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Shanley C, Obertová Z, Franklin D. Dimensional accuracy of structured light scans and 3D prints of various human skeletal elements. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 361:112138. [PMID: 39002413 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) structured light scanning is a beneficial documentation technique in forensic anthropology because such models facilitate continued analysis and data sharing; they can also be 3D printed for demonstrative purposes in legal proceedings and training, without risk of damage to the original skeletal material. As its application in forensic anthropology is relatively novel, the aim of the present study is to statistically evaluate the dimensional accuracy of 3D structured light scans and 3D prints for ten bone types, including the cranium, mandible, 2nd cervical vertebra (C2), clavicle, scapula, capitate, 2nd metacarpal, os coxae, femoral head, and patella. Standard linear measurements are acquired in each physical bone, 3D virtual model, and 3D print of the same bone specimen. Variances between measurements of physical, virtual, and printed bones are quantified using the technical error of measurement (TEM), relative TEM (rTEM), and coefficient of reliability (R). Measurements acquired in the virtual models and prints were found to be within ±2 mm average of the same measurements in the physical bones, with a tendency to underestimate true value. rTEM and R values for the virtual clavicle, capitate, scapula and C2, and rTEM for the printed clavicle and capitate, were comparatively less reliable than for other bone types; although all bones were reproduced to within acceptable anthropological error standards (rTEM≤5 %; R≥0.95). This study reaffirms the use of 3D structured light scanning and 3D printing to complement traditional skeletal documentation in forensic anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Shanley
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Zuzana Obertová
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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2
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Jiang N, Jiang Z, Huang Y, Sun M, Sun X, Huan Y, Li F. Application of augmented reality models of canine skull in veterinary anatomical education. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024; 17:546-557. [PMID: 38238283 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Veterinary anatomy plays a crucial role in the curriculum for veterinary medicine and surgery. The integration of modern information technology in veterinary education can greatly benefit from innovative tools such as augmented reality (AR) applications. The aim of this study was to develop an accurate and interactive three-dimensional (3D) digital model of an animal skull using AR technology, aiming to enhance the learning of skull anatomy in veterinary anatomy education. In this study, a canine skull specimen was isolated, and the skull bones were scanned using a structured light scanner to create a 3D digital model of the canine skull, which was found to be indistinguishable from the original specimen by measurement of skull proportions. Furthermore, the interactive AR model of the canine skull, displayed using Unity3D, was subjected to testing and evaluation by 60 first-year veterinary medical students attending the gross anatomy of the animal. The students were divided into two groups: the traditional group and AR group. Both groups completed an objective test and a questionnaire. The evaluation of learning effectiveness in the test revealed no significant difference between the traditional group (which learned using textbooks and a canine skull specimen) and AR group (which learned using AR tools). However, in the questionnaire, students displayed high enthusiasm and interest in using the AR tool. Therefore, the application of AR tools can improve students' motivation for learning and enhance the comprehension of anatomical structures in three dimensions. Furthermore, this study exemplifies the use of AR as an auxiliary tool for teaching and learning in veterinary anatomy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongling Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingju Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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3
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Corron LK, Broehl KA, Chu EY, Vlemincq-Mendieta T, Wolfe CA, Pilloud MA, Scott GR, Spradley MK, Stull KE. Agreement and error rates associated with standardized data collection protocols for skeletal and dental data on 3D virtual subadult crania. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 334:111272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Cunha RR, Arrabal CT, Dantas MM, Bassaneli HR. Laser scanner and drone photogrammetry: A statistical comparison between 3-dimensional models and its impacts on outdoor crime scene registration. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 330:111100. [PMID: 34856522 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluated the accuracy of 3D models generated by a DJI Mavic Pro drone with 3DF Zephyr software photogrammetry. The models were compared to models generated by a Trimble X7 laser scanner. The tests were performed in the outdoor area of a vehicle parking inbound to simulate the characteristics of a crime scene. Ground control points (GCPs) were distributed in ten positions within the surroundings. In manual flight, the drone performed nadiral photographs from one side to the other side and with an elliptical 45° center pointed. Three altitudes where tested: 10 m, 20 m and 40 m. The Trimble X7 laser scanner performed six scans and generated one set of point clouds. Drone photogrammetry returned eligible data for distances of 20 m and 40 m with errors of ~0.25 mm. To increase the overlay in the photogrammetry procedure, all photographs from distances of 10-40 m were processed, returning an error of ~0.53 mm. The results of the measured distances, which were manually picked from the GCPs, from the 3D-scanned model and photogrammetric 3D models were then statistically analyzed. The Trimble X7 laser scanner showed an average error of 3 cm, which was approximately equivalent to the results obtained with all images or when using a known scale value for the drone photographs, presenting no significant differences among the evaluated methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claude Thiago Arrabal
- Superintendência da Polícia Técnico Científica do Estado de São Paulo SPTC, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mourão Dantas
- Superintendência da Polícia Técnico Científica do Estado de São Paulo SPTC, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Rodrigues Bassaneli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Centro Nacional de Monitoramento de Desastres Naturais - CEMADEN
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Cao Y, Ma Y, Vieira DN, Guo Y, Wang Y, Deng K, Chen Y, Zhang J, Qin Z, Chen F, Huang P, Zhang J. A potential method for sex estimation of human skeletons using deep learning and three-dimensional surface scanning. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2409-2421. [PMID: 34459973 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning based on radiological methods has attracted considerable attention in forensic anthropology because of its superior classification capacities over human experts. However, radiological instruments are limited in their nature of high cost and immobility. Here, we integrated a deep learning algorithm and three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning technique into a portable system for pelvic sex estimation. Briefly, the images of the ventral pubis (VP), dorsal pubis (DP), and greater sciatic notch (GSN) were cropped from virtual pelvic samples reconstructed from CT scans of 1000 individuals; 80% of them were used to train and internally evaluate convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that were then evaluated externally with the remaining samples. An additional 105 real pelvises were documented virtually with a handheld 3D surface scanner, and the corresponding snapshots of the VP, DP, and GSN were predicted by the trained CNN models. The CNN models achieved excellent performance in the external testing using CT-based images, with accuracies of 98.0%, 98.5%, and 94.0% for VP, DP, and GSN, respectively. When the CT-based models were applied to 3D scanning images, they obtained satisfactory accuracies above 95% on the VP and DP images compared to the GSN with 73.3%. In a single-blind trial, a multiple design that combined the three CNN models yielded a superior accuracy of 97.1% with 3D surface scanning images over two anthropologists. Our study demonstrates the great potential of deep learning and 3D surface scanning for rapid and accurate sex estimation of skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Cao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Medical Imaging, 3201 Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yucheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifei Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Balolia KL, Massey JS. How does scanner choice and 3D model resolution affect data accuracy? J Anat 2021; 238:679-692. [PMID: 33146411 PMCID: PMC7855060 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers using digital methods often collect data from 3D models at different resolutions, obtained using different scanning