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Han A, Lee SY. An overview of various methods for in vitro biofilm formation: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1617-1629. [PMID: 37780598 PMCID: PMC10533769 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are widely present in the natural environment and are difficult to remove as they are a survival strategy of microorganisms. Thus, the importance of studying biofilms is being increasingly recognized in food, medical, dental, and water quality-related industries. While research on biofilm detection methods is actively progressing, research on biofilm formation is not progressing rapidly. Moreover, there are few standardized methods because biofilm formation is affected by various factors. However, comprehensive knowledge of biofilm formation is essential to select a suitable method for research purposes. To better understand the various in vitro biofilm formation methods, the principles and characteristics of each method are explained in this review by dividing the methods into static and dynamic systems. In addition, the applications of biofilm research based on various assays are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areum Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-dearo, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-dearo, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546 Republic of Korea
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2
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Man A, Mare AD, Mares M, Ruta F, Pribac M, Maier AC, Cighir A, Ciurea CN. Antifungal and anti-virulence activity of six essential oils against important Candida species - a preliminary study. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:737-753. [PMID: 35531749 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic infections with Candida species are becoming more problematic, considering their increasing virulence and resistance to antifungal drugs. AIM To assess the antifungal and anti-virulence activity of basil, cinnamon, clove, melaleuca, oregano and thyme essential oils (EOs) on five Candida species (C. albicans, C. auris, C. krusei C. parapsilosis and C. guillermondii). METHODS The MIC, growth rate, antibiofilm activity, regulation of gene expression (ALS3, SAP2, HSP70) and germ-tube formation were evaluated by specific methods. RESULTS Most EOs inhibited Candida species growth and reduced the expression of some virulence factors. Cinnamon and clove EO showed the most significant inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS The tested EOs are promising agents for facilitating the management of some Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Anca-Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Mihai Mares
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Life Sciences of Iași, Iași, 700490, Romania
| | - Florina Ruta
- Department of Community Nutrition & Food Safety, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, & Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Mirela Pribac
- Nutrition & Holistic Health, Holomed, Târgu Mureș, 540272, Romania
| | - Adrian-Cornel Maier
- Department of Urology, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galați, Galați, 800008, Romania
| | - Anca Cighir
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania.,Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, & Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Cristina-Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania.,Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, & Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
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3
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Malchikova A, Klyasova G. In vitro activity of anidulafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole and amphotericin B against biofilms and planktonic forms of Candida species isolated from blood culture in patients with hematological malignancies. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101162. [PMID: 34147758 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of anidulafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole and conventional amphotericin B against biofilms and planktonic forms of Candida species isolated from blood culture in patients with hematological malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antifungal susceptibility for planktonic forms and biofilms of Candida was determined by broth microdilution method as described by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27 methodology and metabolic XTT-based [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] reduction assay, respectively. RESULTS A total of 75 Candida isolates were evaluated between 2006-2018 yy at the National Research Center for Hematology, Russia, Moscow. Biofilm production was detected in 34 (45.3%) Candida species. Antifungal susceptibility was tested for 27 common species of Candida forming biofilms (8 C.krusei, 7 C.tropicalis, 7 C.albicans, 5 C.parapsilosis). MICs below the susceptibility breakpoints were found for 100% of planktonic forms of Candida species for anidulafungin, 85.2% for caspofungin, and 66.7% for fluconazole. Amphotericin B MIC90 for Candida species were less than or equal to 1 μg/ml. Candida biofilms were susceptible in vitro for both tested echinocandins, but MIC80 of anidulafungin were lower compared to caspofungin. The highest MIC80 against Candida biofilms was found for fluconazole (>1,024 μg/ml for all tested isolates) and for conventional amphotericin B (range 4-16 μg/ml). CONCLUSION The majority of Candida isolates grown as planktonic forms were susceptible to anidulafungin, caspofungin, conventional amphotericin B and fluconazole. Anidulafungin displayed higher activity against Candida biofilms than caspofungin. All Candida biofilms were resistant to fluconazole and conventional amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malchikova
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Mycology and Antibiotic Therapy, National Research Center for Hematology, Noviy Zykovskiy proezd 4A, Moscow, 125167, Russian Federation.
| | - Galina Klyasova
- Head of the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Mycology and Antibiotic Therapy, National Research Center for Hematology Moscow, Russian Federation.
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4
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Neubauer D, Jaśkiewicz M, Bauer M, Olejniczak-Kęder A, Sikorska E, Sikora K, Kamysz W. Biological and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Arginine-Rich Peptide Gemini Surfactants with Lysine and Cystine Spacers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3299. [PMID: 33804887 PMCID: PMC8036666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrashort cationic lipopeptides (USCLs) and gemini cationic surfactants are classes of potent antimicrobials. Our recent study has shown that the branching and shortening of the fatty acids chains with the simultaneous addition of a hydrophobic N-terminal amino acid in USCLs result in compounds with enhanced selectivity. Here, this approach was introduced into arginine-rich gemini cationic surfactants. l-cystine diamide and l-lysine amide linkers were used as spacers. Antimicrobial activity against planktonic and biofilm cultures of ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) strains and Candida sp. as well as hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were examined. Moreover, antimicrobial activity in the presence of human serum and the ability to form micelles were evaluated. Membrane permeabilization study, serum stability assay, and molecular dynamics were performed. Generally, critical aggregation concentration was linearly correlated with hydrophobicity. Gemini surfactants were more active than the parent USCLs, and they turned out to be selective antimicrobial agents with relatively low hemolytic and cytotoxic activities. Geminis with the l-cystine diamide spacer seem to be less cytotoxic than their l-lysine amide counterparts, but they exhibited lower antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities in serum. In some cases, geminis with branched fatty acid chains and N-terminal hydrophobic amino acid resides exhibited enhanced selectivity to pathogens over human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Neubauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Maciej Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Marta Bauer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Agata Olejniczak-Kęder
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Emilia Sikorska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Karol Sikora
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.J.); (M.B.); (K.S.); (W.K.)
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Inhibitory Effect of 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carbohydrazonamides Derivatives Against Candida spp. Biofilm on Nanohydroxyapatite Substrate. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:775-786. [PMID: 31679132 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Candida can adhere and form biofilm on biomaterials commonly used in medical devices which is a key attribute that enhances its ability to cause infections in humans. Furthermore, biomaterial-related infections represent a major therapeutic challenge since Candida biofilms are implicated in antifungal therapies failure. The goals of the present work were to investigate the effect of three 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbohydrazonamides, namely (Z)-5-amino-1-methyl-N'-aryl-1H-imidazole-4-carbohydrazonamides [aryl = phenyl (1a), 4-fluorophenyl (1b), 3-fluorophenyl (1c)], on Candida albicans and Candida krusei biofilm on nanohydroxyapatite substrate, a well-known bioactive ceramic material. To address these goals, both quantitative methods (by cultivable cell numbers) and qualitative evaluation (by scanning electron microscopy) were used. Compounds cytocompatibility towards osteoblast-like cells was also evaluated after 24 h of exposure, through resazurin assay. The three tested compounds displayed a strong inhibitory effect on biofilm development of both Candida species as potent in vitro activity against C. albicans sessile cells. Regarding cytocompatibility, a concentration-dependent effect was observed. Together, these findings indicated that the potent activity of imidazole derivatives on Candida spp. biofilms on nanohydroxyapatite substrate, in particular compound 1c, is worth further investigating.
