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Nutrients against Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscle Atrophy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050687. [PMID: 35267320 PMCID: PMC8909279 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid excess is a critical factor contributing to muscle atrophy. Both endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids negatively affect the preservation of muscle mass and function. To date, the most effective intervention to prevent muscle atrophy is to apply a mechanical load in the form of resistance exercise. However, glucocorticoid-induced skeletal muscle atrophy easily causes fatigue in daily physical activities, such as climbing stairs and walking at a brisk pace, and reduces body movements to cause a decreased ability to perform physical activity. Therefore, providing adequate nutrients in these circumstances is a key factor in limiting muscle wasting and improving muscle mass recovery. The present review will provide an up-to-date review of the effects of various nutrients, including amino acids such as branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and β–hydroxy β–methylbutyrate (HMB), fatty acids such as omega-3, and vitamins and their derivates on the prevention and improvement of glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.
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2
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Liu SZ, Valencia AP, VanDoren MP, Shankland EG, Roshanravan B, Conley KE, Marcinek DJ. Astaxanthin supplementation enhances metabolic adaptation with aerobic training in the elderly. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14887. [PMID: 34110707 PMCID: PMC8191397 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance training (ET) is recommended for the elderly to improve metabolic health and aerobic capacity. However, ET-induced adaptations may be suboptimal due to oxidative stress and exaggerated inflammatory response to ET. The natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory dietary supplement astaxanthin (AX) has been found to increase endurance performance among young athletes, but limited investigations have focused on the elderly. We tested a formulation of AX in combination with ET in healthy older adults (65-82 years) to determine if AX improves metabolic adaptations with ET, and if AX effects are sex-dependent. Forty-two subjects were randomized to either placebo (PL) or AX during 3 months of ET. Specific muscle endurance was measured in ankle dorsiflexors. Whole body exercise endurance and fat oxidation (FATox) was assessed with a graded exercise test (GXT) in conjunction with indirect calorimetry. Results: ET led to improved specific muscle endurance only in the AX group (Pre 353 ± 26 vs. Post 472 ± 41 contractions), and submaximal GXT duration improved in both groups (PL 40.8 ± 9.1% and AX 41.1 ± 6.3%). The increase in FATox at lower intensity after ET was greater in AX (PL 0.23 ± 0.15 g vs. AX 0.76 ± 0.18 g) and was associated with reduced carbohydrate oxidation and increased exercise efficiency in males but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Z. Liu
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Matt P. VanDoren
- Exercise Research CenterFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Baback Roshanravan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of NephrologyUniversity of California DavisSacramentoCAUSA
| | - Kevin E. Conley
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of Physiology & BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - David J. Marcinek
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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Effects of slow- v. fast-digested protein supplementation combined with mixed power training on muscle function and functional capacities in older men. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:1017-1033. [PMID: 32498755 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ageing leads to a progressive loss of muscle function (MF) and quality (MQ: muscle strength (MS)/lean muscle mass (LM)). Power training and protein (PROT) supplementation have been proposed as efficient interventions to improve MF and MQ. Discrepancies between results appear to be mainly related to the type and/or dose of proteins used. The present study aimed at determining whether or not mixed power training (MPT) combined with fast-digested PROT (F-PROT) leads to greater improvements in MF and MQ in elderly men than MPT combined with slow-digested PROT (S-PROT) or MPT alone. Sixty elderly men (age 69 (sd 7) years; BMI 18-30 kg/m2) were randomised into three groups: (1) placebo + MPT (PLA; n 19); (2) F-PROT + MPT (n 21) and (3) S-PROT + MPT (n 20) completed the intervention. LM, handgrip and knee extensor MS and MQ, functional capacity, serum metabolic markers, skeletal muscle characteristics, dietary intake and total energy expenditure were measured. The interventions consisted in 12 weeks of MPT (3 times/week; 1 h/session) combined with a supplement (30 g:10 g per meal) of F-PROT (whey) or S-PROT (casein) or a placebo. No difference was observed among groups for age, BMI, number of steps and dietary intake pre- and post-intervention. All groups improved significantly their LM, lower limb MS/MQ, functional capacity, muscle characteristics and serum parameters following the MPT. Importantly, no difference between groups was observed following the MPT. Altogether, adding 30 g PROT/d to MPT, regardless of the type, does not provide additional benefits to MPT alone in older men ingesting an adequate (i.e. above RDA) amount of protein per d.
