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Okkeh M, De Vita L, Bruni G, Doveri L, Minzioni P, Restivo E, Patrini M, Pallavicini P, Visai L. Photodynamic toluidine blue-gold nanoconjugates as a novel therapeutic for Staphylococcal biofilms. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33887-33904. [PMID: 38019993 PMCID: PMC10658660 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are among the most frequent bacteria known to cause biofilm-related infections. Pathogenic biofilms represent a global healthcare challenge due to their high tolerance to antimicrobials. In this study, water soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanospheres (28 ppm) and nanostars (15 ppm) with electrostatically adsorbed photosensitizer (PS) Toluidine Blue O (TBO) ∼4 μM were successfully synthesized and characterized as PEG-GNPs@TBO and PEG-GNSs@TBO. Both nanoconjugates and the TBO 4 μM solution showed remarkable, if similar, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) effects at 638 nm, inhibiting the formation of biofilms by two Staphylococcal strains: a clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolate and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) RP62A. Alternatively in biofilm eradication treatments, the aPDI effects of PEG-GNSs@TBO were more effective and yielded a 75% and 50% reduction in viable count of MRSA and S. epidermidis RP62A preformed biofilms, respectively and when compared with untreated samples. This reduction in viable count was even greater than that obtained through aPDI treatment using a 40 μM TBO solution. Confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatments revealed significant changes in the integrity and morphology of biofilms, with fewer colony masses. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon PEG-GNSs@TBO's aPDI treatment was detected by CLSM using a specific ROS fluorescent probe, demonstrating bright fluorescence red spots across the surfaces of the treated biofilms. Our findings shine a light on the potential synergism between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and photosensitizers in developing novel nanoplatforms to target Staphylococcal biofilm related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Okkeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lorenzo De Vita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanna Bruni
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, Center for Colloid and Surfaces Science, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Lavinia Doveri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Paolo Minzioni
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS 27100 Pavia Italy
| | | | | | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS 27100 Pavia Italy
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Manphibool C, Matangkasombut O, Chantarangsu S, Chantarawaratit PO. Effects of blue-light LED toothbrush on reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances: a crossover randomized controlled trial. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:293. [PMID: 37189136 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances have higher plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of a light emitting diode (LED) toothbrush with a manual toothbrush in reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances, and to investigate the effect of the LED toothbrush on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm in vitro. METHODS Twenty-four orthodontic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into 2 groups: (1) started with manual and (2) started with LED toothbrushes. After a 28-day usage and 28-day wash-out period, the patients switched to the other intervention. The plaque and gingival indices were determined at baseline and 28 days after each intervention. The patients' compliance and satisfaction scores were collected using questionnaires. For the in vitro experiments, S. mutans biofilm was divided into 5 groups (n = 6) with 15-, 30-, 60-, or 120-sec LED exposure, and without LED exposure as a control group. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the gingival index between the manual and LED toothbrush groups. The manual toothbrush was significantly more effective in reducing the plaque index in the proximal area on the bracket side (P = 0.031). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in other areas around the brackets or on the non-bracket side. After LED exposure in vitro, the percentages of bacterial viability after LED exposure for 15-120 s were significantly lower compared with the control (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION Clinically, the LED toothbrush was not more effective in reducing dental plaque or gingival inflammation than the manual toothbrush in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. However, the blue light from the LED toothbrush significantly reduced the number of S. mutans in biofilm when it was exposed to the light for at least 15 s in vitro. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20210510004). Registered 10/05/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavirakarn Manphibool
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Excellence on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Soranun Chantarangsu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Mosaddad SA, Namanloo RA, Aghili SS, Maskani P, Alam M, Abbasi K, Nouri F, Tahmasebi E, Yazdanian M, Tebyaniyan H. Photodynamic therapy in oral cancer: a review of clinical studies. Med Oncol 2023; 40:91. [PMID: 36749489 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A significant mortality rate is associated with oral cancer, particularly in cases of late-stage diagnosis. Since the last decades, oral cancer survival rates have only gradually improved despite advances in treatment. This poor success rate is mainly due to the development of secondary tumors, local recurrence, and regional failure. Invasive treatments frequently have a negative impact on the aesthetic and functional outcomes of survivors. Novel approaches are thus needed to manage this deadly disease in light of these statistics. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a light-sensitive medication called a photosensitizer is given first, followed by exposure to light of the proper wavelength that matches the absorbance band of the photosensitizer. The tissue oxygen-induced cytotoxic free radicals kill tumor cells directly, harm the microvascular structure, and cause inflammatory reactions at the targeted sites. In the case of early lesions, PDT can be used as a stand-alone therapy, and in the case of advanced lesions, it can be used as adjuvant therapy. The current review article discussed the uses of PDT in oral cancer therapy based on recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Seyedeh Sara Aghili
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Poorya Maskani
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Alam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Abbasi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nouri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Department of Science and Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran, Iran.
