as a resource, or as inspiration], Pests); (iv) 'Collaboration, Engagement and Training' (themes: Knowledge Access, Training and Collaboration, Societal Engagement).Priority challenges encompass research questions, funding objectives, new technologies, and priorities for outreach and engagement. Examples include training taxonomists, establishing a global network of insect monitoring sites, understanding the extent of insect declines, exploring roles of cultivated insects in food supply chains, and connecting professional with amateur entomologists. Responses to different challenges could be led by amateur and professional entomologists, at all career stages.Overall, the challenges provide a diverse array of options to inspire and initiate entomological activities and reveal the potential of entomology to contribute to addressing global challenges related to human health and well-being, and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Luke
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusNr LoughboroughUK
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Helen E. Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean BuildingCrowmarsh Gifford, WallingfordUK
| | - Chris D. Thomas
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | | | - Simon Ward
- Royal Entomological Society, The Mansion HouseSt AlbansUK
| | - Allan Watt
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyBush EstateMidlothianUK
| | - Manuela Carnaghi
- Department of Agriculture Health and Environment, Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of Greenwich at MedwayKentUK
| | | | | | - Charlie Woodrow
- University of Lincoln, School of Life and Environmental SciencesJoseph Banks LaboratoriesLincolnUK
| | | | | | | | - Iris Berger
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark J. F. Brown
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the EnvironmentRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
| | | | - Heather Campbell
- Agriculture and Environment DepartmentHarper Adams UniversityNewportUK
| | | | - Magda Charalambous
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College London, South Kensington CampusLondonUK
| | - Lorna J. Cole
- Integrated Land ManagementSRUC, Auchincruive EstateAyrUK
| | | | | | - Rajendra S. Fartyal
- Department of Zoology, Birla CampusHNB Gahrwal UniveristySrinagar GarhwalUttarakhandIndia
| | - Miriam Grace
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Fiona Highet
- SASA (Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture)EdinburghUK
| | - Jane K. Hill
- University of York, Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity & Department of BiologyUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Amelia S. C. Hood
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - Eleanor S. Kent
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Simon R. Leather
- Agriculture and Environment DepartmentHarper Adams UniversityNewportUK
| | - Daniel J. Leybourne
- Zoological Biodiversity, Institute of GeobotanyLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | | | - Ashley Lyons
- RSPB Centre for Conservation ScienceHaweswater, Naddle Farm, BamptonCumbriaUK
| | | | - Louise Mc Namara
- Teagasc, Crop Science Department, Oak Park Crops Research CentreCarlowIreland
| | - Rosa Menéndez
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
| | | | - Sajidha Mohammed
- Department of ZoologyM.E.S Mampad CollegeMampad, MalappuramKeralaIndia
| | - Archie K. Murchie
- Agri‐Food & Biosciences InstituteNewforge LaneBelfast, Northern IrelandUK
| | | | - Maria‐Rosa Paiva
- CENSE ‐ Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and TechnologyNOVA University LisbonCaparicaPortugal
| | | | - Chooi‐Khim Phon
- Entomology BranchForest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)KepongSelangorMalaysia
| | - Gordon Port
- Newcastle University, School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Asian School of the EnvironmentNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | | | - Jamie C. Weir
- Institute for Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Edinburgh Ashworth LaboratoriesEdinburghUK
| | | | | | - Lynn V. Dicks
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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Tam J, Lagisz M, Cornwell W, Nakagawa S. Quantifying research interests in 7,521 mammalian species with h-index: a case study. Gigascience 2022; 11:6665406. [PMID: 35962776 PMCID: PMC9375528 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxonomic bias is a known issue within the field of biology, causing scientific knowledge to be unevenly distributed across species. However, a systematic quantification of the research interest that the scientific community has allocated to individual species remains a big data problem. Scalable approaches are needed to integrate biodiversity data sets and bibliometric methods across large numbers of species. The outputs of these analyses are important for identifying understudied species and directing future research to fill these gaps. FINDINGS In this study, we used the species h-index to quantity the research interest in 7,521 species of mammals. We tested factors potentially driving species h-index, by using a Bayesian phylogenetic generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). We found that a third of the mammals had a species h-index of zero, while a select few had inflated research interest. Further, mammals with higher species h-index had larger body masses; were found in temperate latitudes; had their humans uses documented, including domestication; and were in lower-risk International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categories. These results surprisingly suggested that critically endangered mammals are understudied. A higher interest in domesticated species suggested that human use is a major driver and focus in mammalian scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated a scalable workflow and systematically identified understudied species of mammals, as well as identified the likely drivers of this taxonomic bias in the literature. This case study can become a benchmark for future research that asks similar biological and meta-research questions for other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tam
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Will Cornwell
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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3
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Cooke SJ, Bergman JN, Madliger CL, Cramp RL, Beardall J, Burness G, Clark TD, Dantzer B, de la Barrera E, Fangue NA, Franklin CE, Fuller A, Hawkes LA, Hultine KR, Hunt KE, Love OP, MacMillan HA, Mandelman JW, Mark FC, Martin LB, Newman AEM, Nicotra AB, Raby GD, Robinson SA, Ropert-Coudert Y, Rummer JL, Seebacher F, Todgham AE, Tomlinson S, Chown SL. One hundred research questions in conservation physiology for generating actionable evidence to inform conservation policy and practice. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab009. [PMID: 33859825 PMCID: PMC8035967 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental change and biodiversity loss are but two of the complex challenges facing conservation practitioners and policy makers. Relevant and robust scientific knowledge is critical for providing decision-makers with the actionable evidence needed to inform conservation decisions. In the Anthropocene, science that leads to meaningful improvements in biodiversity conservation, restoration and management is desperately needed. Conservation Physiology has emerged as a discipline that is well-positioned to identify the mechanisms underpinning population declines, predict responses to environmental change and test different in situ and ex situ conservation interventions for diverse taxa and ecosystems. Here we present a consensus list of 10 priority research themes. Within each theme we identify specific research questions (100 in total), answers to which will address conservation problems and should improve the management of biological resources. The themes frame a set of research questions related to the following: (i) adaptation and phenotypic plasticity; (ii) human-induced environmental change; (iii) human-wildlife interactions; (iv) invasive species; (v) methods, biomarkers and monitoring; (vi) policy, engagement and communication; (vii) pollution; (viii) restoration actions; (ix) threatened species; and (x) urban systems. The themes and questions will hopefully guide and inspire researchers while also helping to demonstrate to practitioners and policy makers the many ways in which physiology can help to support their decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jordanna N Bergman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christine L Madliger
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erick de la Barrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lucy A Hawkes
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Kathleen E Hunt
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Oliver P Love
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John W Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA
| | - Felix C Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Amy E M Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adrienne B Nicotra
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences (SEALS) and Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR 7372—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Steven L Chown
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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4
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Brattström E. Facilitating collaborative priority-setting for research and innovation: a case from the food sector. TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09537325.2020.1841157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Brattström