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Clifford T, Jeffries O, Stevenson EJ, Davies KAB. The effects of vitamin C and E on exercise-induced physiological adaptations: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3669-3679. [PMID: 31851538 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1703642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining the effect of vitamin C and/or E on exercise-induced training adaptations. Medline, Embase and SPORTDiscus databases were searched for articles from inception until June 2019. Inclusion criteria was studies in adult humans where vitamin C and/or E had to be consumed alongside a supervised exercise training program of ≥4 weeks. Nine trials were included in the analysis of aerobic exercise adaptations and nine for resistance training (RT) adaptations. Vitamin C and/or E did not attenuate aerobic exercise induced improvements in maximal aerobic capacity (V ̇ O2max) (SMD -0.14, 95% CI: -0.43 to 0.15, P = 0.35) or endurance performance (SMD -0.01, 95% CI: -0.38 to 0.36, P = 0.97). There were also no effects of these supplements on lean mass and muscle strength following RT (SMD -0.07, 95% CI: -0.36 to 0.23, P = 0.67) and (SMD -0.15, 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.46, P = 0.35), respectively. There was also no influence of age on any of these outcomes (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that vitamin C and/or E does not inhibit exercise-induced changes in physiological function. Studies with larger sample sizes and adequate power are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Clifford
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Owen Jeffries
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, UK
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5
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Resistance Training, Antioxidant Status, and Antioxidant Supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:539-547. [PMID: 30859847 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training is known to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species. Although this can likely upregulate the natural, endogenous antioxidant defense systems, high amounts of reactive oxygen species can cause skeletal muscle damage, fatigue, and impair recovery. To prevent these, antioxidant supplements are commonly consumed along with exercise. Recently, it has been shown that these reactive oxygen species are important for the cellular adaptation process, acting as redox signaling molecules. However, most of the research regarding antioxidant status and antioxidant supplementation with exercise has focused on endurance training. In this review, the authors discuss the evidence for resistance training modulating the antioxidant status. They also highlight the effects of combining antioxidant supplementation with resistance training on training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations.
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Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Emanuele E, Pareja-Galeano H, Lucia A. Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2983-3008. [PMID: 30604177 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several supplements are purported to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy subjects, or to prevent muscle wasting in atrophying situations (e.g., ageing or disuse periods). However, their effectiveness remains unclear. METHODS This review summarizes the available evidence on the beneficial impacts of several popular supplements on muscle mass or strength. RESULTS Among the supplements tested, nitrate and caffeine returned sufficient evidence supporting their acute beneficial effects on muscle strength, whereas the long-term consumption of creatine, protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to consistently increase or preserve muscle mass and strength (evidence level A). On the other hand, mixed or unclear evidence was found for several popular supplements including branched-chain amino acids, adenosine triphosphate, citrulline, β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, minerals, most vitamins, phosphatidic acid or arginine (evidence level B), weak or scarce evidence was found for conjugated linoleic acid, glutamine, resveratrol, tribulus terrestris or ursolic acid (evidence level C), and no evidence was found for other supplements such as ornithine or α-ketoglutarate (evidence D). Of note, although most supplements appear to be safe when consumed at typical doses, some adverse events have been reported for some of them (e.g., caffeine, vitamins, α-ketoglutarate, tribulus terrestris, arginine) after large intakes, and there is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of many frequently used supplements (e.g., ornithine, conjugated linoleic acid, ursolic acid). CONCLUSION In summary, despite their popularity, there is little evidence supporting the use of most supplements, and some of them have been even proven ineffective or potentially associated with adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain.,Physiology Unit. Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier S Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain. .,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Seino S, Sumi K, Narita M, Yokoyama Y, Ashida K, Kitamura A, Shinkai S. Effects of Low-Dose Dairy Protein Plus Micronutrient Supplementation during Resistance Exercise on Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:59-67. [PMID: 29300423 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether supplementation with low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrients augments the effects of resistance exercise (RE) on muscle mass and physical performance compared with RE alone among older adults. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Tokyo, Japan. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-two community-dwelling older adults (mean age, 73.5 years) were randomly allocated to an RE plus dairy protein and micronutrient supplementation group or an RE only group (n = 41 each). INTERVENTION The RE plus supplementation group participants ingested supplements with dairy protein (10.5 g/day) and micronutrients (8.0 mg zinc, 12 μg vitamin B12, 200 μg folic acid, 200 IU vitamin D, and others/day). Both groups performed the same twice-weekly RE program for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS Whole-body, appendicular, and leg lean soft-tissue mass (WBLM, ALM, and LLM, respectively) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, physical performance, biochemical characteristics, nutritional intake, and physical activity were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS The groups exhibited similar significant improvements in maximum gait speed, Timed Up-and-Go, and 5-repetition and 30-s chair stand tests. As compared with RE only, RE plus supplementation significantly increased WBLM (0.63 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-0.95), ALM (0.37 kg, 95% CI: 0.16-0.58), LLM (0.27 kg, 95% CI: 0.10-0.46), and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (4.7 ng/mL, 95% CI: 1.6-7.9), vitamin B12 (72.4 pg/mL, 95% CI: 12.9-131.9), and folic acid (12.9 ng/mL, 95% CI: 10.3-15.5) (all P < 0.05 for group-by-time interactions). Changes over time in physical activity and nutritional intake excluding the supplemented nutrients were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrient supplementation during RE significantly increased muscle mass in older adults but did not further improve physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seino
- Satoshi Seino, PhD, Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan, Phone: +81 (3) 3964-3241 ext. 4252, E-mail:
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8
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Abiri B, Vafa M. Nutrition and sarcopenia: A review of the evidence of nutritional influences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1456-1466. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1412940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Deane CS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Smith K, Etheridge T, Atherton PJ. "Nutraceuticals" in relation to human skeletal muscle and exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E282-E299. [PMID: 28143855 PMCID: PMC5406990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have a fundamental role in locomotion and whole body metabolism, with muscle mass and quality being linked to improved health and even lifespan. Optimizing nutrition in combination with exercise is considered an established, effective ergogenic practice for athletic performance. Importantly, exercise and nutritional approaches also remain arguably the most effective countermeasure for muscle dysfunction associated with aging and numerous clinical conditions, e.g., cancer cachexia, COPD, and organ failure, via engendering favorable adaptations such as increased muscle mass and oxidative capacity. Therefore, it is important to consider the effects of established and novel effectors of muscle mass, function, and metabolism in relation to nutrition and exercise. To address this gap, in this review, we detail existing evidence surrounding the efficacy of a nonexhaustive list of macronutrient, micronutrient, and "nutraceutical" compounds alone and in combination with exercise in relation to skeletal muscle mass, metabolism (protein and fuel), and exercise performance (i.e., strength and endurance capacity). It has long been established that macronutrients have specific roles and impact upon protein metabolism and exercise performance, (i.e., protein positively influences muscle mass and protein metabolism), whereas carbohydrate and fat intakes can influence fuel metabolism and exercise performance. Regarding novel nutraceuticals, we show that the following ones in particular may have effects in relation to 1) muscle mass/protein metabolism: leucine, hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, creatine, vitamin-D, ursolic acid, and phosphatidic acid; and 2) exercise performance: (i.e., strength or endurance capacity): hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate, carnitine, creatine, nitrates, and β-alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Deane
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Social Science, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom; and
- Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Etheridge
- Department of Sport and Health Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom;
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Bjørnsen T, Salvesen S, Berntsen S, Hetlelid KJ, Stea TH, Lohne-Seiler H, Rohde G, Haraldstad K, Raastad T, Køpp U, Haugeberg G, Mansoor MA, Bastani NE, Blomhoff R, Stølevik SB, Seynnes OR, Paulsen G. Vitamin C and E supplementation blunts increases in total lean body mass in elderly men after strength training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:755-63. [PMID: 26129928 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C and E supplementation on changes in muscle mass (lean mass and muscle thickness) and strength during 12 weeks of strength training in elderly men. Thirty-four elderly males (60-81 years) were randomized to either an antioxidant group (500 mg of vitamin C and 117.5 mg vitamin E before and after training) or a placebo group following the same strength training program (three sessions per week). Body composition was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle thickness by ultrasound imaging. Muscle strength was measured as one-repetition maximum (1RM). Total lean mass increased by 3.9% (95% confidence intervals: 3.0, 5.2) and 1.4% (0, 5.4) in the placebo and antioxidant groups, respectively, revealing larger gains in the placebo group (P = 0.04). Similarly, the thickness of m. rectus femoris increased more in the placebo group [16.2% (12.8, 24.1)] than in the antioxidant group [10.9% (9.8, 13.5); P = 0.01]. Increases of lean mass in trunk and arms, and muscle thickness of elbow flexors, did not differ significantly between groups. With no group differences, 1RM improved in the range of 15-21% (P < 0.001). In conclusion, high-dosage vitamin C and E supplementation blunted certain muscular adaptations to strength training in elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bjørnsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - S Salvesen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - S Berntsen
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - K J Hetlelid
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - T H Stea