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6
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Crognale S, Stazi SR, Firrincieli A, Pesciaroli L, Fedi S, Petruccioli M, D'Annibale A. Time-Dependent Changes in Morphostructural Properties and Relative Abundances of Contributors in Pleurotus ostreatus/ Pseudomonas alcaliphila Mixed Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1819. [PMID: 31447819 PMCID: PMC6695841 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus dual biofilms with bacteria are known to be involved in rock phosphate solubilization, endophytic colonization, and even in nitrogen fixation. Despite these relevant implications, no information is currently available on the architecture of P. ostreatus-based dual biofilms. In addition to this, there is a limited amount of information regarding the estimation of the temporal changes in the relative abundances of the partners in such binary systems. To address these issues, a dual biofilm model system with this fungus was prepared by using Pseudomonas alcaliphila 34 as the bacterial partner due to its very fast biofilm-forming ability. The application of the bacterial inoculum to already settled fungal biofilm on a polystyrene surface coated with hydroxyapatite was the most efficient approach to the production of the mixed system the ultrastructure of which was investigated by a multi-microscopy approach. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the adhesion of bacterial cells onto the mycelial cell wall appeared to be mediated by the presence of an abundant layer of extracellular matrix (ECM). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that ECM filaments of bacterial origin formed initially a reticular structure that assumed a tabular semblance after 72 h, thus overshadowing the underlying mycelial network. Across the thickness of the mixed biofilms, the presence of an extensive network of channels with large aggregates of viable bacteria located on the edges of their lumina was found by confocal laser scanning microscopy; on the outermost biofilm layer, a significant fraction of dead bacterial cells was evident. Albeit with tangible differences, similar results regarding the estimation of the temporal shifts in the relative abundances of the two partners were obtained by two independent methods, the former relying on qPCR targeting of 16S and 18S rRNA genes and the latter on ester-linked fatty acid methyl esters analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Crognale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Rita Stazi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Firrincieli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorena Pesciaroli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefano Fedi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Petruccioli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Annibale
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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7
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Modiri M, Khodavaisy S, Barac A, Akbari Dana M, Nazemi L, Aala F, Salehi M, Rezaie S. Comparison of biofilm-producing ability of clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis species complex. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:140-146. [PMID: 30871787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Candida parapsilosis is one of the main emerging non-Candida albicans species leading to superficial and systemic fungal infections in humans. Candida has the ability to produce biofilms associated with pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to estimate biofilm-producing ability of clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis sp. complex. METHODS Clinical samples of C. parapsilosis complex have been analyzed. Crystal violet (CV) staining and tetrazolium reduction assay (MTT) have been used to analyze the clinical isolates ability to produce biofilms. The biofilm's structural characteristics have been assessed by using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS All 65 isolates were able to form biofilm. In addition, no significant difference was found between biofilm quantification based on two assays at different time intervals (24h, 48h, 72h, 96h) (P>0.05), with the exception of Candida orthopsilosis, which exhibited higher metabolic activity at 24h time point (P<0.05). Moreover, metabolic activity and production of biofilm biomass demonstrated statistically significant correlation (r=0.685, P<0.01). According to microscopic observations, the investigated clinical strains formed the similar surface topography with the slight differences in morphology; in addition, there was no statistically significant difference between efficiency of two assays to quantify biofilm. CONCLUSION It was shown that, similar to C. parapsilosissensu stricto, two cryptic identified species (C. orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis) obtained from different clinical samples, were biofilm producers, while C. parapsilosissensu stricto exhibited the highest biofilm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Modiri
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - A Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Akbari Dana
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - L Nazemi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Aala
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - M Salehi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rezaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Kumari A, Mankotia S, Chaubey B, Luthra M, Singh R. Role of biofilm morphology, matrix content and surface hydrophobicity in the biofilm-forming capacity of various Candida species. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:889-892. [PMID: 29717970 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the role of biofilm morphology, matrix content and surface hydrophobicity in the biofilm-forming capacity of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida (NAC) spp. Biofilm formation was determined by microtitre plate assay and bright-field and scanning electron microscopy. The matrix carbohydrates, proteins and e-DNA were quantified by phenol-sulfuric acid, bicinchoninic acid and UV spectroscopy, respectively. Specific glycosyl residues were detected by dot blot. The cell-surface hydrophobicity was determined by hydrocarbon adhesion assay. Candida tropicalis was found to exhibit the highest adherence to polystyrene. It formed dense biofilms with extensive pseudohyphae and hyphal elements, high hydrophobicity and the greatest amount of matrix carbohydrates, proteins and e-DNA. C. albicans displayed higher adherence and a complex biofilm morphology with larger aggregates than Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei, but had lower matrix content and hydrophobicity. Thus, the combinatorial effect of increased filamentation, maximum matrix content and high hydrophobicity contributes to the enhanced biofilm-forming capacity of C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjna Kumari
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Mankotia
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhawna Chaubey
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Monika Luthra
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rachna Singh
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Madhavan P, Jamal F, Pei CP, Othman F, Karunanidhi A, Ng KP. Comparative Study of the Effects of Fluconazole and Voriconazole on Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida rugosa Biofilms. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:499-511. [PMID: 29380188 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infections by non-albicans Candida species are a life-threatening condition, and formation of biofilms can lead to treatment failure in a clinical setting. This study was aimed to demonstrate the in vitro antibiofilm activity of fluconazole (FLU) and voriconazole (VOR) against C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. rugosa with diverse antifungal susceptibilities to FLU and VOR. The antibiofilm activities of FLU and VOR in the form of suspension as well as pre-coatings were assessed by XTT [2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] reduction assay. Morphological and intracellular changes exerted by the antifungal drugs on Candida cells were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results of the antibiofilm activities showed that FLU drug suspension was capable of killing C. parapsilosis and C. rugosa at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4× MIC FLU and 256× MIC FLU, respectively. While VOR MICs ranging from 2× to 32× were capable of killing the biofilms of all Candida spp tested. The antibiofilm activities of pre-coated FLU were able to kill the biofilms at ¼× MIC FLU and ½× MIC FLU for C. parapsilosis and C. rugosa strains, respectively. While pre-coated VOR was able to kill the biofilms, all three Candida sp at ½× MIC VOR. SEM and TEM examinations showed that FLU and VOR treatments exerted significant impact on Candida cell with various degrees of morphological changes. In conclusion, a fourfold reduction in MIC50 of FLU and VOR towards ATCC strains of C. glabrata, C. rugosa and C. rugosa clinical strain was observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Farida Jamal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chong Pei Pei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Othman
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Arunkumar Karunanidhi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rossoni RD, Barros PPD, Freire F, Santos JDD, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Study of Microbial Interaction Formed by "Candida krusei" and "Candida glabrata": "In Vitro" and "In Vivo" Studies. Braz Dent J 2017; 28:669-674. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201701393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Recently, the non-albicans Candida species have become recognized as an important source of infection and oral colonization by association of different species in a large number of immunosuppressed patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interactions between C. krusei and C. glabrata in biofilms formed in vitro and their ability to colonize the oral cavity of mouse model. Monospecies and mixed biofilms were developed of each strain, on 96-well microtiter plates for 48 h. These biofilms were analyzed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL) and by determining cell viability, using the XTT hydroxide colorimetric assay. For the in vivo study, twenty-four mice received topical applications of monospecie or mixed suspensions of each strain. After 48 h, yeasts were recovered from the mice and quantified by CFU/mL count. In the biofilm assays, the results for the CFU/mL count and the XTT assay showed that the two species studied were capable of forming high levels of in vitro monospecie biofilm. In mixed biofilm, the CFU of C. krusei increased (p=0.0001) and C. glabrata decreased (p=0.0001). The metabolic activity observed in XTT assay of mixed biofilm was significantly reduced compared with a single C. glabrata biofilm (p=0.0001). Agreeing with CFU in vitro count, C. glabrata CFU/mL values recovered from oral cavity of mice were statistically higher in the group with single infection (p=0.0001) than the group with mixed infection. We concluded that C. krusei inhibits C. glabrata and takes advantage to colonize the oral cavity and to form biofilms.
