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Semenikhina M, Lysikova DV, Spires DR, Domondon M, Stadler K, Palygin O, Ilatovskaya DV. Transcriptomic changes in glomeruli in response to a high salt challenge in the Dahl SS rat. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:98-111. [PMID: 37955135 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00075.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt sensitivity impacts a significant portion of the population and is an important contributor to the development of chronic kidney disease. One of the significant early predictors of salt-induced damage is albuminuria, which reflects the deterioration of the renal filtration barrier: the glomerulus. Despite significant research efforts, there is still a gap in knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms and signaling networks contributing to instigating and/or perpetuating salt-induced glomerular injury. To address this gap, we used 8-wk-old male Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a normal-salt diet (0.4% NaCl) or challenged with a high-salt diet (4% NaCl) for 3 wk. At the end of the protocol, a pure fraction of renal glomeruli obtained by differential sieving was used for next-generation RNA sequencing and comprehensive semi-automatic transcriptomic data analyses, which revealed 149 differentially expressed genes (107 and 42 genes were downregulated and upregulated, respectively). Furthermore, a combination of predictive gene correlation networks and computational bioinformatic analyses revealed pathways impacted by a high salt dietary challenge, including renal metabolism, mitochondrial function, apoptotic signaling and fibrosis, cell cycle, inflammatory and immune responses, circadian clock, cytoskeletal organization, G protein-coupled receptor signaling, and calcium transport. In conclusion, we report here novel transcriptomic interactions and corresponding predicted pathways affecting glomeruli under salt-induced stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrated novel pathways affecting glomeruli under stress induced by dietary salt. Predictive gene correlation networks and bioinformatic semi-automatic analysis revealed changes in the pathways relevant to mitochondrial function, inflammatory, apoptotic/fibrotic processes, and cell calcium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marharyta Semenikhina
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Daria V Lysikova
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Denisha R Spires
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Mark Domondon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Edwards JM, Roy S, Galla SL, Tomcho JC, Bearss NR, Waigi EW, Mell B, Cheng X, Saha P, Vijay-Kumar M, McCarthy CG, Joe B, Wenceslau CF. FPR-1 (Formyl Peptide Receptor-1) Activation Promotes Spontaneous, Premature Hypertension in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. Hypertension 2021; 77:1191-1202. [PMID: 33641367 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnelle M Edwards
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Shaunak Roy
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sarah L Galla
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy C Tomcho
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Nicole R Bearss
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Emily W Waigi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Blair Mell
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
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Sun D, Wang JJ, Wang W, Wang J, Wang LN, Yao L, Sun YH, Li ZL. Human podocyte injury in the early course of hypertensive renal injury. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3698-3710. [PMID: 31799294 PMCID: PMC6887599 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i22.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is prevalent in the general population and is regarded as the second leading cause of renal damage and dysfunction, outnumbered only by diabetes. However, the mechanisms remain unclear.
AIM To investigate podocyte injury induced by hypertension in the early course without massive proteinuria or renal dysfunction.
METHODS The hypertension group comprised 18 patients with hypertension accompanied by microalbuminuria, diagnosed with hypertensive renal injury according to biopsy results. For a comparison of pathological changes in renal tissue, control group 1 comprised 10 healthy volunteers, and control group 2 comprised 16 patients who underwent surgery for renal trauma.
RESULTS The hypertension group had significantly higher blood pressure (P = 0.000) and microalbuminuria (P = 0.000) compared with control group 1. In the hypertension group, urinary podocytes were detected following positive staining of podocyte-specific nephrin and/or CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) in urine sediment. Podocyte foot process fusion and a significant decrease in nephrin and/or CD2AP expression in glomeruli were observed in the hypertension group compared with control group 2. This indicated that hypertension caused podocyte injury and detachment from the glomerular basement membrane, which was consistent with urinary detection of podocytes.
