1
|
Bahi A. Serotonin transporter knockdown relieves depression-like behavior and ethanol-induced CPP in mice after chronic social defeat stress. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114998. [PMID: 38614210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Patients with stress-triggered major depression disorders (MDD) can often seek comfort or temporary relief through alcohol consumption, as they may turn to it as a means of self-medication or coping with overwhelming emotions. The use of alcohol as a coping mechanism for stressful events can escalate, fostering a cycle where the temporary relief it provides from depression can deepen into alcohol dependence, exacerbating both conditions. Although, the specific mechanisms involved in stress-triggered alcohol dependence and MDD comorbidities are not well understood, a large body of literature suggests that the serotonin transporter (SERT) plays a critical role in these abnormalities. To further investigate this hypothesis, we used a lentiviral-mediated knockdown approach to examine the role of hippocampal SERT knockdown in social defeat stress-elicited depression like behavior and ethanol-induced place preference (CPP). The results showed that social defeat stress-pro depressant effects were reversed following SERT knockdown demonstrated by increased sucrose preference, shorter latency to feed in the novelty suppressed feeding test, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. Moreover, and most importantly, social stress-induced ethanol-CPP acquisition and reinstatement were significantly reduced following hippocampal SERT knockdown using short hairpin RNA shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors. Finally, we confirmed that SERT hippocampal mRNA expression correlated with measures of depression- and ethanol-related behaviors by Pearson's correlation analysis. Taken together, our data suggest that hippocampal serotoninergic system is involved in social stress-triggered mood disorders as well as in the acquisition and retrieval of ethanol contextual memory and that blockade of this transporter can decrease ethanol rewarding properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Department of Anatomy, CMHS, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haas C, Salzmann AP, Binz TM, Staubli G, Seiler M, Steuer AE. Analytical description of adolescent binge drinking patients. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:512. [PMID: 37845619 PMCID: PMC10577939 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is a widespread health compromising behavior among adolescents and young adults, leading to significant health problems, injuries and mortality. However, data on alcohol consumption is often unreliable, as it is mainly based on self-reporting surveys. In this five-year study (2014-2019) at the University Children's Hospital Zurich, we analyzed blood samples from adolescent binge drinking patients to investigate blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), co-ingestion of drugs, assess compliance between self-reported and measured substance use, and test for genetic components of innate alcohol tolerance. Furthermore, hair analysis was performed to retrospectively access drug exposure and to evaluate the potential of hair analysis to assess binge drinking. METHODS In a prospective, single-center study, patients with alcohol intoxications aged 16 years and younger were included. Blood and hair samples were analyzed by sensitive liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry drug analysis. HTTLPR genotyping was performed with PCR and fragment analysis. RESULTS Among 72 cases, 72 blood and 13 hair samples were analyzed. BACs ranged from 0.08-3.20‰ (mean 1.63‰, median 1.60‰), while a mean concentration of 3.64 pg/mg hair (median 3.0 pg/mg) of the alcohol marker ethyl glucuronide (EtG) was detected in eleven hair samples, providing no evidence of chronic excessive drinking. In 47% of the cases, co-ingested drugs were qualitatively detected next to ethanol, but only 9% of the detected drugs had blood concentrations classified as pharmacologically active. Cannabis consumption (22%) and stimulant intake (16%) were the most frequently observed drugs. Compliance between patients' statements and measured substances matched well. Although we investigated the genetic contribution to innate alcohol tolerance via the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, the diverse genetic background of the cohort and small sample size did not allow any conclusions to be drawn. CONCLUSION Almost half of our binge drinking patients tested positive for other substances, primarily cannabis. We anticipate that our study enhances understanding of consumption behavior of young people and encourage continued efforts to address the harmful effects of binge drinking and co-occurring substance use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Haas
- Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Tina Maria Binz
- Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Staubli
- Pediatric Emergency Department and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Seiler
- Pediatric Emergency Department and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Eva Steuer
- Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bahi A, Dreyer JL. Anxiety and ethanol consumption in socially defeated mice; effect of hippocampal serotonin transporter knockdown. Behav Brain Res 2023; 451:114508. [PMID: 37244437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The comorbidity of generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) with alcohol use disorders (AUD) is common and there is an association between the serotonin transporter (SERT) genetic variation and the comorbid conditions of GAD and AUD. However, few mechanistic studies have systematically explored the role of direct SERT manipulation in stress-elicited mood disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether reductions in SERT expression in the hippocampus were sufficient to ameliorate anxiety- and ethanol-related behaviors in socially defeated mice. Following stress exposure, and using stereotaxic surgery, SERT was knocked down using specific shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors and anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by open-field, elevated plus maze, and marbles burying test. The two-bottle choice (TBC) drinking paradigm was used to assess stress-induced voluntary ethanol intake and preference. Results showed that hippocampal SERT loss-of-function prevented stress-elicited anxiogenic-like effects with no differences in spontaneous locomotor activity. Moreover, in the TBC paradigm, SERT shRNA-injected mice consistently showed a significantly decreased consumption and preference for ethanol when compared to Mock-injected controls. In contrast to ethanol, SERT shRNA-injected mice exhibited similar consumption and preference for saccharin and quinine. Interestingly, we confirmed that SERT hippocampal mRNA expression correlated with measures of anxiety- and ethanol-related behaviors by Pearson correlation analysis. Our findings show that social defeat recruits hippocampal serotoninergic system and that these neuroadaptations mediate the heightened anxiety-like behavior and voluntary alcohol intake observed following stress exposure, suggesting that this system represents a major brain stress element responsible for the negative reinforcement associated with the "dark side" of alcohol addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.
