1
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Miroult C, Lasserre J, Toma S. Effects of Omega-3 as an adjuvant in the treatment of periodontal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:545-556. [PMID: 37345207 PMCID: PMC10441607 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Promoting resolution of inflammation using new classes of lipids mediators has been proposed for the management of inflammatory disease. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the benefits of the use of omega-3 fatty acids as an adjuvant in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The data search was conducted into three main databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. The search equation was built around the PICO framework in which the population was constituted by human adults suffering from chronic periodontitis that had to be treated with conventional SRP with the adjunction of omega-3 fatty acids (I) or without the adjunction of omega-3 fatty acids (C), with, as a first outcome the probing pocket depth reduction (PPD) and as a second outcome the clinical attachment loss reduction (CAL). Risk of bias within studies was evaluated for each included study using the Cochrane collaboration tool for randomized studies (RoB Tool). A meta-analysis was performed using REVMAN 5.3. RESULTS After a global search, 117 studies were selected but only seven of them were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Six out of seven studies showed a significantly better PPD reduction in the omega-3 fatty acids group compared to the control group and five out of seven studies showed a significantly better CAL reduction in the omega-3 fatty acids group compared to the control group. The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant difference for PPD reduction (SMD: -0.78 [95% CI: -1.02, -0.54, p < .0001]) and CAL reduction (SMD: -0.80 [95% CI: -1.04, -0.56, p < .0001]) in favor of the test group. CONCLUSION After scaling and root planning, PPD reduction and CAL reduction were observed in both control and test groups, but with statistically significant better values for the omega-3 fatty acids group. Patients suffering from periodontitis could benefit from the use of omega-3 fatty acids to increase the effectiveness of a nonsurgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Miroult
- Department of Periodontology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucUniversité catholique de LouvainOttignies‐Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Jerome Lasserre
- Department of Periodontology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucUniversité catholique de LouvainOttignies‐Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Selena Toma
- Department of Periodontology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucUniversité catholique de LouvainOttignies‐Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
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2
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Spahr A, Divnic‐Resnik T. Impact of health and lifestyle food supplements on periodontal tissues and health. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:146-175. [PMID: 35916868 PMCID: PMC9804634 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
According to the new classification, periodontitis is defined as a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic biofilms and characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus. This definition, based on the current scientific evidence, clearly indicates and emphasizes, beside the microbial component dental biofilm, the importance of the inflammatory reaction in the progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. The idea to modulate this inflammatory reaction in order to decrease or even cease the progressive destruction was, therefore, a logical consequence. Attempts to achieve this goal involve various kinds of anti-inflammatory drugs or medications. However, there is also an increasing effort in using food supplements or so-called natural food ingredients to modulate patients' immune responses and maybe even improve the healing of periodontal tissues. The aim of this chapter of Periodontology 2000 is to review the evidence of various food supplements and ingredients regarding their possible effects on periodontal inflammation and wound healing. This review may help researchers and clinicians to evaluate the current evidence and to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Spahr
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tihana Divnic‐Resnik
- Discipline of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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3
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Heo H, Bae JH, Amano A, Park T, Choi YH. Supplemental or dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of periodontitis: A meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2022; 49:362-377. [PMID: 35141945 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the intervention effect of omega-3 fatty acids on changes in periodontal parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS This meta-analysis included studies published in English language between 2010 and 2020, which were extracted from the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and PubMed databases. The effects of omega-3 fatty acid intervention were investigated using the amount of omega-3 intake, periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). The random-effects model was generated for data analysis. To obtain robustness of the model, sensitivity analysis was implemented. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the intervention period for each parameter. RESULTS All 13 studies included in the meta-analysis were interventional, randomized controlled trials. Two studies implemented omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets, while 11 studies used supplements. Risk of bias was low, and publication bias was not shown. Meta-analysis showed a statistically significant PPD reduction (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.81, absolute mean difference [MD] = -0.44 mm), CAL gain (SMD = -0.77, MD = -0.51 mm), and BOP reduction (SMD = -0.65, MD = -9.45%) for the omega-3 fatty acid intervention overall. CONCLUSION This study suggests that supplemental or dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of periodontitis may have a positive impact on the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Heo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Teajun Park
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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4
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Vinel A, Al Halabi A, Roumi S, Le Neindre H, Millavet P, Simon M, Cuny C, Barthet JS, Barthet P, Laurencin-Dalicieux S. Non-surgical Periodontal Treatment: SRP and Innovative Therapeutic Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:303-327. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Huang YZ, Jin Z, Wang ZM, Qi LB, Song S, Zhu BW, Dong XP. Marine Bioactive Compounds as Nutraceutical and Functional Food Ingredients for Potential Oral Health. Front Nutr 2021; 8:686663. [PMID: 34926539 PMCID: PMC8675007 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.686663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases have received considerable attention worldwide as one of the major global public health problems. The development of oral diseases is influenced by socioeconomic, physiological, traumatic, biological, dietary and hygienic practices factors. Currently, the main prevention strategy for oral diseases is to inhibit the growth of biofilm-producing plaque bacteria. Tooth brushing is the most common method of cleaning plaque, aided by mouthwash and sugar-free chewing gum in the daily routine. As the global nutraceutical market grows, marine bioactive compounds are becoming increasingly popular among consumers for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. However, to date, few systematic summaries and studies on the application of marine bioactive compounds in oral health exist. This review provides a comprehensive overview of different marine-sourced bioactive compounds and their health benefits in dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, halitosis, oral cancer, and their potential use as functional food ingredients for oral health. In addition, limitations and challenges of the application of these active ingredients are discussed and some observations on current work and future trends are presented in the conclusion section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Huang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhe-Ming Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Li-Bo Qi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Bei-Wei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Food Deep Processing, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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6
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Haas AN, Furlaneto F, Gaio EJ, Gomes SC, Palioto DB, Castilho RM, Sanz M, Messora MR. New tendencies in non-surgical periodontal therapy. Braz Oral Res 2021; 35:e095. [PMID: 34586209 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to update the evidence of new approaches to non-surgical therapy (NSPT) in the treatment of periodontitis. Preclinical and clinical studies addressing the benefits of adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, probiotics, prebiotics/synbiotics, statins, pro-resolving mediators, omega-6 and -3, ozone, and epigenetic therapy were scrutinized and discussed. Currently, the outcomes of these nine new approaches, when compared with subgingival debridement alone, did not demonstrate a significant added clinical benefit. However, some of these new alternative interventions may have the potential to improve the outcomes of NSPT alone. Future evidence based on randomized controlled clinical trials would help clinicians and patients in the selection of different adjunctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nogueira Haas
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavia Furlaneto
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José Gaio
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Carvalho Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bazan Palioto
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Moraes Castilho
- Michigan University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariano Sanz
- Complutense University of Madrid, Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases Research Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel Reis Messora
