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Peluzio MDCG, Martinez JA, Milagro FI. Postbiotics: Metabolites and mechanisms involved in microbiota-host interactions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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de Aguiar CF, Castoldi A, Amano MT, Ignacio A, Terra FF, Cruz M, Felizardo RJF, Braga TT, Davanzo GG, Gambarini V, Antonio T, Antiorio ATFB, Hiyane MI, Morais da Fonseca D, Andrade-Oliveira V, Câmara NOS. Fecal IgA Levels and Gut Microbiota Composition Are Regulated by Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:697-708. [PMID: 31819985 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota is a key element to support host homeostasis and the development of the immune system. The relationship between the microbiota and immunity is a 2-way road, in which the microbiota contributes to the development/function of immune cells and immunity can affect the composition of microbes. In this context, natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are distinct T lymphocytes that play a role in gut immunity and are influenced by gut microbes. In our work, we investigated the involvement of invariant NKT cells (iNKT) in intestinal homeostasis. RESULTS We found that iNKT-deficient mice (iNKT-KO) had reduced levels of fecal IgA and an altered composition of the gut microbiota, with increased Bacteroidetes. The absence of iNKT cells also affected TGF-β1 levels and plasma cells, which were significantly reduced in knockout (KO) mice. In addition, when submitted to dextran sodium sulfate colitis, iNKT-KO mice had worsening of colitis when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. To further address iNKT cell contribution to intestinal homeostasis, we adoptively transferred iNKT cells to KO mice, and they were submitted to colitis. Transfer of iNKT cells improved colitis and restored fecal IgA levels and gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that intestinal NKT cells are important modulators of intestinal homeostasis and that gut microbiota composition may be a potential target in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiane Favero de Aguiar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane T Amano
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Sírio-Libanês de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Ignacio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandes Terra
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Cruz
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael J F Felizardo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Tárcio Teodoro Braga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gastão Davanzo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Gambarini
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Tada Fonseca Brasil Antiorio
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Morais da Fonseca
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André-SP, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Immunobiotics Beneficially Modulate TLR4 Signaling Triggered by Lipopolysaccharide and Reduce Hepatic Steatosis In Vitro. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3876896. [PMID: 31001563 PMCID: PMC6437725 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3876896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation and injury may result from the translocation of pathological bacteria and their proinflammatory mediators. Probiotics attenuate hepatic diseases related to inflammation by exhibiting immunoregulatory effects. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate lipid reduction and immunoregulatory potentials of probiotic bacteria in vitro. HepG2 cells treated with total cellular fluid (TCF) of LABs reduced lipid accumulation. Moreover, cells responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by producing higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α. TCF of LABs treatment showed remarkably diminished levels of the expression of these cytokines via modulation of the expression of TLR-negative regulators, as well as MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, heat-killed LABs were able to diminish TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-6 and to increase IL-10 and TLR4 levels in THP-1 cells. LABs also decreased the protein level of TNF-α. These results demonstrated that immunobiotics exhibit potent immunoregulatory activity and may be used as effective therapeutic agents to alleviate inflammatory response.
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Commensal gut bacteria modulate phosphorylation-dependent PPARγ transcriptional activity in human intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43199. [PMID: 28266623 PMCID: PMC5339702 DOI: 10.1038/srep43199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy subjects, the intestinal microbiota interacts with the host’s epithelium, regulating gene expression to the benefit of both, host and microbiota. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, however. Although many gut bacteria are not yet cultured, constantly growing culture collections have been established. We selected 57 representative commensal bacterial strains to study bacteria-host interactions, focusing on PPARγ, a key nuclear receptor in colonocytes linking metabolism and inflammation to the microbiota. Conditioned media (CM) were harvested from anaerobic cultures and assessed for their ability to modulate PPARγ using a reporter cell line. Activation of PPARγ transcriptional activity was linked to the presence of butyrate and propionate, two of the main metabolites of intestinal bacteria. Interestingly, some stimulatory CMs were devoid of these metabolites. A Prevotella and an Atopobium strain were chosen for further study, and shown to up-regulate two PPARγ-target genes, ANGPTL4 and ADRP. The molecular mechanisms of these activations involved the phosphorylation of PPARγ through ERK1/2. The responsible metabolites were shown to be heat sensitive but markedly diverged in size, emphasizing the diversity of bioactive compounds found in the intestine. Here we describe different mechanisms by which single intestinal bacteria can directly impact their host’s health through transcriptional regulation.