- School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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5
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Dey CJ, Rego AI, Midwood JD, Koops MA. A review and meta-analysis of collaborative research prioritization studies in ecology, biodiversity conservation and environmental science. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200012. [PMID: 32183628 PMCID: PMC7126043 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collaborative research prioritization (CRP) studies have become increasingly popular during the last decade. By bringing together a diverse group of stakeholders, and using a democratic process to create a list of research priorities, these methods purport to identify research topics that will better meet the needs of science users. Here, we review 41 CRP studies in the fields of ecology, biodiversity conservation and environmental science that collectively identify 2031 research priorities. We demonstrate that climate change, ecosystem services and protected areas are common terms found in the research priorities of many CRP studies, and that identified research priorities have become less unique over time. In addition, we show that there is a considerable variation in the size and composition of the groups involved in CRP studies, and that at least one aspect of the identified research priorities (lexical diversity) is related to the size of the CRP group. Although some CRP studies have been highly cited, the evidence that CRP studies have directly motivated research is weak, perhaps because most CRP studies have not directly involved organizations that fund science. We suggest that the most important impact of CRP studies may lie in their ability to connect individuals across sectors and help to build diverse communities of practice around important issues at the science-policy interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Dey
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, CanadaL7S 1A1
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6
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Williams SE, Hobday AJ, Falconi L, Hero JM, Holbrook NJ, Capon S, Bond NR, Ling SD, Hughes L. Research priorities for natural ecosystems in a changing global climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:410-416. [PMID: 31746093 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses significant emerging risks to biodiversity, ecosystem function and associated socioecological systems. Adaptation responses must be initiated in parallel with mitigation efforts, but resources are limited. As climate risks are not distributed equally across taxa, ecosystems and processes, strategic prioritization of research that addresses stakeholder-relevant knowledge gaps will accelerate effective uptake into adaptation policy and management action. After a decade of climate change adaptation research within the Australian National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, we synthesize the National Adaptation Research Plans for marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. We identify the key, globally relevant priorities for ongoing research relevant to informing adaptation policy and environmental management aimed at maximizing the resilience of natural ecosystems to climate change. Informed by both global literature and an extensive stakeholder consultation across all ecosystems, sectors and regions in Australia, involving thousands of participants, we suggest 18 priority research topics based on their significance, urgency, technical and economic feasibility, existing knowledge gaps and potential for cobenefits across multiple sectors. These research priorities provide a unified guide for policymakers, funding organizations and researchers to strategically direct resources, maximize stakeholder uptake of resulting knowledge and minimize the impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems. Given the pace of climate change, it is imperative that we inform and accelerate adaptation progress in all regions around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Williams
- National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility - Natural Ecosystems Network, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Lorena Falconi
- National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility - Natural Ecosystems Network, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Jean-Marc Hero
- National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility - Natural Ecosystems Network, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld, Australia
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Neil J Holbrook
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Samantha Capon
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
| | - Nick R Bond
- Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Vic., Australia
| | - Scott D Ling
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Lesley Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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7
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Kiessling W, Raja NB, Roden VJ, Turvey ST, Saupe EE. Addressing priority questions of conservation science with palaeontological data. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190222. [PMID: 31679490 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palaeontologists often ask identical questions to those asked by ecologists. Despite this, ecology is considered a core discipline of conservation biology, while palaeontologists are rarely consulted in the protection of species, habitats and ecosystems. The recent emergence of conservation palaeobiology presents a big step towards better integration of palaeontology in conservation science, although its focus on historical baselines may not fully capture the potential contributions of geohistorical data to conservation science. In this essay we address previously defined priority questions in conservation and consider which of these questions may be answerable using palaeontological data. Using a statistical assessment of surveys, we find that conservation biologists and younger scientists have a more optimistic view of potential palaeontological contributions to the field compared to experienced palaeontologists. Participants considered questions related to climate change and marine ecosystems to be the best addressable with palaeontological data. As these categories are also deemed most relevant by ecologists and receive the greatest research effort in conservation, they are the natural choice for future academic collaboration. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The past is a foreign country: how much can the fossil record actually inform conservation?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kiessling
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nussaïbah B Raja
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Julie Roden
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Department of Geography and Geosciences, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Samuel T Turvey
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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8
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Rudd MA, Moore AFP, Rochberg D, Bianchi-Fossati L, Brown MA, D'Onofrio D, Furman CA, Garcia J, Jordan B, Kline J, Risse LM, Yager PL, Abbinett J, Alber M, Bell JE, Bhedwar C, Cobb KM, Cohen J, Cox M, Dormer M, Dunkley N, Farley H, Gambill J, Goldstein M, Harris G, Hopkinson M, James JA, Kidd S, Knox P, Liu Y, Matisoff DC, Meyer MD, Mitchem JD, Moore K, Ono AJ, Philipsborn J, Sendall KM, Shafiei F, Shepherd M, Teebken J, Worley AN. Climate research priorities for policy-makers, practitioners, and scientists in Georgia, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 62:190-209. [PMID: 29796704 PMCID: PMC6060861 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has far-reaching effects on human and ecological systems, requiring collaboration across sectors and disciplines to determine effective responses. To inform regional responses to climate change, decision-makers need credible and relevant information representing a wide swath of knowledge and perspectives. The southeastern U. S. State of Georgia is a valuable focal area for study because it contains multiple ecological zones that vary greatly in land use and economic activities, and it is vulnerable to diverse climate change impacts. We identified 40 important research questions that, if answered, could lay the groundwork for effective, science-based climate action in Georgia. Top research priorities were identified through a broad solicitation of candidate research questions (180 were received). A group of experts across sectors and disciplines gathered for a workshop to categorize, prioritize, and filter the candidate questions, identify missing topics, and rewrite questions. Participants then collectively chose the 40 most important questions. This cross-sectoral effort ensured the inclusion of a diversity of topics and questions (e.g., coastal hazards, agricultural production, ecosystem functioning, urban infrastructure, and human health) likely to be important to Georgia policy-makers, practitioners, and scientists. Several cross-cutting themes emerged, including the need for long-term data collection and consideration of at-risk Georgia citizens and communities. Workshop participants defined effective responses as those that take economic cost, environmental impacts, and social justice into consideration. Our research highlights the importance of collaborators across disciplines and sectors, and discussing challenges and opportunities that will require transdisciplinary solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray A Rudd