| | - Jean-Luc Dreyer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cornell J, Conchas A, Wang XQ, Fink JC, Chen H, Kane MA, Pilli N, Ait-Daoud N, Gorelick DA, Li MD, Johnson BA, Seneviratne C. Validation of serotonin transporter mRNA as a quantitative biomarker of heavy drinking and its comparison to ethyl glucuronide/ethyl sulfate: A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1888-1899. [PMID: 36031718 PMCID: PMC9588643 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonin transporter (SERT) mRNA was previously reported to be a quantitative and pathophysiology-based biomarker of heavy drinking in 5HTTLPR:LL genotype-carriers treated with ondansetron. Here, we validated the potential use of SERT mRNA for quantitative prediction of recent alcohol consumption (in the absence of treatment) and compared it with the known biomarkers ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS). METHODS Binge drinking men and women of European ancestry aged 21 to 65 years were enrolled in a 12-day, in-patient, randomized, double-blind, crossover study, where they were administered three beverage doses (placebo, 0.5 g/kg [0.4 g/kg] ethanol, and 1 g/kg [0.9 g/kg] ethanol for men [women]) individually in three 4-day periods (experiments), separated by minimum 7-day washout period. Diet, sleep, and physical activity were controlled throughout the inpatient experiments. Twenty-nine participants were randomized to receive beverage doses counterbalancing the sequence of treatment and gender within subgroups stratified by SERT genotypes 5HTTLPR:LL+rs25531:AA (LA LA ) versus 5HTTLPR:LS/SS. Peripheral venous blood was collected daily for (1) quantification of SERT mRNA (the primary outcome measure) using qRT-PCR and (2) plasma EtG and EtS levels using tandem mass-spectrometry. RESULTS The association between administered beverage dose and SERT mRNA from completers of at least one 4-day experiment (N = 18) assessed by a linear mixed model was not statistically significant. Significant positive associations were found with beverage dose and plasma EtG, EtS and EtG/EtS ratio (β = 5.8, SE = 1.2, p < 0.0001; β = 1.3, SE = 0.6, p = 0.023; and β = 3.0, SE = 0.7, p < 0.0001, respectively; the C-statistics for discriminating outcomes were 0.97, 0.8, and 0.92, respectively). Additionally, we observed a sequence effect with a greater placebo effect on SERT mRNA when it was administered during the first experiment (p = 0.0009), but not on EtG/EtS measures. CONCLUSION The findings do not validate the use of SERT as a biomarker of heavy drinking. Larger and more innovative studies addressing the effects of placebo, race, gender, and response to treatment with serotonergic agents are needed to fully assess the utility of SERT as a biomarker of heavy and binge drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cornell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew Conchas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (former affiliation)
| | - Xin-Qun Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Jeffrey C. Fink
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hegang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nageswara Pilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nassima Ait-Daoud
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - David A. Gorelick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Bankole A. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (former affiliation)
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- The Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seneviratne C, Gorelick DA, Lynch KG, Brown C, Romer D, Pond T, Kampman K, Kranzler HR. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pharmacogenetic study of ondansetron for treating alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1900-1912. [PMID: 36055978 PMCID: PMC9901168 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study, ondansetron, a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reduced drinking intensity (drinks/drinking day [DPDD]) among European-ancestry (EA) participants with moderate-to-severe alcohol use disorder (AUD) and variants in genes encoding the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and 5-HT3A (HTR3A), and 5-HT3B (HTR3B) receptors. We tested whether (1) ondansetron reduces DPDD among individuals of either European or African ancestry (AA), and (2) that reductions in DPDD are greatest among ondansetron-treated individuals with population-specific combinations of genotypes at SLC6A4, HTR3A, and HTR3B. METHODS In this 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial, adults with AUD were randomized to receive low-dose oral ondansetron (0.33 mg twice daily) or placebo stratified by "responsive" versus "nonresponsive" genotype defined using population-specific genotypes at the three genetic loci. Generalized estimating equation regression models and a modified intent-to-treat analysis were used to compare the treatment groups on the primary outcome-DPDD-and two secondary outcomes-heavy drinking days per week [HDD] and drinks per day [DPD] across the 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Of 296 prospective participants screened, 95 (58 EA and 37 AA) were randomized and received at least one dose of study medication. In the modified intent-to-treat analysis, the ondansetron group averaged 0.40 more DPDD (p = 0.51), 1.35 times as many HDD (p = 0.16), and 1.06 times as many DPD (p = 0.59) as the placebo group. There were no significant interactions with genotype. There were no study-related serious adverse events (AEs) and similar proportions of participants in the two treatment groups experienced AEs across organ systems. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that low-dose oral ondansetron is beneficial in the treatment of AUD, irrespective of genotype, thus failing to confirm prior study findings. However, the study was underpowered to identify medication by genotype interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201
| | - David A. Gorelick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201
| | - Kevin G. Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crezcenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Clayton Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201
| | - Danielle Romer
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crezcenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Timothy Pond
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crezcenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201
| | - Kyle Kampman
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crezcenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crezcenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alcohol Use Disorder: Neurobiology and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051192. [PMID: 35625928 PMCID: PMC9139063 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) encompasses the dysregulation of multiple brain circuits involved in executive function leading to excessive consumption of alcohol, despite negative health and social consequences and feelings of withdrawal when access to alcohol is prevented. Ethanol exerts its toxicity through changes to multiple neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and opioid systems. These neurotransmitter imbalances result in dysregulation of brain circuits responsible for reward, motivation, decision making, affect, and the stress response. Despite serious health and psychosocial consequences, this disorder still remains one of the leading causes of death globally. Treatment options include both psychological and pharmacological interventions, which are aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and/or promoting abstinence while also addressing dysfunctional behaviours and impaired functioning. However, stigma and social barriers to accessing care continue to impact many individuals. AUD treatment should focus not only on restoring the physiological and neurological impairment directly caused by alcohol toxicity but also on addressing psychosocial factors associated with AUD that often prevent access to treatment. This review summarizes the impact of alcohol toxicity on brain neurocircuitry in the context of AUD and discusses pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies currently available to treat this addiction disorder.
Collapse
|
7
|
Qadeer MI, Amar A, Huang YY, Min E, Galfalvy H, Hasnain S, Mann JJ. Association of serotonin system-related genes with homicidal behavior and criminal aggression in a prison population of Pakistani Origin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1670. [PMID: 33462318 PMCID: PMC7813852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), 5-HT2A (HTR2A) and 5-HT2B (HTR2B) recepter genes, express proteins that are important regulators of serotonin reuptake and signaling, and thereby may contribute to the pathogenesis of aggressive criminal behavior. 370 sentenced murderers in Pakistani prisons and 359 men without any history of violence or criminal delinquency were genotyped for six candidate polymorphisms in SLC6A4, HTR2A and HTR2B genes. An association of higher expressing L/L and LA/LA variants of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was observed with homicidal behavior (bi-allelic: OR = 1.29, p = 0.016, tri-allelic: OR = 1.32, p = 0.015) and in the murderer group only with response to verbal abuse (OR = 2.11, p = 0.015), but not with other measures of self-reported aggression. L/L and LA/LA genotypes of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were associated with higher aggression scores on STAX1 scale of aggression compared to lower expressing genotypes (S/S, S/LG, LG/LG) in prison inmates. No associations were apparent for other serotonergic gene polymorphisms analyzed. Using the Braineac and GTEx databases, we demonstrated significant eQTL based functional effects for rs25531 in HTTLPR and other serotonergic polymorphisms analyzed in different brain regions and peripheral tissues. In conclusion, these findings implicate SLC6A4* HTTLPR as a major genetic determinant associated with criminal aggression. Future studies are needed to replicate this finding and establish the biologic intermediate phenotypes mediating this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Qadeer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan. .,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yung-Yu Huang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli Min
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Mental Health Data Science Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahida Hasnain