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Fumagalli S, Torri A, Papagna A, Citterio S, Mainoldi F, Foti M. IL-22 is rapidly induced by Pathogen Recognition Receptors Stimulation in Bone-Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells in the Absence of IL-23. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33900. [PMID: 27652524 PMCID: PMC5031995 DOI: 10.1038/srep33900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, microorganisms are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Exposure of immune cells to the ligands of these receptors activates intracellular signaling cascades that rapidly induce the expression of a variety of genes. Within these genes, the cytokines family plays a crucial function because of its role in adaptive immunity induction and in tissue-specific functional regulation, such as tissue repair and tissue homeostasis during steady state conditions. Within the myeloid compartment, dendritic cells (DCs) release a variety of inflammatory cytokines in response to microbes. In this study, we show that BMDCs release IL-22 directly upon PRRs activation without the need of IL-23 signaling as reported for other IL22-producing cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that cytokine IL-22 is rapidly released in a cell-specific manner as macrophages are not able to produce IL-22 through the same PRRs system. In addition, we characterize the intracellular signaling cascade required for IL-22 release in BMDCs. Myd88, MEK1/2, NFkb and AhR, but not p38, NFAT, and RORgt, were found to be involved in IL-22 regulation in DCs. Our study suggests that BMDCs possess a unique intracellular molecular plasticity which, once activated, directs different BMDCs functions in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fumagalli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Anna Torri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Angela Papagna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Stefania Citterio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Federica Mainoldi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
| | - Maria Foti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, 20126, Italy
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Roggenbuck M, Anderson D, Barfod KK, Feelisch M, Geldenhuys S, Sørensen SJ, Weeden CE, Hart PH, Gorman S. Vitamin D and allergic airway disease shape the murine lung microbiome in a sex-specific manner. Respir Res 2016; 17:116. [PMID: 27655266 PMCID: PMC5031331 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D is under scrutiny as a potential regulator of the development of respiratory diseases characterised by chronic lung inflammation, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has anti-inflammatory effects; however, knowledge around the relationship between dietary vitamin D, inflammation and the microbiome in the lungs is limited. In our previous studies, we observed more inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and increased bacterial load in the lungs of vitamin D-deficient male mice with allergic airway disease, suggesting that vitamin D might modulate the lung microbiome. In the current study, we examined in more depth the effects of vitamin D deficiency initiated early in life, and subsequent supplementation with dietary vitamin D on the composition of the lung microbiome and the extent of respiratory inflammation. Methods BALB/c dams were fed a vitamin D-supplemented or -deficient diet throughout gestation and lactation, with offspring continued on this diet post-natally. Some initially deficient offspring were fed a supplemented diet from 8 weeks of age. The lungs of naïve adult male and female offspring were compared prior to the induction of allergic airway disease. In further experiments, offspring were sensitised and boosted with the experimental allergen, ovalbumin (OVA), and T helper type 2-skewing adjuvant, aluminium hydroxide, followed by a single respiratory challenge with OVA. Results In mice fed a vitamin D-containing diet throughout life, a sex difference in the lung microbial community was observed, with increased levels of an Acinetobacter operational taxonomic unit (OTU) in female lungs compared to male lungs. This effect was not observed in vitamin D-deficient mice or initially deficient mice supplemented with vitamin D from early adulthood. In addition, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels inversely correlated with total bacterial OTUs, and Pseudomonas OTUs in the lungs. Increased levels of the antimicrobial murine ß-defensin-2 were detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of male and female mice fed a vitamin D-containing diet. The induction of OVA-induced allergic airway disease itself had a profound affect on the OTUs identified in the lung microbiome, which was accompanied by substantially more respiratory inflammation than that induced by vitamin D deficiency alone. Conclusion These data support the notion that maintaining sufficient vitamin D is necessary for optimal lung health, and that vitamin D may modulate the lung microbiome in a sex-specific fashion. Furthermore, our data suggest that the magnitude of the pro-inflammatory and microbiome-modifying effects of vitamin D deficiency were substantially less than that of allergic airway disease, and that there is an important interplay between respiratory inflammation and the lung microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roggenbuck
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | | | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clare E Weeden
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.