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Althea F P Moore
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Rochberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Marilyn A Brown
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David D'Onofrio
- Atlanta Regional Commission, 229 Peachtree Street NE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Carrie A Furman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jairo Garcia
- City of Atlanta Office of Resilience, 55 Trinity Av. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ben Jordan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer Kline
- Georgia Department of Natural Resources Coastal Resources Division, Brunswick, GA, USA
| | - L Mark Risse
- University of Georgia Marine Extension and Georgia Sea Grant, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Patricia L Yager
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jessica Abbinett
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Merryl Alber
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jesse E Bell
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC, 28801, USA
| | - Cyrus Bhedwar
- Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim M Cobb
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Juliet Cohen
- Chattahoochee Riverkeeper, Atlanta, GA, 30306, USA
| | - Matt Cox
- The Greenlink Group, 695 Pylant St NE, Atlanta, GA, 30306, USA
| | - Myriam Dormer
- The Nature Conservancy in Georgia, 100 Peachtree St. NW, Suite 2250, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
| | - Nyasha Dunkley
- Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division, 4244 International Parkway, Atlanta, GA, 30354, USA
| | - Heather Farley
- The College of Coastal Georgia, School of Business and Public Management, One College Drive, Brunswick, GA, 31520, USA
| | - Jill Gambill
- University of Georgia Marine Extension and Georgia Sea Grant, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mindy Goldstein
- Emory University School of Law, 1301 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Garry Harris
- Center for Sustainable Communities, 100 Flatshoals Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30316, USA
| | - Melissa Hopkinson
- Institute for Environmental & Spatial Analysis, University of North Georgia, Oakwood, GA, 30566, USA
| | | | - Susan Kidd
- Center for Sustainability, Agnes Scott College, 141 E. College Ave., Decatur, GA, 30030, USA
| | - Pam Knox
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Daniel C Matisoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael D Meyer
- WSP USA Inc., 845 Spring Street, Unit 204, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
| | - Jamie D Mitchem
- Institute for Environmental & Spatial Analysis, University of North Georgia, Oakwood, GA, 30566, USA
| | - Katherine Moore
- Sustainable Growth Program, Georgia Conservancy 230 Peachtree Street Suite 1250, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Aspen J Ono
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Kerrie M Sendall
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Fatemeh Shafiei
- Spelman College Department of Political Science, 350 Spelman Lane SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | | | - Julia Teebken
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, Graduate School of East Asian Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Vulnerability and Human Condition Initiative, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ashby N Worley
- The Nature Conservancy in Georgia, 100 Peachtree St. NW, Suite 2250, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
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9
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Marquardt SR, Annis M, Drum RG, Hummel SL, Mosby DE, Smith T. On the Cutting Edge of Research to Conserve At-Risk Species: Maximizing Impact through Partnerships. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 58:140-149. [PMID: 29697777 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Today's conservation challenges are complex. Solving these challenges often requires scientific collaborations that extend beyond the scope, expertise, and capacity of any single agency, organization, or institution. Conservation efforts can benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration, scientific and technological innovations, and the leveraging of capacity and resources among partners. Here we explore a series of case studies demonstrating how collaborative scientific partnerships are furthering the mission of the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), including: (1) contaminants of emerging concern in the Great Lakes Basin, (2) Poweshiek skipperling conservation, (3) using technology to improve population survey methods for bats and monarch butterfly, and (4) Big River restoration in the Southeast Missouri lead mining district. These case studies illustrate how strategic and effective scientific collaboration is a multi-stage process that requires investment of time and resources by all participants. Early coordination and communication is crucial to aligning planned work with scientific and decision-making needs. Collaborations between USFWS and external scientists can be mutually beneficial by supporting the agency mission while also providing an avenue for innovative research to be directly applied in conservation decisions and management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna R Marquardt
- Missouri Ecological Services Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia, MO 65202, USA
| | - Mandy Annis
- Michigan Ecological Services Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Ryan G Drum
- Midwest Regional Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bloomington, MN 55437, USA
| | | | - David E Mosby
- Missouri Ecological Services Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia, MO 65202, USA
| | - Tamara Smith
- Minnesota-Wisconsin Ecological Services Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bloomington, MN 55425, USA
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Reed SE, Thomas SL, Bednarek AT, DellaSala DA, Evans MC, Lundquist C, Mascia MB, McPherson TY, Watson JEM. Roles for scientific societies to engage with conservation policy. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2018; 32:513-515. [PMID: 29508927 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Reed
- Americas Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1474, USA
| | - Sarah L Thomas
- Sarah Thomas Consulting, LLC, 8400 East Prentice Avenue #1500, Greenwood Village, CO 80111, USA
| | - Angela T Bednarek
- Environmental Science Division, The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20004, USA
| | | | - Megan C Evans
- School for Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Carolyn Lundquist
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 11115, Hamilton 3251, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael B Mascia
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Tsitsi Y McPherson
- Biology Department, State University of New York College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - James E M Watson
- School for Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
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11
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López-Rodríguez MD, Castro H, Arenas M, Requena-Mullor JM, Cano A, Valenzuela E, Cabello J. Exploring Institutional Mechanisms for Scientific Input into the Management Cycle of the National Protected Area Network of Peru: Gaps and Opportunities. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 60:1022-1041. [PMID: 28887588 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how to improve decision makers' use of scientific information across their different scales of management is a core challenge for narrowing the gap between science and conservation practice. Here, we present a study conducted in collaboration with decision makers that aims to explore the functionality of the mechanisms for scientific input within the institutional setting of the National Protected Area Network of Peru. First, we analyzed institutional mechanisms to assess the scientific information recorded by decision makers. Second, we developed two workshops involving scientists, decision makers and social actors to identify barriers to evidence-based conservation practice. Third, we administered 482 questionnaires to stakeholders to explore social perceptions of the role of science and the willingness to collaborate in the governance of protected areas. The results revealed that (1) the institutional mechanisms did not effectively promote the compilation and application of scientific knowledge for conservation practice; (2) six important barriers hindered scientific input in management decisions; and (3) stakeholders showed positive perceptions about the involvement of scientists in protected areas and expressed their willingness to collaborate in conservation practice. This collaborative research helped to (1) identify gaps and opportunities that should be addressed for increasing the effectiveness of the institutional mechanisms and (2) support institutional changes integrating science-based strategies for strengthening scientific input in decision-making. These insights provide a useful contextual orientation for scholars and decision makers interested in conducting empirical research to connect scientific inputs with operational aspects of the management cycle in other institutional settings around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D López-Rodríguez
- Department of Biology and Geology, Andalusian Centre for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change, University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento, Almeria, 04120, Spain.