CONCLUSION Our results suggest that podocyturia appears early in the course of hypertensive renal injury, and may be a sensitive marker for early prediction of hypertensive renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Ning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying-Hui Sun
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zi-Long Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Abstract
Finding new therapeutic targets of glomerulosclerosis treatment is an ongoing quest. Due to a living environment of various stresses and pathological stimuli, podocytes are prone to injuries; moreover, as a cell without proliferative potential, loss of podocytes is vital in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis. Thus, sufficient understanding of factors and underlying mechanisms of podocyte injury facilitates the advancement of treating and prevention of glomerulosclerosis. The clinical symptom of podocyte injury is proteinuria, sometimes with loss of kidney functions progressing to glomerulosclerosis. Injury-induced changes in podocyte physiology and function are actually not a simple passive process, but a complex interaction of proteins that comprise the anatomical structure of podocytes at molecular levels. This chapter lists several aspects of podocyte injuries along with potential mechanisms, including glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, hypertension, RAS activation, micro-inflammation, immune disorder, and other factors. These aspects are not technically separated items, but intertwined with each other in the pathogenesis of podocyte injuries.
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Oyagbemi AA, Omobowale TO, Awoyomi OV, Ajibade TO, Falayi OO, Ogunpolu BS, Okotie UJ, Asenuga ER, Adejumobi OA, Hassan FO, Ola-Davies OE, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Yakubu MA. Cobalt chloride toxicity elicited hypertension and cardiac complication via induction of oxidative stress and upregulation of COX-2/Bax signaling pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 38:519-532. [PMID: 30596275 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118812158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with extensive industrial and biological applications. To assess the toxic effects of, and mechanisms involved in cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced cardio-renal dysfunctions. Male Wistar rats were exposed orally, daily through drinking water to 0 ppm (control), 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 600 ppm of CoCl2, respectively. Following exposure, results revealed significant ( p < 0.05) rise in markers of oxidative stress, but decreased activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and reduced glutathione content in cardiac and renal tissues. There were significant increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure at the 300- and 600-ppm level of CoCl2-exposed rats relative to the control. Prolongation of QT and QTc intervals was observed in CoCl2 alone treated rats. Also, there were significant increases in the heart rates, and reduction in P wave, and PR duration of rats administered CoCl2. Histopathology of the kidney revealed peritubular and periglomerular inflammation, focal glomerular necrosis following CoCl2 exposure. Further, cyclooxygenase-2 and B-cell associated protein X expressions were upregulated in the cardiac and renal tissues of CoCl2-exposed rats relative to the control. Combining all, results from this study implicated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis as pathologic mechanisms in CoCl2-induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Oyagbemi
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - T O Omobowale
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O V Awoyomi
- 3 Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - T O Ajibade
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O O Falayi
- 4 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - B S Ogunpolu
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - U J Okotie
- 3 Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - E R Asenuga
- 5 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O A Adejumobi
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - F O Hassan
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - O E Ola-Davies
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A B Saba
- 4 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A A Adedapo
- 4 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - M A Yakubu
- 4 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,6 Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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CD2-associated protein/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling has a preventive role in angiotensin II-induced podocyte apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:370-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Grape seed procyanidin B2 ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibits apoptosis via the AMP-activated protein kinase-silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1-PPARγ co-activator-1α axis in rat mesangial cells under high-dose glucosamine. Br J Nutr 2014; 113:35-44. [PMID: 25404010 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451400347x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Grape seed procyanidin B2 (GSPB2), an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory polyphenol in grape seed, has been found to have protective effects on diabetic nephropathy. Based on its favourable biological activities, in the present study, we aimed to investigate whether GSPB2 could inhibit apoptosis in rat mesangial cells treated with glucosamine (GlcN) under high-dose conditions. The results showed that the administration of GSPB2 (10 μg/ml) significantly increased the viability of mesangial cells treated with GlcN at a dose of 15 mM. We found that GSPB2 inhibited apoptosis in mesangial cells using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphates (dUTP) nick-end labelling staining and flow cytometry technique (P< 0·05 for both). GSPB2 treatment also suppressed oxidative stress by elevating the activity of glutathione peroxidase (P< 0·05) and superoxide dismutase (P< 0·01), as well as prevented cellular damage. GSPB2 enhanced the mRNA expression of nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A and mitochondrial DNA copy number in mesangial cells as determined by real-time PCR (P< 0·05 for each). Finally, GSPB2 treatment activated the protein expression of PPARγ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), silent mating type information regulation 2 homologue 1 (SIRT1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in mesangial cells. These findings suggest that GSPB2 markedly ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibits apoptosis in rat mesangial cells treated with high-dose GlcN. This protective effect could be, at least in part, due to the activation of the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α axis.