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kazantseva A, Davydova Y, Enikeeva R, Lobaskova M, Mustafin R, Malykh S, Takhirova Z, Khusnutdinova E. AVPR1A main effect and OXTR-by-environment interplay in individual differences in depression level. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05240. [PMID: 33088973 PMCID: PMC7567928 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple studies of depression indicated a significant role of gene-by-environment interactions; however, they are mainly limited to the examination of modulating effect of recent stressful life events. Other environmental factors occurring at different stages of ante- and postnatal development may affect the association between multiple genes and depression. The study aimed to analyze the main and haplotype-based effect of serotonergic system and HPA-axis gene polymorphisms on depression and to detect gene-by-environment interaction models explaining individual variance in depression in mentally healthy young adults from Russia. Methods Depression score was assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in 623 healthy individuals (81% women; 17-25 years) of Caucasian origin (Russians, Tatars, Udmurts) from Russia. The main- and gene-based effects of 12 SNPs in SLC6A4 (5-HTTLPR, rs1042173), HTR2A (rs7322347), OXTR (rs7632287, rs2254298, rs13316193, rs53576, rs2228485, rs237911), AVPR1A (rs3803107, rs1042615), and AVPR1B (rs33911258) genes, and gene-by-environment interactions were tested with linear regression models (PLINK v.1.9) adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results We observed ethnicity-specific main effect of the AVPR1A rs3803107 (P = 0.003; PFDR = 0.047) and gene-based effect of the OXTR gene (Р = 0.005; Pperm = 0.034) on BDI-measured depression, and modifying effect of paternal care on OXTR rs53576 (P = 0.004; PFDR = 0.012) and birth order on OXTR rs237911 (P = 0.006; PFDR = 0.018) association with depression level. Limitations A hypothesis driven candidate gene approach, which examined a limited number of genetic variants in a moderately large sample, was used. Conclusions Our preliminary findings indicate that familial environment may play a permissive role modulating the manifestation of OXTR-based depression variance in mentally healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kazantseva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Yu Davydova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - R Enikeeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - M Lobaskova
- Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education, 9/4, Mohovaya Street, Moscow, 125009, Russia
| | - R Mustafin
- Bashkir State Medical University, 3, Lenin Street, Ufa, 450008, Russia
| | - S Malykh
- Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education, 9/4, Mohovaya Street, Moscow, 125009, Russia
| | - Z Takhirova
- Russian Academy of Education, 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - E Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, Prospekt Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang F, Luo D, Chen J, Pan C, Wang Z, Fu H, Xu J, Yang M, Mo S, Zhuang L, Wang W. Rs9303628 and rs2054847 of SLC6A4 are protective factors for the onset of lifelong premature ejaculation among the Chinese population. Andrologia 2020; 53:e13650. [PMID: 32964515 DOI: 10.1111/and.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the polymorphisms of SLC6A4 gene affect the occurrence of lifelong premature ejaculation (LPE). In this case-control study, Agena MassARRAY was used to genotype SLC6A4 polymorphisms of 91 LPE patients and 362 controls. Then, genetic model and haplotype analysis were utilised to explore the correlation between SLC6A4 polymorphisms and LPE risk. The results showed that allele T, genotype T/T and C/T-T/T of rs9303628 were significantly correlated with a decreased risk of LPE in allele (p = .009), co-dominant (p = .025) and dominant (p = .014) model respectively. Allele T and genotype C/T-T/T of rs2054847 reduced the risk of LPE in co-dominant (p = .015) and dominant (p = .030) models respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between Ars9303628 Crs2054847 haplotype and the decreased the risk of LPE (p = .010). In conclusion, this study firstly proved that the presence of rs9303628 and rs2054847 in SLC6A4 gene was a protective factor for the occurrence of LPE in the Chinese Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Defan Luo
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital to University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Cuiqing Pan
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhongyao Wang
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Housheng Fu
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianbing Xu
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaowei Mo
- Ministry of Science and education, Hainan Women and Children`s Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | | | - Weifu Wang
- Department of Urology, Hainan General Hospital, Affiliated Hainan Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lohoff FW. Pharmacotherapies and personalized medicine for alcohol use disorder: a review. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:1117-1138. [PMID: 32807012 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent and among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Pharmacotherapies for AUD are limited, thus making identification of patient subgroups that are most likely to respond favorably crucial. In this article, pharmacogenetic research on US FDA-approved and commonly prescribed off-label medications for the treatment of AUD is comprehensively reviewed. While the field has advanced in understanding pharmacotherapies for AUD and potential genetic moderators of treatment responses, the pharmacogenetic data to guide the prescribing clinician are limited and should be interpreted with caution. Precision medicine for AUD with more beneficial treatment responses and minimal side effects remains a high priority for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics & Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou J, Yang L, Yu J, Zhang K, Xu Z, Cao Z, Luan P, Li H, Zhang H. Association of
PCSK1
gene polymorphisms with abdominal fat content in broilers. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13371. [PMID: 32285539 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein proteolytic enzymes (Proprotein Convertase, PC) is a Ca2+ -dependent serine protease family, whose main function is to cleave precursors of biologically inactive proteins or peptide chains into active functional molecules. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) gene is mainly expressed in nerve and endocrine tissues. In this study, PCSK1 was selected as an important candidate gene for abdominal fat content in broilers. We cloned the exon region of chicken PCSK1 gene and found six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Association analysis was carried out and we found that the polymorphisms of these six SNPs were significantly associated with abdominal fat content in G19 and G20 populations. Five of these SNPs were significantly associated with abdominal fat content in G19 and G20 combined population. The polymorphism of these five SNPs was significantly correlated with the abdominal fat content of AA broilers. Together, our study demonstrated that c.927T>C, c.1880C>T, c.*900G>A, and c.*1164C>T were significantly associated with abdominal fat content in populations used in this study, which means that these SNPs in PCSK1 gene could be used as candidate markers to select lean broiler lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Zichun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Peng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Education Department of Heilongjiang Province College of Animal Science and Technology Northeast Agricultural University Harbin P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) variability in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 110:104628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
13
|
Wei Q, Ye Y, Chen F, Li J, Wu H, Fu Y, Yan Y, Liao L. Polymorphism study of nine SNPs associated with subjective response to alcohol in Chinese Han, Hui, Tibetan, Mongolian and Uygur populations. Forensic Sci Res 2018; 3:124-129. [PMID: 30483660 PMCID: PMC6197131 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2018.1468538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy alcohol drinking is a major public health problem, causing a large disease, social and economic burden in societies. Subjective response (SR) to alcohol is an intermediate characteristic of heavy drinking. A variety of candidate genes have been reported to be associated with SR to alcohol. In this study, we investigated nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to SR to alcohol in healthy individuals from five Chinese ethnic groups, the Han, Hui, Tibetan, Mongolian and Uygur populations, and a total of 584 bloodstain samples were collected. The nine SNPs included four SNPs in alcohol-metabolizing genes (ADH1B, ADH1C, ALDH2 and CYP2E1*5B) and five SNPs in genes of neurobiological pathways (GABRA2, OPRM1, CHRNA3, HYKK and SLC6A4). A SNaPshot analysis method was developed to type these SNPs simultaneously, and all samples were typed successfully. Statistical analyses of the allele frequencies indicated that the frequencies of all SNPs, except for ADH1C, showed varying degrees of difference in the five studied ethnic groups. Tibetans showed the highest frequencies of risk alleles for heavy drinking at most loci. The genetic polymorphic differences found in this study revealed the variation in genetic susceptibility to heavy drinking in the studied populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Wei
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jienan Li
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingqiang Fu
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youyi Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linchuan Liao
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Q, Li S, Li H, Jia C. Association of serotonergic pathway genes with smoking cessation in a Chinese rural male population. Addict Behav 2018; 80:34-38. [PMID: 29310005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have found serotonergic pathway genes have inhibitory effects on dopamine system which may influence smoking addiction. This study examined the associations of serotonergic pathway genes (serotonergic receptor genes, solute carrier family 6 member4 and tryptophan hydroxylase gene) with smoking cessation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male current and former smokers (n=819) were recruited from 17 villages of three counties in Shandong province, China. DNA was extracted from the blood samples. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in serotonergic pathway genes were genotyped. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations between SNPs and smoking cessation. Pearson's χ2 test was performed to explore associations of haplotypes with smoking cessation. Multiple logistic regression was used to detect the interaction between SNPs on smoking cessation. RESULTS In multiple logistic regression, rs1042173 of Solute carrier family 6 member 4 was significantly related to smoking cessation in additive and dominant model (p=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Rs4570625 of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 was significantly associated with smoking cessation in dominant model (p=0.03). Nine significant interactions were detected between SNPs in serotonergic pathway genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that serotonergic pathway genes were significantly related to smoking cessation. Future research should expand upon these findings to confirm them.
