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Li H. Intercellular crosstalk of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:598-613. [PMID: 34344577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular crosstalk among various liver cells plays an important role in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) precedes fibrosis and accumulating evidence suggests that the crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells is critical in the development and progression of liver fibrosis. LSECs dysfunction, a key event in the progression from fibrosis to cirrhosis, and subsequently obstruction of hepatic sinuses and increased intrahepatic vascular resistance (IHVR) contribute to development of portal hypertension (PHT) and cirrhosis. More importantly, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which is closely related to the crosstalk between LSECs and immune liver cells like CD8+ T cells, promotes advances tumorigenesis, especially HCC. However, the connections within the crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells during the progression from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis to HCC have yet to be discussed. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge of how different crosstalk between LSECs and other liver cells, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), macrophoges, immune cells in liver and extra cellular matrix (ECM) contribute to the physiological function and the progrssion from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis, or even to HCC. Then we examine current treatment strategies for LSECs crosstalk in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO. 39 Shi-er-qiao Road, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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2
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Torres Crigna A, Link B, Samec M, Giordano FA, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:265-305. [PMID: 34367381 PMCID: PMC8334338 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted preventionand as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres Crigna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Link
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Chen L, Gu T, Li B, Li F, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Cai X, Lu L. Delta-like ligand 4/DLL4 regulates the capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell and liver fibrogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1663-1675. [PMID: 31233801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) undergo capillarization, or loss of fenestrae, and produce basement membrane during liver fibrotic progression. DLL4, a ligand of the Notch signaling pathway, is predominantly expressed in endothelial cells and maintains liver sinusoidal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to explore the role of DLL4 in LSEC capillarization. The expression levels of DLL4 and the related genes, capillarization markers and basement membrane proteins were assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and immunoblotting as appropriate. Fenestrae and basement membrane formation were examined by electron microscopy. We found DLL4 was up-regulated in the LSECs of human and CCl4-induced murine fibrotic liver, consistent with LSEC capillarization and liver fibrosis. Primary murine LSECs also underwent capillarization in vitro, with concomitant DLL4 overexpression. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that DLL4 induced the production of basement membrane proteins in LSECs, which were also increased in the LSECs from 4 and 6-week CCl4-treated mice. DLL4 overexpression also increased the coverage of liver sinusoids by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) through endothelin-1 (ET-1) synthesis. The hypoxic conditions that was instrumental in driving DLL4 overexpression in the LSECs. Consistent with the above findings, DLL4 silencing in vivo alleviated LSEC capillarization and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. In conclusion, DLL4 mediates LSEC capillarization and the vicious circle between fibrosis and pathological sinusoidal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Binghang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Zhenzeng Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Qidi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
| | - Lungen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases & Institution of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China.
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Iljazi A, Ayata C, Ashina M, Hougaard A. The Role of Endothelin in the Pathophysiology of Migraine-a Systematic Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2018; 22:27. [PMID: 29557064 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-018-0682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vasoactive peptides play a key role in the attack-initiating cascade of migraine. Recent studies have highlighted a potentially important role for endothelin-1, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, in migraine pathophysiology. Here, we review the current data on endothelin's involvement in migraine. RECENT FINDINGS We identified 23 articles. Nine studies reported on endothelin-1 plasma concentrations in patients with migraine, eight studies investigated relevant genetic associations, five studies investigated endothelin-1 and spreading depression in animals, and one randomized controlled clinical trial tested the efficacy of an endothelin antagonist in the acute treatment of migraine in patients both with and without aura. Elevated endothelin-1 plasma levels have been reported in the early phase of migraine attacks. Genetic abnormalities related to the endothelin type A receptor have been reported in migraineurs. Endothelin-1 potently induces spreading depression in animals, which may explain the connection between endothelial irritation and migraine aura. Endothelin-1 could be a primary factor in the attack-triggering cascade of migraine attacks with and without aura. Additional studies in humans and animal models are needed to further elucidate the role of endothelin-1 in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrim Iljazi
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 57, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 57, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Hougaard