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de Carvalho BMDF, Garcia BA, Gomes AKP, Alcantara DD, de Freitas Pontes KM. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as a Technique for Decontamination of Acrylic Resin Devices Provided by Different Dental Laboratories. J Lasers Med Sci 2023; 14:e8. [PMID: 37089770 PMCID: PMC10114022 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2023.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Dentures, occlusal splints, surgical guides and orthodontic appliances are examples of acrylic resin devices made in dental laboratories, which must be disinfected and even sterilized before insertion into the oral cavity. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) applied to acrylic resin specimens received from different laboratories. Methods: Three hundred standardized specimens were ordered from six randomly selected laboratories registered in the Council of Dentistry of Ceará (n=50). The PDT consisted in the association of 22 µM erythrosine, as a photosensitizer (P), and a 520-nm LED at 38 J/cm2 (L). The specimens of each laboratory were randomly distributed into five groups: positive control, sterilized with ethylene oxide; negative control, untreated (P-L-); erythrosine control, only stained (P+L-); LED control, only irradiated (P-L+); PDT (P+L+). Then, the specimens were individually sonicated in saline solution; the suspension was diluted, plated on culture mediums (blood agar, sabouraud dextrose agar and a non-selective chromogenic agar), and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. Colony-forming-unit (CFU) counts were done and statistical tests of Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn were carried out. Results: The specimens from all laboratories were contaminated with bacteria and yeasts. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Klebsiella and Pseudomonas spp. were identified. The PDT significantly reduced CFU counts (P<0.0001), compared to P-L-. Conclusion: PDT was able to effectively decontaminate the acrylic resin specimens provided from dental laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruna Albuquerque Garcia
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida (College of Dentistry), 1395 Center Drive, POBOX 100424 - 62610, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aghata Kelma Palacio Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Ceará Federal University (UFC), Monsenhor Furtado Street – Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430-350, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle Dourado Alcantara
- Dentistry and Nursing, Ceará Federal University (UFC), Monsenhor Furtado Street - Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430-350, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Karina Matthes de Freitas Pontes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Ceará Federal University (UFC), Monsenhor Furtado Street – Rodolfo Teófilo, 60430-350, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence to Karina Matthes de Freitas Pontes,
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KÜDEN C. The Effect of Photodynamic Therapy Applied with Different Photosensitizers on Dentin Hardness in Comparison with Conventional Irrigation. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.1199515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using toluidine blue O (TBO), curcumin (CUR) and methylene blue (MB) photosensitizers on root canal dentin microhardness by comparing it with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
Materials and methods: The root canals of 100 human premolar teeth were shaped by the R25 file (Reciproc; VDW, Munich, Germany). The working length of the teeth was determined by using a #10 K-file, keeping it 1mm shorter than the tooth apex. The R25 file was used to prepare the root canals. After every three pecking motions, irrigation was performed and a total of 10 mm of distilled water was used. The specimens were randomly distributed according to the disinfection method; NaOCl+EDTA, PDT with TBO, PDT with CUR, PDT with MB and distilled water (DS) (n=20). Grooves were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the prepared teeth, parallel to the long axis of the tooth, without touching the root canals. The roots were divided into two parts by means of a cement spatula placed in these grooves. Root canal dentin microhardness was evaluated by the Vickers test method. Three measurements were made by applying 300 g of force for 15 seconds and the average was calculated. It was recorded as the Vickers hardness value. The data were analyzed by using the one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc tests (α=0.05).
Results: All photosensitizer groups showed significantly higher microhardness value than the groups of DS and NaOCl + EDTA (p0.05).
Conclusions: PDT with CUR obtained the highest radicular dentin microhardness.