Collapse
|
15
|
Iurescia S, Seripa D, Rinaldi M. Looking Beyond the 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism: Genetic and Epigenetic Layers of Regulation Affecting the Serotonin Transporter Gene Expression. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8386-8403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
16
|
Hemmings SMJ, Martin LI, van der Merwe L, Benecke R, Domschke K, Seedat S. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:66-75. [PMID: 26635248 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has predictive potential for the development of anxiety disorders. We investigated the role that gene-environment (G × E) interactions, focussing on childhood trauma (CT) and selected SLC6A4 variants, play in modulating levels of AS in a South African adolescent population. METHODS All adolescents (n = 951) completed measures for AS and CT. Six SLC6A4 polymorphisms were genotyped. G × E influences on AS levels were assessed using multiple linear regression models. Relevant confounders were included in all analyses. RESULTS Xhosa (n = 634) and Coloured (n = 317) participants were analysed independently of one another. The 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 L-G haplotype associated with reduced AS among Xhosa adolescents (P = 0.010). In addition, the rs1042173 CC-genotype protected against increased levels of AS in Xhosa participants who had experienced increased levels of CT (P = 0.038). Coloured males homozygous for the S-allele had significantly increased levels of AS compared to Coloured males with at least one L-allele (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to be conducted on AS in adolescents from two ethnically diverse populations. Results indicate that the L-G haplotype confers protection against high AS levels in a Xhosa population. Furthermore, increased CT was found to protect against high levels of AS in Xhosa rs1042173 CC-carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sian M J Hemmings
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Lindi I Martin
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- b Department of Statistics , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Rohan Benecke
- c Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Katharina Domschke
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Soraya Seedat
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arpawong TE, Lee J, Phillips DF, Crimmins EM, Levine ME, Prescott CA. Effects of Recent Stress and Variation in the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on Depressive Symptoms: A Repeated-Measures Study of Adults Age 50 and Older. Behav Genet 2015; 46:72-88. [PMID: 26330209 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9740-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depending on genetic sensitivity to it, stress may affect depressive symptomatology differentially. Applying the stress-diathesis hypothesis to older adults, we postulate: (1) recent stress will associate with increased depressive symptom levels and (2) this effect will be greater for individuals with at least one short allele of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Further, we employ a design that addresses specific limitations of many prior studies that have examined the 5-HTTLPR × SLE relation, by: (a) using a within-person repeated-measures design to address fluctuations that occur within individuals over time, increase power for detecting G × E, and address GE correlation; (b) studying reports of exogenous stressful events (those unlikely to be caused by depression) to help rule out reverse causation and negativity bias, and in order to assess stressors that are more etiologically relevant to depressive symptomatology in older adults. The sample is drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a U.S. population-based study of older individuals (N = 28,248; mean age = 67.5; 57.3 % female; 80.7 % Non-Hispanic White, 14.9 % Hispanic/Latino, 4.5 % African American; genetic subsample = 12,332), from whom measures of depressive symptoms and exogenous stressors were collected biannually (1994-2010). Variation in the 5-HTTLPR was characterized via haplotype, using two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ordered logit models were constructed to predict levels of depressive symptoms from 5-HTTLPR and stressors, comparing results of the most commonly applied statistical approaches (i.e., comparing allelic and genotypic models, and continuous and categorical predictors) used in the literature. All models were stratified by race/ethnicity. Overall, results show a main effect of recent stress for all ethnic groups, and mixed results for the variation in 5-HTTLPR × stress interaction, contingent upon statistical model used. Findings suggest there may be a differential effect of stressors and 5-HTTLPR on depressive symptoms by ethnicity, but further research is needed, particularly when using a haplotype to characterize variation in 5-HTTLPR in population-based sample with a diverse ethnic composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thalida E Arpawong
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, SGM 501 MC 1061, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA.