techniques. Although previous research has sought to understand whether scanning method and model resolution affect data accuracy, no study has systematically evaluated the sources of error associated with scanning method, data acquisition method and model resolution with the aim of providing practical recommendations about the model resolution required to yield sufficiently accurate data for specimens of given sizes. In this study, using data taken from primate specimens of three broad size categories, we test whether 3D models obtained using five different scanners (Breuckmann SmartSCAN, DAVID/HP 3D Pro S3, NextEngine 2020i, Creaform Go!Scan 20 and microCT/clinicalCT) yield accurate measurements. We assess whether caliper measurements can be used alongside measurements collected from 3D surface models, whether scanning resolution affects measurement accuracy, and how scan resolution, estimated using each scanner's proprietary software, compares to model resolution measured in a standardized way. Each scanner produces 3D models that yield accurate measurements for each size category, however, combining caliper data with those taken from digital models can be problematic. Our results indicate that the accuracy of measurements taken from 3D models depends on both object size and model resolution. Based on our findings, we recommend that small specimens should be scanned at <0.3 mm, medium specimens at 0.3-0.7 mm, and large specimens at 0.3-0.5 mm resolutions if data taken from 3D surface models are to be combined with caliper datasets. We further show, for the first time, that discrepancies in estimated final model resolution are frequently observed across software packages. We therefore recommend that researchers ensure that final model resolutions are adequate based on specimen size and are independently verified using a software package other than the scanner's proprietary software. Finally, we consider the implications of the findings that measurements obtained from surface models are variably consistent with those obtained using calipers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L. Balolia
- School of Archaeology and AnthropologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Jason S. Massey
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMNUSA
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental BiologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVicAustralia
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Waltenberger L, Rebay-Salisbury K, Mitteroecker P. Three-dimensional surface scanning methods in osteology: A topographical and geometric morphometric comparison. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 174:846-858. [PMID: 33410519 PMCID: PMC8048833 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Three‐dimensional (3D) data collected by structured light scanners, photogrammetry, and computed tomography (CT) scans are increasingly combined in joint analyses, even though the scanning techniques and reconstruction software differ considerably. The aim of the present study was to compare the quality and accuracy of surface models and landmark data obtained from modern clinical CT scanning, 3D structured light scanner, photogrammetry, and MicroScribe digitizer. Material and methods We tested 13 different photogrammetric software tools and compared surface models obtained by different methods for four articulated human pelves in a topographical analysis. We also measured a set of 219 landmarks and semilandmarks twice on every surface as well as directly on the dry bones with a MicroScribe digitizer. Results Only one photogrammetric software package yielded surface models of the complete pelves that could be used for further analysis. Despite the complex pelvic anatomy, all three methods (CT scanning, 3D structured light scanning, photogrammetry) yielded similar surface representations with average deviations among the surface models between 100 and 200 μm. A geometric morphometric analysis of the measured landmarks showed that the different scanning methods yielded similar shape variables, but data acquisition via MicroScribe digitizer was most prone to error. Discussion We demonstrated that three‐dimensional models obtained by different methods can be combined in a single analysis. Photogrammetry proved to be a cheap, quick, and accurate method to generate 3D surface models at useful resolutions, but photogrammetry software packages differ enormously in quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Waltenberger
- Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Mamabolo B, Alblas A, Brits D. Modern imaging modalities in forensic anthropology and the potential of low-dose X-rays. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Collings AJ, Brown K. Reconstruction and physical fit analysis of fragmented skeletal remains using 3D imaging and printing. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Abegg C, Balbo I, Dominguez A, Grabherr S, Campana L, Moghaddam N. Virtual anthropology: a preliminary test of macroscopic observation versus 3D surface scans and computed tomography (CT) scans. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 6:34-41. [PMID: 34007514 PMCID: PMC8110187 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1817270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual anthropology (VA) is based on applying anthropological methods currently used to analyse bones to 3D models of human remains. While great advances have been made in this endeavour in the past decade, several interrogations concerning how reliable these models are and what their proper use should be remain unanswered. In this research, a fundamental assumption of VA has been investigated: if the way we perceive and apply an anthropological method is truly similar when looking at bones macroscopically and through various 3D media. In order to answer, 10 skulls of known age and sex were scanned using a computed tomography (CT) scanner and a 3D surface scanner. Two observers separately applied a defined staging method to eight suture sites on these skulls, first looking at the bone macroscopically, then at the 3D surface scan, and finally on the CT scan. Two rounds of observation were carried out by each observer. Intra- and inter-observer error were evaluated, and two sample t-tests used to evaluate if the different types of medium used yielded significantly different observations. The results show a high degree of inter-observer error, and that data obtained from 3D surface scans differ from macroscopic observation (confidence level 95%, P ≤ 0.05). CT scans, in these settings, yielded results comparable to those obtained through macroscopic observations. These results offer many possibilities for future research, including indications on the kind of anthropological methods and anatomical landmarks that might be reliably transferable to the virtual environment. All current methods used in traditional anthropology should be tested, and if they prove unreliable, new techniques to analyse bones from virtual models should be developed.Key points Large discrepancies between observation on dry bones and computer-generated 3D models (surface scans or CT scans) could lead to the re-evaluation of the suitability of traditional anthropological methods for application on 3D models. This preliminary study evaluates whether macroscopic, 3D surface scans, and CT scans viewings generate different observations. The results indicate that the data are not always coherent across all three media of observation. Explanations include the aspect given to the bone by the 3D software, differences between handling bones in real life versus on a computer, and level of expertise of the observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Abegg
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Dipartimento di Scienze biologiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alejandro Dominguez
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Campana
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Baier W, Norman DG, Donnelly MJ, Williams MA. Forensic 3D printing from micro-CT for court use- process validation. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 318:110560. [PMID: 33183864 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Forensic application of 3D scanning and printing technology is gaining momentum with 3D printed evidence starting to be produced for court. However, the processes for creating these forensic 3D models requires still rigorous assessment to ensure they adhere to the relevant legal standards. Although, previous work has examined the accuracy of 3D prints created from medical grade Computed Tomography (CT), no such assessment has been carried out for Micro Computed Tomography (micro-CT) which offers superior resolution and the ability to capture forensically relevant injuries. This study aimed to quantify the error rates associated with forensic 3D printed models and toolmarks, created using three different printing technologies, based on micro-CT data. Overall, 3D printed models, based on micro-CT scans, replicate bone surface geometry to sub-millimetre accuracy (<0.62mm for overall shape and <0.36mm for toolmarks). However, there were significant differences between the printing technology employed (mean errors of -0.3%, -0.8%, and 0.7% for shape geometry and -0.8%, 14.1%, and 0.7% for toolmark geometry for Printers 1-3 respectively). Where possible, the authors recommend micro-CT imaging for producing forensic 3D printed bone models particularly when injuries are present.
