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Katsipoulaki M, Stappers MHT, Malavia-Jones D, Brunke S, Hube B, Gow NAR. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0002123. [PMID: 38832801 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals. Recently, the World Health Organization published its first fungal pathogen priority list, with Candida species listed in medium, high, and critical priority categories. This review is a synthesis of information and recent advances in our understanding of two of these species-Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Of these, C. albicans is the most common cause of candidemia around the world and is categorized as a critical priority pathogen. C. glabrata is considered a high-priority pathogen and has become an increasingly important cause of candidemia in recent years. It is now the second most common causative agent of candidemia in many geographical regions. Despite their differences and phylogenetic divergence, they are successful as pathogens and commensals of humans. Both species can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from superficial to potentially lethal systemic infections. While they share similarities in certain infection strategies, including tissue adhesion and invasion, they differ significantly in key aspects of their biology, interaction with immune cells, host damage strategies, and metabolic adaptations. Here we provide insights on key aspects of their biology, epidemiology, commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, interactions with the immune system, and antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Katsipoulaki
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H T Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dhara Malavia-Jones
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Neil A R Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Li X, Li L, Zhang H, Chi X, Jiang Y, Ni T. Discovery of novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives with potent and selective anti- Candida glabrata activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2202362. [PMID: 37080774 PMCID: PMC10120463 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2202362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 21 novel compounds containing a thiosemicarbazone moiety were designed and synthesised based on hit compound 1 from our in-house compound library screening. Most compounds showed potent antifungal activity in vitro against seven common pathogenic fungi. Notably, all compounds showed high potency against Candida glabrata 537 (MIC = ≤0.0156-2 µg/mL). Of note, compounds 5j and 5r displayed excellent antifungal activity against Candida krusei 4946 and Candida auris 922. Additionally, compounds 5j and 5r also showed high potency against 15 C. glabrata isolates with MIC values ranging from 0.0625 µg/mL to 4 µg/mL, with compound 5r being slightly superior to 5j. Moreover, compound 5r has certain effect against biofilm formation of C. glabrata. Furthermore, compound 5r has minimal cytotoxicity against HUVECs with an IC50 value of 15.89 µg/mL and no haemolysis at 64 µg/mL. Taken together, these results suggest that promising lead compound 5r deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianru Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaochen Chi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingjunhong Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Giehl A, dos Santos AA, Cadamuro RD, Tadioto V, Guterres IZ, Prá Zuchi ID, Minussi GDA, Fongaro G, Silva IT, Alves SL. Biochemical and Biotechnological Insights into Fungus-Plant Interactions for Enhanced Sustainable Agricultural and Industrial Processes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2688. [PMID: 37514302 PMCID: PMC10385130 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The literature is full of studies reporting environmental and health issues related to using traditional pesticides in food production and storage. Fortunately, alternatives have arisen in the last few decades, showing that organic agriculture is possible and economically feasible. And in this scenario, fungi may be helpful. In the natural environment, when associated with plants, these microorganisms offer plant-growth-promoting molecules, facilitate plant nutrient uptake, and antagonize phytopathogens. It is true that fungi can also be phytopathogenic, but even they can benefit agriculture in some way-since pathogenicity is species-specific, these fungi are shown to be useful against weeds (as bioherbicides). Finally, plant-associated yeasts and molds are natural biofactories, and the metabolites they produce while dwelling in leaves, flowers, roots, or the rhizosphere have the potential to be employed in different industrial activities. By addressing all these subjects, this manuscript comprehensively reviews the biotechnological uses of plant-associated fungi and, in addition, aims to sensitize academics, researchers, and investors to new alternatives for healthier and more environmentally friendly production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Giehl
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Angela Alves dos Santos
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Viviani Tadioto
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Iara Zanella Guterres
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabella Dai Prá Zuchi
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriel do Amaral Minussi
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Cerro Largo 97900-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Izabella Thais Silva
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luiz Alves
- Laboratory of Yeast Biochemistry, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó 89815-899, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environment and Sustainable Technologies, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Cerro Largo 97900-000, RS, Brazil
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Britton SJ, Rogers LJ, White JS, Maskell DL. HYPHAEdelity: a quantitative image analysis tool for assessing peripheral whole colony filamentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6832773. [PMID: 36398755 PMCID: PMC9697609 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as brewer's yeast, can undergo a reversible stress-responsive transition from individual ellipsoidal cells to chains of elongated cells in response to nitrogen- or carbon starvation. Whole colony morphology is frequently used to evaluate phenotypic switching response; however, quantifying two-dimensional top-down images requires each pixel to be characterized as belonging to the colony or background. While feasible for a small number of colonies, this labor-intensive assessment process is impracticable for larger datasets. The software tool HYPHAEdelity has been developed to semi-automate the assessment of two-dimensional whole colony images and quantify the magnitude of peripheral whole colony yeast filamentation using image analysis tools intrinsic to the OpenCV Python library. The software application functions by determining the total area of filamentous growth, referred to as the f-measure, by subtracting the area of the inner colony boundary from the outer-boundary area associated with hyphal projections. The HYPHAEdelity application was validated against automated and manually pixel-counted two-dimensional top-down images of S. cerevisiae colonies exhibiting varying degrees of filamentation. HYPHAEdelity's f-measure results were comparable to areas determined through a manual pixel enumeration method and found to be more accurate than other whole colony filamentation software solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Britton
- Corresponding author: Institute for Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, John Muir Building, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH14 4AS. Tel: +32470205380; E-mail:
| | | | - Jane S White
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH14 4AS
| | - Dawn L Maskell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics, and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH14 4AS
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Merdan O, Şişman AS, Aksoy SA, Kızıl S, Tüzemen NÜ, Yılmaz E, Ener B. Investigation of the Defective Growth Pattern and Multidrug Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of Candida glabrata Using Whole-Genome Sequencing and Computational Biology Applications. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0077622. [PMID: 35867406 PMCID: PMC9430859 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is increasingly isolated from blood cultures, and multidrug-resistant isolates have important implications for therapy. This study describes a cholesterol-dependent clinical C. glabrata isolate (ML72254) that did not grow without blood (containing cholesterol) on routine mycological media and that showed azole and amphotericin B (AmB) resistance. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were used for species identification. A modified Etest method (Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood) was used for antifungal susceptibility testing. WGS data were processed via the Galaxy platform, and the genomic variations of ML72254 were retrieved. A computational biology workflow utilizing web-based applications (PROVEAN, AlphaFold Colab, and Missense3D) was constructed to predict possible deleterious effects of these missense variations on protein functions. The predictive ability of this workflow was tested with previously reported missense variations in ergosterol synthesis genes of C. glabrata. ML72254 was identified as C. glabrata sensu stricto with MALDI-TOF, and WGS confirmed this identification. The MICs of fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B were >256, >32, and >32 μg/mL, respectively. A novel frameshift mutation in the ERG1 gene (Pro314fs) and many missense variations were detected in the ergosterol synthesis genes. None of the missense variations in the ML72254 ergosterol synthesis genes were deleterious, and the Pro314fs mutation was identified as the causative molecular change for a cholesterol-dependent and multidrug-resistant phenotype. This study verified that web-based computational biology solutions can be powerful tools for examining the possible impacts of missense mutations in C. glabrata. IMPORTANCE In this study, a cholesterol-dependent C. glabrata clinical isolate that confers azole and AmB resistance was investigated using artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and cloud computing applications. This is the first of the known cholesterol-dependent C. glabrata isolate to be found in Turkey. Cholesterol-dependent C. glabrata isolates are rarely isolated in clinical samples; they can easily be overlooked during routine laboratory procedures. Microbiologists therefore need to be alert when discrepancies occur between microscopic examination and growth on routine media. In addition, because these isolates confer antifungal resistance, patient management requires extra care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Merdan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Sena Şişman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seçil Ak Aksoy
- İnegöl Vocational School, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Samet Kızıl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nazmiye Ülkü Tüzemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Emel Yılmaz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Beyza Ener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
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Effects of β-lapachone and β-nor-lapachone on multidrug efflux transporters and biofilms of Candida glabrata. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 63:116749. [PMID: 35436747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused particularly by Candida glabrata are hard to treat due to the development of antifungal resistance that occurs mainly through the production of efflux pumps and biofilm. Thus, a promising strategy to overcome infections caused by C. glabrata could be to use a substance able to inhibit efflux pumps and eradicate biofilms. Lapachones are natural naphthoquinones that possess a variety of pharmacological properties. Previous studies show that these substances inhibit the growth, virulence factors and efflux pumps of C. albicans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether lapachones are able to inhibit efflux pumps related to antifungal resistance in C. glabrata and either prevent biofilm formation or affect mature biofilms. Assays were performed with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that overexpress C. glabrata transporters (CgCdr1p and CgCdr2p). One C. glabrata clinical isolate that overexpresses CgCdr1p was also used. Both β-lapachone and β-nor-lapachone affected the growth of S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata when combined to fluconazole, and this action was inhibited by ascorbic acid. Both lapachones stimulated ROS production, inhibited efflux activity, adhesion, biofilm formation and the metabolism of mature biofilms of C. glabrata. Data obtained on the present study point to the potential use of β-lapachone and β-nor-lapachone as antibiofilm agents and adjuvants on the antifungal therapy related to resistant infections caused by C. glabrata.