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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7
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Azuma MM, Cardoso CDBM, da Silva CC, de Oliveira PHC, Jacinto RDC, Andrada AC, Cintra LTA. The use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of oral diseases. Oral Dis 2020; 28:264-274. [PMID: 33022782 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have been reported to exert important roles in the inflammatory response. There are many inflammatory diseases in dentistry which support the administration of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjunct therapy during the treatment of these diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the use of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjuvant therapy during the treatment of buccal diseases. The review showed that supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs was used for treatment of gingivitis, periodontal diseases, apical periodontitis, stomatitis, and orthodontic tooth movement. The results indicate that ω-3 PUFAs decreased the number of pro-inflammatory mediators in the gingival tissues of individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis. In apical periodontitis, the supplementation suppressed bone resorption and promoted bone formation in the periapical area of rats. During orthodontic movement, the supplementation showed a decrease of bone resorption in rats. It also showed that painful symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis were alleviated in supplemented patients. In conclusion, the ω-3 PUFAs may be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity. However, more studies are required to elucidate the role of ω-3 PUFAs in decreasing oral cavity inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Maffei Azuma
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Cristiane Cantiga da Silva
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério de Castilho Jacinto
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Andrada
- Division of Endodontics, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Dental Assistance Center for Disabled Persons (CAOE) of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Brazil
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8
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Kruse AB, Kowalski CD, Leuthold S, Vach K, Ratka-Krüger P, Woelber JP. What is the impact of the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:100. [PMID: 32438906 PMCID: PMC7240972 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host modulation therapy has gained increasing interest in periodontal therapy. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of adjunctive administration of omega-3 fatty acids in periodontal therapy. Methods The search strategy was determined using the “patient, intervention, comparison, outcome” model. A resulting search term was generated using keywords, and the databases were fed. The databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, and LIVIVO were used. Studies were selected for the literature review based on previously specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Randomized, controlled, blinded studies, longitudinal studies, comparative studies, and clinical studies were included in the review. Additionally, they used omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of periodontitis. The following parameters were observed: clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque index (PI). A meta-analysis was performed for PD and CAL after 3 months. By analyzing the risk of bias, the validity of the results of each study was demonstrated, and its credibility and quality were assessed. Results Of 14 studies found, six were included. The results showed a significant reduction in PD and CAL compared to that in the placebo groups in four out of six involved studies, which was confirmed by the meta-analysis. In one study, a significant reduction in BOP was found. GI was significantly reduced in three included studies. PI also showed a significant reduction in three studies. Conclusions Within the study limitations, omega-3 fatty acids appear to have a positive effect on periodontal wound healing with regard to reduction in CAL and PD. Based on the results, patients receiving periodontal treatment might benefit from nutritional counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Kruse
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Carolyn D Kowalski
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Private Dental Practice zahngenehm Grenzweg 28, Reinbek, DE, Germany
| | - Sylvia Leuthold
- Private Dental Practice Dr. med. dent. Theres Wyss AG, Löwenstrasse 65 / Bahnhofplatz, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Department of Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra Ratka-Krüger
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johan P Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Sulijaya B, Takahashi N, Yamazaki K. Host modulation therapy using anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents in periodontitis: A review to a clinical translation. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 105:72-80. [PMID: 31288144 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To highlight the shifting paradigm of periodontitis, describe mechanism of periodontal bone destruction, and propose an updated host modulation therapy (HMT) strategy. To add further clinical relevance, related studies investigating the efficacy of several HMT agents in periodontitis will be discussed. DESIGN Literature searches were conducted from articles published in PubMed using keywords "periodontal disease AND periodontitis AND host modulation therapy AND anti-inflammatory AND antioxidant", and then the findings were comprehensively summarized and elaborated. RESULT Accumulating evidence indicates that periodontitis is no longer defined solely as a pathogen-induced disease; rather, it is now recognized as a consequence of uncontrolled immune response and oxidative stress leading to periodontal tissue damage. Although periodontopathic bacteria initiate the disease, inflammation and oxidative stress were reported to be the main causes for the severity of tissue destruction. Thus, since the concept of periodontitis has shifted, our approach to its management needs to be adjusted to accommodate the latest paradigm. Nowadays, the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress is considered a target of HMT. HMT agents, such as probiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-chemokines, lipid mediators, and bio-active fatty acids, have been extensively investigated for their remarkable functions in modulating the immune response and providing antioxidant effects. CONCLUSION Findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human studies frequently demonstrate positive association by the administration of HMT in periodontitis. HMT strategy targeted on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in periodontitis might serve as an excellent therapeutic approach to reach the level of clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benso Sulijaya
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan; Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Research Unit for Oral-Systemic Connection, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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10
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Sulijaya B, Takahashi N, Yamazaki K, Yamazaki K. Nutrition as Adjunct Therapy in Periodontal Disease Management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-019-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Azzi DV, Viafara JAS, Zangeronimo MG, Ribeiro Lima R, Marques LS, Pereira LJ. n-3 Ingestion may modulate the severity of periodontal disease? Systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 58:1937-1942. [PMID: 28152316 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1278677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of n-3 ingestion on periodontal disease. Besides, we also investigated the relationship between plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and/or aracdonic acid (AA), and periodontal disease. An electronic search was performed in several databases with the following keywords: "n-3," DHA, EPA and polynsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in combination with the term "periodontal disease" (PD). Only studies conducted with humans, involving clinical parameters of PD assessment and use of n-3 were selected, without restriction to the date of publication. The search has returned 1368 articles, 11 of which were selected. The results were separated according to the type of n-3 ingestion: supplementation or n-3 content in normal diet. In the studies where n-3 has been supplemented, there was no significant difference in the clinical severity of PD compared to the control subjects. However, in patients where levels of n-3 were evaluated in a usual diet, a lower disease severity was reported. We have detected a preventive effect related to plasma levels of EPA and DHA against PD progression. Thus, n-3 ingestion may beneficially interfere in PD progression, depending on the duration and dosage of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vilela Azzi
- a Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program , Federal University of Lavras, UFLA-Lavras , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Ribeiro Lima
- c Statistics Department , Federal University of Lavras, UFLA - Lavras , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Leandro Silva Marques
- d Dentistry Department , Federal University of Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, UFVJM - Diamantina , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Luciano J Pereira
- e Health Sciences Department , Federal University of Lavras, UFLA - Lavras , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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12