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nordre Ringvej 57, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Sakamoto Y, Sakai M, Watari T. Hepatic and Plasma Endothelin-1 in Dogs with Chronic Hepatitis. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:764-769. [PMID: 28295621 PMCID: PMC5435058 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin (ET)-1 is a 21-amino-acid peptide with potent vasoactive properties, which increases intrahepatic resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) or cirrhosis. ET-1 concentrations have not been investigated in dogs with CH. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES This study compared hepatic and plasma ET-1 levels in healthy dogs and in dogs with CH, and examined the relationship between the plasma ET-1 level and portal vein pressure in dogs with CH. ANIMALS Fourteen healthy dogs and twenty dogs with CH were used in this study. METHODS Prospective case-control study. Hepatic ET-1 mRNA expression was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and hepatic and plasma ET-1 levels were assessed using ELISA. Splenic pulp pressure (SPP), as an indicator of portal vein pressure, was measured laparoscopically. RESULTS Hepatic ET-1 mRNA levels were 3.7 times higher in dogs with CH than in healthy dogs (P = .008). The median hepatic and plasma ET-1 protein levels were significantly higher in dogs with CH than in healthy dogs (13.20 pg/mg wet liver vs. 3.42 pg/mg wet liver, P = .004, and 0.99 pg/mL vs. 0.71 pg/mL, P = .013, respectively). Moreover, there was a weak but significant correlation between plasma ET-1 level and SPP in dogs with CH (P = .036; rs = 0.53). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The results indicate that ET-1 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension caused by CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakamoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - M Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Watari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Liberal R, Grant CR, Baptista R, Macedo G. "Porto-pulmonary hypertension: a comprehensive review". Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:157-67. [PMID: 25659878 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Porto-pulmonary hypertension (PoPH) is a rare but threatening vasculopathy, defined by the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the setting of portal hypertension. Although most commonly observed in cirrhotic patients, those with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension are also at risk of developing it. Little is known about the mechanisms by which PAH develop in patients with portal hypertension, but genetic factors, pulmonary vascular wall shear stress, and a dysregulation of vasoactive, proliferative and inflammatory mediators might be involved. PoPH is estimated to occur in 3 to 10% of patients with end-stage liver disease, although its frequency is not related to the severity of liver dysfunction or the degree of portal hypertension. Moderate-to-severe PoPH portends an extremely poor prognosis. Presentation is highly variable, therefore a high index of suspicion is required to establish the diagnosis. PoPH should be screened by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in cirrhotic patients presenting with dyspnoea as well as in all patients being evaluated for liver transplantation (LT) regardless of their symptoms. If TTE shows elevated pulmonary pressures, patients should undergo right heart catheterisation, which is required for the definitive diagnosis of PoPH. Without LT, the overall 5-year mortality in PoPH patients is 70%, but it should not be considered an indication for LT. Moderate-to-severe PoPH contraindicates LT, since it is associated with a prohibitively increased intra and postoperative mortality. However, there is now evidence supporting the use of PAH-specific therapies pre-LT in order to improve pulmonary haemodynamic measurements, so the procedure can then be performed with significantly lower risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Liberal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sao Joao Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Rui Baptista
- Department of Cardiology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sao Joao Hospital, Porto, Portugal
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Norris EJ, Feilen N, Nguyen NH, Culberson CR, Shin MC, Fish M, Clemens MG. Hydrogen sulfide modulates sinusoidal constriction and contributes to hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction during endotoxemia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G1070-8. [PMID: 23518685 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00395.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) affects vascular resistance; however, its effect on the hepatic microcirculation has not been investigated. Hepatic sinusoidal perfusion is dysregulated during sepsis, contributing to liver injury. Therefore, the present study determined the effect of H₂S on the hepatic microcirculation and the contribution of endogenous H₂S to hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction in an endotoxin model of sepsis. Portal infusion of H₂S increased portal pressure in vivo (6.8 ± 0.2 mmHg before H₂S vs. 8.6 ± 0.8 mmHg peak during H₂S infusion, P < 0.05). Using intravital microscopy, we observed decreased sinusoidal diameter (6.2 ± 0.27 μm before H₂S vs. 5.7 ± 0.3 μm after H₂S, P < 0.05) and increased sinusoidal heterogeneity during H₂S infusion (P < 0.05) and net constriction. Since hepatic H₂S levels are elevated during sepsis, we used the cystathionine γ lyase inhibitor DL-propargylglycine (PAG) to determine the contribution of H₂S to the hypersensitization of the sinusoid to the vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1). PAG treatment significantly attenuated the sinusoidal sensitization to ET-1 in endotoxin-treated animals. ET-1 infusion increased portal pressure to 175% of baseline in endotoxemic animals, which was reduced to 143% following PAG treatment (P < 0.05). PAG abrogated the increase in sinusoidal constriction after ET-1 infusion in LPS-treated rats (30.9% reduction in LPS rats vs. 11.6% in PAG/LPS rats, P < 0.05). Moreover, PAG treatment significantly attenuated the increase in NADH fluorescence following ET-1 exposure during endotoxemia (61 grayscale units LPS vs. 21 units in PAG/LPS, P < 0.05), suggesting an improvement in hepatic oxygen availability. This study is the first to demonstrate a vasoconstrictor action of H₂S on the hepatic sinusoid and provides a possible mechanism for the protective effect of PAG treatment during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Norris
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Influence of block of NF-kappa B signaling pathway on oxidative stress in the liver homogenates. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:308358. [PMID: 23577221 PMCID: PMC3612439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/308358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess whether BAY 11-7082, a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitor, influences the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and NF-κB related signaling pathways in the liver. The animals were divided into 4 groups: I: saline; II: saline + endothelin-1 (ET-1) (1.25 μg/kg b.w., i.v.); III: saline + ET-1 (12.5 μg/kg b.w., i.v.); and IV: BAY 11-7082 (10 mg/kg b.w., i.v.) + ET-1 (12.5 μg/kg b.w., i.v.). Injection of ET-1 alone at a dose of 12.5 μg/kg b.w. showed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and decrease (P < 0.01) in GSH level (vs. control). ET-1 administration slightly downregulated gene expression of p65 of NF-κB but potently and in a dose-dependent way downregulated p21-cip gene expression in the liver. BAY 11-7082 significantly decreased TBARS (P < 0.001), H2O2 (P < 0.01) and improved the redox status (P < 0.05), compared to ET-1 group. The concentration of TNF-α was increased in the presence of ET-1 (P < 0.05), while BAY 11-7082 decreased TNF-α concentration (P < 0.01). Inhibition of IkBα before ET-1 administration downregulated gene expression of p21-cip but had no effect on p65.