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7
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Shantal CJN, Juan CC, Lizbeth BUS, Carlos HGJ, Estela GPB. Candida glabrata is a successful pathogen: an artist manipulating the immune response. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen M, Cheng T, Xu C, Pan M, Wu J, Wang T, Wu D, Yan G, Wang C, Shao J. Sodium houttuyfonate enhances the mono-therapy of fluconazole on oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) through HIF-1α/IL-17 axis by inhibiting cAMP mediated filamentation in Candida albicans-Candida glabrata dual biofilms. Virulence 2022; 13:428-443. [PMID: 35195502 PMCID: PMC8890385 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2035066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are two common opportunistic fungi that can be co-isolated in oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Hypha is a hallmark of the biofilm formation of C. albicans, indispensable for the attachment of C. glabrata, which is seldom in mycelial morphology. Increasing evidence reveals a hypoxic microenvironment in interior fungal biofilms, reminding of a fact that inflammation is usually accompanied by oxygen deprivation. As a result, it is assumed that the disaggregation of hypha-mediated hypoxia of biofilms might be a solution to alleviate OPC. Based on this hypothesis, sodium houttuyfonate (SH), a well-identified traditional herbal compound with antifungal activity, is used in combination with fluconazole (FLU), a well-informed synthesized antimycotics, to investigate their impact on filamentation in C. albicans and C. glabrata dual biofilms and the underlying mechanism of their combined treatment on OPC. The results show that compared with the single therapy, SH plus FLU can inhibit the hyphal growth in the mixed biofilms in vitro, decrease the fungal burden of oral tissues and internal organs, restore mucosal epithelial integrity and function, and reduce hypoxic microenvironment and inflammation in a mice OPC model. The possible mechanism of the combined therapy of SH plus FLU can be attributed to the regulation of HIF-1α/IL-17A axis through direct abrogation of the dual Candida biofilm formation. This study highlights the role of HIF-1α/IL-17A axis and the promising application of SH as a sensitizer of conventional antifungals in the treatment of OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Min Pan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Jiadi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Cas Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.r, China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
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Vandermeulen MD, Cullen PJ. Gene by Environment Interactions reveal new regulatory aspects of signaling network plasticity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009988. [PMID: 34982769 PMCID: PMC8759647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypes can change during exposure to different environments through the regulation of signaling pathways that operate in integrated networks. How signaling networks produce different phenotypes in different settings is not fully understood. Here, Gene by Environment Interactions (GEIs) were used to explore the regulatory network that controls filamentous/invasive growth in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. GEI analysis revealed that the regulation of invasive growth is decentralized and varies extensively across environments. Different regulatory pathways were critical or dispensable depending on the environment, microenvironment, or time point tested, and the pathway that made the strongest contribution changed depending on the environment. Some regulators even showed conditional role reversals. Ranking pathways' roles across environments revealed an under-appreciated pathway (OPI1) as the single strongest regulator among the major pathways tested (RAS, RIM101, and MAPK). One mechanism that may explain the high degree of regulatory plasticity observed was conditional pathway interactions, such as conditional redundancy and conditional cross-pathway regulation. Another mechanism was that different pathways conditionally and differentially regulated gene expression, such as target genes that control separate cell adhesion mechanisms (FLO11 and SFG1). An exception to decentralized regulation of invasive growth was that morphogenetic changes (cell elongation and budding pattern) were primarily regulated by one pathway (MAPK). GEI analysis also uncovered a round-cell invasion phenotype. Our work suggests that GEI analysis is a simple and powerful approach to define the regulatory basis of complex phenotypes and may be applicable to many systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Vandermeulen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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Holič R, Šťastný D, Griač P. Sec14 family of lipid transfer proteins in yeasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158990. [PMID: 34118432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobicity of lipids prevents their free movement across the cytoplasm. To achieve highly heterogeneous and precisely regulated lipid distribution in different cellular membranes, lipids are transported by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in addition to their transport by vesicles. Sec14 family is one of the most extensively studied groups of LTPs. Here we provide an overview of Sec14 family of LTPs in the most studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in other selected non-Saccharomyces yeasts-Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Discussed are specificities of Sec14-domain LTPs in various yeasts, their mode of action, subcellular localization, and physiological function. In addition, quite few Sec14 family LTPs are target of antifungal drugs, serve as modifiers of drug resistance or influence virulence of pathologic yeasts. Thus, they represent an important object of study from the perspective of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Holič
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominik Šťastný
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Griač
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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11
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Zhang S, Zhao Q, Xue W, Li Y, Guo Y, Wu X, Huo S, Li Y, Li C. The isolation and identification of Candida glabrata from avian species and a study of the antibacterial activities of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101003. [PMID: 33676095 PMCID: PMC8046950 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, a fungus was isolated from a diseased pigeon group clinically suspected of being infected with Candida. The fungus was subsequently identified as Candida glabrata using morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology testing methods. In the present study, to determine the controlling effects of Chinese herbal medicine for C. glabrata, the bacteriostatic effects of the ethanol extracts Acorus gramineus, Sophora flavescens, Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, Pulsatilla chinensis, Dandelion, and Cortex phellodendri on C. glabrata in vitro were analyzed. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC80) of Cortex phellodendri was 0.25 μg/μL. Meanwhile, that of S. flavescens was 32 μg/μL; C. obtusifolia was 56 μg/μL; A. gramineus and Polygonum hydropiper was 64 μg/μL; and P. chinensis was 112 μg/μL. However, MIC80 for Dandelion was undetectable. In addition, improved drug sensitivity tests revealed that colonies had grown after 24 h in the blank group, as well as the Polygonum hydropiper, P. chinensis, Dandelion, and ethanol groups. The colonies first appeared at the 48-hour point in the other drug-sensitive medium of Chinese herbal medicine. However, no colony growth was found in Cortex phellodendri medium, and the formation of the maximum colony diameter in that group was later than the blank group (e.g., 96 h in the blank group and 120 h in the Chinese herbal medicine group). It was observed that only 17 colony-forming units had grown in 125 μg/μL of the S. flavescens medium, which was significantly different from other groups. Also, the final colony diameter was significantly smaller than that of the other experimental groups. Therefore, it was determined that the A. gramineus, S. flavescens, Polygonum hydropiper, Cassia obtusifolia, P. chinensis, and Cortex phellodendri had certain inhibitory effects on the growth of the C. glabrata. Among those, it was observed that the Cortex phellodendri had the strongest inhibitory effects, followed by the S. flavescens. In the future, these Chinese herbal medicines are expected to be used to treat the fungal infections related to C. glabrata in poultry to improve production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qianhui Zhao
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wenhui Xue
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yurong Li
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yu Guo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shuying Huo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Yong Li
- The Dingnong Corporation of Hebei, Dingzhou County, Hebei 073000, China
| | - Chenyao Li
- The Dingnong Corporation of Hebei, Dingzhou County, Hebei 073000, China
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12
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Vandermeulen MD, Cullen PJ. New Aspects of Invasive Growth Regulation Identified by Functional Profiling of MAPK Pathway Targets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2020; 216:95-116. [PMID: 32665277 PMCID: PMC7463291 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK pathways are drivers of morphogenesis and stress responses in eukaryotes. A major function of MAPK pathways is the transcriptional induction of target genes, which produce proteins that collectively generate a cellular response. One approach to comprehensively understand how MAPK pathways regulate cellular responses is to characterize the individual functions of their transcriptional targets. Here, by examining uncharacterized targets of the MAPK pathway that positively regulates filamentous growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (fMAPK pathway), we identified a new role for the pathway in negatively regulating invasive growth. Specifically, four targets were identified that had an inhibitory role in invasive growth: RPI1, RGD2, TIP1, and NFG1/YLR042cNFG1 was a highly induced unknown open reading frame that negatively regulated the filamentous growth MAPK pathway. We also identified SFG1, which encodes a transcription factor, as a target of the fMAPK pathway. Sfg1p promoted cell adhesion independently from the fMAPK pathway target and major cell adhesion flocculin Flo11p, by repressing genes encoding presumptive cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Sfg1p also contributed to FLO11 expression. Sfg1p and Flo11p regulated different aspects of cell adhesion, and their roles varied based on the environment. Sfg1p also induced an elongated cell morphology, presumably through a cell-cycle delay. Thus, the fMAPK pathway coordinates positive and negative regulatory proteins to fine-tune filamentous growth resulting in a nuanced response. Functional analysis of other pathways' targets may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of how signaling cascades generate biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, New York 14260-1300
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13