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Drystan F Phillips
- Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Eileen M Crimmins
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Morgan E Levine
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Prescott
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, SGM 501 MC 1061, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA.,Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bauer IE, Graham DP, Soares JC, Nielsen DA. Serotonergic gene variation in substance use pharmacotherapy: a systematic review. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1307-14. [PMID: 26265436 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a serious disease with damaging effects on the brain and physical health. Despite the increase in the number of affected individuals, there are few effective pharmacological treatment options for substance use disorders. The study of the influence of an individual's genetic features on the treatment response may help to identify more efficacious treatment options. This systematic review focuses on the serotonergic system because of its relevant role in mood and impulse control disorders, and its contribution to the development and maintenance of drug use disorders. In particular, we examine the role of serotonergic genes in the response to pharmacotherapy for alcohol, cocaine and nicotine addiction. Current evidence suggests that genetic variability of the serotonergic biosynthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) and the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) genes mediates the efficacy of several addiction treatments, such as ondansetron and disulfiram, and the antidepressants bupropion, nortriptyline and sertraline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David P Graham
- Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Nielsen
- Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 2002 Holcombe Boulevard, Research 151, Building 110, Suite 227, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pascale E, Ferraguti G, Codazzo C, Passarelli F, Mancinelli R, Bonvicini C, Bruno SM, Lucarelli M, Ceccanti M. Alcohol dependence and serotonin transporter functional polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 in an Italian population. Alcohol Alcohol 2015; 50:259-65. [PMID: 25770138 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The role of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) in alcohol dependence (AD) is still unclear. In this paper, we have evaluated the association of the SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 in AD and assessed the polymorphic patterns both in alcoholics and in healthy people of an Italian population. METHODS Genotyping of the 5-HTTLPR (L/S) and rs25531 (A/G) polymorphisms of the SLC6A4 gene was performed on 403 alcoholics outpatients and 427 blood donors. RESULTS Comparing AD and control populations and taking into account statistical correction for multiple testing, we found no statistically significant differences for 5-HTTLPR (L/S) and rs25531 polymorphisms in terms of either genotypes or alleles frequencies. By univariate ANOVA, a statistically significant difference was found in the onset of AD: the mean age of onset resulted to be of 25.4 years in males in respect to 28.1 in females. In particular in males, the early AD onset was different, in a statistically significant manner, depending on the presence of at least one S or Lg allele (24.6 years) in respect to La homozygotes (27.5 years) (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that genetic factors contribute, together with gender and age, to the onset differences in alcohol-dependent phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esterina Pascale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ferraguti
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Codazzo
- Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Mancinelli
- Centro Nazionale Sostanze Chimiche, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sabina Maria Bruno
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarelli
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Centro Riferimento Alcologico Regione Lazio, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Seneviratne C. Advances in Medications and Tailoring Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Res 2015; 37:15-28. [PMID: 26259086 PMCID: PMC4476601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic heritable brain disorder with a variable clinical presentation. This variability, or heterogeneity, in clinical presentation suggests complex interactions between environmental and biological factors, resulting in several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in the development and progression of AUD. Classifying AUD into subgroups of common clinical or pathological characteristics would ease the complexity of teasing apart underlying molecular mechanisms. Genetic association analyses have revealed several polymorphisms-small differences in DNA-that increase a person's vulnerability to develop AUD and other alcohol-related intermediate characteristics, such as severity of drinking, age of AUD onset, or measures of craving. They also have identified polymorphisms associated with reduced drinking. Researchers have begun utilizing these genetic polymorphisms to identify alcoholics who might respond best to various treatments, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of currently tested medications for treating AUD. This review compares the efficacy of medications tested for treatment of AUD with and without incorporating genetics. It then discusses advances in pre-clinical genetic and genomic studies that potentially could be adapted to clinical trials to improve treatment efficacy. Although a pharmacogenetic approach is promising, it is relatively new and will need to overcome many challenges, including inadequate scientific knowledge and social and logistic constraints, to be utilized in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ro M, Won S, Kang H, Kim SY, Lee SK, Nam M, Bang HJ, Yang JW, Choi KS, Kim SK, Chung JH, Kwack K. Association of the FGA and SLC6A4 genes with autistic spectrum disorder in a Korean population. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 68:212-20. [PMID: 24192574 DOI: 10.1159/000355299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiological disorder characterized by distinctive impairments in cognitive function, language, and behavior. Linkage and population studies suggest a genetic association between solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4) variants and ASD. METHOD Logistic regression was used to identify associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and ASD with 3 alternative models (additive, dominant, and recessive). Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the influence of SNPs on Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores as a quantitative phenotype. RESULTS In the present study, we examined the associations of SNPs in the SLC6A4 gene and the fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA) gene. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between the risk of ASD and rs2070025 and rs2070011 in the FGA gene. The gene-gene interaction between SLC6A4 and FGA was not significantly associated with ASD susceptibility. However, polymorphisms in both SLC6A4 and the FGA gene significantly affected the symptoms of ASD. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that FGA and SLC6A4 gene interactions may contribute to the phenotypes of ASD rather than the incidence of ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myungja Ro
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
Collapse
|
23
|
Polymorphism in serotonin receptor 3B is associated with pain catastrophizing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78889. [PMID: 24244382 PMCID: PMC3823944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain catastrophizing, a coping style characterized by excessively negative thoughts and emotions in relation to pain, is one of the psychological factors that most markedly predicts variability in the perception of pain; however, only little is known about the underlying neurobiology. The aim of this study was to test for associations between psychological variables, such as pain catastrophizing, anxiety and depression, and selected polymorphisms in genes related to monoaminergic neurotransmission, in particular serotonin pathway genes. Three hundred seventy-nine healthy participants completed a set of psychological questionnaires: the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck’s Depression Inventory, and were genotyped for 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes. The SNP rs1176744 located in the serotonin receptor 3B gene (5-HTR3B) was found to be associated with pain catastrophizing scores: both the global score and the subscales of magnification and helplessness. This is the first study to show an association between 5-HTR3B and PCS scores, thus suggesting a role of the serotonin pathway in pain catastrophizing. Since 5-HTR3B has previously been associated with descending pain modulation pathways, future studies will be of great interest to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in the relation between serotonin, its receptors and pain catastrophizing.
Collapse
|
24
|