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Yang C, Stingo FC, Ahn KW, Liu P, Vannucci M, Laud PW, Skelton M, O'Connor P, Kurth T, Ryan RP, Moreno C, Tsaih SW, Patone G, Hummel O, Jacob HJ, Liang M, Cowley AW. Increased proliferative cells in the medullary thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. Hypertension 2012. [PMID: 23184381 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.199380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of transcriptome profiles have provided new insights into mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension. Cell type heterogeneity in tissue samples, however, has been a significant hindrance in these studies. We performed a transcriptome analysis in medullary thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle isolated from Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Genes differentially expressed between Dahl salt-sensitive rats and salt-insensitive consomic SS.13(BN) rats on either 0.4% or 7 days of 8.0% NaCl diet (n=4) were highly enriched for genes located on chromosome 13, the chromosome substituted in the SS.13(BN) rat. A pathway involving cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation was identified as one of the most highly ranked pathways based on differentially expressed genes and by a Bayesian model analysis. Immunofluorescent analysis indicated that just 1 week of a high-salt diet resulted in a severalfold increase in proliferative medullary thick ascending limb cells in both rat strains, and that Dahl salt-sensitive rats exhibited a significantly greater proportion of medullary thick ascending limb cells in a proliferative state than in SS.13(BN) rats (15.0±1.4% versus 10.1±0.6%; n=7-9; P<0.05). The total number of cells per medullary thick ascending limb section analyzed was not different between the 2 strains. The study revealed alterations in regulatory pathways in Dahl salt-sensitive rats in tissues highly enriched for a single cell type, leading to the unexpected finding of a greater increase in the number of proliferative medullary thick ascending limb cells in Dahl salt-sensitive rats on a high-salt diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Balasubramanian S, Jansen M, Valerius MT, Humphreys BD, Strom TB. Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 promotes acute kidney injury and renal epithelial apoptosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:674-86. [PMID: 22343121 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011070646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nur77 and its family members Nurr1 and Nor-1 are inducible orphan nuclear receptors that orchestrate cellular responses to diverse extracellular signals. In epithelia, Nur77 can act as a potent proapoptotic molecule in response to cellular stress, suggesting a possible role for this nuclear receptor in the tissue response to injury. Here, we found that Nur77 promotes epithelial cell apoptosis after AKI. Injury of proximal tubular epithelial cells rapidly and strongly induced Nur77, Nor-1, and Nurr1 both in vitro and in vivo. After renal ischemia-reperfusion, Nurr77-deficient mice exhibited less apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells and better renal function than wild-type mice. Nur77-mediated renal injury involved a conformational change of Bcl2 and an increase in the protein levels of proapoptotic Bcl-xS. Ligand-activated retinoic acid receptors repressed Nur77 induction and function. Pretreatment of wild-type mice with retinoic acid before renal ischemia-reperfusion blunted the induction of Nur77, conferred protection of renal function, attenuated renal histologic injury, and reduced the expression of epithelial-derived proinflammatory cytokines. Retinoic acid also inhibited hypoxia-mediated induction of proinflammatory cytokines in cultured renal epithelial cells. Results obtained from proximal tubule cultures derived from Nur77-deficient mice suggested that the inhibition of Nur77 expression mediated the renoprotective effects of retinoic acid. In summary, Nur77 promotes epithelial apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury, and retinoic acid-mediated inhibition of Nur77 expression is a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savithri Balasubramanian