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Rush TA, Puech-Pagès V, Bascaules A, Jargeat P, Maillet F, Haouy A, Maës AQ, Carriel CC, Khokhani D, Keller-Pearson M, Tannous J, Cope KR, Garcia K, Maeda J, Johnson C, Kleven B, Choudhury QJ, Labbé J, Swift C, O'Malley MA, Bok JW, Cottaz S, Fort S, Poinsot V, Sussman MR, Lefort C, Nett J, Keller NP, Bécard G, Ané JM. Lipo-chitooligosaccharides as regulatory signals of fungal growth and development. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3897. [PMID: 32753587 PMCID: PMC7403392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are signaling molecules produced by rhizobial bacteria that trigger the nodulation process in legumes, and by some fungi that also establish symbiotic relationships with plants, notably the arbuscular and ecto mycorrhizal fungi. Here, we show that many other fungi also produce LCOs. We tested 59 species representing most fungal phyla, and found that 53 species produce LCOs that can be detected by functional assays and/or by mass spectroscopy. LCO treatment affects spore germination, branching of hyphae, pseudohyphal growth, and transcription in non-symbiotic fungi from the Ascomycete and Basidiomycete phyla. Our findings suggest that LCO production is common among fungi, and LCOs may function as signals regulating fungal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Allen Rush
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Virginie Puech-Pagès
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Adeline Bascaules
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Patricia Jargeat
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Maillet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alexandra Haouy
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Arthur QuyManh Maës
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cristobal Carrera Carriel
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Devanshi Khokhani
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michelle Keller-Pearson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Joanna Tannous
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Kevin R Cope
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Junko Maeda
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Chad Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Bailey Kleven
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Quanita J Choudhury
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jessy Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Candice Swift
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Michelle A O'Malley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivités Chimiques et Photochimiques, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael R Sussman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Corinne Lefort
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jeniel Nett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Guillaume Bécard
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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14
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Pereira LD, Vila T, Borba-Santos LP, de Souza W, Navarro M, Rozental S. Activity of Metal-Azole Complexes Against Biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1524-1531. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200217120321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Onychomycosis is a chronic nail infection caused by fungi frequently resistant to antifungal
treatments. Recalcitrance in nail infections is a result of reduced antifungal penetration due to biofilm
formation, combined with poor patient compliance with the treatment, which can be as long as 18 months.
Objective:
Metal-drug complexation is a widely used strategy to increase drug efficacy. Therefore, the aim of this
work was to evaluate the antifungal and anti-biofilm activity of several metal-azole complexes against Candida
albicans and Candida glabrata.
Methods:
Susceptibility assays and scanning electron microscopy were performed to determine the anti-biofilm
activity of eight metal-azole complexes in vitro and ex-vivo, using human nail fragments.
Results:
In vitro susceptibility assays showed that complexation of both Au(I) and Zn(II) to clotrimazole and
ketoconazole improved the anti-biofilm activity compared to the azole alone. Using an ex-vivo model of biofilm
formation on fragments of human nails, we also demonstrate the improved efficacy of metal-azole complexes
against biofilms of C. albicans and C. glabrata that resembles the onychomycosis structure. Noteworthy, biofilms
of C. glabrata were more susceptible to the optimized complexes than those of C. albicans.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, metal-azole complexes used in this work show promising anti-biofilm activity and
further clinical studies should confirm its potential for the treatment of Candida-associated onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia D. Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taissa Vila
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Luana P. Borba-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maribel Navarro
- Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catalise, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Galocha M, Pais P, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Viana R, Teixeira MC. Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092345. [PMID: 31083555 PMCID: PMC6539081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the two most prevalent etiologic agents of candidiasis worldwide. Although both are recognized as pathogenic, their choice of virulence traits is highly divergent. Indeed, it appears that these different approaches to fungal virulence may be equally successful in causing human candidiasis. In this review, the virulence mechanisms employed by C. albicans and C. glabrata are analyzed, with emphasis on the differences between the two systems. Pathogenesis features considered in this paper include dimorphic growth, secreted enzymes and signaling molecules, and stress resistance mechanisms. The consequences of these traits in tissue invasion, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and macrophage escape, in a species dependent manner, are discussed. This review highlights the observation that C. albicans and C. glabrata follow different paths leading to a similar outcome. It also highlights the lack of knowledge on some of the specific mechanisms underlying C. glabrata pathogenesis, which deserve future scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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16
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Devaux F, Thiébaut A. The regulation of iron homeostasis in the fungal human pathogen Candida glabrata. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:1041-1060. [PMID: 31050635 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element to most microorganisms, yet an excess of iron is toxic. Hence, living cells have to maintain a tight balance between iron uptake and iron consumption and storage. The control of intracellular iron concentrations is particularly challenging for pathogens because mammalian organisms have evolved sophisticated high-affinity systems to sequester iron from microbes and because iron availability fluctuates among the different host niches. In this review, we present the current understanding of iron homeostasis and its regulation in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. This yeast is an emerging pathogen which has become the second leading cause of candidemia, a life-threatening invasive mycosis. C. glabrata is relatively poorly studied compared to the closely related model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or to the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Still, several research groups have started to identify the actors of C. glabrata iron homeostasis and its transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. These studies have revealed interesting particularities of C. glabrata and have shed new light on the evolution of fungal iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Thiébaut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
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17
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Abstract
Filamentous growth is a fungal morphogenetic response that is critical for virulence in some fungal species. Many aspects of filamentous growth remain poorly understood. We have identified an aspect of filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans where cells behave collectively to invade surfaces in aggregates. These responses may reflect an extension of normal filamentous growth, as they share the same signaling pathways and effector processes. Aggregate responses may involve cooperation among individual cells, because aggregation was stimulated by cell adhesion molecules, secreted enzymes, and diffusible molecules that promote quorum sensing. Our study may provide insights into the genetic basis of collective cellular responses in fungi. The study may have ramifications in fungal pathogenesis, in situations where collective responses occur to promote virulence. Many fungal species, including pathogens, undergo a morphogenetic response called filamentous growth, where cells differentiate into a specialized cell type to promote nutrient foraging and surface colonization. Despite the fact that filamentous growth is required for virulence in some plant and animal pathogens, certain aspects of this behavior remain poorly understood. By examining filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, we identify responses where cells undergo filamentous growth in groups of cells or aggregates. In S. cerevisiae, aggregate invasive growth was regulated by signaling pathways that control normal filamentous growth. These pathways promoted aggregation in part by fostering aspects of microbial cooperation. For example, aggregate invasive growth required cellular contacts mediated by the flocculin Flo11p, which was produced at higher levels in aggregates than cells undergoing regular invasive growth. Aggregate invasive growth was also stimulated by secreted enzymes, like invertase, which produce metabolites that are shared among cells. Aggregate invasive growth was also induced by alcohols that promote density-dependent filamentous growth in yeast. Aggregate invasive growth also required highly polarized cell morphologies, which may affect the packing or organization of cells. A directed selection experiment for aggregating phenotypes uncovered roles for the fMAPK and RAS pathways, which indicates that these pathways play a general role in regulating aggregate-based responses in yeast. Our study extends the range of responses controlled by filamentation regulatory pathways and has implications in understanding aspects of fungal biology that may be relevant to fungal pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Filamentous growth is a fungal morphogenetic response that is critical for virulence in some fungal species. Many aspects of filamentous growth remain poorly understood. We have identified an aspect of filamentous growth in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogen Candida albicans where cells behave collectively to invade surfaces in aggregates. These responses may reflect an extension of normal filamentous growth, as they share the same signaling pathways and effector processes. Aggregate responses may involve cooperation among individual cells, because aggregation was stimulated by cell adhesion molecules, secreted enzymes, and diffusible molecules that promote quorum sensing. Our study may provide insights into the genetic basis of collective cellular responses in fungi. The study may have ramifications in fungal pathogenesis, in situations where collective responses occur to promote virulence.