Enoch MA. Genetic influences on response to alcohol and response to pharmacotherapies for alcoholism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 123:17-24. [PMID: 24220019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although very many individuals drink alcohol at safe levels, a significant proportion escalates their consumption with addiction as the end result. Alcoholism is a common, moderately heritable, psychiatric disorder that is accompanied by considerable morbidity and mortality. Variation in clinical presentation suggests inter-individual variation in mechanisms of vulnerability including genetic risk factors. The development of addiction is likely to involve numerous functional genetic variants of small effects. The first part of this review will focus on genetic factors underlying inter-individual variability in response to alcohol consumption, including variants in alcohol metabolizing genes that produce an aversive response (the flushing syndrome) and variants that predict the level of subjective and physiological response to alcohol. The second part of this review will report on genetic variants that identify subgroups of alcoholics who are more likely to respond to pharmacotherapy to reduce levels of drinking or maintain abstinence. Genetic analyses of the level of response to alcohol, particularly of the functional OPRM1 A118G polymorphism and 5' and 3' functional polymorphisms in SLC6A4, are beginning to provide insights into the etiology of alcoholism and also genotype-stratified subgroup responses to naltrexone and SSRIs/ondansetron respectively. Because of large inter-ethnic variation in allele frequencies, the relevance of these functional polymorphisms will vary between ethnic groups. However there are relatively few published studies in this field, particularly with large sample sizes in pharmacogenetic studies, therefore it is premature to draw any conclusions at this stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Seneviratne C, Franklin J, Beckett K, Ma JZ, Ait-Daoud N, Payne TJ, Johnson BA, Li MD. Association, interaction, and replication analysis of genes encoding serotonin transporter and 5-HT3 receptor subunits A and B in alcohol dependence. Hum Genet 2013; 132:1165-76. [PMID: 23757001 PMCID: PMC3775919 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the converging evidence showing regulation of drinking behavior by 5-HT3AB receptors and the serotonin transporter, we hypothesized that the interactive effects of genetic variations in the genes HTR3A, HTR3B, and SLC6A4 confer greater susceptibility to alcohol dependence (AD) than do their effects individually. We examined the associations of AD with 22 SNPs across HTR3A, HTR3B, and two functional variants in SLC6A4 in 500 AD and 280 healthy control individuals of European descent. We found that the alleles of the low-frequency SNPs rs33940208:T in HTR3A and rs2276305:A in HTR3B were inversely and nominally significantly associated with AD with odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval of 0.212 and 0.073, 0.616 (P = 0.004) and 0.261 and 0.088, 0.777 (P = 0.016), respectively. Further, our gene-by-gene interaction analysis revealed that two four-variant models that differed by only one SNP carried a risk for AD (empirical P < 1 × 10(-6) for prediction accuracy of the two models based on 10(6) permutations). Subsequent analysis of these two interaction models revealed an OR of 2.71 and 2.80, respectively, for AD (P < 0.001) in carriers of genotype combinations 5'-HTTLPR:LL/LS(SLC6A4)-rs1042173:TT/TG(SLC6A4)-rs1176744:AC(HTR3B)-rs3782025:AG(HTR3B) and 5'-HTTLPR:LL/LS(SLC6A4)-rs10160548:GT/TT(HTR3A)-rs1176744:AC(HTR3B)-rs3782025:AG(HTR3B). Combining all five genotypes resulted in an OR of 3.095 (P = 2.0 × 10(-4)) for AD. Inspired by these findings, we conducted the analysis in an independent sample, OZ-ALC-GWAS (N = 6699), obtained from the NIH dbGAP database, which confirmed the findings, not only for all three risk genotype combinations (Z = 4.384, P = 1.0 × 10(-5); Z = 3.155, P = 1.6 × 10(-3); and Z = 3.389, P = 7.0 × 10(-4), respectively), but also protective effects for rs33940208:T (χ (2) = 3.316, P = 0.0686) and rs2276305:A (χ (2) = 7.224, P = 0.007). These findings reveal significant interactive effects among variants in SLC6A4-HTR3A-HTR3B affecting AD. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Jason Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Katherine Beckett
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA:
| | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nassima Ait-Daoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Bankole A. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Johnson BA, Seneviratne C, Wang XQ, Ait-Daoud N, Li MD. Determination of genotype combinations that can predict the outcome of the treatment of alcohol dependence using the 5-HT(3) antagonist ondansetron. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170:1020-31. [PMID: 23897038 PMCID: PMC3809153 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors previously reported that the 5'-HTTLPR-LL and rs1042173-TT (SLC6A4-LL/TT) genotypes in the serotonin transporter gene predicted a significant reduction in the severity of alcohol consumption among alcoholics receiving the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron. In this study, they explored additional markers of ondansetron treatment response in alcoholics by examining polymorphisms in the HTR3A and HTR3B genes, which regulate directly the function and binding of 5-HT3 receptors to ondansetron. METHOD The authors genotyped one rare and 18 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in HTR3A and HTR3B in the same sample that they genotyped for SLC6A4-LL/TT in the previous randomized, double-blind, 11-week clinical trial. Participants were 283 European Americans who received oral ondansetron (4 mg/kg of body weight twice daily) or placebo along with weekly cognitive-behavioral therapy. Associations of individual and combined genotypes with treatment response on drinking outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS Individuals carrying one or more of genotypes rs1150226-AG and rs1176713-GG in HTR3A and rs17614942-AC in HTR3B showed a significant overall mean difference between ondansetron and placebo in drinks per drinking day (22.50; effect size=0.867), percentage of heavy drinking days (220.58%; effect size=0.780), and percentage of days abstinent (18.18%; effect size=0.683). Combining these HTR3A/HTR3B and SLC6A4-LL/TT genotypes increased the target cohort from approaching 20% (identified in the previous study) to 34%. CONCLUSIONS The authors present initial evidence suggesting that a combined fivemarker genotype panel can be used to predict the outcome of treatment of alcohol dependence with ondansetron. Additional, larger pharmacogenetic studies would help to validate these results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bankole A. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Xin-Qun Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nassima Ait-Daoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Paterson DS. Serotonin gene variants are unlikely to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the sudden infant death syndrome. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 189:301-14. [PMID: 23851109 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as the sudden and unexpected death of an infant less than 12 months of age that is related to a sleep period and remains unexplained after a complete autopsy, death scene investigation, and review of the clinical history. The cause of SIDS is unknown, but a major subset of SIDS is proposed to result from abnormalities in serotonin (5-HT) and related neurotransmitters in regions of the lower brainstem that result in failure of protective homeostatic responses to life-threatening challenges during sleep. Multiple studies have implicated gene variants that affect different elements of 5-HT neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of these abnormalities in SIDS. In this review I discuss the data from these studies together with some new data correlating genotype with brainstem 5-HT neurochemistry in the same SIDS cases and conclude that these gene variants are unlikely to play a major role in the pathogenesis of the medullary 5-HT abnormalities observed in SIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Paterson
- Department of Pathology, Enders Building Room 1109, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Enoch MA, Hodgkinson CA, Gorodetsky E, Goldman D, Roy A. Independent effects of 5' and 3' functional variants in the serotonin transporter gene on suicidal behavior in the context of childhood trauma. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:900-7. [PMID: 23558235 PMCID: PMC3646970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter, encoded by the SLC6A4 gene, influences the synaptic actions of serotonin and is responsive to stress hormones. We hypothesized that 5-HTTLPR, a functional SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism, and two tightly-linked, putatively functional 3' UTR SNPs (rs3813034, rs1042173) might have independent effects on suicidal behavior in the context of childhood trauma (CT). DNA and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores were available for a total of 474 African Americans, including 112 suicide attempters and 362 non-suicide attempters. Genotyping was performed for the triallelic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, 14 SLC6A4 haplotype-tagging SNPs, and 186 ancestry informative markers. There were independent G × E interactive effects of 5-HTTLPR (p = 0.017) and the rs3813034-rs1042173 diplotype (p = 0.011) on suicidal behavior. In individuals exposed to high CT the risk of suicide attempt was 0.52 in carriers of the low activity 5-HTTLPR variant and 0.32 in medium/high activity variant carriers. Likewise, CT exposed carriers of the major rs3813034-rs1042173 ATAT diplotype had an increased risk of suicidal behavior relative to the ATCG/CGCG diplotype carriers (0.40 vs 0.31). Neither the 5' nor the 3' functional variants had an effect in individuals without CT: suicide attempt risk = 0.12-0.22. In individuals exposed to high CT the prevalence of suicide attempt was 0.56 in carriers of both 5' and 3' risk variants, 0.39 in carriers of one risk variant and 0.25 in individuals without either risk variant. Our findings suggest that the 5' and 3'SLC6A4 functional variants have independent effects on the risk for suicidal behavior in CT exposed individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Enoch
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Colin A. Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena Gorodetsky
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alec Roy