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Rossoni RD, Dos Santos Velloso M, Figueiredo LMA, Martins CP, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Clinical strains of Lactobacillus reduce the filamentation of Candida albicans and protect Galleria mellonella against experimental candidiasis. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:307-314. [PMID: 29170992 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen and can grow as yeast or filaments, depending on the environmental conditions. The filamentous form is of particular interest because it can play a direct role in adherence and pathogenicity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three clinical strains of Lactobacillus on C. albicans filamentation as well as their probiotic potential in pathogen-host interactions via an experimental candidiasis model study in Galleria mellonella. We used the reference strain Candida albicans ATCC 18804 and three clinical strains of Lactobacillus: L. rhamnosus strain 5.2, L. paracasei strain 20.3, and L. fermentum strain 20.4. First, the capacity of C. albicans to form hyphae was tested in vitro through association with the Lactobacillus strains. After that, we verified the ability of these strains to attenuate experimental candidiasis in a Galleria mellonella model through a survival curve assay. Regarding the filamentation assay, a significant reduction in hyphae formation of up to 57% was observed when C. albicans was incubated in the presence of the Lactobacillus strains, compared to a control group composed of only C. albicans. In addition, when the larvae were pretreated with Lactobacillus spp. prior to C. albicans infection, the survival rate of G. mellonela increased in all experimental groups. We concluded that Lactobacillus influences the growth and expression C. albicans virulence factors, which may interfere with the pathogenicity of these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marisol Dos Santos Velloso
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mara Alves Figueiredo
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Pistille Martins
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Weerasekera MM, Jayarathna TA, Wijesinghe GK, Gunasekara CP, Fernando N, Kottegoda N, Samaranayake LP. The Effect of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Med Princ Pract 2017; 26:554-560. [PMID: 29131083 PMCID: PMC5848478 DOI: 10.1159/000484718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of glucose, sucrose, and saccharin on growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The growth rates of mono-cultures of planktonic C. albicans and C. tropicalis and 1:1 mixed co-cultures were determined in yeast nitrogen broth supplemented with 5% (30 mM) and 10% (60 mM) glucose, sucrose, and saccharin, using optical density measurements at 2-h intervals over a 14-h period. Adhesion and biofilm growth were performed and the growth quantified using a standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The biofilm architecture was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. One- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to analyse the differences among multiple means. RESULTS The highest planktonic growth was noted in 5% glucose after 14 h (p < 0.05). No significant planktonic growth was observed in either concentration of saccharin. Both the concentrations of glucose and sucrose elicited significantly increased adhesion from MTT activity of 0.017 to >0.019 in mono- as well as co-cultures (p < 0.05), whilst the lower concentration of saccharin significantly dampened the adhesion. Maximal biofilm growth was observed in both species with the lower concentration of sucrose (5%), although a similar concentration of saccharin abrogated biofilm development: the highest MTT value (>0.35) was obtained for glucose and the lowest (>0.15) for saccharin. CONCLUSION In this study, glucose and sucrose accelerated the growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of Candida species. However, the non-nutritive sweetener saccharin appeared to dampen, and in some instances suppress, these virulent attributes of Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula M. Weerasekera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini A. Jayarathna
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Gayan K. Wijesinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Chinthika P. Gunasekara
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Neluka Fernando
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Nilwala Kottegoda
- Center for Advanced Material Research, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanoscience and Technology Park, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Lakshman P. Samaranayake
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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13
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Turan H, Demirbilek M. Biofilm-forming capacity of blood-borne Candida albicans strains and effects of antifungal agents. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:62-69. [PMID: 28988900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections related to Candida albicans biofilms and subsequent antifungal resistance have become more common with the increased use of indwelling medical devices. Regimens for preventing fungal biofilm formation are needed, particularly in high-risk patients. In this study, we investigated the biofilm formation rate of multiple strains of Candida albicans (n=162 clinical isolates), their antifungal susceptibility patterns, and the efficacy of certain antifungals for preventing biofilm formation. Biofilm formation was graded using a modified Christensen's 96-well plate method. We further analyzed 30 randomly chosen intense biofilm-forming isolates using the XTT method. Minimum biofilm inhibition concentrations (MBIC) of caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B were determined using the modified Calgary biofilm method. In addition, the inhibitory effects of antifungal agents on biofilm formation were investigated. Our study showed weak, moderate, and extensive biofilm formation in 29% (n=47), 38% (n=61), and 23% (n=37) of the isolates, respectively. We found that echinocandins had the lowest MBIC values and that itraconazole inhibited biofilm formation in more isolates (26/32; 81.3%) than other tested agents. In conclusion, echinocandins were most effective against formed biofilms, while itraconazole was most effective for preventing biofilm formation. Standardized methods are needed for biofilm antifungal sensitivity tests when determining the treatment and prophylaxis of C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Turan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Müge Demirbilek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Gomes IB, Meireles A, Gonçalves AL, Goeres DM, Sjollema J, Simões LC, Simões M. Standardized reactors for the study of medical biofilms: a review of the principles and latest modifications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:657-670. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1380601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inês B. Gomes
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Meireles
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Gonçalves
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Darla M. Goeres
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lúcia C. Simões
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Pereira D, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY, Samaranayake LP. Is the oral fungal pathogen Candida albicans a cariogen? Oral Dis 2017; 24:518-526. [PMID: 28513096 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathobiology of dental caries is complex. Data from recent molecular microbiologic studies have further redefined the role of the oral microbiome in the etiology of dental caries. This new information challenges the conventional view on the hegemony of classic cariogenic prokaryotes such as Streptococcus mutans in caries etiology, and raises the intriguing possibility of the participation of the eukaryotic oral fungal pathogen Candida in the caries process. The virulence attributes of Candida species such as their acidogenicity and aciduric nature, the ability to develop profuse biofilms, ferment and assimilate dietary sugars, and produce collagenolytic proteinases are all indicative of their latent cariogenic potential. Based on the above, oral candidal counts have been used by some as a caries risk indicator. On the contrary, other studies suggest that Candida is merely a passenger extant in an acidic cariogenic milieu, and not a true pathogen. In this review, we critically examine the varying roles of Candida, and traditionally accepted cariogens such as the mutans group of streptococci in the pathobiology of dental caries. The weight of available data tends to imply that Candida may play a pivotal role as a secondary agent perpetuating the carious process, especially in dentinal caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dfa Pereira