| | - H Castro
- Department of Biology and Geology, Andalusian Centre for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change, University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento, Almeria, 04120, Spain
| | - M Arenas
- National Service of Natural Protected Areas in Peru, Calle 17, 355, San Isidro, Lima, 15036, Peru
| | - J M Requena-Mullor
- Department of Biology and Geology, Andalusian Centre for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change, University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento, Almeria, 04120, Spain
| | - A Cano
- National University of San Marcos, Natural History Museum, Av. Arenales 1256, Jesús María, Lima, Peru
| | - E Valenzuela
- National Service of Natural Protected Areas in Peru, Calle 17, 355, San Isidro, Lima, 15036, Peru
| | - J Cabello
- Department of Biology and Geology, Andalusian Centre for the Assessment and Monitoring of Global Change, University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento, Almeria, 04120, Spain
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12
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Bertuol-Garcia D, Morsello C, N El-Hani C, Pardini R. A conceptual framework for understanding the perspectives on the causes of the science-practice gap in ecology and conservation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1032-1055. [PMID: 29160024 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Applying scientific knowledge to confront societal challenges is a difficult task, an issue known as the science-practice gap. In Ecology and Conservation, scientific evidence has been seldom used directly to support decision-making, despite calls for an increasing role of ecological science in developing solutions for a sustainable future. To date, multiple causes of the science-practice gap and diverse approaches to link science and practice in Ecology and Conservation have been proposed. To foster a transparent debate and broaden our understanding of the difficulties of using scientific knowledge, we reviewed the perceived causes of the science-practice gap, aiming to: (i) identify the perspectives of ecologists and conservation scientists on this problem, (ii) evaluate the predominance of these perspectives over time and across journals, and (iii) assess them in light of disciplines studying the role of science in decision-making. We based our review on 1563 sentences describing causes of the science-practice gap extracted from 122 articles and on discussions with eight scientists on how to classify these sentences. The resulting process-based framework describes three distinct perspectives on the relevant processes, knowledge and actors in the science-practice interface. The most common perspective assumes only scientific knowledge should support practice, perceiving a one-way knowledge flow from science to practice and recognizing flaws in knowledge generation, communication, and/or use. The second assumes that both scientists and decision-makers should contribute to support practice, perceiving a two-way knowledge flow between science and practice through joint knowledge-production/integration processes, which, for several reasons, are perceived to occur infrequently. The last perspective was very rare, and assumes scientists should put their results into practice, but they rarely do. Some causes (e.g. cultural differences between scientists and decision-makers) are shared with other disciplines, while others seem specific to Ecology and Conservation (e.g. inadequate research scales). All identified causes require one of three general types of solutions, depending on whether the causal factor can (e.g. inadequate research questions) or cannot (e.g. scientific uncertainty) be changed, or if misconceptions (e.g. undervaluing abstract knowledge) should be solved. The unchanged predominance of the one-way perspective over time may be associated with the prestige of evidence-based conservation and suggests that debates in Ecology and Conservation lag behind trends in other disciplines towards bidirectional views ascribing larger roles to decision-makers. In turn, the two-way perspective seems primarily restricted to research traditions historically isolated from mainstream conservation biology. All perspectives represented superficial views of decision-making by not accounting for limits to human rationality, complexity of decision-making contexts, fuzzy science-practice boundaries, ambiguity brought about by science, and different types of knowledge use. However, joint knowledge-production processes from the two-way perspective can potentially allow for democratic decision-making processes, explicit discussions of values and multiple types of science use. To broaden our understanding of the interface and foster productive science-practice linkages, we argue for dialogue among different research traditions within Ecology and Conservation, joint knowledge-production processes between scientists and decision-makers and interdisciplinarity across Ecology, Conservation and Political Science in both research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bertuol-Garcia
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carla Morsello
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, CEP 03828-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charbel N El-Hani
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (IN-TREE), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão do Geremoabo, s/n, Campus de Ondina/UFBA, CEP 40170-290, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, travessa 14, 101 CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Nguyen VM, Young N, Cooke SJ. A roadmap for knowledge exchange and mobilization research in conservation and natural resource management. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:789-798. [PMID: 27767241 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Scholars across all disciplines have long been interested in how knowledge moves within and beyond their community of peers. Rapid environmental changes and calls for sustainable management practices mean the best knowledge possible is needed to inform decisions, policies, and practices to protect biodiversity and sustainably manage vulnerable natural resources. Although the conservation literature on knowledge exchange (KE) and knowledge mobilization (KM) has grown in recent years, much of it is based on context-specific case studies. This presents a challenge for learning cumulative lessons from KE and KM research and thus effectively using knowledge in conservation and natural resources management. Although continued research on the gap between knowledge and action is valuable, overarching conceptual frameworks are now needed to enable summaries and comparisons across diverse KE-KM research. We propose a knowledge-action framework that provides a conceptual roadmap for future research and practice in KE/KM with the aim of synthesizing lessons learned from contextual case studies and guiding the development and testing of hypotheses in this domain. Our knowledge-action framework has 3 elements that occur at multiple levels and scales: knowledge production (e.g., academia and government), knowledge mediation (e.g., knowledge networks, actors, relational dimension, and contextual dimension), and knowledge-based action (e.g., instrumental, symbolic, and conceptual). The framework integrates concepts from the sociology of science in particular, and serves as a guide to further comprehensive understanding of knowledge exchange and mobilization in conservation and sustainable natural resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Nguyen
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Environmental Science Institute, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Nathan Young
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Environmental Science Institute, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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14
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LaLone CA, Ankley GT, Belanger SE, Embry MR, Hodges G, Knapen D, Munn S, Perkins EJ, Rudd MA, Villeneuve DL, Whelann M, Willett C, Zhang X, Markus H. Advancing the adverse outcome pathway framework-An international horizon scanning approach. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1411-1421. [PMID: 28543973 PMCID: PMC6156781 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to conduct whole-organism toxicity tests to understand chemical safety has been outpaced by the synthesis of new chemicals for a wide variety of commercial applications. As a result, scientists and risk assessors are turning to mechanistically based studies to increase efficiencies in chemical risk assessment and making greater use of in vitro and in silico methods to evaluate potential environmental and human health hazards. In this context, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework has gained traction in regulatory science because it offers an efficient and effective means for capturing available knowledge describing the linkage between mechanistic data and the apical toxicity end points required for regulatory assessments. A number of international activities have focused on AOP development and various applications to regulatory decision-making. These initiatives have prompted dialogue between research scientists and regulatory communities to consider how best to use the AOP framework. Although expert-facilitated discussions and AOP development have been critical in moving the science of AOPs forward, it was recognized that a survey of the broader scientific and regulatory communities would aid in identifying current limitations while guiding future initiatives for the AOP framework. To that end, a global horizon scanning exercise was conducted to solicit questions concerning the challenges or limitations that must be addressed to realize the full potential of the AOP framework in research and regulatory decision-making. The questions received fell into several broad topical areas: AOP networks, quantitative AOPs, collaboration on and communication of AOP knowledge, AOP discovery and development, chemical and cross-species extrapolation, exposure/toxicokinetics considerations, and AOP applications. Expert ranking was then used to prioritize questions for each category, where 4 broad themes emerged that could help inform and guide future AOP research and regulatory initiatives. In addition, frequently asked questions were identified and addressed by experts in the field. Answers to frequently asked questions will aid in addressing common misperceptions and will allow for clarification of AOP topics. The need for this type of clarification was highlighted with surprising frequency by our question submitters, indicating that improvements are needed in communicating the AOP framework among the scientific and regulatory communities. Overall, horizon scanning engaged the global scientific community to help identify key questions surrounding the AOP framework and guide the direction of future initiatives. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1411-1421. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A. LaLone