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12
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Cataldo‐Ramirez C, Garvin HM, Cabo L. A Quantitative Assessment of Zygomatic Projection for Ancestry Estimation. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:580-590. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather M. Garvin
- Department of Anatomy Des Moines University 3200 Grand Avenue Des Moines IA 50312
| | - Luis Cabo
- Department of Applied Forensic Sciences Mercyhurst University 501 East 38th Street Erie PA16546
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13
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Geomatic techniques in forensic science: A review. Sci Justice 2020; 60:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Lee M, Gerdau-Radonic K. Variation within physical and digital craniometrics. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 306:110092. [PMID: 31816484 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metric assessment of human crania can provide forensic practitioners and anthropological researchers with information on an individual's sex and biogeographical ancestry. However, metric methods rely on the ability of users to remain consistent with themselves and others, with any error in the data rendering conclusions invalid. Digital anthropology is a growing sub-field where human remains are digitised using a growing range of methods and technologies. These models have the potential to boost research collaboration and public engagement. However, not all of these digitisation methods have been examined critically to explore the veracity of their use within a research environment. There has also been limited research into the application of digital anthropology to craniometric analysis. This study examined the intra- and inter- observer variation of seven participants taking physical measurements from a human cranial cast with an associated set of reference values. The same measurements were also taken from three digital models of the cranial cast which were created using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning. This data was then compared to the reference values and the physical measurements taken by the lead author. This study found that there was excellent statistical agreement between the reference values and the measurements taken from the cranial cast, both physical and digital. However, the participants still exhibited variation within a range of -18mm and +30mm from the reference values. MANOVA tests showed between-subject effects on nine measurements across the participant data, and 12 measurements between the digital models. However, there is little consistency between this study and the anthropological literature as to which measurements are most prone to between-subject effects. Despite the excellent agreement shown between the reference values and the digital models this study raises a number of methodological questions regarding inter-observer error and the varying levels of data processing present in different digitisation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lee
- Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Karina Gerdau-Radonic
- Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, United Kingdom.
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Kotěrová A, Králík V, Rmoutilová R, Friedl L, Růžička P, Velemínská J, Marchal F, Brůžek J. Impact of 3D surface scanning protocols on the Os coxae digital data: Implications for sex and age-at-death assessment. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 68:101866. [PMID: 31518882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The 3D imaging technologies have become of paramount importance for example in disciplines such as forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology, where they are being used more and more frequently. There are several new possibilities that they offer; for instance, the easier and faster sharing of data among institutions, the possibility of permanent documentation, or new opportunities of data analysis. An important requirement, however, is whether the data obtained from different scanning devices are comparable and whether the possible varying outputs could affect further analyses, such as the estimation of the biological profile. Therefore, we aimed to investigate two important questions: (1) whether 3D models acquired by two different scanning technologies (structured light and laser) are comparable and (2) whether the scanning equipment has an effect on the anthropological analyses, such as age-at-death estimation and sex assessment. 3D models of ossa coxa (n = 29) were acquired by laser (NextEngine) and structured light (HP 3D Structured Light Scanner PRO 2) scanners. The resulting 3D models from both scanners were subjected to age-at-death analyses (via the quantitative method of Stoyanova et al., 2017) and sex analyses (via Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste 2 of Brůžek et al., 2017). Furthermore, high quality scans of a small sample (n = 5) of pubic symphyseal surfaces with the RedLux Profiler device were acquired as reference surfaces to which the outputs from both scanners were compared. Small deviations between surfaces were more evident in more rugged surfaces (in areas of depression and protrusion). Even though small differences from the reference surfaces were found, they did not have a significant effect on the age and sex estimates. It never resulted in the opposite sex assignment, and no significant differences were observed between age estimates (with the exception of those with the TPS/BE model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Kotěrová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlastimil Králík
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technická 4, Prague, 166 07, Czech Republic
| | - Rebeka Rmoutilová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, CS 50023, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Lukáš Friedl
- Department of Anthropology, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, 30614, Czech Republic; Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pavel Růžička
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technická 4, Prague, 166 07, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - François Marchal
- UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille University, EFS, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, CS 50023, Pessac, 33615, France
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Computed Tomography versus Optical Scanning: A Comparison of Different Methods of 3D Data Acquisition for Tooth Replication. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4985121. [PMID: 31093500 PMCID: PMC6481121 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4985121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The study aimed to compare the accuracy of different methods of data acquisition and data reconstruction and to assess their usefulness for 3D printing of tooth replicas. Methods 3-dimensional models of molar and canine teeth obtain utilizing CBCT examination with different protocols, and optical scanning was compared with models derived from micro-computed (micro-CT) examination using Geomagic Studio Qualify software. A pairwise comparison of 3D models with analysis of standard deviation and the value of the mean distance of given surfaces was performed. Results Standard deviation and the value of the mean distance were lowest for optical scanning followed by CBC in high and standard resolution in all tested protocols. Models, obtained with high-resolution CBCT protocols, of teeth in and outside of alveolar bone showed similar average distance parameters, but standard deviation parameter was significantly lower for models of teeth scanned outside of the socket. Good surface representation on all models was seen at relatively smooth areas while in areas of high changes in the geometry CBCT based models performed inferiorly to those obtained from an optical scanner. Conclusions In case of teeth of noncomplicated texture, independently from a position (within or outside the alveolar socket), the high-resolution CBCT seems to be a sufficient method to obtain data for 3D printed tooth replica. Optical scanning performs better when a detailed replica is necessary.