- São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - C J Seneviratne
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Y Koga-Ito
- São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - L P Samaranayake
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait.,School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Australia
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16
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Oliveira VMC, Santos SSF, Silva CRG, Jorge AOC, Leão MVP. Lactobacillus is able to alter the virulence and the sensitivity profile of Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1737-1744. [PMID: 27606962 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study investigated whether the interaction with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC7469) interfere with the expression of virulence factors by Candida albicans (ATCC18804). METHODS AND RESULTS These micro-organisms were grown in biofilms for 24, 48 and 72 h, Candida was isolated and the expression of the major virulence factors were investigated. The production of phospholipase, protease and haemolysin were observed in appropriate media; observation of germ tubes formation in serum; biofilm formation, after growth in microtitre plates and reading in spectrophotometer. Candida was also tested for antifungal sensitivity to amphotericin B, fluconazole and ketoconazole. The results were compared with the cells of Candida grown in the absence of lactobacilli (control group). Candida cells, which interacted with Lact. rhamnosus (test group), showed significantly lower proteinase and haemolysin activity, when compared with control group. The germ tube formation and biofilm formation capacity also decreased in tested groups, which demonstrated alterations in susceptibility to antifungal drugs. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Lact. rhamnosus is able to influence the expression of virulence factors by C. albicans and can alter its antifungal sensitivity profile. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results suggest reduction in the pathogenicity of Candida and improvement in candidiasis therapy and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M C Oliveira
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S S F Santos
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C R G Silva
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A O C Jorge
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M V P Leão
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Wei XY, Zhang R, Xiao BB, Liao QP. Biofilms of vaginal Lactobacillus in vitro test. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2016; 37:69-73. [PMID: 27625157 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2016.1217508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on biofilms of Lactobacillus spp. - a type of normal flora isolated from healthy human vaginas of women of childbearing age; thereupon, it broadens the research scope of investigation of vaginal normal flora. The static slide culture method was adopted to foster biofilms, marked by specific fluorescence staining. Laser scanning confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the microstructure of the biofilms. Photographs taken from the microstructure were analysed to calculate the density of the biofilms. The body of Lactobacillus spp., though red, turned yellow when interacting with the green extracellular polysaccharides. The structure of the biofilm and aquaporin within the biofilm were imaged. Lactobacillus density increases over time. This study provides convincing evidence that Lactobacillus can form biofilms and grow over time in vitro. This finding establishes an important and necessary condition for selecting proper strains for the pharmaceutics of vaginal ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Wei
- a Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Rui Zhang
- a Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Bing-Bing Xiao
- a Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Qin-Ping Liao
- a Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics , Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , China
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18
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Alnuaimi AD, Ramdzan AN, Wiesenfeld D, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Kolev SD, Reynolds EC, McCullough MJ. Candida virulence and ethanol-derived acetaldehyde production in oral cancer and non-cancer subjects. Oral Dis 2016; 22:805-814. [PMID: 27495361 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare biofilm-forming ability, hydrolytic enzymes and ethanol-derived acetaldehyde production of oral Candida isolated from the patients with oral cancer and matched non-oral cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fungal biofilms were grown in RPMI-1640 medium, and biofilm mass and biofilm activity were assessed using crystal violet staining and XTT salt reduction assays, respectively. Phospholipase, proteinase, and esterase production were measured using agar plate method, while fungal acetaldehyde production was assessed via gas chromatography. RESULTS Candida isolated from patients with oral cancer demonstrated significantly higher biofilm mass (P = 0.031), biofilm metabolic activity (P < 0.001), phospholipase (P = 0.002), and proteinase (P = 0.0159) activity than isolates from patients with non-oral cancer. High ethanol-derived acetaldehyde-producing Candida were more prevalent in patients with oral cancer than non-oral cancer (P = 0.01). In univariate regression analysis, high biofilm mass (P = 0.03) and biofilm metabolic activity (P < 0.001), high phospholipase (P = 0.003), and acetaldehyde production ability (0.01) were significant risk factors for oral cancer; while in the multivariate regression analysis, high biofilm activity (0.01) and phospholipase (P = 0.01) were significantly positive influencing factors on oral cancer. CONCLUSION These data suggest a significant positive association between the ability of Candida isolates to form biofilms, to produce hydrolytic enzymes, and to metabolize alcohol to acetaldehyde with their ability to promote oral cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Alnuaimi
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic, Australia
| | - A N Ramdzan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - D Wiesenfeld
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic, Australia.,Head and Neck Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - N M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic, Australia
| | - S D Kolev
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - E C Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic, Australia
| | - M J McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Vic, Australia.
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19
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In vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activities of halogenated quinoline analogues against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:208-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Exploring ecological modelling to investigate factors governing the colonization success in nosocomial environment of Candida albicans and other pathogenic yeasts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26860. [PMID: 27246511 PMCID: PMC4887984 DOI: 10.1038/srep26860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hundred seventy seven strains from eleven opportunistic species of the genus Candida, isolated from two Italian hospitals, were identified and analyzed for their ability to form biofilm in laboratory conditions. The majority of Candida albicans strains formed biofilm while among the NCAC species there were different level of biofilm forming ability, in accordance with the current literature. The relation between the variables considered, i.e. the departments and the hospitals or the species and their ability to form biofilm, was tested with the assessment of the probability associated to each combination. Species and biofilm forming ability appeared to be distributed almost randomly, although some combinations suggest a potential preference of some species or of biofilm forming strains for specific wards. On the contrary, the relation between biofilm formation and species isolation frequency was highly significant (R2 around 0.98). Interestingly, the regression analyses carried out on the data of the two hospitals separately were rather different and the analysis on the data merged together gave a much lower correlation. These findings suggest that, harsh environments shape the composition of microbial species significantly and that each environment should be considered per se to avoid less significant statistical treatments.