- Psychiatry Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey VA Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang Z, Seneviratne C, Wang S, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Wang J, Li MD. Serotonin transporter and receptor genes significantly impact nicotine dependence through genetic interactions in both European American and African American smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:217-25. [PMID: 23290502 PMCID: PMC3628090 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic studies implicate a significant role of genes encoding the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and the 5-HT3AB subunits HTR3A and HTR3B in nicotine dependence (ND). However, whether they are involved in ND remains largely unknown. METHODS Here, we examined the impact of variations in the three genes on ND in 1366 individuals from 402 African American (AA) and 671 individuals from 200 European American (EA) families. The ND of each smoker was assessed with smoking quantity (SQ), heaviness of smoking index (HSI), and Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND). RESULTS Association analysis revealed marginal association of rs10160548 in HTR3A with SQ and HSI in AA, 5-HTTLPR in SLC6A4 with FTND in EA, and rs11606194 in HTR3B with SQ and FTND in the pooled sample. Haplotype-based association analysis revealed a few major haplotypes in HTR3A that were significantly associated with ND in the AA, EA, and pooled samples. However, none of these associations remained significant after correcting for multiple testing except for a haplotype G-C-C-T-A-T formed by SNPs rs1150226, rs1062613, rs33940208, rs1985242, rs2276302, and rs10160548 in HTR3A for the AA sample. Considering biological functions of the three genes, we examined interactive effects of variants in the three genes, which revealed significant interactions among rs1062613 and rs10160548 in HTR3A, rs1176744 in HTR3B, and 5-HTTLPR and rs1042173 in SLC6A4 in affecting ND in the three samples. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that SLC6A4, HTR3A and HTR3B play a significant role in ND through genetic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Veterinary Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Correspondence: Professor Ming D Li, Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA. Tel: +1 434 243 0570; Fax: +1 434 973 7031;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic analyses of treatments for alcohol dependence attempt to predict treatment response and side-effect risk for specific medications. We review the literature on pharmacogenetics relevant to alcohol dependence treatment, and describe state-of-the-art methods of pharmacogenetic research in this area. Two main pharmacogenetic study designs predominate: challenge studies and treatment-trial analyses. Medications studied include US FDA-approved naltrexone and acamprosate, both indicated for treating alcohol dependence, as well as several investigational (and off-label) treatments such as sertraline, olanzapine and ondansetron. The best-studied functional genetic variant relevant to alcoholism treatment is rs1799971, a single-nucleotide polymorphism in exon 1 of the OPRM1 gene that encodes the μ-opioid receptor. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that the presence of the variant G allele of rs1799971 may predict better treatment response to opioid receptor antagonists such as naltrexone. Evidence from clinical trials also suggests that several medications interact pharmacogenetically with variation in genes that encode proteins involved in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Variation in the DRD4 gene, which encodes the dopamine D(4) receptor, may predict better response to naltrexone and olanzapine. A polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene SLC6A4 promoter region appears related to differential treatment response to sertraline depending on the subject's age of onset of alcoholism. Genetic variation in SLC6A4 may also be associated with better treatment response to ondansetron. Initial pharmacogenetic efforts in alcohol research have identified functional variants with potential clinical utility, but more research is needed to further elucidate the mechanism of these pharmacogenetic interactions and their moderators in order to translate them into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J. Arias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - R. Andrew Sewell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Seneviratne C, Johnson BA. Serotonin transporter genomic biomarker for quantitative assessment of ondansetron treatment response in alcoholics. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:23. [PMID: 22470354 PMCID: PMC3314249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Paucity of sensitive biomarkers to quantify transient changes in alcohol consumption level remains a critical barrier for the development of efficacious therapeutic agents to treat alcoholism. Recently, in an 11-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of 283 alcohol-dependent individuals, we demonstrated that ondansetron was efficacious at reducing the severity of drinking (measured as drinks per drinking day; DDD) in alcoholics carrying the LL compared with the LS/SS genotype of the serotonin transporter gene, 5'-HTTLPR. Using peripheral blood samples from a cohort of 41 of these subjects, we determined whether there was a relationship between mRNA expression level of the 5'-HTTLPR genotypes (measured at weeks 0, 4, and 11) and self-reported alcohol consumption following treatment with either ondansetron (4 μg/kg twice daily; N = 19) or placebo (N = 22). Using a mixed-effects linear regression model, we analyzed the effects of DDD and 5'-HTTLPR genotypes on mRNA expression levels within and between the ondansetron and placebo groups. We found a significant three-way interaction effect of DDD, 5'-HTTLPR genotypes, and treatment on mRNA expression levels (p = 0.0396). Among ondansetron but not placebo recipients, there was a significant interaction between DDD and 5'-HTTLPR genotype (p = 0.0385 and p = 0.7938, respectively). In the ondansetron group, DDD was associated positively with mRNA levels at a greater rate of expression alteration per standard drink in those with the LL genotype (slope = +1.1698 in ln scale). We suggest that the combination of the LL genotype and 5'-HTTLPR mRNA expression levels might be a promising and novel biomarker to quantify drinking severity in alcoholics treated with ondansetron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bankole A. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ait-Daoud N, Seneviratne C, Smith JB, Roache JD, Dawes MA, Liu L, Wang XQ, Johnson BA. Preliminary Evidence for cue-induced Alcohol Craving Modulated by Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism rs1042173. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:6. [PMID: 22355291 PMCID: PMC3280410 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously have shown that cue-induced alcohol craving and propensity for higher drinking are modulated by allelic differences in SLC6A4 associated with serotonin transporter (5-HTT) expression level alterations. In an independent study, we characterized another polymorphism, SNP rs1042173, in 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the same gene, which also altered 5-HTT expression levels; the T allele of rs1042173 was associated with lower mRNA and protein levels. In subsequent analyses, the TT genotype was found to be associated with higher drinking intensity in alcohol-dependent (AD) individuals of Caucasian descent. Building upon these findings, we hypothesized that the low-expressing TT genotype associated with intense drinking would predict higher craving for alcohol in AD individuals. In this pilot study, we sought to test our hypothesis by examining 34 Hispanic AD volunteers (mean age, 34.8 years) for rs1042173 genotype-based [i.e., TT versus TG/GG (Gx)] differences in subjective response to alcohol. We employed a human laboratory paradigm and analyzed the data using a linear mixed-effects model (SAS® PROC MIXED) to assess treatment, cue procedures, and genotype main effects as well as the two-way interaction effects between them. On subjective "urge to drink" and "crave for a drink," we found a significant main effect of the cue experiment (p ≤ 0.01) and an interaction effect between genotype and cue effects (p < 0.05). TT genotype was associated with higher urge to drink (p = 0.002) and crave for a drink (p = 0.005) when exposed to alcohol cue. Our results not only support the hypothesis that rs1042173 is a genetic marker for cue-induced alcohol craving among AD males but also are suggestive of a neurobiological mechanism associated with the rs1042173-TT genotype that triggers a disproportionate craving in response to alcohol consumption, which in turn may lead to more intense drinking. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to characterize the interactive effects of the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5'-HTTLPR)-L-allele reported in our previous study and of the rs1042173-TT genotype on cue-induced alcohol craving.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Ait-Daoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Heilig M, Goldman D, Berrettini W, O'Brien CP. Pharmacogenetic approaches to the treatment of alcohol addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:670-84. [PMID: 22011682 PMCID: PMC3408029 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Addictive disorders are partly heritable, chronic, relapsing conditions that account for a tremendous disease burden. Currently available addiction pharmacotherapies are only moderately successful, continue to be viewed with considerable scepticism outside the scientific community and have not become widely adopted as treatments. More effective medical treatments are needed to transform addiction treatment and address currently unmet medical needs. Emerging evidence from alcoholism research suggests that no single advance can be expected to fundamentally change treatment outcomes. Rather, studies of opioid, corticotropin-releasing factor, GABA and serotonin systems suggest that incremental advances in treatment outcomes will result from an improved understanding of the genetic heterogeneity among patients with alcohol addiction, and the development of personalized treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. markus.heilig@mail. nih.gov