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - H Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - G Rohde
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - K Haraldstad
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - T Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - U Køpp
- Southern Norway Hospital Trust, Agder, Norway
| | - G Haugeberg
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - M A Mansoor
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - N E Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S B Stølevik
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - O R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Loprinzi PD, Loenneke JP, Abe T. The association between muscle strengthening activities and red blood cell distribution width among a national sample of U.S. adults. Prev Med 2015; 73:130-2. [PMID: 25602910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a novel biomarker indicative of cardiovascular disease. However, little research has examined the association of muscle strengthening activities (MSA) on RDW. OBJECTIVE Examine the association between MSA and RDW among a national sample of U.S. adults. METHODS Data from the 2003-2006 (n=8257) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between MSA with RDW. Participants self-reported their extent of MSA (e.g., lifting weights, push-ups, and sit-ups) and RDW was assessed from a blood sample. RESULTS Independent of demographics, aerobic-based physical activity and established cardiovascular disease risk factors, for every 1 MSA session per day increase, the odds of having an elevated RDW (≥14.1%) reduced by 34% (p<0.05). In alignment with current resistance training guidelines by the government, for every increase of 2 MSA sessions per week, participants had an 11% reduced odds of having an elevated RDW (p=0.006). CONCLUSION Engagement in MSA is inversely associated with RDW. Although speculative, these findings suggest that changes in RDW may be one potential mechanism through which MSA may influence cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Center for Health Behavior Research, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Takashi Abe
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
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Michaëlsson K, Wolk A, Byberg L, Ärnlöv J, Melhus H. Intake and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol in relation to fractures in elderly women and men: 2 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:107-14. [PMID: 24225359 PMCID: PMC3862449 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.064691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A reduction in the formation of free radicals and oxidative stress might reduce the rate of bone loss and muscle wasting. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether α-tocopherol intake or serum concentrations are associated with fracture risk in older women and men. DESIGN Two cohort studies, the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC; n = 61,433 women) and the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM; n = 1138 men), were used. RESULTS During 19 y of follow-up, 14,738 women in the SMC experienced a first fracture at any site (3871 hip fractures). A higher hip fracture rate was observed with lower intakes of α-tocopherol. Compared with the highest quintile of intake, the lowest quintile had a multivariable-adjusted HR of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.67, 2.06). The HR of any fracture was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.28). α-Tocopherol-containing supplement use was associated with a reduced rate of hip fracture (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.93) and any fracture (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.94). Compared with the highest quintile of α-tocopherol intake in ULSAM (follow-up: 12 y), lower intakes (quintiles 1-4) were associated with a higher rate of hip fracture (HR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.43, 7.76) and any fracture (HR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.88). The HR for hip fracture in men for each 1-SD decrease in serum α-tocopherol was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.13, 2.22) and for any fracture was 1.23 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.48). CONCLUSION Low intakes and low serum concentrations of α-tocopherol are associated with an increased rate of fracture in elderly women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Michaëlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (KM and LB); the Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (AW); the School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden (JÄ); the Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (JÄ); and the Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (HM)
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Abstract
Age-related muscle loss impacts on whole-body metabolism and leads to frailty and sarcopenia, which are risk factors for fractures and mortality. Although nutrients are integral to muscle metabolism the relationship between nutrition and muscle loss has only been extensively investigated for protein and amino acids. The objective of the present paper is to describe other aspects of nutrition and their association with skeletal muscle mass. Mechanisms for muscle loss relate to imbalance in protein turnover with a number of anabolic pathways of which the mechanistic TOR pathway and the IGF-1–Akt–FoxO pathways are the most characterised. In terms of catabolism the ubiquitin proteasome system, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, oxidation and insulin resistance are among the major mechanisms proposed. The limited research associating vitamin D, alcohol, dietary acid–base load, dietary fat and anti-oxidant nutrients with age-related muscle loss is described. Vitamin D may be protective for muscle loss; a more alkalinogenic diet and diets higher in the anti-oxidant nutrients vitamin C and vitamin E may also prevent muscle loss. Although present recommendations for prevention of sarcopenia focus on protein, and to some extent on vitamin D, other aspects of the diet including fruits and vegetables should be considered. Clearly, more research into other aspects of nutrition and their role in prevention of muscle loss is required.