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Use of photodynamic therapy and photobiomodulation as alternatives for microbial control on clinical and subclinical mastitis in sheep. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2305-2310. [PMID: 35031932 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-022-03506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evaluate the effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and photobiomodulation (PBM) as alternatives in the treatment of mastitis in sheep. A total of 100 sheep were evaluated, and four teats with clinical mastitis and 16 teats with subclinical mastitis were selected. Milk was collected for isolation and identification of microorganisms. They were grown on TSA, EMB, and MacConkey agar for 24 h, and the microorganisms were identified by Gram stain and biochemical tests. The ceilings were subdivided into four groups: G1, treatment with photosensitizer; G2, treatment with PBM (diode laser λ = 660 nm); G3, aPDT with methylene blue, and G4, control group. Milk samples were collected before, 24 and 48 h after treatments. Cases of subclinical mastitis presented coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp, and clinical mastitis had Escherichia coli grow from the samples. The treatments decrease the total bacterial count of negative coagulase Staphylococcus, Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli. Comparing the treatments, aPDT stood out, as it was able to photoinactivate all bacteria. Treatment with methylene blue photosensitizer, PBM, and aPDT induced the initial microbial reduction, but aPDT was more effective 48 h after treatment.
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Wang D, Kuzma ML, Tan X, He TC, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Phototherapy and optical waveguides for the treatment of infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114036. [PMID: 34740763 PMCID: PMC8665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes, it is imperative to seek alternative means for infection control. Optical waveguides are an auspicious delivery method for precise administration of phototherapy. Studies have shown that phototherapy is promising in fighting against a myriad of infectious pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) including biofilm-forming species and drug-resistant strains while evading treatment resistance. When administered via optical waveguides, phototherapy can treat both superficial and deep-tissue infections while minimizing off-site effects that afflict conventional phototherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite great therapeutic potential, exact mechanisms, materials, and fabrication designs to optimize this promising treatment option are underexplored. This review outlines principles and applications of phototherapy and optical waveguides for infection control. Research advances, challenges, and outlook regarding this delivery system are rigorously discussed in a hope to inspire future developments of optical waveguide-mediated phototherapy for the management of infection and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle Laurel Kuzma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Academy of Orthopedics, Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510280, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Alimadadi H, Asnaashari M, Naseri M, Yadegari Z. Effect of Apical Size and Taper on the Efficacy of Root Canal Disinfection With LED Photodynamic Therapy as an Adjunct to Irrigation With Sodium Hypochlorite. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 12:e58. [PMID: 35155143 PMCID: PMC8837831 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: This study assessed the effect of apical size and taper on the efficacy of root canal disinfection with LED photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to irrigation with sodium hypochlorite. Methods: A total of 126 extracted human mandibular molars were divided into 4 groups. The mesiobuccal canal was prepared to size 25/4% in group 1, 25/6% in group 2, 30/4% in group 3, and 30/6% in group 4 using the iRaCe rotary system. A 21-day Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was prepared and used for inoculation of the canals. Each group was randomly divided into 3 subgroups for canal disinfection with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite plus LED PDT and saline (positive control). Samples from the root canals were obtained with rotary files and cultured. Microbiologic data were analyzed using the Poisson regression test. Results: The bacterial count significantly decreased following disinfection with sodium hypochlorite with/without PDT in all sizes and tapers of preparation compared with the control group (P<0.05). Increasing the apical taper or apical size and the use of PDT as an adjunct did not have a significant effect on the reduction of the bacterial count (P>0.05). However, the apical size and PDT had a significant effect on the number of residual bacteria (P<0.05), and increasing the apical size and conduction of PDT significantly decreased the number of residual bacteria. Conclusion: The apical size and taper and the use of PDT as an adjunct did not have a significant effect on the reduction of the bacterial count. However, increasing the apical size and conduction of PDT as an adjunct to sodium hypochlorite irrigation significantly decreased the number of residual bacteria in the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Alimadadi
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asnaashari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Naseri
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Yadegari