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21
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Quishida CCC, Mima EGDO, Dovigo LN, Jorge JH, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photodynamic inactivation of a multispecies biofilm using Photodithazine(®) and LED light after one and three successive applications. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:2303-12. [PMID: 26404782 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, the effectiveness of successive applications of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (API) mediated by Photodithazine(®) (PDZ) and LED light was evaluated against a multispecies biofilm formed by Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans on denture base acrylic resin. Standard cell suspensions (bacteria and yeast) were inoculated on acrylic resin samples, and the biofilm was grown for 48 h (37 °C/75 rpm). API was performed by the administration of PDZ (175 and 200 mg/L) and exposure to 37.5 J/cm(2) of LED light (660 nm). Additional samples were treated with PDZ or LED light only. Untreated control samples were not submitted to light or PDZ. The conditions described were applied once or in three consecutive applications for all groups. Cell viability was determined by colony counts (CFU/mL), metabolic activity, total biomass, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Data were analyzed by a nonparametric two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The results obtained demonstrated a significant effect (p < 0.05) of number of applications and treatment groups for CFU/mL, and S. mutans showed the highest susceptibility to API. The metabolic activity of the multispecies biofilm was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) after API for both numbers of applications, which were also significantly different (p < 0.05) between them. The total biomass of the biofilm was significantly different (p < 0.05) only between groups submitted to one and three API applications. CLSM showed a visual increase of dead cells after API. API-mediated PDZ was effective in reducing the cell viability of multispecies biofilm. Three consecutive applications of API were more effective for reducing the cell viability and the total biomass of multispecies biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Campos Costa Quishida
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Nordi Dovigo
- Department of Social Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Janaina Habib Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Physics Institute of São Carlos, USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, CEP: 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia Pavarina
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Rua Humaitá 1680, CEP 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Pereira CA, Domingues N, Silva MP, Costa ACBP, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Photodynamic inactivation of virulence factors of Candida strains isolated from patients with denture stomatitis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:82-9. [PMID: 26398815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are major microorganisms isolated in denture stomatitis (DS), an inflammatory process of the mucosa underlying removable dental prostheses, and express a variety of virulence factors that can increase their pathogenicity. The potential of Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in planktonic culture, biofilms and virulence factors of Candida strains was evaluated. A total of 48 clinical Candida isolates from individuals wearing removable maxillary prostheses with DS were included in the study. The effects of erythrosine (ER, 200 μM) and a green LED (λ 532 ± 10 nm, 237 mW/cm(2) and 42.63 J/cm(2)) in a planktonic culture were evaluated. The effect of the addition of ER at a concentration of 400 μM together with a green LED was evaluated in biofilms. The virulence factors of all of the Candida strains were evaluated before and after the PDI process in cells derived from biofilm and planktonic assays. All of the Candida species were susceptible to ER and green LED. However, the biofilm structures were more resistant to PDI than the planktonic cultures. PDI also promoted slight reductions in most of the virulence factors of C. albicans and some of the Candida tropicalis strains. These results suggest that the addition of PDI is effective for reducing yeasts and may also reduce the virulence of certain Candida species and decrease their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Aparecida Pereira
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Nádia Domingues
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Michelle Peneluppi Silva
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Anna Carolina Borges Pereira Costa
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
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Chandra J, Mukherjee PK. Candida Biofilms: Development, Architecture, and Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0020-2015. [PMID: 26350306 PMCID: PMC4566167 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mb-0020-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular device-related infections are often associated with biofilms (microbial communities encased within a polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrix) formed by pathogens on the surfaces of these devices. Candida species are the most common fungi isolated from catheter-, denture-, and voice prosthesis-associated infections and also are commonly isolated from contact lens-related infections (e.g., fungal keratitis). These biofilms exhibit decreased susceptibility to most antimicrobial agents, which contributes to the persistence of infection. Recent technological advances have facilitated the development of novel approaches to investigate the formation of biofilms and identify specific markers for biofilms. These studies have provided extensive knowledge of the effect of different variables, including growth time, nutrients, and physiological conditions, on biofilm formation, morphology, and architecture. In this article, we will focus on fungal biofilms (mainly Candida biofilms) and provide an update on the development, architecture, and resistance mechanisms of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Chandra
- Center for Medical Mycology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Pranab K Mukherjee
- Center for Medical Mycology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Silva-Dias A, Miranda IM, Branco J, Monteiro-Soares M, Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG. Adhesion, biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity, and antifungal planktonic susceptibility: relationship among Candida spp. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:205. [PMID: 25814989 PMCID: PMC4357307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed the characterization of the adhesion profile, biofilm formation, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and antifungal susceptibility of 184 Candida clinical isolates obtained from different human reservoirs. Adhesion was quantified using a flow cytometric assay and biofilm formation was evaluated using two methodologies: XTT and crystal violet assay. CSH was quantified with the microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons test while planktonic susceptibility was assessed accordingly the CLSI protocol for yeast M27-A3 S4. Yeast cells of non-albicans species exhibit increased ability to adhere and form biofilm. However, the correlation between adhesion and biofilm formation varied according to species and also with the methodology used for biofilm assessment. No association was found between strain's site of isolation or planktonic antifungal susceptibility and adhesion or biofilm formation. Finally CSH seemed to be a good predictor for biofilm formation but not for adhesion. Despite the marked variability registered intra and inter species, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis were the species exhibiting high adhesion profile. C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, and C. krusei revealed higher biofilm formation values in terms of biomass. C. parapsilosis was the species with lower biofilm metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silva-Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M Miranda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Branco
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Matilde Monteiro-Soares
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; CIDES, Department of Information and Decision Sciences in Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália Pina-Vaz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Department of Microbiology, Centro Hospitalar S. João Porto, Portugal
| | - Acácio G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Burn Unit and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Centro Hospitalar S. João Porto, Portugal
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Bruder-Nascimento A, Camargo CH, Mondelli AL, Sugizaki MF, Sadatsune T, Bagagli E. Candida species biofilm and Candida albicans ALS3 polymorphisms in clinical isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1371-7. [PMID: 25763043 PMCID: PMC4323312 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, there have been important changes in the epidemiology of Candida infections. In recent years, Candida species have emerged as important causes of invasive infections mainly among immunocompromised patients. This study analyzed Candida spp. isolates and compared the frequency and biofilm production of different species among the different sources of isolation: blood, urine, vulvovaginal secretions and peritoneal dialysis fluid. Biofilm production was quantified in 327 Candida isolates obtained from patients attended at a Brazilian tertiary public hospital (Botucatu, Sao Paulo). C. albicans ALS3 gene polymorphism was also evaluated by determining the number of repeated motifs in the central domain. Of the 198 total biofilm-positive isolates, 72 and 126 were considered as low and high biofilm producers, respectively. Biofilm production by C. albicans was significantly lower than that by non-albicans isolates and was most frequently observed in C. tropicalis. Biofilm production was more frequent among bloodstream isolates than other clinical sources, in urine, the isolates displayed a peculiar distribution by presenting two distinct peaks, one containing biofilm-negative isolates and the other containing isolates with intense biofilm production. The numbers of tandem-repeat copies per allele were not associated with biofilm production, suggesting the evolvement of other genetic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bruder-Nascimento
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" BotucatuSP Brazil Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Camargo