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Lourenço AL, Booij-Vrieling HE, Vossebeld CB, Neves A, Viegas C, Corbee RJ. The effect of dietary corn oil and fish oil supplementation in dogs with naturally occurring gingivitis. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:1382-1389. [PMID: 29908038 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate if downregulation of the inflammatory response due to ingestion of high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can slow down gingivitis development, and thus delay the progression of periodontal disease (PD) in dogs. To this aim, 44 client-owned adult dogs (>1 and <8 years old) with naturally occurring PD (stages 1 and 2) were submitted to a plaque, gingivitis and calculus scoring followed by a dental cleaning procedure and collection of blood samples. The animals were then fed a canine adult maintenance diet, supplemented with either corn oil (0.00 g EPA and 0.00 g DHA) or fish oil (1.53 g EPA and 0.86 g DHA, both per 1,000 kcal ME) over the following 5 months. At the end of this period, the PD scoring and the blood sampling were repeated. The animals consuming fish oil had higher plasma levels of the longer chain (C ≥ 20) omega 3 fatty acids (p < 0.01) and similar plasma levels of alpha-linolenic acid (p = 0.53), omega 6 fatty acids (p > 0.63) and C reactive protein (p = 0.28) then the ones consuming corn oil. There were no differences between fish oil and corn oil diet supplementation on plaque (18.2 vs. 17.8, p = 0.78), calculus (10.1 vs. 11.5, p = 0.18) or gingivitis (19.3 vs. 19.0, p = 0.77) indexes. The authors conclude that supplementation with EPA + DHA does not slow down progression of PD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Lourenço
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Animal Science, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Henriette E Booij-Vrieling
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen B Vossebeld
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - António Neves
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Viegas
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Animal Science, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ronald J Corbee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Balta MG, Loos BG, Nicu EA. Emerging Concepts in the Resolution of Periodontal Inflammation: A Role for Resolvin E1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1682. [PMID: 29312286 PMCID: PMC5735081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response is a protective biological process intended to eliminate the harmful effect of the insulting influx. Resolution of inflammation constitutes an active sequence of overlapping events mediated by specialized proresolving mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, which originate from the enzymatic conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). An unresolved acute inflammatory response results in chronic inflammation, which is a leading cause of several common pathological conditions. Periodontitis is a biofilm-induced chronic inflammatory disease, which results in loss of periodontal connective tissue and alveolar bone support around the teeth, leading to tooth exfoliation. An inadequate proresolving host response may constitute a mechanism explaining the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. An emerging body of clinical and experimental evidence has focused on the underlying molecular mechanisms of resolvins and particularly Resolvin E1 (RvE1) in periodontitis. Recently, RvE1 has been directly correlated with the resolution of inflammation in periodontal disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the literature regarding the role and possible mechanisms of action of RvE1 on different cell populations recruited in periodontal inflammation as well as its potential therapeutic implications. Along with recent data on the benefits of PUFAs supplementation in periodontal clinical parameters, we touch upon suggested future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Balta
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Opris Dent SRL, Sibiu, Romania
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Naqvi AZ, Mu L, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE, Mukamal KJ, Goodson JM. Impact of Docosahexaenoic Acid Therapy on Subgingival Plaque Microbiota. J Periodontol 2017; 88:887-895. [PMID: 28517974 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.160398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + aspirin therapy has been shown to reduce periodontal probing depth (PD) and local inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among patients with untreated chronic periodontal disease. Whether DHA + aspirin therapy influences specific bacterial burden in this setting is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of DHA with low-dose aspirin therapy on periodontal bacterial profile in patients with periodontitis. METHODS Fifty-five adults with moderate-to-severe periodontitis were enrolled in a randomized, 3-month double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of daily 2 g DHA or placebo capsules enriched with 81 mg aspirin; 46 enrollees completed the trial. In addition to clinical measurements and GCF sampling, subgingival plaque samples were collected from four posterior sites in all participants and analyzed by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Presence of 40 periodontal bacterial species at baseline and 3 months was semiquantitatively estimated. RESULTS Despite broad improvements in clinical parameters, total bacteria and individual species counts in dental plaque did not differ significantly between baseline and 3 months in either group (P >0.1 for all). A modest effect of DHA + aspirin on Porphyromonas gingivalis counts was associated with 14% (95% confidence interval: 3% to 35%) of the observed benefit of DHA on PD. DHA + aspirin had no significant effect on individual plaque bacterial counts in unadjusted models or those adjusted for age, sex, and race (P >0.1 for all). CONCLUSIONS This pilot randomized, controlled trial suggests that DHA + aspirin therapy improves periodontitis largely by modulating host inflammatory response. Changes in individual species levels in subgingival plaque microbiota were not detectable; however, a small portion of the benefit appears to stem from changes in P. gingivalis levels in the DHA + aspirin treatment group. Whether this change in P. gingivalis levels leads to biofilm alteration with reversal of dysbiosis requires further longitudinal and more specific investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Z Naqvi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ochsner Clinic, Zachary, LA; previously, Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Lin Mu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | | | | | - J Max Goodson
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, The Forsyth Institute
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Keskiner I, Saygun I, Bal V, Serdar M, Kantarci A. Dietary supplementation with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids reduces salivary tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: a randomized controlled clinical study. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:695-703. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Keskiner
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - I. Saygun
- Department of Periodontology; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - V. Bal
- Department of Periodontology; Gulhane Military Medical Academy; Ankara Turkey
| | - M. Serdar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Acibadem University; Ankara Turkey
| | - A. Kantarci
- Department of Periodontology; The Forsyth Institute; Cambridge MA USA
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16
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Longo AB, Ward WE. Providing Flaxseed Oil but Not Menhaden Oil Protects against OVX Induced Bone Loss in the Mandible of Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:E597. [PMID: 27669296 PMCID: PMC5083985 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are associated with benefits at several skeletal sites in postmenopausal women and in rodent models, but the effect of PUFA-containing oils on tooth-supporting alveolar bone of the mandible has not been studied. Moreover, direct comparison of the effect of flaxseed oil (a source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) and menhaden oil (a source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) is unknown. One-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48) were randomized to and fed a diet containing flaxseed oil or menhaden oil from one to six months of age. At three months of age, rats were randomized to receive SHAM or ovariectomy (OVX) surgery (n = 12/diet). The inter-radicular septum below the first molar of the mandible was imaged at 6 months of age (study endpoint) using micro-computed tomography (μCT) at a resolution of 9 μm. As expected, OVX significantly reduced percent bone volume (BV/TV), connectivity density (Conn. D.), trabecular number (Tb. N.), and increased trabecular separation (Tb. Sp.) compared to SHAM rats (p < 0.001). However, post hoc analysis revealed these differences were present in rats fed menhaden oil but not those fed flaxseed oil. These results suggest that providing flaxseed oil, possibly through its high ALA content, provides protection against the OVX-induced alveolar bone loss in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Longo
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Role of Lipids in the Onset, Progression and Treatment of Periodontal Disease. A Systematic Review of Studies in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081202. [PMID: 27463711 PMCID: PMC5000600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of different oral problems (root caries, tooth mobility, and tooth loss) can be increased by the presence of periodontal disease, which has also been associated with a growing list of systemic diseases. The presence of some bacteria is the primary etiology of this disease; a susceptible host is also necessary for disease initiation. In this respect, the progression of periodontal disease and healing of the periodontal tissues can be modulated by nutritional status. To clarify the role of lipids in the establishment, progression, and/or treatment of this pathology, a systematic review was conducted of English-written literature in PubMed until May 2016, which included research on the relationship of these dietary components with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. According to publication type, randomized-controlled trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies were included. Among all the analyzed components, those that have any effect on oxidative stress and/or inflammation seem to be the most interesting according to current evidence. On one hand, there is quite a lot of information in favor of a positive role of n-3 fatty acids, due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. On the other hand, saturated fat-rich diets increase oxidative stress as well the as intensity and duration of inflammatory processes, so they must be avoided.