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18
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Pais P, Galocha M, Viana R, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Teixeira MC. Microevolution of the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata during antifungal therapy and host infection. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:142-159. [PMID: 30854392 PMCID: PMC6402363 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.03.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are among the most common fungal diseases. The success of these species as human pathogens is contingent on their ability to resist antifungal therapy and thrive within the human host. C. glabrata is especially resilient to azole antifungal treatment, while C. albicans is best known for its wide array of virulence features. The core mechanisms that underlie antifungal resistance and virulence in these pathogens has been continuously addressed, but the investigation on how such mechanisms evolve according to each environment is scarcer. This review aims to explore current knowledge on micro-evolution experiments to several treatment and host-associated conditions in C. albicans and C. glabrata. The analysis of adaptation strategies that evolve over time will allow to better understand the mechanisms by which Candida species are able to achieve stable phenotypes in real-life scenarios, which are the ones that should constitute the most interesting drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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19
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Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020039. [PMID: 30704135 PMCID: PMC6407134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes superficial mucosal and life-threatening bloodstream infections in individuals with a compromised immune system. Evolutionarily, it is closer to the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to the most prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogen, C. albicans. C. glabrata is a haploid budding yeast that predominantly reproduces clonally. In this review, we summarize interactions of C. glabrata with the host immune, epithelial and endothelial cells, and the ingenious strategies it deploys to acquire iron and phosphate from the external environment. We outline various attributes including cell surface-associated adhesins and aspartyl proteases, biofilm formation and stress response mechanisms, that contribute to the virulence of C. glabrata. We further discuss how, C. glabrata, despite lacking morphological switching and secreted proteolytic activity, is able to disarm macrophage, dampen the host inflammatory immune response and replicate intracellularly.
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20
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Muthamil S, Balasubramaniam B, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. Synergistic Effect of Quinic Acid Derived From Syzygium cumini and Undecanoic Acid Against Candida spp. Biofilm and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2835. [PMID: 30534118 PMCID: PMC6275436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, fungal infections have incredibly increased with Candida genus as the major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Most of the Candida species are proficient in biofilm formation on implanted medical devices as well as human tissues. Biofilm related Candida infections are very difficult to treat using common antifungal agents owing to their increased drug resistance. To address these issues, the present study investigated the antibiofilm and antivirulent properties of Syzygium cumini derived quinic acid in combination with known antifungal compound undecanoic acid. Initially, antibiofilm potential of S. cumini leaf extract was assessed and the active principles were identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. Among the compounds identified, quinic acid was one of the major compounds. The interaction between quinic acid and undecanoic acid was found to be synergistic in the Fractional inhibitory concentration index (≤0.5). Results of in vitro assays and gene expression analysis suggested that the synergistic combinations of quinic acid and undecanoic acid significantly inhibited virulence traits of Candida spp. such as the biofilm formation, yeast-to-hyphal transition, extracellular polymeric substances production, filamentation, secreted hydrolases production and ergosterol biosynthesis. In addition, result of in vivo studies using Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated the non-toxic nature of QA-UDA combination and antivirulence effect against Candida spp. For the first time, synergistic antivirulence ability of quinic acid and undecanoic acid was explored against Candida spp. Thus, results obtained from the present study suggest that combination of phytochemicals might be used an alternate therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of biofilm associated Candida infection.
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21
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Kounatidis I, Ames L, Mistry R, Ho HL, Haynes K, Ligoxygakis P. A Host-Pathogen Interaction Screen Identifies ada2 as a Mediator of Candida glabrata Defenses Against Reactive Oxygen Species. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1637-1647. [PMID: 29535147 PMCID: PMC5940155 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) forms part of the normal human gut microbiota but can cause life-threatening invasive infections in immune-compromised individuals. C. glabrata displays high resistance to common azole antifungals, which necessitates new treatments. In this investigation, we identified five C. glabrata deletion mutants (∆ada2, ∆bas1, ∆hir3, ∆ino2 and ∆met31) from a library of 196 transcription factor mutants that were unable to grow and activate an immune response in Drosophila larvae. This highlighted the importance of these transcription factors in C. glabrata infectivity. Further ex vivo investigation into these mutants revealed the requirement of C. glabrata ADA2 for oxidative stress tolerance. We confirmed this observation in vivo whereby growth of the C. glabrata Δada2 strain was permitted only in flies with suppressed production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, overexpression of ADA2 promoted C. glabrata replication in infected wild type larvae resulting in larval killing. We propose that ADA2 orchestrates the response of C. glabrata against ROS-mediated immune defenses during infection. With the need to find alternative antifungal treatment for C. glabrata infections, genes required for survival in the host environment, such as ADA2, provide promising potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Lauren Ames
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rupal Mistry
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Hsueh-Lui Ho
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ken Haynes
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
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22
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Carapia-Minero N, Castelán-Vega JA, Pérez NO, Rodríguez-Tovar AV. The phosphorelay signal transduction system in Candida glabrata: an in silico analysis. J Mol Model 2017; 24:13. [PMID: 29248994 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Signaling systems allow microorganisms to sense and respond to different stimuli through the modification of gene expression. The phosphorelay signal transduction system in eukaryotes involves three proteins: a sensor protein, an intermediate protein and a response regulator, and requires the transfer of a phosphate group between two histidine-aspartic residues. The SLN1-YPD1-SSK1 system enables yeast to adapt to hyperosmotic stress through the activation of the HOG1-MAPK pathway. The genetic sequences available from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to identify orthologous sequences in Candida glabrata, and putative genes were identified and characterized by in silico assays. An interactome analysis was carried out with the complete genome of C. glabrata and the putative proteins of the phosphorelay signal transduction system. Next, we modeled the complex formed between the sensor protein CgSln1p and the intermediate CgYpd1p. Finally, phosphate transfer was examined by a molecular dynamic assay. Our in silico analysis showed that the putative proteins of the C. glabrata phosphorelay signal transduction system present the functional domains of histidine kinase, a downstream response regulator protein, and an intermediate histidine phosphotransfer protein. All the sequences are phylogenetically more related to S. cerevisiae than to C. albicans. The interactome suggests that the C. glabrata phosphorelay signal transduction system interacts with different proteins that regulate cell wall biosynthesis and responds to oxidative and osmotic stress the same way as similar systems in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans. Molecular dynamics simulations showed complex formation between the response regulator domain of histidine kinase CgSln1 and intermediate protein CgYpd1 in the presence of a phosphate group and interactions between the aspartic residue and the histidine residue. Overall, our research showed that C. glabrata harbors a functional SLN1-YPD1-SSK1 phosphorelay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalee Carapia-Minero
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB) , Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Arturo Castelán-Vega
- Laboratorio de Producción y Control de Biológicos ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Néstor Octavio Pérez
- Unidad de investigación y Desarrollo, Probiomed, SA de CV, Cruce de Carreteras Acatzingo-Zumpahuacan S/N, CP 52400, Tenancingo, Edo de México, Mexico.
| | - Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB) , Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, CP 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Chen SM, Shen H, Zhang T, Huang X, Liu XQ, Guo SY, Zhao JJ, Wang CF, Yan L, Xu GT, Jiang YY, An MM. Dectin-1 plays an important role in host defense against systemic Candida glabrata infection. Virulence 2017; 8:1643-1656. [PMID: 28658592 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1346756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common pathogen of severe candidiasis in immunocompromised hosts, following C. albicans. Although C. glabrata and C. albicans belong to the same genus, they are phylogenetically distinct. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), acting as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), play critical roles in host defense against C. albicans infections. However, our understanding of the specific roles of CLRs in host defense against C. glabrata is limited. Here, we explored the potential roles of the C-type lectins Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 in host defense against C. glabrata. We found that both Dectin-1-deficient mice (Dectin-1-/-) and Dectin-2-deficient mice (Dectin-2-/-) are more susceptible to C. glabrata infection. Dectin-1confers host higher sensitivity for sensing C. glabrata infections, while the effect of Dectin-2 in the host defense against C. glabrata is infection dose dependent. Dectin-1 is required for host myeloid cells recognition, killing of C. glabrata, and development of subsequent Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated adaptive immune response. Significantly impaired inflammatory responses such as inflammatory cells recruitment and cytokines release that were induced by C. glabrata were manifested in Dectin-1-deficient mice. Together, our study demonstrates that Dectin-1 plays an important role in host defense against systemic Candida glabrata infections, indicating a previous unknown control mechanism for this particular type of infection in host. Our study, therefore, provides new insights into the host defense against C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Min Chen
- a Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Hui Shen
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Teng Zhang
- a Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Xin Huang
- c Department of Dermatology , Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Xiao Qi Liu
- a Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Shi Yu Guo
- a Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Jing Jun Zhao
- c Department of Dermatology , Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Chun Fang Wang
- d R&D Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Lan Yan
- d R&D Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Guo Tong Xu
- a Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Ying Jiang
- a Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China.,d R&D Center of New Drug, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Mao Mao An
- a Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , P.R. China
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24
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Fleischmann J, Broeckling CD, Lyons S. Candida krusei form mycelia along agar surfaces towards each other and other Candida species. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:60. [PMID: 28284180 PMCID: PMC5346196 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida krusei has been known to exhibit communal interactions such as pellicle formation and crawling out of nutritional broth. We noticed another possible interaction on agar surfaces, where C. krusei yeast cells formed mycelia along agar surfaces toward each other. We report here the results of experiments to study this interaction. RESULTS When C.krusei yeast cells are plated in parallel streaks, they form mycelia along agar surfaces toward other yeasts. They also detect the presence of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata across agar surfaces, while the latter two react neither to their own kind, nor to C. krusei. Secreted molecule(s) are likely involved as C.krusei does not react to heat killed C. krusei. Timing and rate of mycelia formation across distances suggests that mycelia start forming when a secreted molecule(s) on agar surface reaches a certain concentration. We detected farnesol, tyrosol and tryptophol molecules that may be involved with mycelial formation, on the agar surfaces between yeast streaks. Unexpectedly the amounts detected between streaks were significantly higher than would have expected from additive amounts of two streaks. All three Candida species secreted these molecules. When tested on agar surface however, none of these molecules individually or combined induced mycelia formation by C. krusei. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirms another communal interaction by C. krusei, manifested by formation of mycelia by yeast cells toward their own kind and other yeasts on agar surfaces. We detected secretion of farnesol, tyrosol and tryptophol by C. krusei but none of these molecules induced this activity on agar surface making it unlikely that they are the ones utilized by this yeast for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fleischmann
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Research Division of GLA VA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Corey D Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Lyons
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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25
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Sasani E, Khodavaisy S, Agha Kuchak Afshari S, Darabian S, Aala F, Rezaie S. Pseudohyphae formation in Candida glabrata due to CO 2 exposure. Curr Med Mycol 2016; 2:49-52. [PMID: 28959796 PMCID: PMC5611697 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.4.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Formation of pseudohyphae is considered a virulence factor in Candida species. Generally, Candida glabrata grows as budding yeast cells; however, reports illustrated that C. glabrata could form pseudohyphal cells in response to some stimuli. In this study, we provided insight into the ability of C. glabrata in forming pseudohyphal cells under different levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). MATERIALS AND METHODS Candida glabrata reference strain (ATCC 90030) was used in this study. Yeast samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) medium and incubated under 3%, 5%, and 10% CO2 levels for 24, 48 and 72 h. Control cultures were prepared without CO2 pressure for three days. The possibility of pseudohyphae and mycelium formation in C. glabrata was investigated. RESULTS The results of this study revealed that the most branching filament-like cells were obtained at high CO2 pressure (10%) after 72 h. After three days of low CO2 pressure (3%), only yeast and budding cells were observed without any pseudohyphae formation. CONCLUSION CO2 could act as a stimulus and induced formation of pseudohyphae in Candida glabrata yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sasani
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Khodavaisy
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Agha Kuchak Afshari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Darabian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Aala
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - S Rezaie
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Roy S, Thompson D. Evolution of regulatory networks in Candida glabrata: learning to live with the human host. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov087. [PMID: 26449820 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is second only to C. albicans as the cause of Candida infections and yet is more closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent advances in functional genomics technologies and computational approaches to decipher regulatory networks, and the comparison of these networks among these and other Ascomycete species, have revealed both unique and shared strategies in adaptation to a human commensal/opportunistic pathogen lifestyle and antifungal drug resistance in C. glabrata. Recently, several C. glabrata sister species in the Nakeseomyces clade representing both human associated (commensal) and environmental isolates have had their genomes sequenced and analyzed. This has paved the way for comparative functional genomics studies to characterize the regulatory networks in these species to identify informative patterns of conservation and divergence linked to phenotypic evolution in the Nakaseomyces lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Roy
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Dawn Thompson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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27
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Ho HL, Haynes K. Candida glabrata: new tools and technologies-expanding the toolkit. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov066. [PMID: 26205243 PMCID: PMC4629792 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in fungal infections related to non-albicans Candida species, including Candida glabrata which has both intrinsic resistance to and commonly acquired resistance to azole antifungals. Phylogenetically, C. glabrata is more closely related to the mostly non-pathogenic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to other Candida species. Despite C. glabrata's designation as a pathogen by Wickham in 1957, relatively little is known about its mechanism of virulence. Over the past few years, technology to analyse the molecular basis of infection has developed rapidly, and here we briefly review the major advances in tools and technologies available to explore and investigate the virulence of C. glabrata that have occurred over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-lui Ho
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ken Haynes
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
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28
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Whibley N, Gaffen SL. Beyond Candida albicans: Mechanisms of immunity to non-albicans Candida species. Cytokine 2015; 76:42-52. [PMID: 26276374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Candida encompasses numerous species that inhabit a variety of hosts, either as commensal microbes and/or pathogens. Candida species are a major cause of fungal infections, yet to date there are no vaccines against Candida or indeed any other fungal pathogen. Our knowledge of immunity to Candida mainly comes from studies on Candida albicans, the most frequent species associated with disease. However, non-albicans Candida (NAC) species also cause disease and their prevalence is increasing. Although research into immunity to NAC species is still at an early stage, it is becoming apparent that immunity to C. albicans differs in important ways from non-albicans species, with important implications for treatment, therapy and predicted demographic susceptibility. This review will discuss the current understanding of immunity to NAC species in the context of immunity to C. albicans, and highlight as-yet unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Whibley
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, BST S702, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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29
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Kaba HEJ, Pölderl A, Bilitewski U. Short Peptides Allowing Preferential Detection of Candida albicans Hyphae. Anal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hani E. J. Kaba
- Biological Systems Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antonia Pölderl
- Biological Systems Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- Biological Systems Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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30
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Kasper L, Seider K, Hube B. Intracellular survival of Candida glabrata in macrophages: immune evasion and persistence. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov042. [PMID: 26066553 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a successful human opportunistic pathogen which causes superficial but also life-threatening systemic infections. During infection, C. glabrata has to cope with cells of the innate immune system such as macrophages, which belong to the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Candida glabrata is able to survive and even replicate inside macrophages while causing surprisingly low damage and cytokine release. Here, we present an overview of recent studies dealing with the interaction of C. glabrata with macrophages, from phagocytosis to intracellular growth and escape. We review the strategies of C. glabrata that permit intracellular survival and replication, including poor host cell activation, modification of phagosome maturation and phagosome pH, adaptation to antimicrobial activities, and mechanisms to overcome the nutrient limitations within the phagosome. In summary, these studies suggest that survival within macrophages may be an immune evasion and persistence strategy of C. glabrata during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Seider
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Sepsis und Sepsisfolgen, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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31
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Egbe NE, Paget CM, Wang H, Ashe MP. Alcohols inhibit translation to regulate morphogenesis in C. albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 77:50-60. [PMID: 25843913 PMCID: PMC4444595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohols induce morphological alterations in C. albicans. Alcohols inhibit protein synthesis. Translational inhibition occurs as a result of eIF2B regulation. Regulation of protein synthesis and morphogenesis are mechanistically connected.