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Wärmländer SKTS, Garvin H, Guyomarc'h P, Petaros A, Sholts SB. Landmark Typology in Applied Morphometrics Studies: What's the Point? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1144-1153. [PMID: 30365240 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Landmarks are the hallmark of biological shape analysis as discrete anatomical points of correspondence. Various systems have been developed for their classification. In the most widely used system, developed by Bookstein in the 1990s, landmarks are divided into three distinct types based on their anatomical locations and biological significance. As Bookstein and others have argued that different landmark types possess different qualities, e.g., that Type 3 landmarks contain deficient information about shape variation and are less reliably measured, researchers began using landmark types as justification for selecting or avoiding particular landmarks for measurement or analysis. Here, we demonstrate considerable variation in landmark classifications among 17 studies using geometric morphometrics (GM), due to disagreement in the application of both Bookstein's landmark typology and individual landmark definitions. A review of the literature furthermore shows little correlation between landmark type and measurement reproducibility, especially when factors such as differences in measurement tools (calipers, digitizer, or computer software) and data sources (dry crania, 3D models, or 2D images) are considered. Although landmark typology is valuable when teaching biological shape analysis, we find that employing it in research design introduces confusion without providing useful information. Instead, researchers should choose landmark configurations based on their ability to test specific research hypotheses, and research papers should include justifications of landmark choices along with landmark definitions, details on landmark collection methods, and appropriate interobserver and intraobserver analyses. Hence, while the landmarks themselves are crucial for GM, we argue that their typology is of little use in applied studies. Anat Rec, 302:1144-1153, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.,UCLA/Getty Conservation Programme, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Division of Commercial and Business Law, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Heather Garvin
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa
| | - Pierre Guyomarc'h
- UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, B8, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Anja Petaros
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Artillerigatan 12, 587 58, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sabrina B Sholts
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia
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Liu L, Shen T, Yang Y, Gao B, Li YC, Xie J, Tang Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Chen J. Bio-based Large Tablet Controlled-Release Urea: Synthesis, Characterization, and Controlled-Released Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11265-11272. [PMID: 30234986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency and minimize environmental pollution caused by fertilizer overuse, novel bio-based large tablet controlled-release urea (LTCRU) was prepared using bio-based coating materials to coat large tablet urea (LTU) derived from urea prills (U). Nano fumed silica (NFS) was added to the bio-based coating materials to improve the slow-release properties. The surface area of the LTU and U was measured by three-dimensional scanning. In comparison to U, LTU had a smaller surface area/weight ratio, which can reduce the coating materials. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the addition of NFS in bio-based coating materials reduced the porosity of the coating shells of LTCRUs and, thus, enhanced the N release longevity of the controlled-released fertilizer. Dependent upon the pores on the coating shells of LTCRU, two N release patterns were revealed. Because of the good release characteristics, the novel LTCRU shows great potential to support sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlin Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuechao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Soil and Water Science, Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) , University of Florida , Homestead , Florida 33031 , United States
| | - Bin Gao
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Yuncong C Li
- Department of Soil and Water Science, Tropical Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) , University of Florida , Homestead , Florida 33031 , United States
| | - Jiazhuo Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yafu Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shugang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment , Shandong Agricultural University , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrition Resources Integrated Utilization , Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Company, Limited , Linshu , Shandong 276700 , People's Republic of China
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Marcy AE, Fruciano C, Phillips MJ, Mardon K, Weisbecker V. Low resolution scans can provide a sufficiently accurate, cost- and time-effective alternative to high resolution scans for 3D shape analyses. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5032. [PMID: 29942695 PMCID: PMC6016532 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in 3D shape capture technology have made powerful shape analyses, such as geometric morphometrics, more feasible. While the highly accurate micro-computed tomography (µCT) scanners have been the "gold standard," recent improvements in 3D surface scanners may make this technology a faster, portable, and cost-effective alternative. Several studies have already compared the two devices but all use relatively large specimens such as human crania. Here we perform shape analyses on Australia's smallest rodent to test whether a 3D scanner produces similar results to a µCT scanner. Methods We captured 19 delicate mouse (Pseudomys delicatulus) crania with a µCT scanner and a 3D scanner for geometric morphometrics. We ran multiple Procrustes ANOVAs to test how variation due to scan device compared to other sources such as biologically relevant variation and operator error. We quantified operator error as levels of variation and repeatability. Further, we tested if the two devices performed differently at classifying individuals based on sexual dimorphism. Finally, we inspected scatterplots of principal component analysis (PCA) scores for non-random patterns. Results In all Procrustes ANOVAs, regardless of factors included, differences between individuals contributed the most to total variation. The PCA plots reflect this in how the individuals are dispersed. Including only the symmetric component of shape increased the biological signal relative to variation due to device and due to error. 3D scans showed a higher level of operator error as evidenced by a greater spread of their replicates on the PCA, a higher level of multivariate variation, and a lower repeatability score. However, the 3D scan and µCT scan datasets performed identically in classifying individuals based on intra-specific patterns of sexual dimorphism. Discussion Compared to µCT scans, we find that even low resolution 3D scans of very small specimens are sufficiently accurate to classify intra-specific differences. We also make three recommendations for best use of low resolution data. First, we recommend that extreme caution should be taken when analyzing the asymmetric component of shape variation. Second, using 3D scans generates more random error due to increased landmarking difficulty, therefore users should be conservative in landmark choice and avoid multiple operators. Third, using 3D scans introduces a source of systematic error relative to µCT scans, therefore we recommend not combining them when possible, especially in studies expecting little biological variation. Our findings support increased use of low resolution 3D scans for most morphological studies; they are likely also applicable to low resolution scans of large specimens made in a medical CT scanner. As most vertebrates are relatively small, we anticipate our results will bolster more researchers in designing affordable large scale studies on small specimens with 3D surface scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel E Marcy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure, Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthew J Phillips
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,National Imaging Facility, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vera Weisbecker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Thoma CT, Makridou KN, Bakaloudis DE, Vlachos CG. Evaluating the Potential of Three-Dimensional Laser Surface Scanning as an Alternative Method of Obtaining Morphometric Data. ANN ZOOL FENN 2018. [DOI: 10.5735/086.055.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos T. Thoma
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina N. Makridou
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios E. Bakaloudis
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos G. Vlachos
- School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 241, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Carlton CD, Mitchell S, Lewis P. Preliminary application of Structure from Motion and GIS to document decomposition and taphonomic processes. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 282:41-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Li F, Liu C, Song X, Huan Y, Gao S, Jiang Z. Production of accurate skeletal models of domestic animals using three-dimensional scanning and printing technology. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2018; 11:73-80. [PMID: 28914982 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Access to adequate anatomical specimens can be an important aspect in learning the anatomy of domestic animals. In this study, the authors utilized a structured light scanner and fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer to produce highly accurate animal skeletal models. First, various components of the bovine skeleton, including the femur, the fifth rib, and the sixth cervical (C6) vertebra were used to produce digital models. These were then used to produce 1:1 scale physical models with the FDM printer. The anatomical features of the digital models and three-dimensional (3D) printed models were then compared with those of the original skeletal specimens. The results of this study demonstrated that both digital and physical scale models of animal skeletal components could be rapidly produced using 3D printing technology. In terms of accuracy between models and original specimens, the standard deviations of the femur and the fifth rib measurements were 0.0351 and 0.0572, respectively. All of the features except the nutrient foramina on the original bone specimens could be identified in the digital and 3D printed models. Moreover, the 3D printed models could serve as a viable alternative to original bone specimens when used in anatomy education, as determined from student surveys. This study demonstrated an important example of reproducing bone models to be used in anatomy education and veterinary clinical training. Anat Sci Educ 11: 73-80. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunying Liu
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexiong Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Huan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Shansong Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongling Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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23