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Chee B, Park B, Fitzsimmons T, Coates AM, Bartold PM. Omega-3 fatty acids as an adjunct for periodontal therapy-a review. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:879-94. [PMID: 26885664 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this article is to present an overview of omega-3 fatty acids, their anti-inflammatory properties and potential use as an adjunct for periodontal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A general literature search was conducted to provide an overview of omega-3 fatty acids, their metabolism and anti-inflammatory properties. A more specific literature search of PubMed and EMBASE was conducted to identify articles dealing studies investigating the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of periodontitis in animals and humans and included cross-sectional, longitudinal and intervention designs. RESULTS To date, there is good emerging evidence that dietary supplementation with fish oil may be of some benefit and this is enhanced if combined with aspirin. All clinical intervention studies to date have been on small sample sizes, and this indicates there is need for larger and more robust clinical trials to verify these initial findings. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with fish oil could be a cost-effective adjunctive therapy to the management of periodontal disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The host modulatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids warrant further assessment of their use as an adjunct in the management of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chee
- Department of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, Dental School, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - B Park
- Department of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, Dental School, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - T Fitzsimmons
- Department of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, Dental School, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - A M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P M Bartold
- Department of Dentistry, Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, Dental School, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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Varela-López A, Quiles JL, Cordero M, Giampieri F, Bullón P. Oxidative Stress and Dietary Fat Type in Relation to Periodontal Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:322-44. [PMID: 26783708 PMCID: PMC4665476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the main factors studied to explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammatory conditions, such as periodontitis. In this respect, nutrition may be of great importance. Actually, research on nutrients' effects on periodontal diseases has expanded to include those influencing the redox status, which correlates to the inflammatory process. Dietary fat or lipids are often blamed as the major source of excess energy. Consequently, when caloric intake exceeds energy expenditure, the resultant substrate-induced increase in citric acid cycle activity generates an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, dietary fatty acid intake influences in relative fatty acid composition of biological membranes determining its susceptibility to oxidative alterations. From this standpoint, here, we reviewed studies analyzing the dietary fat role in periodontal disease. Research data suggest that periodontal health could be achieved by main dietary strategies which include substitution of saturated fats with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA. Maybe in the future, we should analyze the diet and provide some advice to periodontitis patients to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Varela-López
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
| | - José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain.
| | - Mario Cordero
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, C/Avicena s.n., Sevilla 41009, Spain.
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona 60100, Italy.
| | - Pedro Bullón
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, C/Avicena s.n., Sevilla 41009, Spain.
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20
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Polak D, Martin C, Sanz-Sánchez I, Beyth N, Shapira L. Are anti-inflammatory agents effective in treating gingivitis as solo or adjunct therapies? A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 Suppl 16:S139-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polak
- Department of Periodontology; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Conchita Martin
- Department of Stomatology IV; Area of Orthodontics; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Ignacio Sanz-Sánchez
- Department of Stomatology; Area of Periodontics; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Nurit Beyth
- Department of Prosthodontics; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Isreal
| | - Lior Shapira
- Department of Periodontology; Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine; Jerusalem Israel
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21
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Naqvi AZ, Hasturk H, Mu L, Phillips RS, Davis RB, Halem S, Campos H, Goodson JM, Van Dyke TE, Mukamal KJ. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Periodontitis in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Dent Res 2014; 93:767-73. [PMID: 24970858 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514541125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria, resulting in bone resorption, tooth loss, and systemic inflammation. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduce periodontitis in animals. We aimed to determine whether DHA supplementation with low-dose aspirin would reduce periodontitis in humans. We conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel trial lasting 3 mo. Fifty-five adults with moderate periodontitis were randomized to 2,000 mg of DHA or identical soy/corn oil capsules. All participants received 81 mg of aspirin but received no other treatments. We analyzed the primary outcome of per-pocket change in pocket depth using mixed models among teeth with pocket depth ≥5 mm. Secondary outcomes assessed with generalized estimating equations included gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were analyzed for changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukins 6 and 1β (IL-6 and IL-1β). Plasma was analyzed for changes in systemic inflammatory markers, including hsCRP. We confirmed adherence with erythrocyte fatty acid measurement. Forty-six participants completed the trial. While similar at baseline, the proportion of DHA in red blood cell plasma membranes increased from 3.6% ± 0.9% to 6.2% ± 1.6% in the intervention group but did not change among controls. DHA supplementation decreased mean pocket depth (-0.29 ± 0.13; p = .03) and gingival index (-0.26 ± 0.13; p = .04). Plaque index and bleeding on probing did not change. Significant adjusted differences were found between DHA and control for both gingival crevicular fluid hsCRP (-5.3 ng/mL, standard error [SE] = 2.4, p = .03) and IL-1β (-20.1 pg/mL, SE = 8.2, p = .02) but not IL-6 (0.02 pg/mL, SE = 0.71, p = .98) or systemic hsCRP (-1.19 mg/L, SE = 0.90, p = .20). In this randomized controlled trial, aspirin-triggered DHA supplementation significantly improved periodontal outcomes in people with periodontitis, indicating its potential therapeutic efficacy (clinicaltrials.gov NCT01976806).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Naqvi
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Hasturk
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Mu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R S Phillips
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R B Davis
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Halem
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA Dentists Collaborative, North Andover, MA, USA
| | - H Campos
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - K J Mukamal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Wang SH, Hung HC, Tsai CC, Huang MC, Ho KY, Wu YM, Wang YY, Lin YC. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and periodontal recovery in Taiwanese with periodontitis: a significant relationship. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:800-7. [PMID: 24859767 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are different before and after periodontal treatment. Asians and Westerners have significantly different baseline levels of plasma PUFAs. However, no Asian study has reported the effects of nonsurgical treatment on the correlation between periodontal condition and plasma levels of PUFAs. We analyzed whether recovery from periodontitis was correlated with the elevation of plasma fatty acids 3 months after the nonsurgical intervention and with no recommended supplements. DESIGN Thirty-five Taiwanese patients with periodontitis were recruited. Probing pocket depths (PPDs) and clinical attachment levels (CALs) were measured at baseline and 3 months after the nonsurgical treatment. Plasma levels of fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography. Differences and correlations between plasma fatty acid composition and periodontitis severity at baseline and 3 months after treatment were determined. RESULTS Twenty-six patients completed the study. At the baseline, PPDs were negatively correlated with plasma n-3 PUFAs (r=-0.52, p<0.01), but at 3 months post intervention, periodontitis severity had declined and the weight percentages of n-3 PUFAs, DPA, and DHA were significantly (p=0.019, 0.005, and 0.037, respectively) higher. The recovery percentages of CALs were positively and significantly correlated with plasma ΔPUFAs and the percentage of Δn-3 PUFAs in ΔPUFAs (r=0.42 and 0.45, respectively; p<0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a higher weight percentage of n-3 PUFAs in total PUFAs was related to the recovery of CALs 3 months after the nonsurgical periodontal treatment. However, no such relationship was found for PPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hung Wang
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chia Hung
- Department of Nursing, College of Health and Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Tsai
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine and Department of Dentistry, University Hospital Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chuan Huang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yen Ho
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Wu