Many molecules are secreted into the growth media by microorganisms to modulate the metabolic and physiological processes of the organism. For instance, alcohols like butanol, ethanol and isoamyl alcohol are produced by the human pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans and induce morphological differentiation. Here we show that these same alcohols cause a rapid inhibition of protein synthesis. More specifically, the alcohols target translation initiation, a complex stage of the gene expression process. Using molecular techniques, we have identified the likely translational target of these alcohols in C. albicans as the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B is the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for eIF2, which supports the exchange reaction where eIF2.GDP is converted to eIF2.GTP. Even minimal regulation at this step will lead to alterations in the levels of specific proteins that may allow the exigencies of the fungus to be realised. Indeed, similar to the effects of alcohols, a minimal inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide also causes an induction of filamentous growth. These results suggest a molecular basis for the effect of various alcohols on morphological differentiation in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkechi E Egbe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline M Paget
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Ashe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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32
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The Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 Regulates ncRNA-ICR1 and FLO11 Expression during Pseudohyphal Development in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:284692. [PMID: 25922832 PMCID: PMC4398931 DOI: 10.1155/2015/284692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous growth is one of the key features of pathogenic fungi during the early infectious phase. The pseudohyphal development of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae shares similar characteristics with hyphae elongation in pathogenic fungi. The expression of FLO11 is essential for adhesive growth and filament formation in yeast and is governed by a multilayered transcriptional network. Here we discovered a role for the histone acetyltransferase general control nonderepressible 5 (Gcn5) in regulating FLO11-mediated pseudohyphal growth. The expression patterns of FLO11 were distinct in haploid and diploid yeast under amino acid starvation induced by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3AT). In diploids, FLO11 expression was substantially induced at a very early stage of pseudohyphal development and decreased quickly, but in haploids, it was gradually induced. Furthermore, the transcription factor Gcn4 was recruited to the Sfl1-Flo8 toggle sites at the FLO11 promoter under 3AT treatment. Moreover, the histone acetylase activity of Gcn5 was required for FLO11 induction. Finally, Gcn5 functioned as a negative regulator of the noncoding RNA ICR1, which is known to suppress FLO11 expression. Gcn5 plays an important role in the regulatory network of FLO11 expression via Gcn4 by downregulating ICR1 expression, which derepresses FLO11 for promoting pseudohyphal development.
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33
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Determination of MICING: a new assay for assessing minimal inhibitory concentration for invasive growth. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1023-30. [PMID: 25620781 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our work was focused on a new assay for characterising clinically important yeast. This assay was developed due to the need for new diagnostic methods for recognising potentially virulent strains of increasingly important non-albicans yeast pathogens, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata. With the great diversity among strains for virulence and virulence factors, identification to the species level is not sufficient; therefore, testing for specific virulent traits remains the best option. We show here that the proposed assay uncovers the relationships between the three most important yeast virulence traits in a single test: the ability of a strain to invade solid medium, while resisting the presence of an antimycotic and high temperature (37 °C). We combined the quantitative agar invasion assay with classical antimycotic susceptibility testing into a single assay. Similarly to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value, we defined the MICING (minimal inhibitory concentration of antimycotic for invasive growth) as the concentration of an antimycotic above which the yeast invasive growth is significantly repressed. In this study, we tested three of the most common antimycotics: fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B. The response of yeast strains invasion was characteristic of each antimycotic, indicating their mechanisms of action. In addition to MICING, the assay provides quantitative information about the superficial and invasive growth, and also about the relative invasion, which helps in identifying clinically important yeast, such as azole-resistant and/or invasive strains of S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata.
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34
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Pärnänen P, Meurman JH, Nikula-Ijäs P. A novel Candida glabrata cell wall associated serine protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:676-80. [PMID: 25617734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We set out to identify the Candida glabrata cell wall attached proteases which may play a role as virulence factors in candidosis, particularly in the immunocompromized host. We studied a clinical C. glabrata strain T-1639, which was isolated from a patient from the Helsinki University Central Hospital. With non-reducing 2-D electrophoresis using parallel fluorogenic gels and mass spectrometry we identified a novel appr. 25 kDa (192 aa in length) cell wall located protease with an estimated pI of 7.6. The LC-MS/MS peptides matched with the ORF of predicted C. glabrata CBS138 cell wall protein Cwp1.2p/pI 7.7/212 aa (http://cbi.labri.fr/Génolevures/[NCBI access 49525604, UniProt access Q6FTZ7]), which is an ortholog to Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall protein Cwp1p (UniProt access P28319). The novel serine protease was released by β-1,3-glucanase treatment from the cell wall. In contrast to previous predictions this protease has an enzymatic function instead of being merely a structural cell wall protein. The protease showed gelatinolytic activity and was inhibited by PMSF, a known serine protease inhibitor. Further characterization of the protease may give insight to its role in infections caused by C. glabrata and possibly aid in the development of new kinds of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Pärnänen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jukka H Meurman
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nikula-Ijäs
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Kaba HEJ, Maier N, Schliebe-Ohler N, Mayer Y, Müller PP, van den Heuvel J, Schuchhardt J, Hanack K, Bilitewski U. Identification of whole pathogenic cells by monoclonal antibodies generated against a specific peptide from an immunogenic cell wall protein. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 108:61-9. [PMID: 25451457 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We selected the immunogenic cell wall ß-(1,3)-glucosyltransferase Bgl2p from Candida albicans as a target protein for the production of antibodies. We identified a unique peptide sequence in the protein and generated monoclonal anti- C. albicans Bgl2p antibodies, which bound in particular to whole C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani E J Kaba
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Natalia Maier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Nicole Schliebe-Ohler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Yvonne Mayer
- MicroDiscovery GmbH, Marienburger Str., 1, 10405 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter P Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joop van den Heuvel
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Katja Hanack
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Ursula Bilitewski
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Tóth R, Tóth A, Papp C, Jankovics F, Vágvölgyi C, Alonso MF, Bain JM, Erwig LP, Gácser A. Kinetic studies of Candida parapsilosis phagocytosis by macrophages and detection of intracellular survival mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:633. [PMID: 25477874 PMCID: PMC4238376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the number of Candida infections due to non-albicans species like C. parapsilosis has been increasing, little is known about their pathomechanisms. Certain aspects of C. parapsilosis and host interactions have already been investigated; however we lack information about the innate cellular responses toward this species. The aim of our project was to dissect and compare the phagocytosis of C. parapsilosis to C. albicans and to another Candida species C. glabrata by murine and human macrophages by live cell video microscopy. We broke down the phagocytic process into three stages: macrophage migration, engulfment of fungal cells and host cell killing after the uptake. Our results showed increased macrophage migration toward C. parapsilosis and we observed differences during the engulfment processes when comparing the three species. The engulfment time of C. parapsilosis was comparable to that of C. albicans regardless of the pseudohypha length and spatial orientation relative to phagocytes, while the rate of host cell killing and the overall uptake regarding C. parapsilosis showed similarities mainly with C. glabrata. Furthermore, we observed difference between human and murine phagocytes in the uptake of C. parapsilosis. UV-treatment of fungal cells had varied effects on phagocytosis dependent upon which Candida strain was used. Besides statistical analysis, live cell imaging videos showed that this species similarly to the other two also has the ability to survive in host cells via the following mechanisms: yeast replication, and pseudohypha growth inside of phagocytes, exocytosis of fungal cells and also abortion of host cell mitosis following the uptake. According to our knowledge this is the first study that provides a thorough examination of C. parapsilosis phagocytosis and reports intracellular survival mechanisms associated with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adél Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Papp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jankovics
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria F Alonso
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Judith M Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lars-Peter Erwig