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Shearer BM, Cooke SB, Halenar LB, Reber SL, Plummer JE, Delson E, Tallman M. Evaluating causes of error in landmark-based data collection using scanners. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187452. [PMID: 29099867 PMCID: PMC5669428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assess the precision, accuracy, and repeatability of craniodental landmarks (Types I, II, and III, plus curves of semilandmarks) on a single macaque cranium digitally reconstructed with three different surface scanners and a microCT scanner. Nine researchers with varying degrees of osteological and geometric morphometric knowledge landmarked ten iterations of each scan (40 total) to test the effects of scan quality, researcher experience, and landmark type on levels of intra- and interobserver error. Two researchers additionally landmarked ten specimens from seven different macaque species using the same landmark protocol to test the effects of the previously listed variables relative to species-level morphological differences (i.e., observer variance versus real biological variance). Error rates within and among researchers by scan type were calculated to determine whether or not data collected by different individuals or on different digitally rendered crania are consistent enough to be used in a single dataset. Results indicate that scan type does not impact rate of intra- or interobserver error. Interobserver error is far greater than intraobserver error among all individuals, and is similar in variance to that found among different macaque species. Additionally, experience with osteology and morphometrics both positively contribute to precision in multiple landmarking sessions, even where less experienced researchers have been trained in point acquisition. Individual training increases precision (although not necessarily accuracy), and is highly recommended in any situation where multiple researchers will be collecting data for a single project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Shearer
- Ph.D. Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center (CUNY), New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYCEP Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Siobhán B. Cooke
- NYCEP Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lauren B. Halenar
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYCEP Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Farmingdale State College (SUNY), Farmingdale, New York, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Reber
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette E. Plummer
- Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Delson
- Ph.D. Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center (CUNY), New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYCEP Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College (CUNY), Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Tallman
- NYCEP Morphometrics Group, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Grand Valley, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wilson L, Humphrey L. Voyaging into the third dimension: A perspective on virtual methods and their application to studies of juvenile sex estimation and the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Park CS, Jeon HP, Choi KS, Kim JP, Park NK. Application of 3D Laser Scanner to Forensic Engineering. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:930-934. [PMID: 28834609 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the case of building collapses and overturned structures, a three-dimensional (3D) collapse or overturn model is required to reconstruct the accident. As construction sites become increasingly complex and large, 3D laser scanning is sometimes the best tool to accurately document and store the site conditions. This case report presents one case of a structure collapse and one case of an overturned crane reconstructed by a 3D laser scanner. In the case of structural collapse of a prefabricated shoring system, a 3D model reconstructed all the members successfully, a task that is nearly impossible using a scale such as a tape measure. The reconstructed prefabricated shoring system was verified through a structural analysis through comparison with the construction drawings to investigate faults in construction. In the case of the overturned crane, the jib angle and other major dimensions were successfully acquired through 3D laser scanning and used to estimate the working radius. As a result, the propriety of the working radius with the given lifting load was successfully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Seong Park
- Division of Forensic Engineering, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 220-170, Korea
| | - Hong-Pil Jeon
- Division of Forensic Engineering, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 220-170, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Choi
- Division of Forensic Engineering, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 220-170, Korea
| | - Jin-Pyo Kim
- Division of Forensic Engineering, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 220-170, Korea
| | - Nam-Kyu Park
- Division of Forensic Engineering, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 220-170, Korea
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26
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Mullins RA, Albanese J. Estimating Biological Characteristics With Virtual Laser Data. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:815-823. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Mullins
- University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - John Albanese
- University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
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27
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Reiner WB, Masao F, Sholts SB, Songita AV, Stanistreet I, Stollhofen H, Taylor RE, Hlusko LJ. OH 83: A new early modern human fossil cranium from the Ndutu beds of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:533-545. [PMID: 28786473 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Herein we introduce a newly recovered partial calvaria, OH 83, from the upper Ndutu Beds of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. We present the geological context of its discovery and a comparative analysis of its morphology, placing OH 83 within the context of our current understanding of the origins and evolution of Homo sapiens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We comparatively assessed the morphology of OH 83 using quantitative and qualitative data from penecontemporaneous fossils and the W.W. Howells modern human craniometric dataset. RESULTS OH 83 is geologically dated to ca. 60-32 ka. Its morphology is indicative of an early modern human, falling at the low end of the range of variation for post-orbital cranial breadth, the high end of the range for bifrontal breadth, and near average in frontal length. DISCUSSION There have been numerous attempts to use cranial anatomy to define the species Homo sapiens and identify it in the fossil record. These efforts have not met wide agreement by the scientific community due, in part, to the mosaic patterns of cranial variation represented by the fossils. The variable, mosaic pattern of trait expression in the crania of Middle and Late Pleistocene fossils implies that morphological modernity did not occur at once. However, OH 83 demonstrates that by ca. 60-32 ka modern humans in Africa included individuals that are at the fairly small and gracile range of modern human cranial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney B Reiner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, MC 3140, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Fidelis Masao
- University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 35091.,Conservation Olduvai Project, Dar es Salaam, TZ, 35091
| | - Sabrina B Sholts
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20560
| | | | - Ian Stanistreet
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK.,The Stone Age Institute, Bloomington, Indiana, 47407
| | - Harald Stollhofen
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - R E Taylor
- University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Leslea J Hlusko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, MC 3140, Berkeley, California, 94720
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Middleton ER, Winkler ZJ, Hammond AS, Plavcan JM, Ward CV. Determinants of Iliac Blade Orientation in Anthropoid Primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:810-827. [PMID: 28406557 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Orientation of the iliac blades is a key feature that appears to distinguish extant apes from monkeys. Iliac morphology is hypothesized to reflect variation in thoracic shape that, in turn, reflects adaptations for shoulder and forearm function in anthropoids. Iliac orientation is traditionally measured relative to the acetabulum, whereas functional explanations pertain to its orientation relative to the cardinal anatomical planes. We investigated iliac orientation relative to a median plane using digital models of hipbones registered to landmark data from articulated pelves. We fit planes to the iliac surfaces, midline, and acetabulum, and investigated linear metrics that characterize geometric relationships of the iliac margins. Our results demonstrate that extant hominoid ilia are not rotated into a coronal plane from a more sagittal position in basal apes and monkeys but that the apparent rotation is the result of geometric changes within the ilia. The whole ilium and its gluteal surface are more coronally oriented in apes, but apes and monkeys do not differ in orientation of the iliac fossa. The angular differences in the whole blade and gluteal surface primarily reflect a narrower iliac tuberosity set closer to the midline in extant apes, reflecting a decrease in erector spinae muscle mass associated with stiffening of the lumbar spine. Mediolateral breadth across the ventral dorsal iliac spines is only slightly greater in extant apes than in monkeys. These results demonstrate that spinal musculature and mobility have a more significant effect on pelvic morphology than does shoulder orientation, as had been previously hypothesized. Anat Rec, 300:810-827, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Middleton
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, M263 Medical Sciences Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212
| | - Zachariah J Winkler
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, M263 Medical Sciences Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212
| | - Ashley S Hammond
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, Washington DC, 20052
| | - J Michael Plavcan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701
| | - Carol V Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, M263 Medical Sciences Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212
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Tracing social interactions in Pleistocene North America via 3D model analysis of stone tool asymmetry. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179933. [PMID: 28700598 PMCID: PMC5507483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stone tools, often the sole remnant of prehistoric hunter-gatherer behavior, are frequently used as evidence of ancient human mobility, resource use, and environmental adaptation. In North America, studies of morphological variation in projectile points have provided important insights into migration and interactions of human groups as early as 12-13 kya. Using new approaches to 3D imaging and morphometric analysis, we here quantify bifacial asymmetry among early North American projectile point styles to better understand changes in knapping technique and cultural transmission. Using a sample of 100 fluted bifaces of Clovis and post-Clovis styles in the eastern United States ca. 13,100-9,000 cal BP (i.e., Clovis, Debert-Vail, Bull Brook, Michaud-Neponset/Barnes, and Crowfield), we employed two different approaches for statistical shape analysis: our previously presented method for analysis of 2D flake scar contours, and a new approach for 3D surface analysis using spherical harmonics (SPHARM). Whereas bifacial asymmetry in point shape does not vary significantly across this stylistic sequence, our measure of asymmetric flake scar patterning shows temporal variation that may signify the beginning of regionalization among early New World colonists.