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Xu P, Gunsolley J. Application of metagenomics in understanding oral health and disease. Virulence 2014; 5:424-32. [PMID: 24642489 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases including periodontal disease and caries are some of the most prevalent infectious diseases in humans. Different microbial species cohabitate and form a polymicrobial biofilm called dental plaque in the oral cavity. Metagenomics using next generation sequencing technologies has produced bacterial profiles and genomic profiles to study the relationships between microbial diversity, genetic variation, and oral diseases. Several oral metagenomic studies have examined the oral microbiome of periodontal disease and caries. Gene annotations in these studies support the association of specific genes or metabolic pathways with oral health and with specific diseases. The roles of pathogenic species and functions of specific genes in oral disease development have been recognized by metagenomic analysis. A model is proposed in which three levels of interactions occur in the oral microbiome that determines oral health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- VCU Philips Institute; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA; Center for the Study of Biological Complexity; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
| | - John Gunsolley
- Periodontics Department; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond, VA USA
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Deore GD, Gurav AN, Patil R, Shete AR, Naiktari RS, Inamdar SP. Omega 3 fatty acids as a host modulator in chronic periodontitis patients: a randomised, double-blind, palcebo-controlled, clinical trial. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2014; 44:25-32. [PMID: 24616831 PMCID: PMC3945394 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2014.44.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused predominantly by gram-negative anerobes. The host inflammatory response to these bacteria causes alveolar bone loss that is characterized as periodontitis. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs) have anti-inflammatory properties, thus have been used to treat some chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with ω-3 FAs as a host modulating agent in patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS Sixty otherwise healthy subjects with moderate and severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in our randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The control group (CG, n=30) was treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) and given a placebo; the treatment group (TG, n=30) was treated with SRP and dietary supplementation of ω-3 FAs (one 300 mg tablet daily for 12 weeks). Periodontal clinical parameters and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were evaluated in all patients at baseline, a 6-week and 12-week period after treatment. RESULTS A significant reduction in the gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, pocket depth, and clinical attachment level was found in the TG compared to the CG at a 12-week period. However, no statistically significant changes in serum CRP levels were found. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ω-3 FAs can successfully reduce gingival inflammation, pocket depth, and attachment level gain. Dietary supplementation with ω-3 FAs may have potential benefits as a host modulatory agent in the prevention and/or adjunctive management of chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish D Deore
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College and Research Centre, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijit N Gurav
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College and Research Centre, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Patil
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College and Research Centre, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijeet R Shete
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College and Research Centre, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ritam S Naiktari
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College and Research Centre, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh P Inamdar
- Department of Periodontology, Tatyasaheb Kore Dental College and Research Centre, New Pargaon, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
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26
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Dawson DR, Branch-Mays G, Gonzalez OA, Ebersole JL. Dietary modulation of the inflammatory cascade. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:161-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Bullon P, Battino M, Varela-Lopez A, Perez-Lopez P, Granados-Principal S, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Ochoa JJ, Cordero MD, Gonzalez-Alonso A, Ramirez-Tortosa CL, Rubini C, Zizzi A, Quiles JL. Diets based on virgin olive oil or fish oil but not on sunflower oil prevent age-related alveolar bone resorption by mitochondrial-related mechanisms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74234. [PMID: 24066124 PMCID: PMC3774624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Aging enhances frequency of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases or periodontitis. Here we reproduced an age-dependent model of the periodontium, a fully physiological approach to periodontal conditions, to evaluate the impact of dietary fat type on gingival tissue of young (6 months old) and old (24 months old) rats. Methods/Findings Animals were fed life-long on diets based on monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as virgin olive oil, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA), as sunflower oil, or n-3PUFA, as fish oil. Age-related alveolar bone loss was higher in n-6PUFA fed rats, probably as a consequence of the ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Gene expression analysis suggests that MUFA or n-3PUFA allowed mitochondria to maintain an adequate turnover through induction of biogenesis, autophagy and the antioxidant systems, and avoiding mitochondrial electron transport system alterations. Conclusions The main finding is that the enhanced alveolar bone loss associated to age may be targeted by an appropriate dietary treatment. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are related with an ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Thus, MUFA or n-3PUFA might allow mitochondrial maintaining turnover through biogenesis or autophagy. They might also be able to induce the corresponding antioxidant systems to counteract age-related oxidative stress, and do not inhibit mitochondrial electron transport chain. From the nutritional and clinical point of view, it is noteworthy that the potential treatments to attenuate alveolar bone loss (a feature of periodontal disease) associated to age could be similar to some of the proposed for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a group of pathologies recently associated with age-related periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Bullon
- Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alfonso Varela-Lopez
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Perez-Lopez
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Granados-Principal
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria C. Ramirez-Tortosa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio J. Ochoa
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario D. Cordero
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adrian Gonzalez-Alonso
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Corrado Rubini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
| | - Antonio Zizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italia
| | - José L. Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix Verdú”, Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Sculley DV. Periodontal disease: modulation of the inflammatory cascade by dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:277-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Sculley
- Faculty of Health and Medicine; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
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Ebersole JL, Dawson DR, Morford LA, Peyyala R, Miller CS, Gonzaléz OA. Periodontal disease immunology: 'double indemnity' in protecting the host. Periodontol 2000 2013; 62:163-202. [PMID: 23574466 PMCID: PMC4131201 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last two to three decades our understanding of the immunobiology of periodontal disease has increased exponentially, both with respect to the microbial agents triggering the disease process and the molecular mechanisms of the host engagement maintaining homeostasis or leading to collateral tissue damage. These foundational scientific findings have laid the groundwork for translating cell phenotype, receptor engagement, intracellular signaling pathways and effector functions into a 'picture' of the periodontium as the host responds to the 'danger signals' of the microbial ecology to maintain homeostasis or succumb to a disease process. These findings implicate the chronicity of the local response in attempting to manage the microbial challenge, creating a 'Double Indemnity' in some patients that does not 'insure' health for the periodontium. As importantly, in reflecting the title of this volume of Periodontology 2000, this review attempts to inform the community of how the science of periodontal immunology gestated, how continual probing of the biology of the disease has led to an evolution in our knowledge base and how more recent studies in the postgenomic era are revolutionizing our understanding of disease initiation, progression and resolution. Thus, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of host-bacteria interactions that result in the clinical presentation and outcomes of destructive periodontitis. The science has embarked from observations of variations in responses related to disease expression with a focus for utilization of the responses in diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes, to current investigations using cutting-edge fundamental biological processes to attempt to model the initiation and progression of soft- and hard-tissue destruction of the periodontium. As importantly, the next era in the immunobiology of periodontal disease will need to engage more sophisticated experimental designs for clinical studies to enable robust translation of basic biologic processes that are in action early in the transition from health to disease, those which stimulate microenvironmental changes that select for a more pathogenic microbial ecology and those that represent a rebalancing of the complex host responses and a resolution of inflammatory tissue destruction.