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Li Y, Jiao J, Qi Y, Yu W, Yang S, Zhang J, Zhao J. Curcumin: A review of experimental studies and mechanisms related to periodontitis treatment. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:837-847. [PMID: 34173676 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is the main active ingredient of turmeric, which has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, immune regulation, and so on. Periodontitis is a prevalent oral inflammatory disease caused by a variety of factors. In recent years, many studies have shown that curcumin has a potential role on the treatment of periodontitis. Curcumin has been used in research related to the treatment of periodontitis in the form of solution, chip, gel, and capsule. Combined with other periodontitis treatment methods, such as scaling and root planing (SRP) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), can enhance curcumin's efficacy in treating periodontitis. In addition to natural curcumin, chemically modified curcumin, such as 4-phenylaminocarbonyl bis-demethoxy curcumin (CMC 2.24) and 4-methoxycarbonyl curcumin (CMC 2.5), have also been used in animal models of periodontitis. Here, this paper reviews the research progress of curcumin on the treatment of periodontitis and its related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junjie Jiao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanzheng Qi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanqi Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Srinivasan R, Santhakumari S, Poonguzhali P, Geetha M, Dyavaiah M, Xiangmin L. Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition: A Focused Review on Recent Therapeutic Strategies for Combating the Biofilm Mediated Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676458. [PMID: 34054785 PMCID: PMC8149761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a major concern in various sectors and cause severe problems to public health, medicine, and industry. Bacterial biofilm formation is a major persistent threat, as it increases morbidity and mortality, thereby imposing heavy economic pressure on the healthcare sector. Bacterial biofilms also strengthen biofouling, affecting shipping functions, and the offshore industries in their natural environment. Besides, they accomplish harsh roles in the corrosion of pipelines in industries. At biofilm state, bacterial pathogens are significantly resistant to external attack like antibiotics, chemicals, disinfectants, etc. Within a cell, they are insensitive to drugs and host immune responses. The development of intact biofilms is very critical for the spreading and persistence of bacterial infections in the host. Further, bacteria form biofilms on every probable substratum, and their infections have been found in plants, livestock, and humans. The advent of novel strategies for treating and preventing biofilm formation has gained a great deal of attention. To prevent the development of resistant mutants, a feasible technique that may target adhesive properties without affecting the bacterial vitality is needed. This stimulated research is a rapidly growing field for applicable control measures to prevent biofilm formation. Therefore, this review discusses the current understanding of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacterial biofilm and intensely emphasized the novel therapeutic strategies for combating biofilm mediated infections. The forthcoming experimental studies will focus on these recent therapeutic strategies that may lead to the development of effective biofilm inhibitors than conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Srinivasan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fujian, China
| | - Sivasubramanian Santhakumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Mani Geetha
- PG Research and Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph's College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhu Dyavaiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Lin Xiangmin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
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11
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de Paula GS, Oliveira MC, Sales LS, Boriollo M, Rodrigues LKA, Nobre-Dos-Santos M, Steiner-Oliveira C. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue coupled to β-cyclodextrin reduces early colonizing microorganisms from the oral biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102283. [PMID: 33813017 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (A-PDT) on the oral biofilm formed with early colonizing microorganisms, using the photosensitizer methylene blue coupled with β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles and red light sources laser or LED (λ =660 nm). METHODS The groups were divided into (n = 3, in triplicate): C (negative control, 0.9 % NaCl), CX (positive control, 0.2 % chlorhexidine), P (Photosensitizer/Nanoparticle), L (Laser), LED (light-emitting diode), LP (Laser + Photosensitizer/Nanoparticle) and LEDP (LED + Photosensitizer/Nanoparticle). A multispecies biofilm composed ofS. gordonii, S. oralis, S. mitis, and S. sanguinis was grown in microplates containing BHI supplemented with 1% sucrose (w/v) for 24 h. Light irradiations were applied with a laser at 9 J for 90 s (320 J/cm2), or with LED, at 8.1 J for 90 s (8.1 J/cm2). The microbial reduction was assessed by counting viable biofilm microorganisms in selective culture media, before and after the treatments. Data normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the results were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis analysis, followed by Dunn's test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS The groups LP and LEDP were able to significantly reduce the biofilm microorganism counts by as much as 4 log10 times compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05) and did not statistically differ from the positive control group (CX) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The A-PDT mediated by encapsulated β-cyclodextrin methylene blue irradiated by Laser or LED was effective in the microbial reduction of multispecies biofilm composed of early colonizing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Santana de Paula
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Mateus Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Solera Sales
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Boriollo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Lidiany Karla Azevedo Rodrigues
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Zip Code: 60430-170, Brazil.
| | - Marinês Nobre-Dos-Santos
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Steiner-Oliveira
- Department of Health Sciences and Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil.