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Robinson C, Terhune CE. Error in geometric morphometric data collection: Combining data from multiple sources. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:62-75. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences; Bronx Community College (CUNY); Bronx New York 10453
| | - Claire E. Terhune
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas
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Akhlaghi M, Bakhtavar K, Kamali A, Maarefdoost J, Sheikhazadi A, Mousavi F, Saberi Anary SH, Sheikhazadi E. The diagnostic value of anthropometric indices of maxillary sinuses for sex determination using CT-scan images in Iranian adults: A cross-sectional study. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 49:94-100. [PMID: 28614757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of human remains is an essential part of forensic science. Studying paranasal sinuses is very useful in identification of mutilated or burnt bodies from accidents such as plane crashes. We aimed to assess the diagnostic value of anthropometric indices of maxillary sinuses for sex determination using CT-scan images in Iranian adults. METHODS CT-scan slices of 228 maxillary sinuses (from 144 men and 144 women) were studied. The maximum height, maximum anterior-posterior diameter, maximum width, and maximum distance between the sinuses were measured in both sexes. Our participants were divided into three age groups of 20-34, 35-49, and over 50 to compare the recorded measurements in different age groups. RESULTS We found a significant difference between men and women regarding the maximum height, maximum width, maximum A-P diameter of sinuses and the maximum distance between the right and left maxillary sinuses in all of our participants. We also found that the highest accuracy for sex determination was related to the maximum distance between the sinuses (65.6%) and the lowest to the maximum width of the right sinus (56.2%). The most accurate identification resulted from assessing the maximum distance between the sinuses in the 20-34 age group (74.3%), the maximum anterior-posterior diameter of the sinuses in the 35-49 age group (62.8%) and the maximum height of the left sinus in the over 50 age group (65.7%). CONCLUSION Regardless of age, according to our study the parameters of height, width, anterior-posterior diameter of sinuses and the maximum distance between the right and left maxillary sinuses are partially valuable for sex determination. The most accurate sex identification was examined in the 20-34 age group from studying the maximum distance between the sinuses. Especially in the over 50 age group, it is not enough to consider the sinus parameter for sex identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Akhlaghi
- Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Legal Medicine Organization of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Bakhtavar
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Artin Kamali
- Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaleh Maarefdoost
- Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Sheikhazadi
- Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Mousavi
- Forensic Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Saberi Anary
- Faculty of Health Management & Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Sheikhazadi
- Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery of Khorramabad, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Establishment of a Reliable Horizontal Reference Plane for 3-Dimensional Facial Soft Tissue Evaluation Before and After Orthognathic Surgery. Ann Plast Surg 2017; 78:S139-S147. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Garvin HM, Stock MK. The Utility of Advanced Imaging in Forensic Anthropology. Acad Forensic Pathol 2016; 6:499-516. [PMID: 31239924 DOI: 10.23907/2016.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Imaging technologies play an integral role in forensic anthropology cases. Advances in digital photography allow the anthropologist to photo-document the scene and skeletal remains in exceptional detail. Traditionally, radiographs have been used to document remains, potential trauma, and any individualizing characteristics such as healing trauma and frontal sinus morphology. Given technological advances, some forensic anthropologists have begun to incorporate more advanced imaging methods in their case analyses and research, such as computed tomography and three-dimensional (3D) surface scans. These advanced imaging technologies provide a means to document skeletal remains and trauma, and can be used to create 3D replicas of the elements for archival and illustrative purposes. Researchers have begun to develop novel methods for estimating biological parameters from these 3D virtual models, using new variables such as surface areas and volumes, and advanced statistical methods (e.g., geometric morphometric analyses) to quantitatively analyze skeletal variation for sex and ancestry estimation. The use of these technologies in forensic anthropology remains somewhat limited, however, due to required costs, expertise, and the time involved in collecting and processing the data. Newly developed methods require further validation, and some areas of advanced imaging, such as photogrammetry, remain relatively unexplored in the field. Interdisciplinary collaborations between forensic anthropologists and other medicolegal professionals can help alleviate some of these resource constraints and facilitate advancements in forensic case analysis and research.
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Reliability and Accuracy of Angular Measurements on Laser Scanning Created 3D Models of Dry Skulls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/6218659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the accuracy and reliability of skull angles measured on 3D models created by laser scanning. Five skulls were measured through both conventional and digital measuring methods. The 3D models were created using a hand-held laser scanner Creaform VIUscan™. Seven angular characteristics were measured three times by two observers. The intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient. The differences between the digital and direct measurements were assessed using the measurement and relative errors. The intraclass correlation coefficients for digitally taken angles indicated almost perfect intra- and interobserver reliability, except for the alveolar profile angle showing moderate interobserver agreement. The overall measurement error based on the differences between digitally and directly measured angles was 0.61° and the relative error was 0.68%.