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
- Corresponding Authors: ,
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Scott E. Belanger
- Environmental Safety and Sustainability, Global Product Stewardship, Mason Business Center, The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA
| | - Michelle R. Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Geoff Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dries Knapen
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Sharon Munn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Edward J. Perkins
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Murray A. Rudd
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory College, E538 Math and Science Building, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Maurice Whelann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Catherine Willett
- The Humane Society of the United States, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hecker Markus
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B3
- Corresponding Authors: ,
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15
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Mason JG, Rudd MA, Crowder LB. Ocean Research Priorities: Similarities and Differences among Scientists, Policymakers, and Fishermen in the United States. Bioscience 2017; 67:418-428. [PMID: 28533565 PMCID: PMC5421313 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and solving complex ocean conservation problems requires cooperation not just among scientific disciplines but also across sectors. A recently published survey that probed research priorities of marine scientists, when provided to ocean stakeholders, revealed some agreement on priorities but also illuminated key differences. Ocean acidification, cumulative impacts, bycatch effects, and restoration effectiveness were in the top 10 priorities for scientists and stakeholder groups. Significant priority differences were that scientists favored research questions about ocean acidification and marine protected areas; policymakers prioritized questions about habitat restoration, bycatch, and precaution; and fisheries sector resource users called for the inclusion of local ecological knowledge in policymaking. These results quantitatively demonstrate how different stakeholder groups approach ocean issues and highlight the need to incorporate other types of knowledge in the codesign of solutions-oriented research, which may facilitate cross-sectoral collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Mason
- Julia G. Mason is a PhD candidate and Larry B. Crowder is a professor at Stanford University Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. Mason studies the interacting effects of climate and management on fisheries resilience. Crowder, also the science director at the Center for Ocean Solutions, in Monterey, California, works with interdisciplinary approaches to marine conservation. Murray A. Rudd is an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia. His research focuses on conservation social science and the environmental science-policy interface. The authors declare no conflict of interest
| | - Murray A Rudd
- Julia G. Mason is a PhD candidate and Larry B. Crowder is a professor at Stanford University Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. Mason studies the interacting effects of climate and management on fisheries resilience. Crowder, also the science director at the Center for Ocean Solutions, in Monterey, California, works with interdisciplinary approaches to marine conservation. Murray A. Rudd is an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia. His research focuses on conservation social science and the environmental science-policy interface. The authors declare no conflict of interest
| | - Larry B Crowder
- Julia G. Mason is a PhD candidate and Larry B. Crowder is a professor at Stanford University Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. Mason studies the interacting effects of climate and management on fisheries resilience. Crowder, also the science director at the Center for Ocean Solutions, in Monterey, California, works with interdisciplinary approaches to marine conservation. Murray A. Rudd is an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia. His research focuses on conservation social science and the environmental science-policy interface. The authors declare no conflict of interest
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16
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Sutton AM, Rudd MA. Crossing Science-Policy-Societal Boundaries to Reduce Scientific and Institutional Uncertainty in Small-Scale Fisheries. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 58:565-584. [PMID: 27389712 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-016-0737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The governance of small-scale fisheries (SSF) is challenging due to the uncertainty, complexity, and interconnectedness of social, political, ecological, and economical processes. Conventional SSF management has focused on a centralized and top-down approach. A major criticism of conventional management is the over-reliance on 'expert science' to guide decision-making and poor consideration of fishers' contextually rich knowledge. That is thought to exacerbate the already low governance potential of SSF. Integrating scientific knowledge with fishers' knowledge is increasingly popular and is often assumed to help reduce levels of biophysical and institutional uncertainties. Many projects aimed at encouraging knowledge integration have, however, been unsuccessful. Our objective in this research was to assess factors that influence knowledge integration and the uptake of integrated knowledge into policy-making. We report results from 54 semi-structured interviews with SSF researchers and practitioners from around the globe. Our analysis is framed in terms of scientific credibility, societal legitimacy, and policy saliency, and we discuss cases that have been partially or fully successful in reducing uncertainty via push-and-pull-oriented boundary crossing initiatives. Our findings suggest that two important factors affect the science-policy-societal boundary: a lack of consensus among stakeholders about what constitutes credible knowledge and institutional uncertainty resulting from shifting policies and leadership change. A lack of training for scientific leaders and an apparent 'shelf-life' for community organizations highlight the importance of ongoing institutional support for knowledge integration projects. Institutional support may be enhanced through such investments, such as capacity building and specialized platforms for knowledge integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murray A Rudd
- Department of Environment Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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17
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Horton CC, Peterson TR, Banerjee P, Peterson MJ. Credibility and advocacy in conservation science. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:23-32. [PMID: 26041036 PMCID: PMC4758414 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conservation policy sits at the nexus of natural science and politics. On the one hand, conservation scientists strive to maintain scientific credibility by emphasizing that their research findings are the result of disinterested observations of reality. On the other hand, conservation scientists are committed to conservation even if they do not advocate a particular policy. The professional conservation literature offers guidance on negotiating the relationship between scientific objectivity and political advocacy without damaging conservation science's credibility. The value of this guidance, however, may be restricted by limited recognition of credibility's multidimensionality and emergent nature: it emerges through perceptions of expertise, goodwill, and trustworthiness. We used content analysis of the literature to determine how credibility is framed in conservation science as it relates to apparent contradictions between science and advocacy. Credibility typically was framed as a static entity lacking dimensionality. Authors identified expertise or trustworthiness as important, but rarely mentioned goodwill. They usually did not identify expertise, goodwill, or trustworthiness as dimensions of credibility or recognize interactions among these 3 dimensions of credibility. This oversimplification may limit the ability of conservation scientists to contribute to biodiversity conservation. Accounting for the emergent quality and multidimensionality of credibility should enable conservation scientists to advance biodiversity conservation more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi C. Horton
- Department of Communication StudiesTarleton State UniversityStephenvilleTX 76402U.S.A.