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" BotucatuSP Brazil Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Lia Mondelli
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" BotucatuSP Brazil Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Sugizaki
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" BotucatuSP Brazil Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Terue Sadatsune
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" BotucatuSP Brazil Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" BotucatuSP Brazil Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Kucharíková S, Neirinck B, Sharma N, Vleugels J, Lagrou K, Van Dijck P. In vivo Candida glabrata biofilm development on foreign bodies in a rat subcutaneous model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:846-56. [PMID: 25406296 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biofilm studies have been mostly dedicated to the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, whereas much less is known about this virulence factor in Candida glabrata, certainly under in vivo conditions. This study provides a deeper understanding of the biofilm development of C. glabrata, its architecture and susceptibility profile to fluconazole and echinocandins. METHODS In vitro and in vivo C. glabrata biofilms were developed inside serum-coated triple-lumen catheters placed in 24-well polystyrene plates or implanted subcutaneously in the back of a rat, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to visualize the biofilm architecture. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to demonstrate the expression profile of EPA1, EPA3, EPA6 and AWP1-AWP7 during in vivo biofilm formation. RESULTS Mature biofilms were observed within the first 48 h and the amount of biofilm reached its maximum by 6 days. Architecturally, mature C. glabrata biofilms consisted of a thick network of yeast cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. Moreover, in vivo biofilms were susceptible to echinocandin drugs, whereas fluconazole remained ineffective. Gene expression profiling revealed that EPA3, EPA6, AWP2, AWP3 and AWP5 were up-regulated in in vivo biofilms compared with in vitro biofilms. CONCLUSIONS C. glabrata is a unique microorganism, which, despite the lack of transition to the hyphal form, formed thick biofilms inside foreign bodies in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has described in vivo C. glabrata biofilm development and its architectural changes in detail and provides an insight into the susceptibility profile, as well as the gene expression machinery, of biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Kucharíková
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Neirinck
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Vleugels
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001 Heverlee-Leuven, Belgium
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Macia M, Rojo-Molinero E, Oliver A. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm-growing bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:981-90. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Escribano P, Bouza E, Guinea J. Production of biofilm by Candida and non-Candida spp. isolates causing fungemia: comparison of biomass production and metabolic activity and development of cut-off points. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1192-8. [PMID: 25224357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm production in Candida spp. can be studied by measuring the biomass produced after application of crystal violet stain or by measuring metabolic activity with XTT. Our study is the first in which crystal violet and XTT are compared to analyze the ability of clinically relevant Candida and non-Candida species to produce biofilm. We studied 577 isolates causing fungemia in 512 patients admitted from January 2007 to July 2013. Based on the biomass production measured by crystal violet and the metabolic activity measured by XTT, strains were divided into terciles to establish tentative cut-offs to classify isolates as being low, moderate, or high biofilm-forming and as having low, moderate, or high metabolic activity. Considerable variability in biofilm production and metabolic activity was found both between species and within species. C. tropicalis showed the highest biomass production, whereas C. glabrata showed the highest metabolic activity, and non-Candida species isolates showed the lowest metabolic activity (P<0.0023). The isolates were classified as low metabolic activity, moderate metabolic activity, and high metabolic activity according to their cut-offs by XTT (<0.097, 0.097-0.2, and >0.2) and as low biofilm-forming, moderate biofilm-forming, and high biofilm-forming according to their cut-offs by crystal violet (<0.44, 0.44-1.17, and >1.17). The overall categorical agreement between the procedures was 43.7%, which increased to >50% for C. albicans and C. parapsilosis. XTT and crystal violet are complementary procedures for the study of biofilm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Judith Marcos-Zambrano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Escribano
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias - CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias - CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Guinea
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias - CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Human dental biofilm: Screening, characterization, in vitro biofilm formation and antifungal resistance of Candida spp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ksujds.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dovigo LN, Carmello JC, Carvalho MT, Mima EG, Vergani CE, Bagnato VS, Pavarina AC. Photodynamic inactivation of clinical isolates of Candida using Photodithazine®. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1057-1067. [PMID: 24025068 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.827668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) mediated by Photodithazine(®) (PDZ) against 15 clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. Each isolate, in planktonic and biofilm form, was exposed to PDI by assessing a range of PDZ concentrations and light emitting diode fluences. Cell survival of the planktonic suspensions was determined by colony forming units (CFU ml(-1)). The antifungal effects of PDI against biofilms were evaluated by CFU ml(-1) and metabolic assay. Data were analyzed by non-parametric tests (α = 0.05). Regardless of the species, PDI promoted a significant viability reduction of planktonic yeasts. The highest reduction in cell viability of the biofilms was equivalent to 0.9 log10 (CFU ml(-1)) for C. albicans, while 1.4 and 1.5 log10 reductions were obtained for C. tropicalis and C. glabrata, respectively. PDI reduced the metabolic activity of biofilms by 62.1, 76.0, and 76.9% for C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata, respectively. PDZ-mediated PDI promoted significant reduction in the viability of Candida isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Dovigo
- a Department of Social Dentistry , Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , Brazil
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Comparison of the effect of rose bengal- and eosin Y-mediated photodynamic inactivation on planktonic cells and biofilms of Candida albicans. Lasers Med Sci 2013; 29:949-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-013-1435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pesciaroli L, Petruccioli M, Federici F, D'Annibale A. Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms exhibit higher tolerance to toxicants than free-floating counterparts. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:1043-1055. [PMID: 23998200 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.825901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The MBEC(TM)-High Throughput Assay based on the Calgary Biofilm Device was used to produce and to characterize Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms. Hydroxyapatite coating of pegs was required to enable biofilm attachment; biofilm amounts and homogeneity of distribution were markedly improved upon removal of non-sessile biomass after 48 h from inoculation. Scanning electron microscopy showed surface-associated and multi-layered growth stabilized by the presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM). Biofilms had higher contents of total sugars and ECM than their free-floating counterparts. Tolerance to Cr(VI) in the former was about twice that of the latter as inferred by the respective inhibitory concentrations (48.4 vs 24.1 mM and 114.5 vs 61.0 mM in 4- and 7-d-old cultures, respectively). Biofilms also displayed superior olive-mill wastewater (OMW) treatment efficiency along 5 consecutive batches leading to chemical oxygen demand and total phenol removals higher than 50 and 90%, respectively. Laccase activity peaks in biofilm cultures grown on OMW were significantly higher than those in free-floating cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pesciaroli
- a Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems , University of Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
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Characterization of Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms by using the calgary biofilm device. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6083-92. [PMID: 23892744 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02099-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adequacy of the Calgary biofilm device, often referred to as the MBEC system, as a high-throughput approach to the production and subsequent characterization of Pleurotus ostreatus biofilms was assessed. The hydroxyapatite-coating of pegs was necessary to enable biofilm attachment, and the standardization of vegetative inocula ensured a uniform distribution of P. ostreatus biofilms, which is necessary for high-throughput evaluations of several antimicrobials and exposure conditions. Scanning electron microscopy showed surface-associated growth, the occurrence of a complex aggregated growth organized in multilayers or hyphal bundles, and the encasement of hyphae within an extracellular matrix (ECM), the extent of which increased with time. Chemical analyses showed that biofilms differed from free-floating cultures for their higher contents of total sugars (TS) and ECM, with the latter being mainly composed of TS and, to a lesser extent, protein. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of 4-day-old biofilms showed the presence of interspersed interstitial voids and water channels in the mycelial network, the density and compactness of which increased after a 7-day incubation, with the novel occurrence of ECM aggregates with an α-glucan moiety. In 4- and 7-day-old biofilms, tolerance to cadmium was increased by factors of 3.2 and 11.1, respectively, compared to coeval free-floating counterparts.