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van den Bogert B, Meijerink M, Zoetendal EG, Wells JM, Kleerebezem M. Immunomodulatory properties of Streptococcus and Veillonella isolates from the human small intestine microbiota. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114277. [PMID: 25479553 PMCID: PMC4257559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human small intestine is a key site for interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Here we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of representative species of commonly dominant small-intestinal microbial communities, including six streptococcal strains (four Streptococcus salivarius, one S. equinus, one S. parasanguinis) one Veillonella parvula strain, one Enterococcus gallinarum strain, and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 as a bench mark strain on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The different streptococci induced varying levels of the cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-12p70, while the V. parvula strain showed a strong capacity to induce IL-6. E. gallinarum strain was a potent inducer of cytokines and TLR2/6 signalling. As Streptococcus and Veillonella can potentially interact metabolically and frequently co-occur in ecosystems, immunomodulation by pair-wise combinations of strains were also tested for their combined immunomodulatory properties. Strain combinations induced cytokine responses in dendritic cells that differed from what might be expected on the basis of the results obtained with the individual strains. A combination of (some) streptococci with Veillonella appeared to negate IL-12p70 production, while augmenting IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α responses. This suggests that immunomodulation data obtained in vitro with individual strains are unlikely to adequately represent immune responses to mixtures of gut microbiota communities in vivo. Nevertheless, analysing the immune responses of strains representing the dominant species in the intestine may help to identify immunomodulatory mechanisms that influence immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomeus van den Bogert
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Meijerink
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin G. Zoetendal
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- NIZO Food Research B.V., Ede, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Validation of IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors in a mouse model of cryptosporidiosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1603-14. [PMID: 24366728 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02075-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parasites are a major cause of diarrhea and malnutrition in the developing world, a frequent cause of waterborne disease in the developed world, and a potential bioterrorism agent. Currently, available treatment is limited, and Cryptosporidium drug discovery remains largely unsuccessful. As a result, the pharmacokinetic properties required for in vivo efficacy have not been established. We have been engaged in a Cryptosporidium drug discovery program targeting IMP dehydrogenase (CpIMPDH). Here, we report the activity of eight potent and selective inhibitors of CpIMPDH in the interleukin-12 (IL-12) knockout mouse model, which mimics acute human cryptosporidiosis. Two compounds displayed significant antiparasitic activity, validating CpIMPDH as a drug target. The best compound, P131 (250 mg/kg of body weight/day), performed equivalently to paromomycin (2,000 mg/kg/day) when administered in a single dose and better than paromomycin when administered in three daily doses. One compound, A110, appeared to promote Cryptosporidium infection. The pharmacokinetic, uptake, and permeability properties of the eight compounds were measured. P131 had the lowest systemic distribution but accumulated to high concentrations within intestinal cells. A110 had the highest systemic distribution. These observations suggest that systemic distribution is not required, and may be a liability, for in vivo antiparasitic activity. Intriguingly, A110 caused specific alterations in fecal microbiota that were not observed with P131 or vehicle alone. Such changes may explain how A110 promotes parasitemia. Collectively, these observations suggest a blueprint for the development of anticryptosporidial therapy.
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Trasino SE, Dawson HD, Urban JF, Wang TTY, Solano-Aguilar G. Feeding probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei to Ossabaw pigs on a high-fat diet prevents cholesteryl-ester accumulation and LPS modulation of the Liver X receptor and inflammatory axis in alveolar macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1931-9. [PMID: 24060267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) play an integral role in cholesterol metabolism and the inflammatory response. High-fat (HF) diets and microbial infection can antagonize the LXR pathway leading to accumulation of cholesteryl-esters (CE) and increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. The probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei possesses cholesterol lowering and immune modulating properties. Therefore, the present study sought to model whether daily feeding of L. paracasei to juvenile Ossabaw pigs fed a HF diet could modulate cholesterol metabolism and the LXR/inflammatory axis in lipopolysacharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophages (AM). The results showed that AM from pigs fed a HF diet had significantly higher concentrations of CE compared to AM from pigs fed a control (C) diet, but not in pigs fed a HF diet with L. paracasei (HFPB). Ex vivo LPS stimulation of AM opposed LXR agonist-mediated transcription of cholesterol metabolism related genes: ABCA1, CH25H and PPARγ in pigs on the C diet, and LXRα, ABCA1, ABCG1, CH25H and PPARγ in pigs on the HF diet. This effect was abrogated for all these genes except LXRα in AM from pigs given L. paracasei. Protein analysis of culture supernatants revealed that AM from HFPB-fed pigs had significantly lower LPS-induced protein expression of IL-1β than AM from HF-fed pigs. Moreover, AM from pigs fed the C diet and given L. paracasei, had significantly higher mRNA levels of IL-8, and IL-6, in response to LPS. These data demonstrated a role for L. paracasei in modulating AM cholesterol metabolism and the response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Trasino