- Department of CommunicationUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTX 79968U.S.A.
| | - Tarla Rai Peterson
- Department of CommunicationUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTX 79968U.S.A.
- Department of Urban and Rural DevelopmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala750 07Sweden
| | - Paulami Banerjee
- Program in Environmental Science and EngineeringUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl PasoTX79968U.S.A.
| | - Markus J. Peterson
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Texas at El PasoEl Paso TX 79968U.S.A.
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18
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Kark S, Sutherland WJ, Shanas U, Klass K, Achisar H, Dayan T, Gavrieli Y, Justo-Hanani R, Mandelik Y, Orion N, Pargament D, Portman M, Reisman-Berman O, Safriel UN, Schaffer G, Steiner N, Tauber I, Levin N. Priority Questions and Horizon Scanning for Conservation: A Comparative Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145978. [PMID: 26815653 PMCID: PMC4729468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several projects aimed at identifying priority issues for conservation with high relevance to policy have recently been completed in several countries. Two major types of projects have been undertaken, aimed at identifying (i) policy-relevant questions most imperative to conservation and (ii) horizon scanning topics, defined as emerging issues that are expected to have substantial implications for biodiversity conservation and policy in the future. Here, we provide the first overview of the outcomes of biodiversity and conservation-oriented projects recently completed around the world using this framework. We also include the results of the first questions and horizon scanning project completed for a Mediterranean country. Overall, the outcomes of the different projects undertaken (at the global scale, in the UK, US, Canada, Switzerland and in Israel) were strongly correlated in terms of the proportion of questions and/or horizon scanning topics selected when comparing different topic areas. However, some major differences were found across regions. There was large variation among regions in the percentage of proactive (i.e. action and response oriented) versus descriptive (non-response oriented) priority questions and in the emphasis given to socio-political issues. Substantial differences were also found when comparing outcomes of priority questions versus horizon scanning projects undertaken for the same region. For example, issues related to climate change, human demography and marine ecosystems received higher priority as horizon scanning topics, while ecosystem services were more emphasized as current priority questions. We suggest that future initiatives aimed at identifying priority conservation questions and horizon scanning topics should allow simultaneous identification of both current and future priority issues, as presented here for the first time. We propose that further emphasis on social-political issues should be explicitly integrated into future related projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The School of Biological Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - William J. Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Uri Shanas
- Dept. of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Keren Klass
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
- HaMa’arag – The Israel National Program for Ecosystem Assessment, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Albert Einstein Square, Jerusalem, 91040, Israel
| | - Hila Achisar
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Tamar Dayan
- Dept. of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yael Gavrieli
- Nature Campus, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Justo-Hanani
- Dept. of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yael Mandelik
- Dept. of Entomology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 012, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nir Orion
- Earth and Environmental Sciences group, Dept. of Science Teaching, The Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Pargament
- Yarqon River Authority, PO Box 6297, Tel Aviv, 61067, Israel
| | - Michelle Portman
- Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Orna Reisman-Berman
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Sede Boqer, 84990, Israel
| | - Uriel N. Safriel
- Dept. of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Gad Schaffer
- Dept. of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel
| | - Noa Steiner
- Open Landscapes and Biodiversity Division, The Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Tauber
- Forest Management, Monitoring and GIS, KKL – Land Development Authority – Forest Department, The Jewish National Fund, Eshtaol, Israel
| | - Noam Levin
- Dept. of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel
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19
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A Horizon Scan of Global Conservation Issues for 2016. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 31:44-53. [PMID: 26688445 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of our seventh annual horizon scan, in which we aimed to identify issues that could have substantial effects on global biological diversity in the future, but are not currently widely well known or understood within the conservation community. Fifteen issues were identified by a team that included researchers, practitioners, professional horizon scanners, and journalists. The topics include use of managed bees as transporters of biological control agents, artificial superintelligence, electric pulse trawling, testosterone in the aquatic environment, building artificial oceanic islands, and the incorporation of ecological civilization principles into government policies in China.
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Awareness of Humanities, Arts and Social Science (HASS) Research Is Related to Patterns of Citizens’ Community and Cultural Engagement. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci4020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Parsons ECM, Baulch S, Bechshoft T, Bellazzi G, Bouchet P, Cosentino AM, Godard-Codding CAJ, Gulland F, Hoffmann-Kuhnt M, Hoyt E, Livermore S, MacLeod CD, Matrai E, Munger L, Ochiai M, Peyman A, Recalde-Salas A, Regnery R, Rojas-Bracho L, Salgado-Kent CP, Slooten E, Wang JY, Wilson SC, Wright AJ, Young S, Zwamborn E, Sutherland WJ. Key research questions of global importance for cetacean conservation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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Reed MS, Stringer LC, Fazey I, Evely AC, Kruijsen JHJ. Five principles for the practice of knowledge exchange in environmental management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 146:337-345. [PMID: 25194520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper outlines five principles for effective practice of knowledge exchange, which when applied, have the potential to significantly enhance the impact of environmental management research, policy and practice. The paper is based on an empirical analysis of interviews with 32 researchers and stakeholders across 13 environmental management research projects, each of which included elements of knowledge co-creation and sharing in their design. The projects focused on a range of upland and catchment management issues across the UK, and included Research Council, Government and NGO funded projects. Preliminary findings were discussed with knowledge exchange professionals and academic experts to ensure the emerging principles were as broadly applicable as possible across multiple disciplines. The principles suggest that: knowledge exchange needs to be designed into research; the needs of likely research users and other stakeholders should be systematically represented in the research where possible; and long-term relationships must be built on trust and two-way dialogue between researchers and stakeholders in order to ensure effective co-generation of new knowledge. We found that the delivery of tangible benefits early on in the research process helps to ensure continued motivation and engagement of likely research users. Knowledge exchange is a flexible process that must be monitored, reflected on and continuously refined, and where possible, steps should be taken to ensure a legacy of ongoing knowledge exchange beyond initial research funding. The principles have been used to inform the design of knowledge exchange and stakeholder engagement guidelines for two international research programmes. They are able to assist researchers, decision-makers and other stakeholders working in contrasting environmental management settings to work together to co-produce new knowledge, and more effectively share and apply existing knowledge to manage environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Reed
- Knowledge Exchange Research Centre of Excellence, Birmingham School of the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Millennium Point, Curzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG, United Kingdom.