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Costa ACBP, Pereira CA, Freire F, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Methods for obtaining reliable and reproducible results in studies of Candida biofilms formed in vitro. Mycoses 2013; 56:614-22. [PMID: 23710618 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is one of the most important attributes for virulence in Candida species and contributes to increased resistance to antifungal drugs and host immune mechanisms. These features have led to the development of several methodologies to reproduce a sessile community in vitro that can be used to study the development of a biofilm, its interaction with other microorganisms and the environment, and its susceptibility to available antifungal agents and also to search for new therapy strategies. The purpose of this review is to describe the most commonly used methods to study Candida biofilms in vitro, to discuss the benefits and limitations of the different methods to induce biofilm formation, and to analyse the architecture, viability and growth kinetics of Candida biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C B P Costa
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-institute, Jena, Germany
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Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC, Barbosa JO, Rossoni RD, Vilela SFG, Costa ACBP, Primo FL, Gonçalves JM, Tedesco AC, Suleiman JMAH. Photodynamic inactivation of biofilms formed by Candida spp., Trichosporon mucoides, and Kodamaea ohmeri by cationic nanoemulsion of zinc 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(phenylthio)-29H, 31H-phthalocyanine (ZnPc). Lasers Med Sci 2012; 27:1205-12. [PMID: 22278349 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The biofilms formed by opportunistic yeasts serve as a persistent reservoir of infection and impair the treatment of fungal diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of biofilms formed by Candida spp. and the emerging pathogens Trichosporon mucoides and Kodamaea ohmeri by a cationic nanoemulsion of zinc 2,9,16,23-tetrakis(phenylthio)-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (ZnPc). Biofilms formed by yeasts after 48 h in the bottom of 96-well microtiter plates were treated with the photosensitizer (ZnPc) and a GaAlAs laser (26.3 J cm(-2)). The biofilm cells were scraped off the well wall, homogenized, and seeded onto Sabouraud dextrose agar plates that were then incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Efficient PDI of biofilms was verified by counting colony-forming units (CFU/ml), and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). All biofilms studied were susceptible to PDI with statistically significant differences. The strains of Candida genus were more resistant to PDI than emerging pathogens T. mucoides and K. ohmeri. A mean reduction of 0.45 log was achieved for Candida spp. biofilms, and a reduction of 0.85 and 0.84, were achieved for biofilms formed by T. mucoides and K. ohmeri, respectively. Therefore, PDI by treatment with nanostructured formulations cationic zinc 2,9,16,23- tetrakis (phenylthio)- 29H, 31H- phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and a laser reduced the number of cells in the biofilms formed by strains of C. albicans and non-Candida albicans as well the emerging pathogens T. mucoides and K. ohmeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista, Engenheiro Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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Candida biofilms and the host: models and new concepts for eradication. Int J Microbiol 2011; 2012:845352. [PMID: 22164167 PMCID: PMC3227478 DOI: 10.1155/2012/845352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms define mono- or multispecies communities embedded in a self-produced protective matrix, which is strongly attached to surfaces. They often are considered a general threat not only in industry but also in medicine. They constitute a permanent source of contamination, and they can disturb the proper usage of the material onto which they develop. This paper relates to some of the most recent approaches that have been elaborated to eradicate Candida biofilms, based on the vast effort put in ever-improving models of biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo, including novel flow systems, high-throughput techniques and mucosal models. Mixed biofilms, sustaining antagonist or beneficial cooperation between species, and their interplay with the host immune system are also prevalent topics. Alternative strategies against biofilms include the lock therapy and immunotherapy approaches, and material coating and improvements. The host-biofilm interactions are also discussed, together with their potential applications in Candida biofilm elimination.
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Anti-Candida albicans activity, cytotoxicity and interaction with antifungal drugs of essential oils and extracts from aromatic and medicinal plants. INFECTIO 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(11)70080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Costa ACBP, Rasteiro VMC, Pereira CA, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. The effects of rose bengal- and erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans. Mycoses 2011; 55:56-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Williams DW, Kuriyama T, Silva S, Malic S, Lewis MAO. Candida biofilms and oral candidosis: treatment and prevention. Periodontol 2000 2011; 55:250-65. [PMID: 21134239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tristezza M, Lourenço A, Barata A, Brito L, Malfeito-Ferreira M, Loureiro V. Susceptibility of wine spoilage yeasts and bacteria in the planktonic state and in biofilms to disinfectants. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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41
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Microtiter susceptibility testing of microbes growing on peg lids: a miniaturized biofilm model for high-throughput screening. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1236-54. [PMID: 20595953 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Batch culture of biofilms on peg lids is a versatile method that can be used for microtiter determinations of biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility. In this paper, we describe a core protocol and a set of parameters (surface composition, the rate of rocking or orbital motion, temperature, cultivation time, inoculum size, atmospheric gases and nutritional medium) that can be adjusted to grow single- or multispecies biofilms on peg surfaces. Mature biofilms formed on peg lids can then be fitted into microtiter plates containing test agents. After a suitable exposure time, biofilm cells are disrupted into a recovery medium using sonication. Microbicidal endpoints can be determined qualitatively using optical density measurements or quantitatively using viable cell counting. Once equipment is calibrated and growth conditions are at an optimum, the procedure requires approximately 5 h of work over 4-6 d. This efficient method allows antimicrobial agents and exposure conditions to be tested against biofilms on a high-throughput scale.