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Martinez GL, Koury JC, Brito F, Fischer RG, Gustafsson A, Figueredo CM. The impact of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum levels of long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a pilot randomized clinical trial. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:268-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Martinez
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Rio de Janeiro State University; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - J. C. Koury
- Nutrition Institute; Rio de Janeiro State University; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - F. Brito
- Division of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Veiga de Almeida University; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - R. G. Fischer
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Rio de Janeiro State University; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - A. Gustafsson
- Division of Periodontology; Institute of Odontology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - C. M. Figueredo
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Rio de Janeiro State University; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Division of Periodontology; Institute of Odontology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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Lipids in preventive dentistry. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:669-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Figueredo CM, Martinez GL, Koury JC, Fischer RG, Gustafsson A. Serum levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2012; 84:675-82. [PMID: 22769444 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 (LC-PUFA n-3 and n-6) can function as important inflammatory modulators and also have a strong effect in the proresolving inflammatory processes. The aim of the authors is to analyze the serum levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and arachidonic acid (AA) in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP) and compare these results with serum levels of patients with gingivitis only. METHODS Twenty-one patients with untreated GCP (mean age: 46.0 ± 8.8 years) and 16 patients with gingivitis only (mean age: 31.5 ± 7.5 years) were investigated. The clinical examination included probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of DHA, EPA, DPA, and AA using gas chromatography. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of DHA, DPA, EPA, and AA were observed in patients with GCP when compared with patients with gingivitis (P = 0.007, P = 0.004, P = 0.033, and P = 0.001, respectively). The differences were still significant even after the adjustments for age and sex. The PD showed a significant positive correlation with DHA (r = 0.5; P = 0.003), DPA (r = 0.6; P <0.001), and AA (r = 0.6; P <0.001). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that serum levels of LC-PUFA n-3 and n-6 may be affected by the severity of periodontal disease.
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Liu B, Faller LL, Klitgord N, Mazumdar V, Ghodsi M, Sommer DD, Gibbons TR, Treangen TJ, Chang YC, Li S, Stine OC, Hasturk H, Kasif S, Segrè D, Pop M, Amar S. Deep sequencing of the oral microbiome reveals signatures of periodontal disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37919. [PMID: 22675498 PMCID: PMC3366996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome, the complex ecosystem of microbes inhabiting the human mouth, harbors several thousands of bacterial types. The proliferation of pathogenic bacteria within the mouth gives rise to periodontitis, an inflammatory disease known to also constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While much is known about individual species associated with pathogenesis, the system-level mechanisms underlying the transition from health to disease are still poorly understood. Through the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and of whole community DNA we provide a glimpse at the global genetic, metabolic, and ecological changes associated with periodontitis in 15 subgingival plaque samples, four from each of two periodontitis patients, and the remaining samples from three healthy individuals. We also demonstrate the power of whole-metagenome sequencing approaches in characterizing the genomes of key players in the oral microbiome, including an unculturable TM7 organism. We reveal the disease microbiome to be enriched in virulence factors, and adapted to a parasitic lifestyle that takes advantage of the disrupted host homeostasis. Furthermore, diseased samples share a common structure that was not found in completely healthy samples, suggesting that the disease state may occupy a narrow region within the space of possible configurations of the oral microbiome. Our pilot study demonstrates the power of high-throughput sequencing as a tool for understanding the role of the oral microbiome in periodontal disease. Despite a modest level of sequencing (~2 lanes Illumina 76 bp PE) and high human DNA contamination (up to ~90%) we were able to partially reconstruct several oral microbes and to preliminarily characterize some systems-level differences between the healthy and diseased oral microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lina L. Faller
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Niels Klitgord
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Varun Mazumdar
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Ghodsi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel D. Sommer
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theodore R. Gibbons
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Treangen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- The McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi-Chien Chang
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - O. Colin Stine
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- The Forysth Institute, Department of Periodontology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon Kasif
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Children’s Informatics Program, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Segrè
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mihai Pop
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Salomon Amar
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics; Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Corbee RJ, Booij-Vrieling HE, van de Lest CHA, Penning LC, Tryfonidou MA, Riemers FM, Hazewinkel HAW. Inflammation and wound healing in cats with chronic gingivitis/stomatitis after extraction of all premolars and molars were not affected by feeding of two diets with different omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:671-80. [PMID: 21762427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Feline chronic gingivitis/stomatitis (FCGS) is a painful inflammatory disease in cats. Extraction of teeth, including all premolars and molars, has been shown to be the therapy of choice in cats not responding sufficiently to home care (e.g. tooth brushing) and/or medical treatment (corticosteroids and/or antibiotics). In this study, we hypothesize that a cat food with an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω6 PUFA) to ω3 PUFA ratio of 10:1 reduces inflammation of the FCGS and accelerates soft tissue wound healing of the gingiva after dental extractions, compared to a cat food with a ω6:ω3 PUFA ratio of 40:1. The cats were fed diets with chicken fat and fish oil as sources of fatty acids. In one diet, part of the fish oil was replaced by safflower oil, resulting in two diets with ω6:ω3 PUFA ratios of 10:1 and 40:1. This double-blinded study in two groups of seven cats revealed that dietary fatty acids influence the composition of plasma cholesteryl esters and plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. The diet with the 10:1 ratio lowered PGD(2) , PGE(2) and LTB(4) plasma levels significantly, compared to the diet with the 40:1 ratio (p = 0.05, p = 0.04, and p = 0.02 respectively). However, feeding diets with dietary ω6:ω3 PUFA ratios of 10:1 and 40:1, given to cats with FCGS for 4 weeks after extraction of all premolars and molars, did not alter the degree of inflammation or wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Corbee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Huang CB, Alimova Y, Myers TM, Ebersole JL. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids exhibit antimicrobial activity for oral microorganisms. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:650-4. [PMID: 21333271 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the antibacterial activity of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids against various oral microorganisms. METHODS The short-chain fatty acids [formic acid (C1), acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), isobutyric acid (C4), isovaleric acid (C5), hexanoic acid (C6)], medium-chain fatty acids [octanoic acid (C8), capric acid (C10), lauric acid (12)], and long-chain fatty acids [myristic acid (C14), palmitic acid (C16)], were investigated for antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. RESULTS The data demonstrated that the fatty acids exhibited patterns of inhibition against oral bacteria with some specificity that appeared related more to the bacterial species that the general structural characteristics of the microorganism. As a group the fatty acids were much less effective against C. albicans than the oral bacteria, with effectiveness limited to hexanoic, octanoic, and lauric acids. Formic acid, capric, and lauric acids were broadly inhibitory for the bacteria. Interestingly, fatty acids that are produced at metabolic end-products by a number of these bacteria, were specifically inactive against the producing species, whilst substantially inhibiting the growth of other oral microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the antimicrobial activity of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) could influence the microbial ecology in the oral cavity via at least 2 potential pathways. First, the agents delivered exogenously as therapeutic adjuncts could be packaged to enhance a microbial-regulatory environment in the subgingival sulcus. Second, it would be the intrinsic nature of these fatty acid inhibitors in contributing to the characteristics of the microbial biofilms, their evolution, and emergence of species within the biofilms. Further studies on these functions are required to better understand the nature of these potential microbial interactions in the biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chifu B Huang
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, United States.