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Hydrogen Sulfide Differentially Affects The Hepatic Vasculature In Response To Phenylephrine And Endothelin 1 During Endotoxemia. Shock 2013; 39:168-75. [DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182736688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li T, Shi Z, Rockey DC. Preproendothelin-1 expression is negatively regulated by IFNγ during hepatic stellate cell activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G948-57. [PMID: 22301113 PMCID: PMC3362071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00359.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a powerful vasoconstrictor peptide, is produced by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and promotes cell proliferation, fibrogenesis, and contraction, the latter of which has been thought to be mechanistically linked to portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Interferon-γ (IFNγ), a Th1 cytokine produced by T cells, inhibits stellate cell proliferation, fibrogenesis, and muscle-specific gene expression. Whether IFNγ-induced inhibitory effects are linked to regulation of ET-1 expression in activated stellate cells remains unknown. Here we examined IFNγ's effects on preproET-1 mRNA expression and the signaling pathways underlying this process. We demonstrated that preproET-1 mRNA expression in HSCs was prominently increased during cell culture-induced activation; IFNγ significantly inhibited both preproET-1 mRNA expression and ET-1 peptide production. Similar results were found in an in vivo model of liver injury and intraperitoneal administration of IFNγ. PreproET-1 promoter analysis revealed that IFNγ-induced inhibition of preproET-1 mRNA expression was closely linked to the AP-1 and Smad3 signaling pathways. Furthermore, IFNγ reduced JNK phosphorylation, which tightly was associated with decreased phosphorylation of downstream factors c-Jun and Smad3 and decreased binding activity of c-Jun and Smad3 in the preprpET-1 promoter. Importantly, IFNγ reduced both c-Jun mRNA and protein levels. Given the important role of ET-1 in wound healing, our results suggest a novel negative signaling network by which IFNγ inhibits preproET-1 expression, highlighting one potential molecular mechanism for IFNγ-induced host immunomodulation of liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxia Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zengdun Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Don C. Rockey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Koch DG, Bogatkevich G, Ramshesh V, Lemasters JJ, Uflacker R, Reuben A. Elevated levels of endothelin-1 in hepatic venous blood are associated with intrapulmonary vasodilatation in humans. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:516-23. [PMID: 21964742 PMCID: PMC4547862 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a pulmonary vascular complication of cirrhosis in which intrapulmonary vasodilatation (IPV) results in hypoxemia. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), produced by proliferating cholangiocytes, has been identified as a mediator of IPV in an animal model of HPS, but the pathophysiology of IPV in humans has not been defined. AIM The purpose of this study was to assess whether cirrhosis with IPV, which often leads to HPS, is associated with increased hepatic venous ET-1 blood levels. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort pilot study of 40 patients with liver disease undergoing transjugular liver biopsy from November 1, 2008 to September 1, 2009. Patients were categorized according to absence (-) or presence (+) of IPV as determined by bubble-contrasted echocardiography. Hepatic venous blood was assayed for ET-1 by ELISA. The percent volume of cholangiocytes in the liver biopsy specimen was determined by morphometric analysis, as a measure of bile duct proliferation. RESULTS Nine subjects were excluded, due to absence of cirrhosis (6) and patent foramen ovale (3). Of the remaining 31 subjects, IPV was present in 18 (58%). Median hepatic venous ET-1 was higher with IPV+ than IPV- at levels of 9.1 pg/mL (range 7.5-11.7) versus 2.1 pg/mL (1.3-5.6), respectively (P = 0.004). ET-1 levels correlated positively with cholangiocyte percent volume (r = 0.72, P < 0.001) but not with measures of liver dysfunction (bilirubin, INR, MELD score, or hepatic venous pressure gradient). CONCLUSION In human cirrhosis, increased hepatic venous ET-1 is associated with IPV and increased hepatic cholangiocyte volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Koch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, ART 7100A, 25 Courtenay Dr. MSC 290, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Portopulmonary hypertension is defined as the combination of pulmonary arterial hypertension with portal hypertension and presents management complications in patients awaiting liver transplantation. The combination of these vascular disorders has a marked impact on mortality. At present the recommendations for management are limited because of the paucity of definitive clinical trials. We have reviewed the available data on prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. It is clearly time to more formally approach the study of this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Troy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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13