| | - L C Stringer
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - I Fazey
- School of the Environment, University of Dundee, Perth Road, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - A C Evely
- Project MAYA CIC, 54 Tetherdown, London N101NG, United Kingdom
| | - J H J Kruijsen
- Centre for Understanding Sustainable Practice, Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
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Lawton RN, Rudd MA. A narrative policy approach to environmental conservation. AMBIO 2014; 43:849-57. [PMID: 24627158 PMCID: PMC4190146 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the urgency and seriousness of the loss of biological diversity, scientists from across a range of disciplines are urged to increase the salience and use of their research by policy-makers. Increased policy nuance is needed to address the science-policy gap and overcome divergent views of separate research and policy worlds, a view still relatively common among conservation scientists. Research impact considerations should recognize that policy uptake is dependent on contextual variables operating in the policy sphere. We provide a novel adaptation of existing policy approaches to evidence impact that accounts for non-evidentiary "societal" influences on decision-making. We highlight recent analytical tools from political science that account for the use of evidence by policy-makers. Using the United Kingdom's recent embrace of the ecosystem approach to environmental management, we advocate analyzing evidence research impact through a narrative lens that accounts for the credibility, legitimacy, and relevance of science for policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky N. Lawton
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Murray A. Rudd
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
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Rudd MA, Ankley GT, Boxall ABA, Brooks BW. International scientists' priorities for research on pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:576-87. [PMID: 24954797 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely discharged into the environment via diverse pathways. The effects of PPCPs in the environment have potentially important human and ecosystem health implications, so credible, salient, and legitimate scientific evidence is needed to inform regulatory and policy responses that address potential risks. A recent "big questions" exercise with participants largely from North America identified 22 important research questions around the risks of PPCP in the environment that would help address the most pressing knowledge gaps over the next decade. To expand that analysis, we developed a survey that was completed by 535 environmental scientists from 57 countries, of whom 49% identified environmental or analytical chemistry as their primary disciplinary background. They ranked the 22 original research questions and submitted 171 additional candidate research questions they felt were also of high priority. Of the original questions, the 3 perceived to be of highest importance related to: 1) the effects of long-term exposure to low concentrations of PPCP mixtures on nontarget organisms, 2) effluent treatment methods that can reduce the effects of PPCPs in the environment while not increasing the toxicity of whole effluents, and 3) the assessment of the environmental risks of metabolites and environmental transformation products of PPCPs. A question regarding the role of cultural perspectives in PPCP risk assessment was ranked as the lowest priority. There were significant differences in research orientation between scientists who completed English and Chinese language versions of the survey. We found that the Chinese respondents were strongly orientated to issues of managing risk profiles, effluent treatment, residue bioavailability, and regional assessment. Among English language respondents, further differences in research orientation were associated with respondents' level of consistency when ranking the survey's 15 comparisons. There was increasing emphasis on the role of various other stressors relative to PPCPs and on risk prioritization as internal decision making consistency increased. Respondents' consistency in their ranking choices was significantly and positively correlated with SETAC membership, authors' number of publications, and longer survey completion times. Our research highlighted international scientists' research priorities and should help inform decisions about the type of hazard and risk-based research needed to best inform decisions regarding PPCPs in the environment. Disciplinary training of a scientist or engineer appears to strongly influence preferences for research priorities to understand PPCPs in the environment. Selection of participants and the depth and breadth of research prioritization efforts thus have potential effects on the outcomes of research prioritization exercises. Further elucidation of how patterns of research priority vary between academic and government scientists and between scientists and other government and stakeholders would be useful in the future and provide information that helps focus scientific effort on socially relevant challenges relating to PPCPs in the environment. It also suggests the potential for future collaborative research between industry, government, and academia on environmental contaminants beyond PPCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray A Rudd
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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25
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Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Fleischer-Dogley F, Dogley D, Bunbury N. Scientists’ responsibilities towards evidence-based conservation in a Small Island Developing State. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Kaiser-Bunbury
- Ecological Networks; Department of Biology; TU Darmstadt; Schnittspahnstr. 3 64287 Darmstadt Germany
- Seychelles Islands Foundation; La Ciotat Building Mont Fleuri, PO Box 853, Victoria Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Frauke Fleischer-Dogley
- Seychelles Islands Foundation; La Ciotat Building Mont Fleuri, PO Box 853, Victoria Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Didier Dogley
- Environment Department; Ministry of Environment and Energy; Mont Fleuri, Victoria Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Nancy Bunbury
- Seychelles Islands Foundation; La Ciotat Building Mont Fleuri, PO Box 853, Victoria Mahé, Seychelles
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26
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Rudd MA, Fleishman E. Policymakers’ and Scientists’ Ranks of Research Priorities for Resource-Management Policy. Bioscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bit035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Jørgensen D, Nilsson C, Hof AR, Hasselquist EM, Baker S, Chapin FS, Eckerberg K, Hjältén J, Polvi L, Meyerson LA. Policy Language in Restoration Ecology. Restor Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Jørgensen
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; Umeå 90187 Sweden
| | - Christer Nilsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; Umeå 90187 Sweden
| | - Anouschka R. Hof
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; Umeå 90187 Sweden
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå 90183 Sweden
| | - Eliza M. Hasselquist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; Umeå 90187 Sweden
| | - Susan Baker
- Cardiff School of the Social Sciences; Cardiff University; Glamorgan Building, King Edward VII Avenue Cardiff CF10 3WA U.K
| | - F. Stuart Chapin
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks AK 99775 U.S.A
| | | | - Joakim Hjältén
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå 90183 Sweden
| | - Lina Polvi
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå University; Umeå 90187 Sweden
| | - Laura A. Meyerson
- Department of Natural Resources Science; University of Rhode Island; Kingston RI 02881 U.S.A
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28
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Davies AL, Colombo S, Hanley N. Improving the application of long-term ecology in conservation and land management. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Althea L. Davies
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Stirling; Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | - Sergio Colombo
- Department of Agricultural Economics; IFAPA; Junta de Andalusia; Granada Spain