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Van der Velden U, Kuzmanova D, Chapple ILC. Micronutritional approaches to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:142-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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n-3 fatty acid intake and periodontal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:1650-2. [PMID: 21034877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Naqvi AZ, Buettner C, Phillips RS, Davis RB, Mukamal KJ. n-3 fatty acids and periodontitis in US adults. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2010; 110:1669-75. [PMID: 21034880 PMCID: PMC3320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a common, chronic inflammatory disease. Although n-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties, it is unclear whether n-3 fatty acids can treat or prevent periodontitis. METHOD We studied 9,182 adults aged 20 years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2004. Periodontitis was assessed by dental exam and was defined as >4 mm pocket depth and >3 mm attachment loss in any one tooth. Intake of n-3 fatty acids was assessed by 24-hour dietary recall. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the associations between periodontitis and intakes of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and linolenic acid (LNA). RESULTS The weighted prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of periodontitis was 8.2% (95% CI 7.0 to 9.4). Compared with the lowest tertiles, the adjusted odds ratios for periodontitis associated with the highest tertiles of dietary n-3 intake were 0.78 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.00; P=0.009) for DHA, 0.85 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.08; P=0.10) for EPA, and 0.86 (95% CI 0.60 to 1.23; P=0.28) for LNA. The associations were little changed by multivariable adjustment or exclusion of individuals reporting use of dietary supplements containing DHA, EPA, or LNA. CONCLUSIONS In this nationally representative sample, higher dietary intakes of DHA and, to a lesser degree, EPA, were associated with lower prevalence of periodontitis. Interventional studies are needed to confirm the potential protective effects of n-3 fatty acids on periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Z Naqvi
- Harvard Medical School, and a hospitalist, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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Huang CB, George B, Ebersole JL. Antimicrobial activity of n-6, n-7 and n-9 fatty acids and their esters for oral microorganisms. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:555-60. [PMID: 20541177 PMCID: PMC2902640 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is to assess the antibacterial activity of omega-6, -7, -9 (n-6, n-7, n-9) fatty acids against various oral microorganisms. METHODS The n-6, n-7, n-9 fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid (GLA), linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (ARA), palmitoleic acid (PA), and oleic acid (OA), their fatty acid ethyl esters, GLA-EE, LA-EE, ARA-EE, PA-EE, OA-EE, and their fatty acid methyl esters, GLA-ME, LA-ME, ARA-ME, PA-ME, OA-ME, were investigated for antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Various concentrations of the fatty acids, their methyl and ethyl esters were tested against various oral pathogens in 96-well plates and blood-agar plate. The plates were incubated anaerobically or aerobically at 37 degrees C for 48h, and the colony forming units (CFU) were determined. RESULTS The data demonstrated that select n-6, n-7, n-9 fatty acids and their esters exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against these oral microorganisms, demonstrating some specificity for individual microbial species. CONCLUSION The potential use or the combinations of the n-6, n-7, n-9 fatty acids and/or their esters, provided in a local delivery vehicle to infected sites in the oral cavity, could be considered as an additional therapeutic approach to improving oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chifu B Huang
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40503, United States.
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Huang C, Ebersole J. A novel bioactivity of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their ester derivatives. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010; 25:75-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2009.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hasturk H, Goguet-Surmenian E, Blackwood A, Andry C, Kantarci A. 1-Tetradecanol Complex: Therapeutic Actions in Experimental Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1103-13. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Morillo JM, Bullon P, Ramirez-Tortosa MDC, Quiles JL, Newman HN, Bertoli E, Battino M. Nutrition-linked chronic disease and periodontitis: are they the two faces of the same coin? MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-009-0055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Potential mechanisms underpinning the nutritional modulation of periodontal inflammation. J Am Dent Assoc 2009; 140:178-84. [DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Raffaelli L, Serini S, Piccioni E, Manicone PF, Berardi D, Perfetti G, Calviello G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid effect in periodontal disease: state of art and possible mechanisms involved. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:261-6. [PMID: 18547469 DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory properties have been widely reported for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and some studies have been focalized on their possible role in the modulation of gingivitis and alveolar bone resorption in periodontal disease (PD). Increased formation of arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory eicosanoids and augmented oxidative stress are two molecular mechanisms pathogenetically involved in the progression of PD and known to be inhibited by n-3 PUFAs in PD setting. The present review will focus also on other molecular pathways and factors known to be altered in the development of PD and known to be subject to n-3 PUFA modulation in other pathological settings different from PD. Overall, the available findings strongly encourage further experimental studies on animals subject to experimental PD and treated with n-3 PUFAs, long term n-3 PUFA intervention studies on PD patients and molecular studies to identify additional potential molecular routes of n-3 PUFA action in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Raffaelli
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
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Kesavalu L, Bakthavatchalu V, Rahman MM, Su J, Raghu B, Dawson D, Fernandes G, Ebersole JL. Omega-3 fatty acid regulates inflammatory cytokine/mediator messenger RNA expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced experimental periodontal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 22:232-9. [PMID: 17600534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Porphyromonas gingivalis is strongly implicated in the etiology of adult periodontitis by inducing inflammatory cytokines, resulting in gingival and periodontal tissue inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. This study tested the hypothesis that supplementing the diet with omega-3 fatty acid (omega-3 FA; i.e. fish oil) would exert anti-inflammatory effects in the gingival tissues of P. gingivalis-infected rats. METHODS Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil diets ad libitum for 22 weeks and infected with P. gingivalis strain 381 or strain A7A1-28. After sacrifice, rat gingival tissues were excised and the RNA was isolated and analyzed for proinflammatory mediators [interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6], T helper type 1 and type 2 cytokines [interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4, IL-10), antioxidant enzymes [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and genes critical for eicosanoid mediator production [cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)] by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using rat-specific primers. RESULTS Rats on the omega-3 FA diet exhibited decreased proinflammatory cytokine gene expression (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) and enhanced IFN-gamma, CAT and SOD messenger RNA expression compared to rats fed a corn oil diet, supporting a diet-induced modulation of host inflammatory reactions. Analyses of alveolar bone resorption in the rats related to gene expression profiles demonstrated significant positive correlations with IL-1beta, IL-6 and COX-2 and negative correlations with CAT and SOD. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that diets enriched for omega-3 FA modulate the local gingival inflammatory milieu of the host following oral P. gingivalis infection, which impacts on alveolar bone resorption in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kesavalu