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mostowska A, Hozyasz KK, Wojcicka K, Lianeri M, Jagodzinski PP. Polymorphisms of stress-related genes and the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 91:948-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
Terrazzino S, Tassorelli C, Sances G, Allena M, Viana M, Monaco F, Bellomo G, Nappi G, Canonico PL, Genazzani AA. Association of haplotype combination of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms with monthly headache days in MOH patients. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:69-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
36
|
Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Seneviratne C, Roache JD, Javors MA, Wang XQ, Liu L, Penberthy JK, DiClemente CC, Li MD. Pharmacogenetic approach at the serotonin transporter gene as a method of reducing the severity of alcohol drinking. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168:265-75. [PMID: 21247998 PMCID: PMC3063997 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe drinking can cause serious morbidity and death. Because the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is an important regulator of neuronal 5-HT function, allelic differences at that gene may modulate the severity of alcohol consumption and predict therapeutic response to the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist, ondansetron. METHOD The authors randomized 283 alcoholics by genotype in the 5'-regulatory region of the 5-HTT gene (LL/LS/SS), with additional genotyping for another functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (T/G), rs1042173, in the 3'-untranslated region, in a double-blind controlled trial. Participants received either ondansetron (4 μg/kg twice daily) or placebo for 11 weeks, plus standardized cognitive-behavioral therapy. RESULTS Individuals with the LL genotype who received ondansetron had a lower mean number of drinks per drinking day (-1.62) and a higher percentage of days abstinent (11.27%) than those who received placebo. Among ondansetron recipients, the number of drinks per drinking day was lower (-1.53) and the percentage of days abstinent higher (9.73%) in LL compared with LS/SS individuals. LL individuals in the ondansetron group also had a lower number of drinks per drinking day (-1.45) and a higher percentage of days abstinent (9.65%) than all other genotype and treatment groups combined. For both number of drinks per drinking day and percentage of days abstinent, 5'-HTTLPR and rs1042173 variants interacted significantly. LL/TT individuals in the ondansetron group had a lower number of drinks per drinking day (-2.63) and a higher percentage of days abstinent (16.99%) than all other genotype and treatment groups combined. CONCLUSIONS The authors propose a new pharmacogenetic approach using ondansetron to treat severe drinking and improve abstinence in alcoholics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bankole A. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nassima Ait-Daoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John D. Roache
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Martin A. Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xin-Qun Wang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - J. Kim Penberthy
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Carlo C. DiClemente
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lin Z, Canales JJ, Björgvinsson T, Thomsen MM, Qu H, Liu QR, Torres GE, Caine SB. Monoamine transporters: vulnerable and vital doorkeepers. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 98:1-46. [PMID: 21199769 PMCID: PMC3321928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385506-0.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transporters of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine have been empirically used as medication targets for several mental illnesses in the last decades. These protein-targeted medications are effective only for subpopulations of patients with transporter-related brain disorders. Since the cDNA clonings in early 1990s, molecular studies of these transporters have revealed a wealth of information about the transporters' structure-activity relationship (SAR), neuropharmacology, cell biology, biochemistry, pharmacogenetics, and the diseases related to the human genes encoding these transporters among related regulators. Such new information creates a unique opportunity to develop transporter-specific medications based on SAR, mRNA, DNA, and perhaps transporter trafficking regulation for a number of highly relevant diseases including substance abuse, depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Juan J. Canales
- Department of Psychology, Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thröstur Björgvinsson
- Behavioral Health Partial Hospital and Psychology Internship Programs, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Morgane M. Thomsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Hong Qu
- Center for Bioinformatics, National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University. Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gonzalo E. Torres
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - S. Barak Caine
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hutchison KE. Substance use disorders: realizing the promise of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2010; 6:577-89. [PMID: 20192794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacological and psychosocial approaches to the treatment of alcohol dependence may best be described as modestly effective, and it is unlikely that a magic bullet for the treatment of any substance use disorder will ever be developed. Rather, it seems more likely that there will be a number of treatment options, each of which will target different mechanisms. Thus, future treatment gains are likely to depend on the ability to match individuals with the treatment most likely to benefit them, which in turn is contingent on our ability to understand the mechanisms that drive the maintenance of substance use disorders on an individual level. On a more global scale, this type of effort has been described as "personalized medicine" and has focused largely on the human genome as a source of information that can be used to match individuals to treatments. This review enumerates barriers to realizing the potential of personalized medicine for substance use disorders and identifies opportunities to overcome those barriers, which involve the development of translational approaches that focus on the development of brain-based phenotypes that serve as the target of both treatment development and of genetic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent E Hutchison
- The Mind Research Network and Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gyawali S, Subaran R, Weissman MM, Hershkowitz D, McKenna MC, Talari A, Fyer AJ, Wickramaratne P, Adams PB, Hodge SE, Schmidt CJ, Bannon MJ, Glatt CE. Association of a polyadenylation polymorphism in the serotonin transporter and panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 67:331-8. [PMID: 19969287 PMCID: PMC2980348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic markers in the serotonin transporter are associated with panic disorder (PD). The associated polymorphisms do not include the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region and display no obvious functional attributes. A common polymorphism (rs3813034) occurs in one of the two reported polyadenylation signals for the serotonin transporter and is in linkage disequilibrium with the PD-associated markers. If functional, rs3813034 might be the risk factor that explains the association of the serotonin transporter and PD. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction on human brain samples (n = 65) and lymphoblast cultures (n = 71) was used to test rs3813034 for effects on expression of the polyadenylation forms of the serotonin transporter. rs3813034 was also tested for association in a sample of PD cases (n = 307) and a control sample (n = 542) that has similar population structure. RESULTS The balance of the two polyadenylation forms of the serotonin transporter is associated with rs3813034 in brain (p < .001) and lymphoblasts (p < .001). The balance of the polyadenylation forms is also associated with gender in brain only (p < .05). Association testing of rs3813034 in PD identified a significant association (p = .0068) with a relative risk of 1.56 and 1.81 for the heterozygous and homozygous variant genotypes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS rs3813034 is a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter that alters the balance of the two polyadenylation forms of the serotonin transporter. rs3813034 is a putative risk factor for PD and other behavioral disorders that involve dysregulation of serotonergic neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gyawali
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Ryan Subaran
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Dylan Hershkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Morgan C. McKenna
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Ardesheer Talari
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Abby J. Fyer
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Division of Clinical Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Phillip B. Adams
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, Division of Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan E. Hodge
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, Division of Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl J. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael J. Bannon
- Department of Pharmacology, and The Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Charles E. Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|