- Department of Medicine, The Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Ning WB, Hu GY, Peng ZZ, Wang L, Wang W, Chen JY, Zheng X, Li J, Tao LJ. Fluorofenidone inhibits Ang II-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells through blockage of the Fas/FasL pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1327-32. [PMID: 21586345 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effects of fluorofenidone on Ang II-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells and the related signaling pathway. METHODS Rat proximal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were used to examine the anti-apoptosis effects of fluorofenidone. Cell proliferation was assessed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Apoptosis was examined by AO/EB staining and TUNEL assay. The expression of Fas/FasL pathway members, including Fas, FasL, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-8, and Caspase-3 was detected by real-time RT-PCR and/or Western blot, respectively. The activity of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 was detected by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Fluorofenidone didn't affect the proliferation of NRK-52E cells, but significantly inhibited the apoptosis of NRK-52E cells induced by Ang II. Fluorofenidone significantly reduced Ang II-induced increases in Fas, FasL, Bax, Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 at the mRNA level. Consistent with these observations, fluorofenidone also prevented Ang II-mediated up-regulation of FasL and Bax at the protein level. Additionally, Ang II-induced activation of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 as well as Ang II-initiated downregulation of Bcl-2 at both mRNA and protein levels was all prevented by fluorofenidone. CONCLUSIONS Fluorofenidone can inhibit Ang II-induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells through blockage of the Fas/FasL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-bin Ning
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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TNF superfamily: a growing saga of kidney injury modulators. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20953353 PMCID: PMC2952810 DOI: 10.1155/2010/182958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the TNF superfamily participate in kidney disease. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas ligand regulate renal cell survival and inflammation, and therapeutic targeting improves the outcome of experimental renal injury. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL and its potential decoy receptor osteoprotegerin are the two most upregulated death-related genes in human diabetic nephropathy. TRAIL activates NF-kappaB in tubular cells and promotes apoptosis in tubular cells and podocytes, especially in a high-glucose environment. By contrast, osteoprotegerin plays a protective role against TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Another family member, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK induces inflammation and tubular cell death or proliferation, depending on the microenvironment. While TNF only activates canonical NF-kappaB signaling, TWEAK promotes both canonical and noncanonical NF-kappaB activation in tubular cells, regulating different inflammatory responses. TWEAK promotes the secretion of MCP-1 and RANTES through NF-kappaB RelA-containing complexes and upregulates CCl21 and CCL19 expression through NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK-) dependent RelB/NF-kappaB2 complexes. In vivo TWEAK promotes postnephrectomy compensatory renal cell proliferation in a noninflammatory milieu. However, in the inflammatory milieu of acute kidney injury, TWEAK promotes tubular cell death and inflammation. Therapeutic targeting of TNF superfamily cytokines, including multipronged approaches targeting several cytokines should be further explored.
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Soto K, Gómez-Garre D, Largo R, Gallego-Delgado J, Tejera N, Catalán MP, Ortiz A, Plaza JJ, Alonso C, Egido J. Tight blood pressure control decreases apoptosis during renal damage. Kidney Int 2004; 65:811-22. [PMID: 14871401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An excess rate of apoptosis could lead to the gradual loss of renal mass. In this study, we investigated the role of apoptosis in the renal damage secondary to hypertension. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive rats with 5/6 renal mass reduction (subtotal nephrectomy) were distributed to receive no-treatment, 200 mg/L quinapril, 360 mg/L losartan, or triple therapy (200 mg/L hydralazine, 4 mg/L reserpine, and 100 mg/L hydrochlorothiazide) for 5 weeks. Sham-operated spontaneously hypertensive rats served as controls. Age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, with or without subtotal nephrectomy, were also studied. RESULTS Nontreated spontaneously hypertensive rats + subtotal nephrectomy developed proteinuria, glomerular sclerosis, and tubulointerstitial lesions. In comparison to spontaneously hypertensive rats, an increment in the number of [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)]-positive and apoptotic [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)]-positive tubular and glomerular cells was observed. By contrast, WKY + subtotal nephrectomy rats showed less severe morphologic lesions, and only the number of proliferating cells increased. By Western blot, an up-regulation of renal Bax (apoptosis inducer) was noted both in spontaneously hypertensive rats + subtotal nephrectomy and WKY + subtotal nephrectomy rats. By contrast, Bcl-xL (apoptosis protector) was up-regulated in WKY + subtotal nephrectomy rats but not