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Hasturk H, Jones VL, Andry C, Kantarci A. 1-Tetradecanol complex reduces progression of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced experimental periodontitis in rabbits. J Periodontol 2007; 78:924-32. [PMID: 17470028 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recently shown that monounsaturated fatty acids inhibit endothelial activation and reduce tissue responsiveness to cytokines. The present study has been planned to investigate topical application of a novel monounsaturated fatty acid complex (1-tetradecanol complex) for prevention of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis in rabbits. METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced in New Zealand white rabbits with silk sutures tied around the mandibular second premolars bilaterally, followed by the topical application of 10(9) colony forming units (CFU) of P. gingivalis. 1-Tetradecanol complex (1-TDC) was topically applied at 1- and 10-mg/ml concentrations in five animals in each group, whereas control animals received olive oil vehicle (five animals) three times per week for 6 weeks. Negative controls included ligature alone (14 animals) or ligature + P. gingivalis (non-treatment; 15 animals). Rabbits were sacrificed after 6 weeks, and mandibular block sections were obtained; tissues were decalcified and embedded in paraffin. Thin sections (5 microm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Macroscopic and histologic evaluation of samples was followed by the characterization of cellular inflammatory infiltrate and quantitative histomorphometric measurements. RESULTS Treatment with both concentrations of 1-TDC and vehicle resulted in significant prevention of macroscopic periodontal inflammation and bone loss (75%; P <0.05) compared to the non-treatment (ligature + P. gingivalis) group, where significant periodontal tissue destruction characterized by attachment and bone loss was detected. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the vehicle and both 1-TDC groups. Histologically, 1-TDC inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and prevented osteoclastogenesis, whereas treatment with vehicle did not show the same effect as in the 1-TDC groups; the difference between vehicle and the higher concentration of 1-TDC (10 mg/ml) was statistically significant. CONCLUSION Topical application of an esterified monounsaturated fatty acid complex (1-TDC) was found promising in preventing bone loss, inflammatory cell infiltration, and connective tissue destruction in the rabbit periodontitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Hasturk
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Kesavalu L, Vasudevan B, Raghu B, Browning E, Dawson D, Novak JM, Correll MC, Steffen MJ, Bhattacharya A, Fernandes G, Ebersole JL. Omega-3 fatty acid effect on alveolar bone loss in rats. J Dent Res 2007; 85:648-52. [PMID: 16798867 PMCID: PMC2220053 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608500713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption are hallmarks of adult periodontitis, elicited in response to oral micro-organisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. We hypothesized that omega (omega)-3 fatty acids (FA) dietary supplementation would modulate inflammatory reactions leading to periodontal disease in infected rats. Rats were fed fish oil (omega-3 FA) or corn oil (n-6 FA) diets for 22 weeks and were infected with P. gingivalis. Rats on the omega-3 FA diet exhibited elevated serum levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), documenting diet-induced changes. PCR analyses demonstrated that rats were orally colonized by P. gingivalis; increased IgG antibody levels substantiated this infection. P. gingivalis-infected rats treated with omega-3 FA had significantly less alveolar bone resorption. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of an omega-3 FA-supplemented diet in modulating alveolar bone resorption following P. gingivalis infection, and supported that omega-3 FA may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kesavalu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, 159 HSRB, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA.
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Vardar-Sengül S, Buduneli N, Buduneli E, Kardeşler L, Baylas H, Atilla G, Lappin D, Kinane DF. Dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid and circulating levels of interleukin-1beta, osteocalcin, and C-reactive protein in rats. J Periodontol 2006; 77:814-20. [PMID: 16671873 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the effects of two different regimes of dietary supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid on serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), osteocalcin (OC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in experimental periodontitis. METHODS Experimental periodontitis was induced by repeated injections of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Thirty-nine adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four study groups as follows: an LPS positive control group; a saline (negative) control group; and two different groups with omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplementation, one in which we gave the supplement subsequent to disease induction (TO3) and the other in which the agent was started prior to and continued subsequent to LPS injections (P + TO3). In the TO3 group, omega-3 fatty acid administration was performed for 14 days following induction of experimental periodontitis. In the P + TO3 group, omega-3 fatty acid was given for 14 days prior to the start of LPS injections and was continued for another 14 days subsequent to the induction of experimental periodontitis. On day 15 of the first LPS injection, serum samples were obtained and rats were sacrificed. Serum samples were analyzed for IL-1beta, OC, and CRP concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Defleshed jaws were analyzed morphometrically for alveolar bone loss. Data were evaluated statistically by non-parametric tests. RESULTS LPS injection resulted in statistically significantly more bone loss compared to the saline control group (P <0.05). None of the omega-3 fatty acid administration groups showed evidence that this fatty acid was effective in preventing LPS-induced alveolar bone loss. TO3 and P + TO3 groups revealed significantly higher IL-1beta and OC levels than the LPS group (P <0.05). The study groups exhibited no significant differences in the serum CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS Omega-3 fatty acid administration does not seem to influence circulating levels of CRP. The significantly increased serum OC level observed in both omega-3 fatty acid regimes is curious and could have an effect on bone turnover, as could the further significant increase in serum IL-1beta, which could counteract any osteoblastic induction by OC through promotion of osteoclast activity. The lack of a therapeutic benefit of omega-3 fatty acid in this study, despite the effects on OC and IL-1beta, is difficult to explain, and further studies are required to more fully assess the potential role of this fatty acid in periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saynur Vardar-Sengül
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Vardar-Sengül S, Buduneli N, Buduneli E, Baylas H, Atilla G, Lappin D, Kinane DF. Effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and omega-3 fatty acid on serum interleukin-1beta, osteocalcin, and C-reactive protein levels in rats. J Periodontol 2006; 77:657-63. [PMID: 16584347 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, and omega-3 fatty acid on serum levels of interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), osteocalcin (OC), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in experimental periodontitis. METHODS Experimental periodontitis in rats was induced by repeated injection of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli endotoxin. Forty-seven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five study groups as follows: saline control, LPS, LPS + celecoxib, LPS + omega-3 fatty acid, and LPS + celecoxib + omega-3 fatty acid. Celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid were given alone or in combination during 14 days of the experimental study period. At the end of the 2-week protocol, serum samples were obtained, and the rats were sacrificed. Serum samples were analyzed for IL-1beta, OC, and CRP concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Defleshed jaws were analyzed morphometrically for alveolar bone loss. Data were evaluated statistically by non-parametric tests. RESULTS According to the morphometric measurements, the LPS and drug treatment groups showed significantly higher bone loss than the saline control group (P <0.05). Omega-3 fatty acid, both alone and in combination with celecoxib, revealed significantly higher IL-1beta levels than LPS and celecoxib groups (P <0.05). Individual and combined administration of celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid significantly increased OC levels compared to the LPS group (P <0.05). There were no significant differences in serum CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS Celecoxib and/or omega-3 fatty acid administration does not significantly influence circulating levels of CRP. The significantly increased serum OC level observed after individual and combination administration suggests that celecoxib and omega-3 fatty acid may influence bone remodeling and thereby inhibit the progression of alveolar bone resorption. However, the failure to observe any significant inhibition of bone loss in celecoxib- and/or omega-3 fatty acid-treated rats compared to the LPS group suggests that their therapeutic effect may be reduced by other factors, such as increases in serum IL-1beta promoting osteoclast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saynur Vardar-Sengül
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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