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A morphometric analysis of prognathism and evaluation of the gnathic index in modern humans. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 67:294-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Thomas DB, Hiscox JD, Dixon BJ, Potgieter J. 3D scanning and printing skeletal tissues for anatomy education. J Anat 2016; 229:473-81. [PMID: 27146106 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed anatomical models can be produced with consumer-level 3D scanning and printing systems. 3D replication techniques are significant advances for anatomical education as they allow practitioners to more easily introduce diverse or numerous specimens into classrooms. Here we present a methodology for producing anatomical models in-house, with the chondrocranium cartilage from a spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and the skeleton of a cane toad (Rhinella marina) as case studies. 3D digital replicas were produced using two consumer-level scanners and specimens were 3D-printed with selective laser sintering. The fidelity of the two case study models was determined with respect to key anatomical features. Larger-scale features of the dogfish chondrocranium and frog skeleton were all well-resolved and distinct in the 3D digital models, and many finer-scale features were also well-resolved, but some more subtle features were absent from the digital models (e.g. endolymphatic foramina in chondrocranium). All characters identified in the digital chondrocranium could be identified in the subsequent 3D print; however, three characters in the 3D-printed frog skeleton could not be clearly delimited (palatines, parasphenoid and pubis). Characters that were absent in the digital models or 3D prints had low-relief in the original scanned specimen and represent a minor loss of fidelity. Our method description and case studies show that minimal equipment and training is needed to produce durable skeletal specimens. These technologies support the tailored production of models for specific classes or research aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Thomas
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jessica D Hiscox
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Blair J Dixon
- School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johan Potgieter
- School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hammond AS, Plavcan JM, Ward CV. A validated method for modeling anthropoid hip abduction
in silico. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:529-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S. Hammond
- Center for Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyDepartment of AnthropologyGeorge Washington UniversityWashington DC20052
- Department of AnatomyHoward University College of Medicine, Washington DC20059
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbia MO65212
| | | | - Carol V. Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineColumbia MO65212
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Bulut O, Petaros A, Hizliol İ, Wärmländer SK, Hekimoglu B. Sexual dimorphism in frontal bone roundness quantified by a novel 3D-based and landmark-free method. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:162.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Katherine Spradley M, Jantz RL. Ancestry Estimation in Forensic Anthropology: Geometric Morphometric versus Standard and Nonstandard Interlandmark Distances. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:892-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Katherine Spradley
- Department of Anthropology; Texas State University; 601 University Drive San Marcos TX 78666
| | - Richard L. Jantz
- Department of Anthropology; University of Tennessee; 250 South Stadium Hall 37996 Knoxville TN
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Bailo M, Baena S, Marín JJ, Arredondo JM, Auría JM, Sánchez B, Tardío E, Falcón L. Procedure for the systematic orientation of digitised cranial models. Design and validation. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:516.e1-516.e6. [PMID: 26481346 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of bony pieces requires that they are oriented systematically to ensure that homologous regions are compared. Few orientation methods are highly accurate; this is particularly true for methods applied to three-dimensional models obtained by surface scanning, a technique whose special features make it a powerful tool in forensic contexts. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a systematic, assisted orientation method for aligning three-dimensional cranial models relative to the Frankfurt Plane, which would be produce accurate orientations independent of operator and anthropological expertise. The study sample comprised four crania of known age and sex. All the crania were scanned and reconstructed using an Eva Artec™ portable 3D surface scanner and subsequently, the position of certain characteristic landmarks were determined by three different operators using the Rhinoceros 3D surface modelling software. Intra-observer analysis showed a tendency for orientation to be more accurate when using the assisted method than when using conventional manual orientation. Inter-observer analysis showed that experienced evaluators achieve results at least as accurate if not more accurate using the assisted method than those obtained using manual orientation; while inexperienced evaluators achieved more accurate orientation using the assisted method. The method tested is a an innovative system capable of providing very precise, systematic and automatised spatial orientations of virtual cranial models relative to standardised anatomical planes independent of the operator and operator experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailo
- Grupo IDERGO Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Edificio Torres Quevedo C/María de Luna 3 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - S Baena
- Instituto de Medicina Legal de Aragón Calle del Nuevo Parque 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J Marín
- Grupo IDERGO Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Edificio Torres Quevedo C/María de Luna 3 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J M Arredondo
- Instituto de Medicina Legal de Aragón Calle del Nuevo Parque 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J M Auría
- Grupo IDERGO Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Edificio Torres Quevedo C/María de Luna 3 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Sánchez
- Grupo IDERGO Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Edificio Torres Quevedo C/María de Luna 3 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Tardío
- Grupo IDERGO Escuela de Ingeniería y Arquitectura Edificio Torres Quevedo C/María de Luna 3 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Falcón
- Instituto de Medicina Legal de Aragón Calle del Nuevo Parque 50015 Zaragoza, Spain
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41
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Lee UY, Kim IB, Kwak DS. Sex determination using discriminant analysis of upper and lower extremity bones: New approach using the volume and surface area of digital model. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 253:135.e1-4. [PMID: 26117502 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study used 110 CT images taken from donated Korean cadavers to create 3-D models of the following upper and lower limb bones: the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, hip bone (os coxa), femur, patella (knee cap), tibia, talus, and calcaneus. In addition, the bone volume and surface area were calculated to determine sex differences using discriminant analysis. Significant sex differences were found in all bones with respect to volume and surface area (p<0.01). The order of volume was the same in females and males (femur>hip bone>tibia>humerus>scapula), although the order of surface area was different. The largest surface area in men was the femur and in women was the hip bone (p<0.01). An interesting finding of this study was that the ulna is the bone with the highest accuracy for sex determination (94%). When using the surface area of multiple bones, the maximum accuracy (99.4%) was achieved. The equation was as follows: (discriminant equation of surface area; female<0<male)=0.060×clavicle+0.020×scapula+0.045×humerus+(-0.049)×radius+0.093×ulna+(-0.023)×hip bone+0.091×patella+(-0.052)×fibula+0.043×talus-11.548. These results show that bone volume and surface area of extremity bones can be used for sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- U-Young Lee
- Department of Anatomy/Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy/Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Soon Kwak
- Department of Anatomy/Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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Petaros A, Sholts SB, Slaus M, Bosnar A, Wärmländer SKTS. Evaluating sexual dimorphism in the human mastoid process: A viewpoint on the methodology. Clin Anat 2015; 28:593-601. [PMID: 25865024 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mastoid process is one of the most sexually dimorphic features in the human skull, and is therefore often used to identify the sex of skeletons. Numerous techniques for assessing variation in the size and shape of the mastoid process have been proposed and implemented in osteological research, but its complex form still presents difficulties for consistent and effective analysis. In this article, we compare the different techniques and variables that have been used to define, measure, and visually score sexual dimorphism in the mastoid process. We argue that the current protocols fail to capture the full morphological range of this bony projection, and suggest ways of improving and standardizing them, regarding both traditional and 3D-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Petaros
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Rijeka University, School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sabrina B Sholts
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mario Slaus
- Anthropological Center, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alan Bosnar