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Silva S, Henriques M, Martins A, Oliveira R, Williams D, Azeredo J. Biofilms of non-Candida albicans Candida species: quantification, structure and matrix composition. Med Mycol 2010; 47:681-9. [PMID: 19888800 DOI: 10.3109/13693780802549594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of candidiasis have been attributed to C. albicans, but recently, non- Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species have been identified as common pathogens. The ability of Candida species to form biofilms has important clinical repercussions due to their increased resistance to antifungal therapy and the ability of yeast cells within the biofilms to withstand host immune defenses. Given this clinical importance of the biofilm growth form, the aim of this study was to characterize biofilms produced by three NCAC species, namely C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata. The biofilm forming ability of clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata recovered from different sources, was evaluated by crystal violet staining. The structure and morphological characteristics of the biofilms were also assessed by scanning electron microscopy and the biofilm matrix composition analyzed for protein and carbohydrate content. All NCAC species were able to form biofilms although these were less extensive for C. glabrata compared with C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis. It was evident that C. parapsilosis biofilm production was highly strain dependent, a feature not evident with C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed structural differences for biofilms with respect to cell morphology and spatial arrangement. Candida parapsilosis biofilm matrices had large amounts of carbohydrate with less protein. Conversely, matrices extracted from C. tropicalis biofilms had low amounts of carbohydrate and protein. Interestingly, C. glabrata biofilm matrix was high in both protein and carbohydrate content. The present work demonstrates that biofilm forming ability, structure and matrix composition are highly species dependent with additional strain variability occurring with C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Ramage G, Mowat E, Jones B, Williams C, Lopez-Ribot J. Our current understanding of fungal biofilms. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 35:340-55. [PMID: 19863383 DOI: 10.3109/10408410903241436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal biofilms are an escalating clinical problem associated with significant rates of mortality. Candida albicans is the most notorious of all fungal biofilm formers. However, non-Candida species, yeasts such as Cryptococcus neoformans, and filamentous moulds such as Aspergillus fumigatus, have been shown to be implicated in biofilm-associated infections. Fungal biofilms have distinct developmental phases, including adhesion, colonisation, maturation and dispersal, which are governed by complex molecular events. Recalcitrance to antifungal therapy remains the greatest threat to patients with fungal biofilms. This review discusses our current understanding of the basic biology and clinical implications associated with fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Ramage
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Deng DM, Hoogenkamp MA, Exterkate RA, Jiang LM, van der Sluis LW, ten Cate JM, Crielaard W. Influence of Streptococcus mutans on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Formation. J Endod 2009; 35:1249-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Quindós G, Villar-Vidal M, Eraso E. Actividad de la micafungina contra las biopelículas de Candida. Rev Iberoam Micol 2009; 26:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(09)70008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Tobudic S, Lassnigg A, Kratzer C, Graninger W, Presterl E. Antifungal activity of amphotericin B, caspofungin and posaconazole on Candida albicans biofilms in intermediate and mature development phases. Mycoses 2009; 53:208-14. [PMID: 19298353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the antifungal activity of amphotericin B, caspofungin and posaconazole on Candida albicans biofilms in the intermediate and mature development phases. Candida albicans biofilms, previously grown for either 24, 48 or 72 h in 96-well microtitre plates, were treated for 48 h with amphotericin B, caspofungin or posaconazole in increasing concentrations according to the respective minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined for planktonic cells (1-128 x MIC). The biofilms were quantified using the mean optical density (OD) determined by XTT assay. Antifungal activities were expressed as percentage of reduction in OD of drug-treated biofilms compared to untreated biofilms. To test the fungicidal activity of antifungal agents, the unfixed biofilms were scraped off and seeded to Sabouraud agar. Caspofungin and amphotericin B showed higher activity against C. albicans biofilm grown for 24 h and 72 h (>or=50% reduction of OD) than biofilms grown for 48 h, whereas posaconazole showed similar, but reduced activity against all phases of C. albicans biofilm (<or=50% reduction of OD). Caspofungin at 1-4 x MIC achieved the greatest decrease in the biofilm OD grown for 24, 48 and 72 h, whereas amphotericin B showed dose-dependent activity. However, all tested antifungals failed to reach fungicidal activity in all biofilm development phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Tobudic
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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47
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Abstract
Candida is the major fungal pathogen of humans causing a variety of afflictions ranging from superficial mucosal diseases to deep seated mycoses. Biofilm formation is a major virulence factor in the pathogenicity of Candida, and Candida biofilms are difficult to eradicate especially because of their very high antifungal resistance. Consequently, research into the pathogenicity of Candida has focused on the prevention and management of biofilm development, their architecture, and antifungal resistance. Although studies have shed some light, molecular mechanisms that govern biofilm formation and pathogenicity still await full clarification. This review outlines the key features of what is currently known of Candida biofilm development, regulation and antifungal resistance and, their proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Seneviratne
- Oral Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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48
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Pierce CG, Uppuluri P, Tristan AR, Wormley FL, Mowat E, Ramage G, Lopez-Ribot JL. A simple and reproducible 96-well plate-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms and its application to antifungal susceptibility testing. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1494-500. [PMID: 18772877 DOI: 10.1038/nport.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has increased significantly over the past decades. Very often these infections are associated with biofilm formation on implanted biomaterials and/or host surfaces. This has important clinical implications, as fungal biofilms display properties that are dramatically different from planktonic (free-living) populations, including increased resistance to antifungal agents. Here we describe a rapid and highly reproducible 96-well microtiter-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms, which is easily adaptable for antifungal susceptibility testing. This model is based on the ability of metabolically active sessile cells to reduce a tetrazolium salt (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) to water-soluble orange formazan compounds, the intensity of which can then be determined using a microtiter-plate reader. The entire procedure takes approximately 2 d to complete. This technique simplifies biofilm formation and quantification, making it more reliable and comparable among different laboratories, a necessary step toward the standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Pierce
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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Marcos-Arias C, Vicente JL, Sahand IH, Eguia A, De-Juan A, Madariaga L, Aguirre JM, Eraso E, Quindós G. Isolation of Candida dubliniensis in denture stomatitis. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 54:127-31. [PMID: 18950745 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the isolation of Candida dubliniensis from a patient with denture stomatitis and to compare with the presence of yeasts in the oral cavities of denture wearers. DESIGN One hundred and fifty-two Candida isolates were recovered through oral swabs from denture as well as the underlying mucosa from 100 patients wearing denture. For detection and identification of fungal isolates, standard phenotypic and genotypic methods were used. RESULTS Forty-five of 100 denture wearers suffered from denture stomatitis. Seventy-three Candida isolates were recovered from 38 denture wearers without denture stomatitis. In this group, Candida albicans was the predominant species (58.9%), followed by Candida tropicalis (15.1%), Candida guilliermondii (13.7%), Candida glabrata (9.6%), and Candida parapsilosis (2.7%). Seventy-nine isolates were yielded from 40 patients suffering from denture stomatitis. C. albicans was also the most frequently isolated species (58 isolates, 73.4%), followed by C. glabrata and C. tropicalis (7 isolates each, 8.9%), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2 isolates, 2.5%). One isolate was yielded of the following species: Candida famata, Candida krusei, C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii. Moreover 1 isolate was phenotypic and genotypic identified as C. dubliniensis genotype 1. CONCLUSIONS C. albicans is the predominant fungal species isolated from denture wearers. C. dubliniensis could be isolated from adults with denture stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Marcos-Arias
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apartado 699, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
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50
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A simple and reproducible 96-well plate-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms and its application to antifungal susceptibility testing. Nat Protoc 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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