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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Brunke S, Seider K, Fischer D, Jacobsen ID, Kasper L, Jablonowski N, Wartenberg A, Bader O, Enache-Angoulvant A, Schaller M, d'Enfert C, Hube B. One small step for a yeast--microevolution within macrophages renders Candida glabrata hypervirulent due to a single point mutation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004478. [PMID: 25356907 PMCID: PMC4214790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is one of the most common causes of candidemia, a life-threatening, systemic fungal infection, and is surpassed in frequency only by Candida albicans. Major factors contributing to the success of this opportunistic pathogen include its ability to readily acquire resistance to antifungals and to colonize and adapt to many different niches in the human body. Here we addressed the flexibility and adaptability of C. glabrata during interaction with macrophages with a serial passage approach. Continuous co-incubation of C. glabrata with a murine macrophage cell line for over six months resulted in a striking alteration in fungal morphology: The growth form changed from typical spherical yeasts to pseudohyphae-like structures – a phenotype which was stable over several generations without any selective pressure. Transmission electron microscopy and FACS analyses showed that the filamentous-like morphology was accompanied by changes in cell wall architecture. This altered growth form permitted faster escape from macrophages and increased damage of macrophages. In addition, the evolved strain (Evo) showed transiently increased virulence in a systemic mouse infection model, which correlated with increased organ-specific fungal burden and inflammatory response (TNFα and IL-6) in the brain. Similarly, the Evo mutant significantly increased TNFα production in the brain on day 2, which is mirrored in macrophages confronted with the Evo mutant, but not with the parental wild type. Whole genome sequencing of the Evo strain, genetic analyses, targeted gene disruption and a reverse microevolution experiment revealed a single nucleotide exchange in the chitin synthase-encoding CHS2 gene as the sole basis for this phenotypic alteration. A targeted CHS2 mutant with the same SNP showed similar phenotypes as the Evo strain under all experimental conditions tested. These results indicate that microevolutionary processes in host-simulative conditions can elicit adaptations of C. glabrata to distinct host niches and even lead to hypervirulent strains. Evolution is not limited to making new species emerge and others perish over the millennia. It is also a central force in shorter-term interactions between microbes and hosts. A good example can be found in fungi, which are an underestimated cause of human diseases. Some fungi exist as commensals, and have adapted well to life on human epithelia. But as facultative pathogens, they face a different, hostile environment. We tested the ability of C. glabrata, a pathogen closely related to baker's yeast, to adapt to macrophages. We found that by adaptation, it changed its growth type completely. This allowed the fungus to escape the phagocytes, and increased its virulence in a mouse model. Sequencing the complete genome revealed surprisingly few mutations. Further analyses allowed us to detect the single mutation responsible for the phenotype, and to recreate it in the parental strain. Our work shows that fungi can adapt to immune cells, and that this adaptation can lead to an increased virulence. Since commensals are continuously exposed to host cells, we suggest that this ability could lead to unexpected phenotype changes, including an increase in virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Brunke
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Sepsis und Sepsisfolgen, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Seider
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Fischer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Nadja Jablonowski
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Wartenberg
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and German National Reference Centre for Systemic Mycoses, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adela Enache-Angoulvant
- APHP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Bactériologie-Virologie-Parasitologie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
- INRA, USC2019, Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Sepsis und Sepsisfolgen, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Fungal pathogens must assimilate local nutrients to establish an infection in their mammalian host. We focus on carbon, nitrogen, and micronutrient assimilation mechanisms, discussing how these influence host-fungus interactions during infection. We highlight several emerging trends based on the available data. First, the perturbation of carbon, nitrogen, or micronutrient assimilation attenuates fungal pathogenicity. Second, the contrasting evolutionary pressures exerted on facultative versus obligatory pathogens have led to contemporary pathogenic fungal species that display differing degrees of metabolic flexibility. The evolutionarily ancient metabolic pathways are conserved in most fungal pathogen, but interesting gaps exist in some species (e.g., Candida glabrata). Third, metabolic flexibility is generally essential for fungal pathogenicity, and in particular, for the adaptation to contrasting host microenvironments such as the gastrointestinal tract, mucosal surfaces, bloodstream, and internal organs. Fourth, this metabolic flexibility relies on complex regulatory networks, some of which are conserved across lineages, whereas others have undergone significant evolutionary rewiring. Fifth, metabolic adaptation affects fungal susceptibility to antifungal drugs and also presents exciting opportunities for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana V Ene
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Universitätsklinikum Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Schwarzmüller T, Ma B, Hiller E, Istel F, Tscherner M, Brunke S, Ames L, Firon A, Green B, Cabral V, Marcet-Houben M, Jacobsen ID, Quintin J, Seider K, Frohner I, Glaser W, Jungwirth H, Bachellier-Bassi S, Chauvel M, Zeidler U, Ferrandon D, Gabaldón T, Hube B, d'Enfert C, Rupp S, Cormack B, Haynes K, Kuchler K. Systematic phenotyping of a large-scale Candida glabrata deletion collection reveals novel antifungal tolerance genes. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004211. [PMID: 24945925 PMCID: PMC4063973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is a frequent cause of candidiasis, causing infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated disease. The inherent tolerance of C. glabrata to azole drugs makes this pathogen a serious clinical threat. To identify novel genes implicated in antifungal drug tolerance, we have constructed a large-scale C. glabrata deletion library consisting of 619 unique, individually bar-coded mutant strains, each lacking one specific gene, all together representing almost 12% of the genome. Functional analysis of this library in a series of phenotypic and fitness assays identified numerous genes required for growth of C. glabrata under normal or specific stress conditions, as well as a number of novel genes involved in tolerance to clinically important antifungal drugs such as azoles and echinocandins. We identified 38 deletion strains displaying strongly increased susceptibility to caspofungin, 28 of which encoding proteins that have not previously been linked to echinocandin tolerance. Our results demonstrate the potential of the C. glabrata mutant collection as a valuable resource in functional genomics studies of this important fungal pathogen of humans, and to facilitate the identification of putative novel antifungal drug target and virulence genes. Clinical infections by the yeast-like pathogen Candida glabrata have been ever-increasing over the past years. Importantly, C. glabrata is one of the most prevalent causes of drug-refractory fungal infections in humans. We have generated a novel large-scale collection encompassing 619 bar-coded C. glabrata mutants, each lacking a single gene. Extensive profiling of phenotypes reveals a number of novel genes implicated in tolerance to antifungal drugs that interfere with proper cell wall function, as well as genes affecting fitness of C. glabrata both during normal growth and under environmental stress. This fungal deletion collection will be a valuable resource for the community to study mechanisms of virulence and antifungal drug tolerance in C. glabrata, which is particularly relevant in view of the increasing prevalence of infections caused by this important human fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwarzmüller
- Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Biao Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ekkehard Hiller
- Molekulare Biotechnologie MBT Fraunhofer Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB Fraunhofer, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Istel
- Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Tscherner
- Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, CSCC, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lauren Ames
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Firon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
- INRA, USC2019, Paris, France
| | - Brian Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vitor Cabral
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
- INRA, USC2019, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, CSCC, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jessica Quintin
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Equipe Fondation Recherche Médicale, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katja Seider
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Frohner
- Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Glaser
- Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institut für Molekulare Biowissenschaften, Universität Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie Bachellier-Bassi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Chauvel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Ute Zeidler
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Ferrandon
- UPR 9022 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Equipe Fondation Recherche Médicale, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, CSCC, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Génomes et Génétique, Paris, France
- INRA, USC2019, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (CE); (SR); (BC); (KH); (KK)
| | - Steffen Rupp
- Molekulare Biotechnologie MBT Fraunhofer Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB Fraunhofer, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail: (CE); (SR); (BC); (KH); (KK)
| | - Brendan Cormack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CE); (SR); (BC); (KH); (KK)
| | - Ken Haynes
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CE); (SR); (BC); (KH); (KK)
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (CE); (SR); (BC); (KH); (KK)
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40
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Phenotypic analysis of a family of transcriptional regulators, the zinc cluster proteins, in the human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:931-40. [PMID: 24657903 PMCID: PMC4025492 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most important human fungal pathogen. Despite its formal name, C. glabrata is in fact more closely related to the nonpathogenic budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, less is known about the biology of this pathogen. Zinc cluster proteins form a large family of transcriptional regulators involved in the regulation of numerous processes such as the control of the metabolism of sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, as well as drug resistance. The C. glabrata genome encodes 41 known or putative zinc cluster proteins, and the majority of them are uncharacterized. We have generated a panel of strains carrying individual deletions of zinc cluster genes. Using a novel approach relying on tetracycline for conditional expression in C. glabrata at the translational level, we show that only two zinc cluster genes are essential. We have performed phenotypic analysis of nonessential zinc cluster genes. Our results show that two deletion strains are thermosensitive whereas two strains are sensitive to caffeine, an inhibitor of the target of rapamycin pathway. Increased salt tolerance has been observed for eight deletion strains, whereas one strain showed reduced tolerance to salt. We have also identified a number of strains with increased susceptibility to the antifungal drugs fluconazole and ketoconazole. Interestingly, one deletion strain showed decreased susceptibility to the antifungal micafungin. In summary, we have assigned phenotypes to more than half of the zinc cluster genes in C. glabrata. Our study provides a resource that will be useful to better understand the biological role of these transcription factors.