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Rijeka University, School of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Division of Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Commercial and Business Law, IEI, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA/Getty Conservation Programme, University of California in Los Angeles, California
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43
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Ward CV, Feibel CS, Hammond AS, Leakey LN, Moffett EA, Plavcan JM, Skinner MM, Spoor F, Leakey MG. Associated ilium and femur from Koobi Fora, Kenya, and postcranial diversity in early Homo. J Hum Evol 2015; 81:48-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Villa C, Gaudio D, Cattaneo C, Buckberry J, Wilson AS, Lynnerup N. Surface Curvature of Pelvic Joints from Three Laser Scanners: Separating Anatomy from Measurement Error. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:374-81. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology; Department of Forensic Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Daniel Gaudio
- LABANOF; Forensic Anthropology and Odontology Laboratory; Department of Human Morphology; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF; Forensic Anthropology and Odontology Laboratory; Department of Human Morphology; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Jo Buckberry
- Biological Anthropology Research Centre; Archaeological Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford U.K
| | - Andrew S. Wilson
- Biological Anthropology Research Centre; Archaeological Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford U.K
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology; Department of Forensic Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Plavcan JM, Hammond AS, Ward CV. Calculating hominin and nonhuman anthropoid femoral head diameter from acetabular size. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:469-75. [PMID: 25137030 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Femoral head size provides important information on body size in extinct species. Although it is well-known that femoral head size is correlated with acetabular size, the precision with which femoral head size can be estimated from acetabular size has not been quantified. The availability of accurate 3D surface models of fossil acetabular remains opens the possibility of obtaining accurate estimates of femoral head size from even fragmentary fossil remains [Hammond et al.,: Am J Phys Anthropol 150 (2013) 565-578]. Here we evaluate the relationship between spheres fit to surface models of the femoral head and acetabulum of a large sample of extant anthropoid primates. Sphere diameters are tightly correlated and scale isometrically. In spite of significant taxonomic and possibly functional differences in the relationship between femoral head size and acetabulum size, percent prediction errors of estimated femoral head size remain low regardless of the taxonomic composition of the reference sample. We provide estimates of femoral head size for a series of fossil hominins and monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Plavcan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701
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46
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González-Jorge H, Zancajo S, González-Aguilera D, Arias P. Application of Kinect gaming sensor in forensic science. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60:206-11. [PMID: 25069827 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kinect sensor appears as a low-cost option for 3D modeling. This manuscript describes a methodology to test the applicability of Kinect to crime scenes. The methodology includes the comparison versus well-established scanners (Faro and Trimble). The parameters used for the comparison are the quality in the fitting of primitives, a qualitative evaluation of facial data, the data quality for different ranges, and the accuracy in the measurement of different lengths. The results show that the Kinect noise level increases with range, from 5 mm at 1.5 m range to 15 mm at 3 m range. It is considered that for detail measurements the sensor must be placed close to the target. A general measurement of a sample crime scene was analyzed. Errors in length measurements are between 2% and 10% for 3 m range. The measurement range must be limited to c. 3 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higinio González-Jorge
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Mining Engineering, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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47
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Errickson D, Thompson TJ, Rankin BW. The application of 3D visualization of osteological trauma for the courtroom: A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jofri.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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48
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Villa C, Buckberry J, Cattaneo C, Lynnerup N. Technical note: Reliability of Suchey-Brooks and Buckberry-Chamberlain methods on 3D visualizations from CT and laser scans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:158-63. [PMID: 23595646 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the ageing method of Suchey-Brooks (pubic bone) and some of the features applied by Lovejoy et al. and Buckberry-Chamberlain (auricular surface) can be confidently performed on 3D visualizations from CT-scans. In this study, seven observers applied the Suchey-Brooks and the Buckberry-Chamberlain methods on 3D visualizations based on CT-scans and, for the first time, on 3D visualizations from laser scans. We examined how the bone features can be evaluated on 3D visualizations and whether the different modalities (direct observations of bones, 3D visualization from CT-scan and from laser scans) are alike to different observers. We found the best inter-observer agreement for the bones versus 3D visualizations, with the highest values for the auricular surface. Between the 3D modalities, less variability was obtained for the 3D laser visualizations. Fair inter-observer agreement was obtained in the evaluation of the pubic bone in all modalities. In 3D visualizations of the auricular surfaces, transverse organization and apical changes could be evaluated, although with high inter-observer variability; micro-, macroporosity and surface texture were very difficult to score. In conclusion, these methods were developed for dry bones, where they perform best. The Suchey-Brooks method can be applied on 3D visualizations from CT or laser, but with less accuracy than on dry bone. The Buckberry-Chamberlain method should be modified before application on 3D visualizations. Future investigation should focus on a different approach and different features: 3D laser scans could be analyzed with mathematical approaches and sub-surface features should be explored on CT-scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hammond AS, Plavcan JM, Ward CV. Precision and accuracy of acetabular size measures in fragmentary hominin pelves obtained using sphere-fitting techniques. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:565-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S. Hammond
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences; University of Missouri School of Medicine; Columbia; MO; 65212
| | - J. Michael Plavcan
- Department of Anthropology; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville; AR; 72701
| | - Carol V. Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences; University of Missouri School of Medicine; Columbia; MO; 65212
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Makedonska J, Wright BW, Strait DS. The effect of dietary adaption on cranial morphological integration in capuchins (order Primates, genus Cebus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e40398. [PMID: 23110039 PMCID: PMC3482247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge of morphology is to identify the underlying evolutionary and developmental mechanisms leading to correlated phenotypic characters. Patterns and magnitudes of morphological integration and their association with environmental variables are essential for understanding the evolution of complex phenotypes, yet the nature of the relevant selective pressures remains poorly understood. In this study, the adaptive significance of morphological integration was evaluated through the association between feeding mechanics, ingestive behavior and craniofacial variation. Five capuchin species were examined, Cebus apella sensu stricto, Cebus libidinosus, Cebus nigritus, Cebus olivaceus and Cebus albifrons. Twenty three-dimensional landmarks were chosen to sample facial regions experiencing high strains during feeding, characteristics affecting muscular mechanical advantage and basicranial regions. Integration structure and magnitude between and within the oral and zygomatic subunits, between and within blocks maximizing modularity and within the face, the basicranium and the cranium were examined using partial-least squares, eigenvalue variance, integration indices compared inter-specifically at a common level of sampled population variance and cluster analyses. Results are consistent with previous findings reporting a relative constancy of facial and cranial correlation patterns across mammals, while covariance magnitudes vary. Results further suggest that food material properties structure integration among functionally-linked facial elements and possibly integration between the face and the basicranium. Hard-object-feeding capuchins, especially C. apella s.s., whose faces experience particularly high biomechanical loads are characterized by higher facial and cranial integration especially compared to C. albifrons, likely because morphotypes compromising feeding performance are selected against in species relying on obdurate fallback foods. This is the first study to report a link between food material properties and facial and cranial integration. Furthermore, results do not identify the consistent presence of cranial modules yielding support to suggestions that despite the distinct embryological imprints of its elements the cranium of placental mammals is not characterized by a modular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Makedonska
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America.
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