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No JK. Evaluation of Dietary Intake and Exercise in the Elderly According to Hand Grip Strength. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7570/kjo.2013.22.4.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kyung No
- Department of Nutrition & Human Care, Kyungsung University, Korea
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15
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Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 2012:CD007176. [PMID: 22419320 PMCID: PMC8407395 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007176.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our systematic review has demonstrated that antioxidant supplements may increase mortality. We have now updated this review. OBJECTIVES To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the Science Citation Index Expanded, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science to February 2011. We scanned bibliographies of relevant publications and asked pharmaceutical companies for additional trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We included all primary and secondary prevention randomised clinical trials on antioxidant supplements (beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) versus placebo or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three authors extracted data. Random-effects and fixed-effect model meta-analyses were conducted. Risk of bias was considered in order to minimise the risk of systematic errors. Trial sequential analyses were conducted to minimise the risk of random errors. Random-effects model meta-regression analyses were performed to assess sources of intertrial heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS Seventy-eight randomised trials with 296,707 participants were included. Fifty-six trials including 244,056 participants had low risk of bias. Twenty-six trials included 215,900 healthy participants. Fifty-two trials included 80,807 participants with various diseases in a stable phase. The mean age was 63 years (range 18 to 103 years). The mean proportion of women was 46%. Of the 78 trials, 46 used the parallel-group design, 30 the factorial design, and 2 the cross-over design. All antioxidants were administered orally, either alone or in combination with vitamins, minerals, or other interventions. The duration of supplementation varied from 28 days to 12 years (mean duration 3 years; median duration 2 years). Overall, the antioxidant supplements had no significant effect on mortality in a random-effects model meta-analysis (21,484 dead/183,749 (11.7%) versus 11,479 dead/112,958 (10.2%); 78 trials, relative risk (RR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98 to 1.05) but significantly increased mortality in a fixed-effect model (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05). Heterogeneity was low with an I(2)- of 12%. In meta-regression analysis, the risk of bias and type of antioxidant supplement were the only significant predictors of intertrial heterogeneity. Meta-regression analysis did not find a significant difference in the estimated intervention effect in the primary prevention and the secondary prevention trials. In the 56 trials with a low risk of bias, the antioxidant supplements significantly increased mortality (18,833 dead/146,320 (12.9%) versus 10,320 dead/97,736 (10.6%); RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07). This effect was confirmed by trial sequential analysis. Excluding factorial trials with potential confounding showed that 38 trials with low risk of bias demonstrated a significant increase in mortality (2822 dead/26,903 (10.5%) versus 2473 dead/26,052 (9.5%); RR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.15). In trials with low risk of bias, beta-carotene (13,202 dead/96,003 (13.8%) versus 8556 dead/77,003 (11.1%); 26 trials, RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.09) and vitamin E (11,689 dead/97,523 (12.0%) versus 7561 dead/73,721 (10.3%); 46 trials, RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05) significantly increased mortality, whereas vitamin A (3444 dead/24,596 (14.0%) versus 2249 dead/16,548 (13.6%); 12 trials, RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.18), vitamin C (3637 dead/36,659 (9.9%) versus 2717 dead/29,283 (9.3%); 29 trials, RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.07), and selenium (2670 dead/39,779 (6.7%) versus 1468 dead/22,961 (6.4%); 17 trials, RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.03) did not significantly affect mortality. In univariate meta-regression analysis, the dose of vitamin A was significantly associated with increased mortality (RR 1.0006, 95% CI 1.0002 to 1.001, P = 0.002). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence to support antioxidant supplements for primary or secondary prevention. Beta-carotene and vitamin E seem to increase mortality, and so may higher doses of vitamin A. Antioxidant supplements need to be considered as medicinal products and should undergo sufficient evaluation before marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bjelakovic
- Department of InternalMedicine,Medical Faculty, University ofNis,Nis, Serbia.