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Khimji AK, Rockey DC. Endothelin and hepatic wound healing. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:512-8. [PMID: 21421048 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver wound healing is a coordinated response to injury caused by infections (hepatitis) or toxins (alcohol) or other processes where activation of hepatic stellate cells are a central component. During stellate cell activation, a major phenotypic transformation occurs which leads to increased production of increased extracellular matrix proteins and smooth muscle α-actin the results is organ dysfunction due to gross architectural disruption and impaired blood flow. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is produced in increased amounts and the cellular source of ET-1 shifts from endothelial cells to stellate cells during liver injury thus setting a feedback loop which accentuates further activation, stellate cell proliferation, and production of extracellular matrix proteins. Therapy directed at intervening the ET-1 signaling pathway has significant therapeutic potential in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-karim Khimji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Tandon P, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, Garcia-Pagan JC, Bosch J. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors in the reduction of portal pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2010; 53:273-82. [PMID: 20570385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone antagonists [ACE inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), aldosterone antagonists (AA)] are potential therapies for portal hypertension. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of RAAS inhibitors in hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) reduction. METHODS We included full-text controlled trials in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The primary outcome was mean change in HVPG between treatment and control. Two independent reviewers performed trial selection and quality assessment. An individual patient meta-analysis based on the data of three studies was performed. RESULTS From 193 citations, 19 controlled trials (n=678) were included. When compared to placebo, ARB/ACEi resulted in significant HVPG reduction. The best quality trials compared ARB/ACEi to beta-blockers (BB). Pooled individual patient data for three of four of these trials showed that BB decreased the HVPG more than ARB/ACEi. In patients with Child Pugh A cirrhosis, the HVPG reduction with ARB/ACEi (-17%; 95% CI: -28 to -6), was similar to that of BB (-21%; 95% CI: -32 to -9). Significant variation in the comparison groups of AA trials precluded pooling. There was no difference in adverse events in any group but selected studies noted adverse hemodynamic effects in decompensated patients on ARB/ACEi. CONCLUSIONS ARB/ACEi reduce portal pressure in patients with Child Pugh A cirrhosis without adverse events. The efficacy and safety in this group may be secondary to a targeted effect on the local hepatic RAAS system, as compared to decompensated patients who risk hypotension and renal insufficiency due to activation of the systemic RAAS. Further studies should determine the potential of these drugs as an alternative or adjunct to BB.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) have recently become prominent therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension, and are being explored clinically in several areas, including resistant hypertension, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer. OBJECTIVE To review the available preclinical and clinical data surrounding ERAs and their potential role to treat portal hypertension. METHODS A systematic search of peer-reviewed publications was performed using PubMed and Ovid/Medline/EMBASE databases. RESULTS Several preclinical in vivo studies have evaluated ERAs in models of portal hypertension. The majority of these studies employ nonselective ERAs, and support the hypothesis that endothelin participates in the development and maintenance of portal hypertension. A limited number of studies have addressed whether ET(A) receptor-selective ERAs provide an advantage over nonselective agents in ameliorating the effects of portal hypertension, and the majority of these data indicate that selective ERAs may be sufficient. Very few clinical studies have evaluated ERAs in portal hypertension patients. What has been described in humans supports a role for endothelin, but is not sufficient to draw conclusions regarding ERA selectivity. CONCLUSION While preclinical evidence suggests a role for endothelin and ERAs in portal hypertension, scant and equivocal clinical data highlight a need for human studies with current selective and nonselective ERAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Pitts
- Gilead Sciences Inc., In Vitro Biology, 7575 West 103rd Avenue, Westminster, Colorado 80021, USA.