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Balhaddad AA, AlQranei MS, Ibrahim MS, Weir MD, Martinho FC, Xu HHK, Melo MAS. Light Energy Dose and Photosensitizer Concentration Are Determinants of Effective Photo-Killing against Caries-Related Biofilms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207612. [PMID: 33076241 PMCID: PMC7589159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries-related biofilms and associated complications are significant threats in dentistry, especially when biofilms grow over dental restorations. The inhibition of cariogenic biofilm associated with the onset of carious lesions is crucial for preventing disease recurrence after treatment. This in vitro study defined optimized parameters for using a photosensitizer, toluidine blue O (TBO), activated via a red light-emitting diode (LED)-based wireless device to control the growth of cariogenic biofilms. The effect of TBO concentrations (50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL) exposed to light or incubated in the dark was investigated in successive cytotoxicity assays. Then, a mature Streptococcus mutans biofilm model under sucrose challenge was treated with different TBO concentrations (50, 100, and 150 μg/mL), different light energy doses (36, 108, and 180 J/cm2), and different incubation times before irradiation (1, 3, and 5 min). The untreated biofilm, irradiation with no TBO, and TBO incubation with no activation represented the controls. After treatments, biofilms were analyzed via S. mutans colony-forming units (CFUs) and live/dead assay. The percentage of cell viability was within the normal range compared to the control when 50 and 100 μg/mL of TBO were used. Increasing the TBO concentration and energy dose was associated with biofilm inhibition (p < 0.001), while increasing incubation time did not contribute to bacterial elimination (p > 0.05). Irradiating the S. mutans biofilm via 100 μg/mL of TBO and ≈180 J/cm2 energy dose resulted in ≈3-log reduction and a higher amount of dead/compromised S. mutans colonies in live/dead assay compared to the control (p < 0.001). The light energy dose and TBO concentration optimized the bacterial elimination of S. mutans biofilms. These results provide a perspective on the determining parameters for highly effective photo-killing of caries-related biofilms and display the limitations imposed by the toxicity of the antibacterial photodynamic therapy’s chemical components. Future studies should support investigations on new approaches to improve or overcome the constraints of opportunities offered by photodynamic inactivation of caries-related biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
- Ph.D. Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.B.); (M.S.A.); (M.S.I.); (M.D.W.); (F.C.M.)
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. AlQranei
- Ph.D. Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.B.); (M.S.A.); (M.S.I.); (M.D.W.); (F.C.M.)
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria S. Ibrahim
- Ph.D. Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.B.); (M.S.A.); (M.S.I.); (M.D.W.); (F.C.M.)
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael D. Weir
- Ph.D. Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.B.); (M.S.A.); (M.S.I.); (M.D.W.); (F.C.M.)
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Frederico C. Martinho
- Ph.D. Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.B.); (M.S.A.); (M.S.I.); (M.D.W.); (F.C.M.)
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hockin H. K. Xu
- Ph.D. Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.B.); (M.S.A.); (M.S.I.); (M.D.W.); (F.C.M.)
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (H.H.K.X.); (M.A.S.M.)
| | - Mary Anne S. Melo
- Ph.D. Program in Dental Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.B.); (M.S.A.); (M.S.I.); (M.D.W.); (F.C.M.)
- Division of Operative Dentistry, Department of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: (H.H.K.X.); (M.A.S.M.)
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Kitanaka Y, Takeuchi Y, Hiratsuka K, Aung N, Sakamaki Y, Nemoto T, Meinzer W, Izumi Y, Iwata T, Aoki A. The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using yellow-green LED and rose bengal on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102033. [PMID: 33011393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effects of a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) system using yellow-green light-emitting diode (YGL) and rose bengal (RB) on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pg suspension mixed with RB was irradiated with YGL (565 nm) or blue light-emitting diode (BL, 470 nm) at 428 mW/cm2 in comparison with chlorhexidine (CHG) treatment. The cells were cultured anaerobically on agar plates, and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined. The treated suspension was anaerobically incubated, and the cell density (OD600nm) was monitored for 24 h. Also, the viability of treated human gingival fibroblast (HGF-1) was measured using WST-8 assay. Pg morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope. The RNA integrity number of aPDT-treated Pg was determined and gene expressions were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS RB + YGL (aPDT) demonstrated a significantly higher reduction of CFU, compared to RB + BL (aPDT) and CHG, furthermore the OD value rapidly decreased. Morphological changes of Pg with RB + YGL were more severe than with CHG. Although RB + YGL reduced HGF-1 viability, aPDT's impact was significantly lower than CHG's. With RB + YGL treatment, RIN values decreased; furthermore, gene expressions associated with DNA replication and cell division were remarkably decreased after 12 h. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated that a novel aPDT system using RB + YGL may have potential as a new technical modality for bacterial elimination in periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Kitanaka
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hiratsuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Nay Aung