| | - Nick Hanley
- Economics Division; Stirling Management School; University of Stirling; Stirling FK9 4LA UK
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29
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Brooks BW, Ankley GT, Boxall ABA, Rudd MA. Toward sustainable environmental quality: a call to prioritize global research needs. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2013; 9:179-180. [PMID: 23529803 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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30
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Lindenmayer DB, MacGregor C, Dexter N, Fortescue M, Cochrane P. Booderee National Park Management: Connecting science and management. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Stringer LC, Dougill AJ. Channelling science into policy: enabling best practices from research on land degradation and sustainable land management in dryland Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 114:328-335. [PMID: 23158525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Demands are increasing for scientific research to be explicitly and demonstrably policy relevant. Research funders are requiring greater returns on their investments and scientists are expected to demonstrate clearly how their research can inform policy and regulation to deliver positive consequences for societal, economic and environmental wellbeing. Within the co-evolving context of environmental management research in dryland Africa and the policy approaches designed to mitigate land degradation, few academic analyses have deconstructed the practical 'bottom-up' actions that can help to channel scientific research into national decision-making and policy. Similarly, while international platforms developed by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification have started to facilitate greater knowledge exchange between scientists and policymakers, analyses have failed to consider the powerful informal actions that scientists can take to allow their research to inform evidence-based international policy. Drawing on examples in the literature from research on land degradation and sustainable land management across sub-Saharan African drylands, we identify key enabling activities that help make scientific research more visible, accessible to, and compatible with, policy processes at local, national and international levels. We argue that these enablers are applicable to other environmental research areas beyond land degradation, and suggest that improved understanding of science into policy processes that look across multiple scales and levels will help researchers and policy-makers to better match information supply and demand to the mutual benefit of both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Stringer
- Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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A novel and cost-effective monitoring approach for outcomes in an Australian biodiversity conservation incentive program. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50872. [PMID: 23236399 PMCID: PMC3516526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the design and implementation of ecological monitoring for an Australian biodiversity conservation incentive scheme – the Environmental Stewardship Program. The Program uses competitive auctions to contract individual land managers for up to 15 years to conserve matters of National Environmental Significance (with an initial priority on nationally threatened ecological communities). The ecological monitoring was explicitly aligned with the Program’s policy objective and desired outcomes and was applied to the Program’s initial Project which targeted the critically endangered White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland ecological community in south eastern Australia. These woodlands have been reduced to <3% of their original extent and persist mostly as small remnants of variable condition on private farmland. We established monitoring sites on 153 farms located over 172,232 sq km. On each farm we established a monitoring site within the woodland patch funded for management and, wherever possible, a matched control site. The monitoring has entailed gathering data on vegetation condition, reptiles and birds. We also gathered data on the costs of experimental design, site establishment, field survey, and data analysis. The costs of monitoring are approximately 8.5% of the Program’s investment in the first four years and hence are in broad accord with the general rule of thumb that 5–10% of a program’s funding should be invested in monitoring. Once initial monitoring and site benchmarking are completed we propose to implement a novel rotating sampling approach that will maintain scientific integrity while achieving an annual cost-efficiency of up to 23%. We discuss useful lessons relevant to other monitoring programs where there is a need to provide managers with reliable early evidence of program effectiveness and to demonstrate opportunities for cost-efficiencies.
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Carrière SM, Rodary E, Méral P, Serpantié G, Boisvert V, Kull CA, Lestrelin G, Lhoutellier L, Moizo B, Smektala G, Vandevelde JC. Rio+20, biodiversity marginalized. Conserv Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-263x.2012.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Jenkins LD, Maxwell SM, Fisher E. Increasing conservation impact and policy relevance of research through embedded experiences. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2012; 26:740-2. [PMID: 22809354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lekelia D Jenkins
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, 3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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35
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Sutherland WJ, Aveling R, Bennun L, Chapman E, Clout M, Côté IM, Depledge MH, Dicks LV, Dobson AP, Fellman L, Fleishman E, Gibbons DW, Keim B, Lickorish F, Lindenmayer DB, Monk KA, Norris K, Peck LS, Prior SV, Scharlemann JP, Spalding M, Watkinson AR. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Rudd MA. Scientists' opinions on the global status and management of biological diversity. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2011; 25:1165-1175. [PMID: 22070272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The large investments needed if loss of biological diversity is to be stemmed will likely lead to increased public and political scrutiny of conservation strategies and the science underlying them. It is therefore crucial to understand the degree of consensus or divergence among scientists on core scientific perceptions and strategies most likely to achieve given objectives. I developed an internet survey designed to elucidate the opinions of conservation scientists. Conservation scientists (n =583) were unanimous (99.5%) in their view that a serious loss of biological diversity is likely, very likely, or virtually certain. Scientists' agreement that serious loss is very likely or virtually certain ranged from 72.8% for Western Europe to 90.9% for Southeast Asia. Tropical coral ecosystems were perceived as the most seriously affected by loss of biological diversity; 88.0% of respondents familiar with that ecosystem type agreed that a serious loss is very likely or virtually certain. With regard to conservation strategies, scientists most often viewed understanding how people and nature interact in certain contexts and the role of biological diversity in maintaining ecosystem function as their priorities. Protection of biological diversity for its cultural and spiritual values and because of its usefulness to humans were low priorities, which suggests that many scientists do not fully support the utilitarian concept of ecosystem services. Many scientists expressed a willingness to consider conservation triage, engage in active conservation interventions, and consider reframing conservation goals and measures of success for conservation of biological diversity in an era of climate change. Although some heterogeneity of opinion is evident, results of the survey show a clear consensus within the scientific community on core issues of the extent and geographic scope of loss of biological diversity and on elements that may contribute to successful conservation strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray A Rudd
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, email
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