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16
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Sheikh MY, Javed U, Singh J, Choudhury J, Deen O, Dhah K, Peterson MW. Bedside sublingual video imaging of microcirculation in assessing bacterial infection in cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:2706-11. [PMID: 19117129 PMCID: PMC2778688 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are common in cirrhosis and can lead to life-threatening complications. Sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging has recently emerged as a noninvasive tool for capturing real-time video images of sublingual microcirculation in critically ill patients with sepsis. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of SDF in determining underlying infection in patients with cirrhosis. Sublingual microcirculation was compared among patients with compensated cirrhosis (Group A, n=13), cirrhosis without sepsis (Group B, n=18), cirrhosis with sepsis (Group C, n=14), and sepsis only (Group D, n=10). The blood flow was semi-quantitatively evaluated in four equal quadrants in small (10-25 mm); medium (26-50 mm); and large (51-100 mm) sublingual capillaries. The blood flow was described as no flow (0), intermittent flow (1), sluggish flow (2), and continuous flow (3). The overall flow score or microvascular flow index (MFI) was measured for quantitative assessment of microcirculation and predicting power for concurrent infection in cirrhosis. Marked impairment was observed at all levels of microvasculature in Groups B and C when compared with Group A. This effect was restricted to small vessels only when Group B was compared with Group C. MFI<1.5 was found to have highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) for infection in decompensated cirrhosis. SDF imaging of sublingual microcirculation can be a useful bedside diagnostic tool to assess bacterial infection in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Y. Sheikh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Community Regional Medical Center, 2823 Fresno Street, 1st Floor, Endoscopy Suite, Fresno, CA 93721 USA
| | - Usman Javed
- Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Fresno, CA USA
| | - Jasjit Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Fresno, CA USA
| | - Jayanta Choudhury
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Community Regional Medical Center, 2823 Fresno Street, 1st Floor, Endoscopy Suite, Fresno, CA 93721 USA
| | - Omer Deen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Community Regional Medical Center, 2823 Fresno Street, 1st Floor, Endoscopy Suite, Fresno, CA 93721 USA
| | - Kulraj Dhah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Community Regional Medical Center, 2823 Fresno Street, 1st Floor, Endoscopy Suite, Fresno, CA 93721 USA
| | - Michael W. Peterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Fresno, CA USA
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17
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Soon RK, Yee HF. Stellate cell contraction: role, regulation, and potential therapeutic target. Clin Liver Dis 2008; 12:791-803, viii. [PMID: 18984467 PMCID: PMC2600510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The contraction of hepatic stellate cells has been proposed to mediate fibrosis by regulating sinusoidal blood flow and extracellular matrix remodeling. Abundant data from diverse, yet complementary, experimental methods support a robust model for the regulation of contractile force generation by stellate cells. In this model, soluble factors associated with liver injury, including endothelin 1 and nitric oxide, are transduced primarily through Rho signaling pathways that promote the myosin II-powered generation of contractile force by stellate cells. The enhanced knowledge of the role and differential regulation of stellate cell contraction may facilitate the discovery of new and targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell K. Soon
- Research Associate, Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hal F. Yee
- William and Mary Ann Rice Memorial Distinguished Professor, Department of Medicine and Liver Center, University of California San Francisco; Chief of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Francisco General Hospital; San Francisco, California
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18
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Abstract
Increased understanding of the hyperdynamic circulation syndrome has resulted in novel therapeutic approaches, some of which have already reached clinical practice. Central to the hyperdynamic circulation syndrome is an imbalance between the increase in different vasodilators (foremost among which is nitric oxide) and the compensatory increase in vasoconstrictors--usually accompanied by a blunted response. This chapter discusses the role of endothelin in the pathogenesis of the syndrome and in future treatment approaches. A relatively new area of research in this field is the role of infection and inflammation in the initiation and maintenance of the hyperdynamic circulation syndrome. The use of antibiotics in the setting of acute variceal bleeding is standard practice. Studies have suggested that chronic manipulation of the intestinal flora could have beneficial effects in the treatment of portal hypertension. The bile salts are another novel and interesting target. Although their vasoactive properties have been known for some time, recent data demonstrate that their effects could be central in the pathogenesis of the hyperdynamic circulation syndrome, and that manipulation of the composition of the bile acid pool could be a therapeutic approach to portal hypertension. Finally, hypoxia and angiogenesis play a role in the development of portal hypertension and the formation of collaterals. This role needs to be further defined but it appears likely that this phenomenon is yet another target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Reichen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 POB 49, 3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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19