in spontaneously hypertensive rats + subtotal nephrectomy. The administration of appropriate doses of quinapril, losartan, or triple therapy to spontaneously hypertensive rats + subtotal nephrectomy normalized systolic blood pressure, partially prevented proteinuria, renal lesions and apoptosis, and decreased Bax, but no changes were noted in Bcl-xL. The Bax/Bcl-xL index was significantly increased in spontaneously hypertensive rats + subtotal nephrectomy compared to sham-operated spontaneously hypertensive rats and decreased in treated groups. CONCLUSION The combination of renal mass reduction and hypertension caused severe renal lesions associated to an increment of apoptosis rate, mainly in tubular epithelial cells. Tight blood pressure control decreased the apoptosis rate and morphologic lesions. These studies suggest that changes in the expression of apoptosis-regulatory genes contribute to the progressive damage in hypertensive rats with renal mass reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Soto
- Renal and Vascular Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Osanai T, Nakamura M, Sasaki S, Tomita H, Saitoh M, Osawa H, Yamabe H, Murakami S, Magota K, Okumura K. Plasma concentration of coupling factor 6 and cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2004; 64:2291-7. [PMID: 14633154 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is an independent predictor of overall mortality and cardiovascular outcome in hemodialysis patients. However, not only ADMA but also traditional risk factors account for only part of the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients. We investigated cross-sectionally the association between coupling factor 6 (CF6), an endogenous inhibitor of prostacyclin synthesis, and cardiovascular events in 95 hemodialysis patients. METHODS Plasma CF6 level was measured by radioimmunoassay, whereas plasma ADMA level by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Plasma levels of CF6 and ADMA were threefold higher in hemodialysis patients than in control individuals, and there was a positive correlation between these two compounds (r=0.25, P < 0.05). Plasma CF6 level was positively correlated with serum creatinine level (r=0.36, P < 0.01) and was reduced after dialysis (P < 0.05). Plasma CF6 and ADMA levels were both higher in hemodialysis patients complicating ischemic heart disease (myocardial infarction and/or angina) than in those free of cardiovascular events. In a multiple regression model, plasma CF6 level (r=0.24, P=0.023) and ADMA level (r=0.26, P=0.023) were independently related to the occurrence of ischemic heart disease in hemodialysis patients. CONCLUSION CF6 is a novel risk factor for ischemic heart disease in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Synergism of this peptide and ADMA might contribute to its occurrence presumably by inhibition of prostacyclin and nitric oxide production. A prospective study is needed to evaluate this issue more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Osanai
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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Kelly DJ, Stein-Oakley A, Zhang Y, Wassef L, Maguire J, Koji T, Thomson N, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Gilbert RE. Fas-induced apoptosis is a feature of progressive diabetic nephropathy in transgenic (mRen-2)27 rats: Attenuation with renin-angiotensin blockade. Nephrology (Carlton) 2004; 9:7-13. [PMID: 14996301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2003.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Tubular atrophy is a major feature of most renal diseases and is closely associated with the loss of renal function. The present study sought to investigate whether Fas/FasL-induced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis was a feature of experimental diabetic nephropathy. The effects of renoprotective therapy with blockade of the renin-angiotensin (RAS) system were also examined. METHOD Six-week-old female Ren-2 rats were injected with streptozotocin and maintained diabetic for 12 weeks. Further groups of diabetic rats were treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril, for 12 weeks. RESULTS Widespread apoptosis, identified by using mediated Terminal dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining was noted in the tubules of diabetic Ren-2 rats. These changes were associated with an increase in both Fas mRNA and Fas L (ligand) within the tubules (P < 0.01). Treatment of diabetic Ren-2 rats with perindopril (6 mg/kg per day) reduced the apoptosis to control levels and was associated with a reduction in Fas mRNA and Fas L protein (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, Fas/Fas L-induced tubular apoptosis is a feature of diabetic Ren-2 rats and is attenuated by the blockade of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Kaimori JY, Takenaka M, Nakajima H, Hamano T, Horio M, Sugaya T, Ito T, Hori M, Okubo K, Imai E. Induction of glia maturation factor-beta in proximal tubular cells leads to vulnerability to oxidative injury through the p38 pathway and changes in antioxidant enzyme activities. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:33519-27. [PMID: 12791701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301552200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria is an independent risk factor for progression of renal diseases. Glia maturation factor-beta (GMF-beta), a 17-kDa brain-specific protein originally purified as a neurotrophic factor from brain, was induced in renal proximal tubular (PT) cells by proteinuria. To examine the role of GMF-beta in PT cells, we constructed PT cell lines continuously expressing GMF-beta. The PT cells overexpressing GMF-beta acquired susceptibility to cell death upon stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and angiotensin II, both of which are reported to cause oxidative stress. GMF-beta overexpression also promoted oxidative insults by H2O2, leading to the reorganization of F-actin as well as apoptosis in non-brain cells (not only PT cells, but also NIH 3T3 cells). The measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species in the GMF-beta-overexpressing cells showed a sustained increase in H2O2 in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, angiotensin II, and H2O2 stimuli. The sustained increase in H2O2 was caused by an increase in the activity of the H2O2-producing enzyme copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase, a decrease in the activities of the H2O2-reducing enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and a depletion of the content of the cellular glutathione peroxidase substrate GSH. The p38 pathway was significantly involved in the sustained oxidative stress to the cells. Taken together, the alteration of the antioxidant enzyme activities, in particular the peroxide-scavenging deficit, underlies the susceptibility to cell death in GMF-beta-overexpressing cells. In conclusion, we suggest that the proteinuria induction of GMF-beta in renal PT cells may play a critical role in the progression of renal diseases by enhancing oxidative injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ya Kaimori
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Tsuboi N, Utsunomiya Y, Kawamura T, Kikuchi T, Hosoya T, Ohno T, Yamada H. Shedding of growth-suppressive gangliosides from glomerular mesangial cells undergoing apoptosis. Kidney Int 2003; 63:936-46. [PMID: 12631074 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of glomerular mesangial cells is a common feature in several types of glomerular diseases. However, its pathophysiologic significance is not known. We recently identified gangliosides as a major growth-inhibitory substance in the conditioned medium of mesangial cells. In this report, we tested whether biologically distinct forms of cell fate, apoptosis and necrosis, could modulate ganglioside shedding from mesangial cells. METHODS Mesangial cells were exposed to low (10 to 40 mJ/cm2) and high (400 mJ/cm2) doses of ultraviolet light to induce apoptosis and necrosis, respectively. Conditioned media were collected and examined for its growth-inhibitory activity for mesangial cells. Ganglioside shedding was analyzed using metabolic labeling and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). RESULTS Shedding of gangliosides as well as growth-inhibitory activity in the conditioned medium predominantly increased when mesangial cells were undergoing apoptosis in contrast to that of viable or necrotic mesangial cells. The inhibitory substance in the conditioned medium from apoptotic mesangial cells completely fulfilled the characteristic criteria of gangliosides. This substance was less than 3 kD and was sensitive to neuraminidase digestion. Shedding of gangliosides from mesangial cells reduced significantly when apoptosis was inhibited by overexpression of antiapoptotic gene, Bcl-XL. In addition, ganglioside shedding also increased when mesangial cells were exposed to other inducers of apoptosis for mesangial cells (i.e., H2O2 and staurosporin). CONCLUSION These results provide the novel link between masangial cell apoptosis and increased release of gangliosides that potentially suppress mesangial cell proliferation and thus indicate a mechanism for the negative regulation of mesangial cell growth by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of DNA Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ding G, Reddy K, Kapasi AA, Franki N, Gibbons N, Kasinath BS, Singhal PC. Angiotensin II induces apoptosis in rat glomerular epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 283:F173-80. [PMID: 12060599 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00240.