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Bobeuf F, Labonte M, Dionne IJ, Khalil A. Combined effect of antioxidant supplementation and resistance training on oxidative stress markers, muscle and body composition in an elderly population. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:883-9. [PMID: 22159777 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to examine the effect of vitamin C/E intake alone or combined with resistance training on antioxidant/pro-oxidant status, muscle strength and body composition in an elderly population. Fifty-seven men and women with a mean age of 65.6 ± 3.8 years were recruited and randomized in a double-blind fashion into four groups: control-placebo; resistance training (RT); vitamins C/E supplementation (AS); AS+RT. Oxidative stress status and metabolic and lipid profiles were determined at baseline and after six months. Fat-free mass and fat mass measured by DXA were similar at baseline for all groups. At six month, there was a significant difference among the groups as a function of vitamin E supplementation. Moreover, although there was no effect on pro-oxidative parameters, a significant effect on body composition was noted, but no difference was noted on strength gain. The combination of RT+AS had a positive effect on the plasma antioxidant profile but not on the pro-oxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bobeuf
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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17
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Ryan MJ, Dudash HJ, Docherty M, Geronilla KB, Baker BA, Haff GG, Cutlip RG, Alway SE. Vitamin E and C supplementation reduces oxidative stress, improves antioxidant enzymes and positive muscle work in chronically loaded muscles of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:882-95. [PMID: 20705127 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased oxidative stress. Muscle levels of oxidative stress are further elevated with exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine if dietary antioxidant supplementation would improve muscle function and cellular markers of oxidative stress in response to chronic repetitive loading in aging. The dorsiflexors of the left limb of aged and young adult Fischer 344 Brown×Norway rats were loaded 3 times weekly for 4.5 weeks using 80 maximal stretch-shortening contractions per session. The contra-lateral limb served as the intra-animal control. The rats were randomly assigned to a diet supplemented with Vitamin E and Vitamin C or normal non-supplemented rat chow. Biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured in the tibialis anterior muscle. Repetitive loading exercise increased maximal isometric force, negative work and positive work in the dorsiflexors of young adult rats. Only positive work increased in the aged animals that were supplemented with Vitamin E and C. Markers of oxidative stress (H(2)O(2), total GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio, malondialdehyde and 8-OHdG) increased in the tibialis anterior muscles from aged and young adult animals with repetitive loading, but Vitamin E and C supplements attenuated this increase. MnSOD activity increased with supplementation in the young adult animals. CuZnSOD and catalase activity increased with supplementation in young adult and aged animals and GPx activity increased with exercise in the non-supplemented young adult and aged animals. The increased levels of endogenous antioxidant enzymes after Vitamin E and C supplementation appear to be regulated by post-transcriptional modifications that are affected differently by age, exercise, and supplementation. These data suggest that antioxidant supplementation improves indices of oxidative stress associated with repetitive loading exercise and aging and improves the positive work output of muscles in aged rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ryan
- Laboratory of Muscle Biology and Sarcopenia, Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Bobeuf F, Labonté M, Khalil A, Dionne IJ. Effects of resistance training combined with antioxidant supplementation on fat-free mass and insulin sensitivity in healthy elderly subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010; 87:e1-3. [PMID: 19880208 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effect of resistance training and antioxidant supplementation on fat-free mass (FFM) and insulin sensitivity (IS). The results demonstrate that 6 months of resistance training combined with antioxidant supplementation significantly increased FFM without concomitant significant improvement in IS in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bobeuf
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Effect of resistance training on hematological blood markers in older men and women: a pilot study. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2009:156820. [PMID: 19865492 PMCID: PMC2768009 DOI: 10.1155/2009/156820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of resistance training on hematological blood markers in older individuals. Twenty-nine men and women participated to this study. Subjects were randomized in 2 groups: (1) control (n = 13) and (2) resistance training (n = 16). At baseline and after the intervention, subjects were submitted to a blood sample to determine their hematological profile (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width). At baseline, no difference was observed between groups. Moreover, we found no significant difference after the intervention on any of these markers. A 6-month resistance program in healthy older individuals seems to have no beneficial nor deleterious effects on hematological blood parameters. However, resistance training was well tolerated and should be recommended for other health purposes. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in a large population.
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