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Huang HC, Wang SS, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lin HC, Hou MC, Yang YY, Lee SD. Lanreotide on collateral response to endothelin-1 and vasopressin in cirrhotic rats. J Chin Med Assoc 2006; 69:397-403. [PMID: 17051749 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(09)70281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portosystemic collaterals in cirrhosis are often complicated with hemorrhage. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been shown to directly constrict collaterals of portal hypertensive rats. Furthermore, octreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analog, enhances ET-1-related collateral vasoconstriction if administered in the perfusate before ET-1 incubation. However, long-term effects of somatostatin analogs on collateral response to ET-1 and AVP remain unclarified. This study investigated the effects of lanreotide (a longer-acting somatostatin analog when compared with octreotide) on the portosystemic collateral vascular reactiveness to ET-1 and AVP in cirrhotic rats. METHODS Liver cirrhosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by common bile duct ligation (BDL). On the 33rd day after BDL, rats received 1 intramuscular injection with lanreotide (10 mg/kg) or distilled water. On the 43rd day after BDL, systemic, and portal hemodynamics were evaluated. By an in situ perfusion model, ET-1 (10(-10) - 10(-7) mol/L) and AVP (10(-10) - 3 x 10(-7) mol/L) were applied to assess the collateral responses. RESULTS Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and portal pressure were not modified by lanreotide. Lanreotide pretreatment enhanced collateral vascular response to ET-1 and reached statistical significance at 10(-7) mol/L without inducing changes to AVP. CONCLUSION Lanreotide augmented the collateral vascular responsiveness to ET-1 but not to AVP in cirrhotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Abstract
Hepatic fibrogenesis is the common result of injury to the liver. It is believed to be a critical factor that leads to hepatic dysfunction and may be important in portal hypertension. The fibrogenic response is a complex process in which accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, tissue contraction, and alteration in blood flow are prominent. A critical event in fibrogenesis is activation of resident perisinusoidal cells that are termed "hepatic stellate cells". Stellate cell activation is characterized by many important phenotypes, including enhanced extracellular matrix synthesis and prominent contractility. Given the central role of stellate cell activation in hepatic fibrogenesis (and portal hypertension), effective therapy for hepatic fibrogenesis is most likely will be directed at this event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don C Rockey
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8887, USA.
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21
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Ikura Y, Ohsawa M, Naruko T, Muraguchi T, Hirayama M, Suekane T, Fukushima H, Sugama Y, Shirai N, Kayo S, Yoshimi N, Ehara S, Tanzawa K, Ueda M. Expression of the hepatic endothelin system in human cirrhotic livers. J Pathol 2004; 204:304-10. [PMID: 15372455 DOI: 10.1002/path.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is considered that endothelin-1 participates in the development of liver cirrhosis and it has been recognized that every component of the endothelin system is upregulated in cirrhotic livers. However, the expression pattern of this system, including interaction between its components, is not fully understood in human livers. In this study, the expression pattern of the endothelin system was examined. Immunohistochemical analysis for endothelin-1, endothelin receptors and endothelin-converting enzyme was performed in 16 cirrhotic and 17 normal human liver tissues. Peptides, proteins, and RNAs extracted from the livers were also investigated using quantitative assays for the components of the hepatic endothelin system. Hepatic endothelin-1 levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic livers (0.084 +/- 0.052 pg/mg wet liver) than in normal livers (0.041 +/- 0.032 pg/mg; p < 0.01), and were closely related to the severity of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. Immunoreactivity for endothelin-1, endothelin receptors, and endothelin-converting enzyme was detected mainly in fibrous areas and in the hepatic vasculature, and was enhanced in cirrhosis. Although there was a negative correlation between the expression of receptor mRNA and the hepatic endothelin-1 level, the amounts of the mRNAs were greater in cirrhotic livers than in normal livers. However, expression of endothelin-converting enzyme in cirrhotic livers was increased at the protein level but was relatively reduced at the mRNA level. These findings suggest that the hepatic endothelin system is activated in human cirrhotic livers in association with worsening of the disease, but that the regulation of the components of this system in this disorder is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ikura
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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22