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ANG II has been shown to modulate kidney cell growth and contribute to the pathobiology of glomerulosclerosis. Glomerular visceral epithelial cell (GEC) injury or loss is considered to play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of glomerulosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ANG II on GEC apoptosis. Rat GECs were incubated with increasing doses of ANG II for variable time periods. Apoptosis was evaluated by cell nucleus staining and DNA fragmentation assay. ANG II induced GEC apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The proapoptotic effect was attenuated by the ANG II receptor type 1 antagonist losartan or the ANG II receptor type 2 antagonist PD-123319 and was completely blocked by incubation with the combined antagonists. Moreover, ANG II stimulated transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 production as measured by ELISA. GECs exposed to TGF-beta1 demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent increase in apoptosis. ANG II-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by addition of anti-TGF-beta1 antibody. ANG II also upregulated the expression of Fas, FasL, and Bax and downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 in GECs. These studies suggest that ANG II induces GEC apoptosis by a mechanism involving TGF-beta1 expression that may, importantly, contribute to the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Ding
- Department of Medicine, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, The Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York 11040, USA
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Sanders PW, Wang PX. Activation of the Fas/Fas ligand pathway in hypertensive renal disease in Dahl/Rapp rats. BMC Nephrol 2002; 3:1. [PMID: 11818026 PMCID: PMC64784 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2001] [Accepted: 01/07/2002] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is the second most common cause of end-stage renal failure in the United States. The mechanism by which hypertension produces renal failure is incompletely understood. Recent evidence demonstrated that an unscheduled and inappropriate increase in apoptosis occurred in the Dahl/Rapp rat, an inbred strain of rat that uniformly develops hypertension and hypertensive nephrosclerosis; early correction of the hypertension prevents the renal injury. The present study examined the role of the Fas/FasL pathway in this process. METHODS Young male Dahl/Rapp salt-sensitive (S) and Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets that contained 0.3% or 8.0% NaCl diets. Kidneys were examined at days 7 and 21 of the study. RESULTS An increase in Fas and FasL expression was observed in glomerular and tubular compartments of kidneys of hypertensive S rats, whereas dietary salt did not change expression of either of these molecules in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Associated with this increase was cleavage of Bid and activation of caspase-8, the initiator caspase in this apoptotic pathway, by day 21 of the study. CONCLUSIONS Augmented expression of apoptotic signaling by the Fas/FasL pathway occurred during development of end-stage renal failure in this model of hypertensive nephrosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sanders
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
- Cell Adhesion and Matrix Research Center; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Pei-Xuan Wang
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
- Cell Adhesion and Matrix Research Center; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal damage from hypertension is the second most common cause of end-stage renal failure in the United States. The pathogenesis of this process is incompletely understood. The Dahl/Rapp salt-sensitive (S) rat is a model of low-renin hypertension, but these rats also develop renal lesions that are virtually identical to human hypertensive nephrosclerosis. METHODS To explore apoptosis as a mechanism of progressive renal injury in S rats, age- and sex-matched S and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were placed on either 0.3 or 8.0% NaCl diets, which were continued for 21 days. RESULTS At day 7, renal histology appeared relatively normal, but by day 21 on the high-salt diet, S rats displayed morphological evidence of severe renal injury that included glomerulosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial damage. Apoptosis was demonstrated in kidneys of hypertensive S rats by day 7. Cytoplasmic content of cytochrome c was increased in the kidney cortex of hypertensive S rats, and isolated mitochondria showed inappropriate release of cytochrome c sufficient to activate caspase-3 in vitro. Activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 was observed only in kidney cortex from hypertensive S rats. CONCLUSIONS Kidneys from hypertensive S rats display apoptosis related to mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The findings support a primary role of cytochrome c release and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephrosclerosis in S rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Ying
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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