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41
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Li S, Chen X, Liu L, Chen J. Pyruvate production inCandida glabrata: manipulation and optimization of physiological function. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 36:1-10. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.811636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Samaranayake YH, Cheung BPK, Wang Y, Yau JYY, Yeung KWS, Samaranayake LP. Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata is associated with increased bud formation and metallothionein production. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:303-318. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.044123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. H. Samaranayake
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - B. P. K. Cheung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Y. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - J. Y. Y. Yau
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - K. W. S. Yeung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - L. P. Samaranayake
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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43
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Brunke S, Hube B. Two unlike cousins: Candida albicans and C. glabrata infection strategies. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:701-8. [PMID: 23253282 PMCID: PMC3654559 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans and C. glabrata are the two most common pathogenic yeasts of humans, yet they are phylogenetically, genetically and phenotypically very different. In this review, we compare and contrast the strategies of C. albicans and C. glabrata to attach to and invade into the host, obtain nutrients and evade the host immune response. Although their strategies share some basic concepts, they differ greatly in their outcome. While C. albicans follows an aggressive strategy to subvert the host response and to obtain nutrients for its survival, C. glabrata seems to have evolved a strategy which is based on stealth, evasion and persistence, without causing severe damage in murine models. However, both fungi are successful as commensals and as pathogens of humans. Understanding these strategies will help in finding novel ways to fight Candida, and fungal infections in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Manfredi M, Polonelli L, Aguirre-Urizar JM, Carrozzo M, McCullough MJ. Urban legends series: oral candidosis. Oral Dis 2012; 19:245-61. [PMID: 22998462 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Candida species (spp) are commensal yeast that can only instigate oral infection (oral candidosis - OC) when there is an underlying predisposing condition in the host. We investigated four controversial topics on OC: (i) How can a microbiological determination of OC be made as Candida spp. are commensal yeasts and not all of them form hyphae or pseudohyphae during infection? (ii) Is median rhomboid glossitis (MRG) a manifestation of candidal infection? (iii) Can candidal infection cause palate papillary hyperplasia (PPH)? (iv) What is the best therapeutic treatment for denture-associated erythematous stomatitis (DAES)? Results from extensive literature searches, including a systematic review, suggested the following: (i) the diagnosis of OC merely on the basis of the presence of yeasts is an oversimplification of a complex process. No convincing evidence of a single test or method better able to discriminate the transition from candidal saprophytism to pathogenicity has been reported in the literature; (ii-iii) conclusive evidence of a direct aetiopathogenic relationship between MRG and PPH and candidal infection has not been found; and (iv) only limited evidence is available for any DAES treatment, thus making it impossible to make strong therapeutic recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manfredi
- Oral Medicine, Pathology and Laser-assisted Surgery Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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45
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Pichia fermentans dimorphic changes depend on the nitrogen source. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:769-77. [PMID: 22749163 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pichia fermentans DiSAABA 726 is a biofilm-forming yeast that undergoes dimorphic transition. Under yeast-like morphology it controls brown rot caused by Monilia spp. on apple fruit, while under pseudohyphal form, it shows pathogenic behaviour itself on peach fruit. The present study investigates the nutritional factors that induce and separate yeast-like and pseudohyphal morphologies under laboratory conditions. We show that P. fermentans DiSAABA 726 produces mainly yeast-like cells on media containing millimolar concentrations of urea and diammonium phosphate, and forms pseudohyphae at micromolar concentrations of these two salts. With ammonium sulphate, yeast-like or pseudohyphal morphology depends on the N concentration and the pH of the culture media. Amino acids such as methionine, valine, and phenylalanine invariably induce pseudohyphal morphology irrespective of the N concentration and the pH of the culture media. Methionol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, and isopropanol induce pseudohyphal growth, while phenylethanol and isoamyl alcohol fail to induce the formation of filaments. Thus, the morphogenesis of P. fermentans DiSAABA 726 depends more on the nitrogen source than on the N concentration, and is regulated by the quorum-sensing molecules that are generally produced from amino-acid assimilation under nitrogen starvation.
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Fisher JF, Kavanagh K, Sobel JD, Kauffman CA, Newman CA. Candida Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52 Suppl 6:S437-51. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Roetzer A, Gabaldón T, Schüller C. From Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Candida glabratain a few easy steps: important adaptations for an opportunistic pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 314:1-9. [PMID: 20846362 PMCID: PMC3015064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yet it has evolved to survive within mammalian hosts. Which traits help C. glabrata to adapt to this different environment? Which specific responses are crucial for its survival in the host? The main differences seem to include an extended repertoire of adhesin genes, high drug resistance, an enhanced ability to sustain prolonged starvation and adaptations of the transcriptional wiring of key stress response genes. Here, we discuss the properties of C. glabrata with a focus on the differences to related fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Roetzer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Asunción García-Sánchez M, Martín-Rodrigues N, Ramos B, de Vega-Bartol JJ, Perlin MH, Díaz-Mínguez JM. fost12, the Fusarium oxysporum homolog of the transcription factor Ste12, is upregulated during plant infection and required for virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:216-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Henry-Stanley MJ, Garni RM, Alice Johnson M, Bendel CM, Wells CL. Comparative abilities ofCandida glabrataandCandida albicansto colonize and translocate from the intestinal tract of antibiotic-treated mice. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600500430789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robb M. Garni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Carol L. Wells
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Srikantha T, Daniels KJ, Wu W, Lockhart SR, Yi S, Sahni N, Ma N, Soll DR. Dark brown is the more virulent of the switch phenotypes of Candida glabrata. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:3309-3318. [PMID: 18957584 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/020578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata undergoes reversible, high-frequency core switching between phenotypes that include dark brown (DB), light brown (LB) and white (Wh). These phenotypes in turn can switch to the irregular wrinkle (IWr) phenotype. Natural isolates, however, express predominantly the DB phenotype, leading to the hypothesis that it has a colonization advantage over the other switch phenotypes. Using the mouse model of systemic infection, results are presented which support this hypothesis. DB has an advantage over other switch phenotypes in colonizing the two major target organs in the mouse model, the spleen and liver. A time-course study reveals that colonization of the major target organs occurs very rapidly (within 2 h) after host injection, and that the DB advantage for spleen and liver colonization is immediate. The DB advantage is maintained during clearing from spleen, liver and kidneys, and during delayed transient brain colonization. These results demonstrate that DB has a colonization advantage over other switch phenotypes, and that the switch phenotype expressed by a colonizing population therefore plays a fundamental role in virulence. It is therefore essential that switching be considered in both in vivo and in vitro studies of C. glabrata virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla J Daniels
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Shawn R Lockhart
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Song Yi
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David R Soll
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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