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Ma J, Iida H, Jo T, Takano H, Oonuma H, Morita T, Toyo-Oka T, Omata M, Nagai R, Okuda Y, Yamada N, Nakajima T. Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits endothelin-1 production in human vascular endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 505:67-74. [PMID: 15556138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary diseases such as cirrhosis, especially in portal hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on endothelin-1 production in human endothelial cells. The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and its conjugates (tauroursodeoxycholic and glycoursodeoxycholic acids) on endothelin-1 production as well as nitric oxide (NO) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were examined. The production of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in culture medium was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Griess method, respectively. Endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression were investigated by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Ursodeoxycholic acid (30-1000 microM) inhibited endothelin-1 production in a concentration-dependent manner, and ursodeoxycholic acid at concentrations higher than 300 microM increased nitric oxide production in culture medium. The conjugates of ursodeoxycholic acid also increased nitric oxide production and decreased endothelin-1 production, which was less effective than ursodeoxycholic acid. N-nitro-L-arginine-mythel-ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, suppressed the ursodeoxycholic acid-induced nitric oxide production, but it did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on endothelin-1 production. Ursodeoxycholic acid also induced a concentration-dependent decrease in endothelin-1 mRNA expression without significant changes in eNOS mRNA expression. These results provide novel evidence that ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits endothelin-1 production in human endothelial cells, but nitric oxide is not responsible for the inhibitory effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on endothelin-1. Thus, ursodeoxycholic acid therapy may prevent the development of several pathogenesis such as portal hypertension observed in patients with cirrhosis due to the improvement of endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Respiratory Medicine, and Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8645, Japan
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23
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Saab S, Tam SP, Tran BIN, Melton AC, Tangkijvanich P, Wong H, Yee HF. Myosin mediates contractile force generation by hepatic stellate cells in response to endothelin-1. J Biomed Sci 2003. [PMID: 12432226 DOI: 10.1007/bf02254988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endothelin-1-stimulated contractile force generation by stellate cells is believed to play an important role in hepatic pathophysiology, the molecular signals that mediate this process are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that myosin mediates the contractile force generated by stellate cells in response to endothelin-1. Contractile force generation by primary and immortalized stellate cells was directly and quantitatively measured. Myosin phosphorylation and reorganization, and actin stress fiber formation were investigated in immortalized stellate cells. Endothelin-1 stimulated a rapid and robust generation of contractile force by primary and immortalized stellate cells with a similar dose dependence. Myosin phosphorylation, actin stress fiber assembly, and reorganization of myosin to stress fibers were induced by concentrations of endothelin-1 that also stimulated stellate cell contraction. BQ-123, a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, inhibited myosin phosphorylation and contractile force generation. Y-27632, which selectively inhibits rho-associated kinase, also blocked endothelin-1-stimulated myosin phosphorylation and contractile force generation with a similar dose dependence. These results suggest that endothelin-1-stimulated contractile force generation by stellate cells is mediated by myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Saab
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif 90095, USA
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24
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Yao DM, Yao XX, Yang CJ, Feng ZJ, Fang HM, Gao JP. Effects of ET-1 and NO on hepatic hemodynamics at various stages of isolated perfused cirrhotic liver in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:726-729. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i6.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of ET-1, NO on hepatic hemodynamics in isolated perfused rat liver at various stages of liver cirrhosis (LC).
METHODS LC was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of CCL4 combined with ethanol as drinking water. According to time points of CCL4 injection, and combined with histopathological changes of liver and ascites, the isolated perfusion of liver was performed at a constant flow rate to determine the modulating effects of ET-1 and NO in the ends of 9th week (E-LC) and 14th week (L-LC) after injected CCL4.
RESULTS After perfusion of L-NAME into the portal vein, there were no significant changes in the perfused pressure of portal vein (PP) and the hepatic venous pressure (Phv) of the L-LC group, the E-LC group and control group (P>0.05). After perfusion of ET-1, the PP of each group increased significantly (P<0.01). The elevated ranges of PP of the L-LC group was more than that of the E-LC group (P<0.01), both of which were higher than that of the control group (P<0.01). Compared with the ET-1 groups, the PP of the control group, the E-LC group and the L-LC group increased significantly (P<0.05) after perfusion of ET-1+L-NAME. There were no significant differences between the elevated ranges of PP of the L-LC and that of the E-LC group (P>0.05), both of which were more than that of the control group (P<0.01).