- Laser Light Dental Clinic, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Yuriko Sakamaki
- Research Core, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nemoto
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Walter Meinzer
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Oral Care Perio Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Southern TOHOKU General Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
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Silva Teófilo MÍ, de Carvalho Russi TMAZ, de Barros Silva PG, Balhaddad AA, Melo MAS, Rolim JPML. The Impact of Photosensitizer Selection on Bactericidal Efficacy Of PDT against Cariogenic Biofilms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102046. [PMID: 33031937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are investigations on multiple photosensitizers for modulation of caries-related biofilms using PDT. However, much controversy remains about recommended parameters mostly on the selection of an efficient photosensitizer. OBJECTIVE The study performed a systematic review to identify the answer to the following question: What photosensitizers present high bactericidal efficacy against cariogenic biofilms? METHODS Systematic review with meta-analyses were carried out for English language articles from October to December 2019 (PRISMA standards) using MEDLINE, Scopus, Biomed Central, EMBASE, LILACS, and Web of Science. Information on study design, biofilm model, photosensitizer, light source, energy delivery, the incubation time for photosensitizer, and bacterial reduction outcomes were recorded. We performed two meta-analyses to compare bacterial reduction, data was expressed by (1) base 10 Logarithm values and (2) Log reduction RESULTS: After the eligibility criteria were applied (PEDro scale), the selected studies showed that toluidine Blue Ortho (TBO) and methylene blue (MBO) (5-min incubation time and 5-min irradiation) demonstrated better bacterial reduction outcomes. For the data expressed by Log TBO, MBO, curcumin, and Photogem® presented a significant bacterial decrease in comparison to the control (p = 0.042). For the data represented by Log reduction, the bacterial reduction toward S.mutans was not significant for any photosensitizer (p = 0.679). CONCLUSION The lack of methodological standardization among the studies still hinders the establishment of photosensitizer and bactericidal efficiency. TBO, MBO, curcumin, and photogem generate greater PDT-based bacterial reduction on caries-related bacteria.. Further clinical studies are necessary in order to obtain conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abdulrahman A Balhaddad
- Dental Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Dentistry, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mary Anne S Melo
- Dental Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Operative Dentistry, Dept. of General Dentistry, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Juliana P M L Rolim
- Department of Dentistry, Christus University Center (Unichristus), Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Afrasiabi S, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Propolis nanoparticle enhances the potency of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans in a synergistic manner. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15560. [PMID: 32968097 PMCID: PMC7511362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Less invasive removal approaches have been recommended for deep caries lesions. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and propolis nanoparticle (PNP) are highlighted for the caries management plan. Evidence is lacking for an additive effect of combination PNP with photosensitizer (PS) in aPDT. This study aimed to investigate the individual and synergistic effects of chlorophyllin-phycocyanin mixture (PhotoActive+) and toluidine blue O (TBO) as PSs in combination with PNP in the aPDT process (aPDTplus) against major important virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. Following characterization, biocompatibility of the PSs alone, or in combination with PNP were investigated on human gingival fibroblast cell. The in vitro synergy of PhotoActive+ or TBO and PNP was evaluated by the checkerboard method. The bacteria's virulence properties were surveyed in the presence of the PSs, individually as well as in combination. When the PSs were examined in combination (synergistic effect, FIC Index < 0.5), a stronger growth inhibitory activity was exhibited than the individual PSs. The biofilm formation, as well as genes involved in biofilm formation, showed greater suppression when the PSs were employed in combination. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the combination of PhotoActive+ or TBO with PNP with the least cytotoxicity effects and the highest antimicrobial activites would improve aPDT outcomes, leading to synergistic effects and impairing the virulence of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afrasiabi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Dental Implant Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Blvd, 100 Poursina Ave., 14167-53955, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Baeshen HA, Alshahrani A, Kamran MA, Alnazeh AA, Alhaizaey A, Alshahrani I. Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in restoring clinical, microbial, proinflammatory cytokines and pain scores in adolescent patients having generalized gingivitis and undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:101998. [PMID: 32916329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on clinical gingival inflammatory parameters, bacterial load, proinflammatory cytokine status, and pain scores in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with gingivitis. METHODS Thirty adolescent undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with gingivitis were randomly divided into two groups: Group A - patients undergoing dental scaling (DS) with adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Group BDS alone. Clinical gingival parameters including plaque scores, (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) were assessed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) were used to report the values of present pain intensity. Crevicular fluid was sampled to quantify the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The total bacterial counts for Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Tannerella forsythia (T. forsythia) were assessed. All examinations were performed at baseline, 1 week and 4 weeks. RESULTS Both the treatment regimens reported statistically significant reduction in PS and BOP (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in PS and PD values when Group B was compared with Group A (p > 0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction noted for BOP in Group B when compared to Group A (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction in the microbial counts of T. forsythia in Group A when compared to Group B at week-1 (p < 0.05). During the 4-week follow-up, the counts for T. forsythia significantly increased. No significant changes could be seen in either of the pain scores in both the groups (p > 0.05). Both groups showed statistically significant reduction in the IL-6 and TNF-α levels. However, IL-6 was significantly reduced at 1 week, while TNF-a significantly reduced at 4 weeks of follow up among the participants in Group B. CONCLUSION PDT has a positive effect in significantly reducing the periodontal microbial load in established gingivitis in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Ali Baeshen
- Orthodontics Department, College of Dentistry King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alshahrani
- Orthodontics Department, College of Dentistry King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah A Alnazeh
- Orthodontics Department, College of Dentistry King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhaizaey
- Orthodontics Department, College of Dentistry King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alshahrani
- Orthodontics Department, College of Dentistry King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Al Ahdal K, Al Deeb L, Al-Hamdan RS, Bin-Shuwaish MS, Al Deeb M, Maawadh AM, AlHelal A, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Influence of different photosensitizers on push-out bond strength of fiber post to radicular dentin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bohm GC, Gándara L, Di Venosa G, Mamone L, Buzzola F, Casas A. Photodynamic inactivation mediated by 5-aminolevulinic acid of bacteria in planktonic and biofilm forms. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114016. [PMID: 32387459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) employing endogenous production of porphyrins from 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) - named ALA-PDI-, is a new promising tool to achieve bacteria control in non-spread infections. The technique combines the action of the porphyrins acting as photosensitisers with light, to produce reactive oxygen species to target the pathogen. To date, some clinical applications of ALA-PDI have been reported although variable responses ranging from total eradication to absence of photokilling were found. ALA-PDI conducted at suboptimal conditions may lead to misleading results and the complexity of haem synthesis in bacteria hinders the optimization of the treatment. The present work aimed to gain insight on the variables affecting ALA-PDI in Gram-positives and Gram-negatives bacteria growing on planktonic and biofilm cultures and to correlate the degree of the response with the amount and type of porphyrin synthesised. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli clinical isolates and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 strains were utilised, and the optimal conditions of concentration and time exposure of ALA, and light dose were set. In both Gram-positive species analysed, a peak of porphyrin synthesis was observed at 1-2 mM ALA in biofilm and planktonic cultures, which fairly correlated with the decrease in the number of CFU after PDI (5 to 7 logs) and porphyrin content was in the same order of magnitude. In addition, ALA-PDI was similarly effective for planktonic and biofilm S. aureus cultures, and more effective in S. epidermidis planktonic cultures at low light doses. Beyond a certain light dose, it was not possible to achieve further photosensitization. Similarly, a plateau of cell death was attained at a certain ALA incubation time. Accumulation of hydrophilic porphyrins at longer incubation periods was observed. The proportion of porphyrins changed as a function of ALA concentration and incubation time in the Gram-positive bacteria, though we did not find a clear correlation between the porphyrin type and PDI response. As a salient feature was the presence of isococroporphyrin isoforms in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were quite refractory to the treatment: P. aeruginosa was slightly inactivated (4-logs reduction) at 40 mM ALA, whereas E. coli was not inactivated at all. These species accumulated high ALA quantities and the amount of porphyrins did not correlate with the degree of photoinactivation. Our microscopy studies show that porphyrins are not located in the envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria, reinforcing the hypothesis that endogenous porphyrins fail to attack these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cervini Bohm
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - Lautaro Gándara
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Di Venosa
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - Leandro Mamone
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Buzzola
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), and Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET and Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Córdoba 2351 1er subsuelo, Ciudad de Buenos Aires CP1120AAF, Argentina.