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Bldg. 307C, Rm. 225, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Anti-inflammatory effect of lactobacilli bacteria on HepG2 cells is through cross-regulation of TLR4 and NOD2 signalling. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Ceapa C, Wopereis H, Rezaïki L, Kleerebezem M, Knol J, Oozeer R. Influence of fermented milk products, prebiotics and probiotics on microbiota composition and health. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 27:139-55. [PMID: 23768559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a highly diverse and relative stabile ecosystem increasingly recognized for its impact on human health. The homeostasis of microbes and the host is also referred to as eubiosis. In contrast, deviation from the normal composition, defined as dysbiosis, is often associated with localized diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or colonic cancer, but also with systemic diseases like metabolic syndrome and allergic diseases. Modulating a gut microbiota dysbiosis with nutritional concepts may contribute to improving health status, reducing diseases or disease symptoms or supporting already established treatments. The gut microbiota can be modulated by different nutritional concepts, varying from specific food ingredients to complex diets or by the ingestion of particular live microorganisms. To underpin the importance of bacteria in the gut, we describe molecular mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between gut bacteria and the human host, and review the impact of different nutritional concepts such as pre-, pro- and synbiotics on the gastrointestinal ecosystem and their potential health benefits. The aim of this review is to provide examples of potential nutritional concepts that target the gut microbiota to support human physiology and potentially health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Ceapa
- Danone Research - Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Nepelska M, Cultrone A, Béguet-Crespel F, Le Roux K, Doré J, Arulampalam V, Blottière HM. Butyrate produced by commensal bacteria potentiates phorbol esters induced AP-1 response in human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52869. [PMID: 23300800 PMCID: PMC3531367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine is a balanced ecosystem well suited for bacterial survival, colonization and growth, which has evolved to be beneficial both for the host and the commensal bacteria. Here, we investigated the effect of bacterial metabolites produced by commensal bacteria on AP-1 signaling pathway, which has a plethora of effects on host physiology. Using intestinal epithelial cell lines, HT-29 and Caco-2, stably transfected with AP-1-dependent luciferase reporter gene, we tested the effect of culture supernatant from 49 commensal strains. We observed that several bacteria were able to activate the AP-1 pathway and this was correlated to the amount of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced. Besides being a major source of energy for epithelial cells, SCFAs have been shown to regulate several signaling pathways in these cells. We show that propionate and butyrate are potent activators of the AP-1 pathway, butyrate being the more efficient of the two. We also observed a strong synergistic activation of AP-1 pathway when using butyrate with PMA, a PKC activator. Moreover, butyrate enhanced the PMA-induced expression of c-fos and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not p38 and JNK. In conclusion, we showed that SCFAs especially butyrate regulate the AP-1 signaling pathway, a feature that may contribute to the physiological impact of the gut microbiota on the host. Our results provide support for the involvement of butyrate in modulating the action of PKC in colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Nepelska
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Antonietta Cultrone
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Béguet-Crespel
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Karine Le Roux
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Joël Doré
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vermulugesan Arulampalam
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hervé M. Blottière
- INRA, UMR 1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Bao F, Wu P, Xiao N, Qiu F, Zeng QP. Nitric oxide-driven hypoxia initiates synovial angiogenesis, hyperplasia and inflammatory lesions in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34494. [PMID: 22479635 PMCID: PMC3316675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory articular disease with cartilage and bone damage due to hyperplasic synoviocyte invasion and subsequent matrix protease digestion. Although monoclonal antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) have been approved for clinical use in patients with RA, desired therapeutic regimens suitable for non-responders are still unavailable because etiological initiators leading to RA remain enigmatic and unidentified. Methodology/Principal Findings Bacteria-induced arthritis (BIA) that simulates collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is developed in mice upon daily live bacterial feeding. The morphological lesions of paw erythema and edema together with the histological alterations of synovial hyperplasia and lymphocytic infiltration emerge as the early-phase manifestations of BIA and CIA. Bacteria- or collagen-mediated global upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines is accompanied by the burst of nitric oxide (NO). Elevation of the serum NO level is correlated with decline of the blood oxygen saturation percentage (SpO2), reflecting a hypoxic consequence during development towards arthritis. NO-driven hypoxia is further evident from a positive relationship between NO and lactic acid (LA), an end product from glycolysis. Upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) validates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in the inflamed synovium of modeling mice. Administration of the NO donor compound sodium nitroprusside (SNP) causes articular inflammation by inducing synovial hypoxia. Anti-bacteria by the antibiotic cefotaxime and/or the immunosuppressant rapamycin or artesunate that also inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS) can abrogate NO production, mitigate hypoxia, and considerably ameliorate or even completely abort synovitis, hence highlighting that NO may serve as an initiator of inflammatory arthritis. Conclusions/Significance Like collagen, bacteria also enable synovial lesions via upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, triggering NO production, driving hypoxic responses, and inducing synovial angiogenesis and hyperplasia, suggesting that sustained infection might be, in part, responsible for the onset of synovitis and arthritis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Bao
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Xiao
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Frank Qiu
- Simplex Biotechnologies, LLC, Clinton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Qing-Ping Zeng
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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