CONCLUSION ET-1 plays a key role in elevating intra-hepatic resistance, facilitating synthesis of NO, which grow stronger in LC. With the development of LC, the compensation of NO decreases further. It is considered that antagonist of ET receptor and NO provider can increase synthesis of NO and be thus used in treatment of the high pressure of portal vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical Univercity, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xi-Xian Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical Univercity, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical Univercity, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical Univercity, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong-Mei Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical Univercity, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jun-Ping Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hebei Medical Univercity, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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25
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Fujioka D, Nakamura S, Yoshino H, Shinohara H, Shiba H, Mizuno N, Hasegawa N, Shindoh N, Uchida Y, Ogawa T, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Expression of endothelins and their receptors in cells from human periodontal tissues. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:269-75. [PMID: 12753364 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the presence of ET-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis, and the expression of endothelins (ETs) and their receptors mRNA in cultured cells from human periodontal tissues. BACKGROUND ET was originally discovered as a potent vasoconstrictive peptide from endothelial cells. It has been reported that ETs are produced by various cells besides endothelial cells. ETs are related to inflammatory and sclerotic lesions, such as arteriolosclerosis and hepatic cirrhosis. Therefore, ETs may be involved in periodontal disease. However, the roles of ETs in development and progression of periodontal disease are not clear. METHODS ET-1 released from the cultured cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expressions for ETs and their receptors were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting analysis. RESULTS ET-1 levels in GCF from patients with periodontitis were higher than those from healthy subjects. Human gingival keratinocytes (HGK) expressed mRNA for ETs and their receptors, ET-Ar and ET-Br. ET-1 mRNA expression and ET-1 peptide production from HGK were enhanced by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ET-1 plays a significant role in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujioka
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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26
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Benlloch S, Beltrán B, Moreno R, Berenguer M. [Fibrogenesis and liver transplantation]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2003; 26:381-95. [PMID: 12809575 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Benlloch
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva. Hospital La Fe. Valencia. España
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27
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Abstract
The molecular basis of the vascular wall abnormalities that contribute to development of portal hypertension are an area of active investigation. Studies to date suggest that diminution in eNOS-derived NO production in liver contributes to this process by causing increased intrahepatic resistance. This process seems to be mediated through inhibitory posttranslational regulatory mechanisms of eNOS. Endothelin-1 signaling is also increased in the intrahepatic vasculature. The mechanisms responsible for increased ET-1 signaling include increased ET-1 production and increased ET-A receptor expression, particularly within hepatic stellate cells, although the stimulus responsible for activation of the ET-1 system remains uncertain. In the splanchnic circulation, increases in eNOS-derived NO contribute to increased portal venous inflow through transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of eNOS. Development of the porto-systemic collateral circulation characteristic of portal hypertension occurs through a combination of NO-dependent dilation of preexisting vessels and through growth factor-mediated angiogenesis and neovascularization (Fig. 3). Further studies in vascular wall biology are continuing to elucidate more clearly the molecular mechanisms of portal hypertension. The [figure: see text] mechanism by which eNOS-derived NO production is increased in the splanchnic arteriolar endothelial cell but decreased in the liver endothelial cell and the role of specific ET receptor subtypes in the mechanism of activation of the ET-1 system and its effect on contractile cells in liver cirrhosis are areas that require further investigation. Further studies are needed to determine the intrahepatic site of pressure and perfusion regulation, be it the hepatic sinusoid and its unique, specialized cell types or the endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the hepatic and portal venules. The role of more recently delineated vasoactive pathways such as urotensin-II/GPR 14 and anandamide/CB1 receptor in portal hypertension must be examined. Most importantly, future studies must focus on novel experimental therapies, using pharmacologic and genetic approaches to modulate these vascular biologic systems and thereby to ameliorate complications and symptoms relating to portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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28
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Petkova SB, Huang H, Factor SM, Pestell RG, Bouzahzah B, Jelicks LA, Weiss LM, Douglas SA, Wittner M, Tanowitz HB. The role of endothelin in the pathogenesis of Chagas' disease. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31:499-511. [PMID: 11334935 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi causes a generalised vasculitis of several vascular beds. This vasculopathy is manifested by vasospasm, reduced blood flow, focal ischaemia, platelet thrombi, increased platelet aggregation and elevated plasma levels of thromboxane A(2) and endothelin-1. In the myocardium of infected mice, myonecrosis and a vasculitis of the aorta, coronary artery, smaller myocardial vessels and the endocardial endothelium are observed. Immunohistochemistry studies employing anti-endothelin-1 antibody revealed increased expression of endothelin-1, most intense in the endocardial and vascular endothelium. Elevated levels of mRNA for prepro endothelin-1, endothelin converting enzyme and endothelin-1 were observed in the infected myocardium. When T. cruzi-infected mice were treated with phosphoramidon, an inhibitor of endothelin converting enzyme, there was a decrease in heart size and severity of pathology. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and the transcription factor activator-protein-1 regulate the expression of endothelin-1. Therefore, we examined the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the myocardium by T. cruzi. Western blot demonstrated an extracellular signal regulated kinase. In addition, the activator-protein-1 DNA binding activity, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, was increased. Increased expression of cyclins A and cyclin D1 was observed in the myocardium, and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that interstitial cells and vascular and endocardial endothelial cells stained intensely with antibodies to these cyclins. These data demonstrate that T. cruzi infection of the myocardium activates extracellular signal regulated kinase, activator-protein-1, endothelin-1, and cyclins. The activation of these pathways is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of chagasic heart disease. These experimental observations suggest that the vasculature plays a role in the pathogenesis of chagasic cardiomyopathy. Additionally, the identification of these pathways provides possible targets for therapeutic interventions to ameliorate or prevent the development of cardiomyopathy during T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Petkova
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, 10461, Bronx, NY, USA
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