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Aragão MGB, Costa CAGDA, Lima RA, Rodrigues LKA, Duarte S, Zanin ICJ. Comparative Effect of Two Red Lights on Streptococcus mutans Biofilms and Assessment of Temperature Variances in Human Teeth During In Vitro Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 37:31-37. [PMID: 31050940 DOI: 10.1089/photob.2018.4511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The goals of this investigation were to compare the effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) with two different red lights on in vitro Streptococcus mutans biofilms, as well as to assess the temperature variances caused by PACT on human teeth. Methods: S. mutans biofilms (n = 3) were grown on hydroxyapatite disks, and the antimicrobial effect of PACT was evaluated using toluidine blue O (100 μg/mL) associated with Laserbeam® (LB 56.6 J/cm2) and LumaCare™ (LC -56.6, 158.5, 317.0, and 475.6 J/cm2). Pulpal temperature variances were analyzed using a digital thermocouple placed into the pulp chamber and positioned at the cement-enamel junction level of five teeth samples during irradiation times of 300, 600, and 900 sec for LB, and 22, 60, 120, and 180 sec for LC. The mean average temperature variance was calculated for each group. All data were analyzed through analysis of variance. Results: LB (900 sec) and LC (22 sec) induced similar reductions in the viability of microorganisms. LB did not cause statistically significant increase of temperature, regardless of experimental time, and LC caused temperature increase within the safe spectrum up to 60 sec. Conclusions: PACT seems to be a minimal invasive approach for reducing the viability of cariogenic bacteria. Thus, when applied in vitro for times equal or inferior to 900 and 60 sec for LB and LC, respectively, these light sources might be considered harmless to tooth structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simone Duarte
- 5 Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Su G, Wei Z, Wang L, Shen J, Baudouin C, Labbé A, Liang Q. Evaluation of Toluidine Blue-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Experimental Bacterial Keratitis in Rabbits. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:13. [PMID: 32714639 PMCID: PMC7351589 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy on experimental bacterial keratitis in rabbits. Methods Bacterial keratitis was induced in rabbits by the injection of 200 μl Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) solution into the anterior stroma of the right cornea. Rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: toluidine blue O and red light (TBOR), levofloxacin eye drops (LEV), the combination of TBOR and LEV (TBOR + LEV), and a control group. Clinical manifestations, histopathology, and transmission electron microscopy were analyzed at various time points. Results Conjunctival injection and surface area of the corneal ulcer in the TBOR group and the TBOR + LEV group showed significant improvement from baseline after 7 days of treatment. Compared to baseline, the depth of corneal infiltration was decreased at day 14 in the TBOR and TBOR + LEV groups. Microscopic analysis of the TBOR and TBOR + LEV groups showed that the structure of each layer was intact, and there were no inflammatory cells in the corneal stroma. Additionally, IL-1β and TNF-α were highly expressed in the LEV and control groups but were lower in the TBOR and TBOR + LEV groups. Under transmission electron microscopy, the corneas in the TBOR and TBOR + LEV groups were intact, whereas in the LEV and control groups, double-walled structures corresponding to S.aureus were found in the superficial stromal layer. Conclusions TBOR demonstrated in vivo antibacterial efficacy against S.aureus. Translational Relevance This study found in vivo antibacterial efficacy of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic therapy on rabbit experimental bacterial keratitis, thus providing an additional new option for clinical treatment of bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Su
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Leying Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, IHU FOReSIGHT, Paris and Versailles Saint-Quentin-en- Yvelines University, Versailles, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Labbé
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, IHU FOReSIGHT, Paris and Versailles Saint-Quentin-en- Yvelines University, Versailles, France
- INSERM, U968, Paris, F-75012, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris F-75012, France; CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Qingfeng Liang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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Arslan I, Baygin O, Tuzuner T, Erdemir F, Canakci A, Korkmaz FM. The effects of cavity disinfection on the nanoleakage of compomer restorations: an in vitro study. Eur Oral Res 2020; 54:16-24. [PMID: 32518906 PMCID: PMC7252532 DOI: 10.26650/eor.20200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cavity disinfection, in addition to routine caries removal methods, is recommended
to eliminate the microorganisms. The aim of this study was to compare the effect
of various systems Er,Cr:YSGG lasers, diode lasers and FotoSan and agents Corsodyl;
Cervitec and Cervitec Plus and Fluor Protector—on the nanoleakage of compomer
restorations when used for cavity disinfection. Materials and methods: A total of 40 intact human deciduous molar teeth containing Black V cavities (3×2×1.5
mm) on the buccal and lingual surfaces parallel to the cementoenamel junction
were randomly divided into 8 groups according to the cavity disinfection methods.
The antibacterial agents and systems were applied according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. Restorations were completed using a compomer. The restored teeth
were then subjected to thermocycling for 500 cycles in a water bath at 5°C and 55°C
with a dwell time of 30 seconds. After the thermocycling procedures, 1-mm sticks
were obtained from the center of each cavity to prepare for the nanoleakage test.
After the teeth were sectioned, they were immersed in 50 wt % ammoniacal silver
nitrate solution for 24 hours and dipped in photo-developing solutions for 8 hours
with fluorescent light irradiation. The samples were examined under a scanning
electron microscope (SEM). The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney
U test (p<0.05) were applied. Results: The Er,Cr:YSGG laser group showed significantly less nanoleakage than all of
the tested groups (p<0.01). The diode laser, Fluor protector and FotoSan groups
showed similar nanoleakage to that of the control group (p>0.05). The Corsodyl
(p<0.01) and Cervitec (p<0.001) groups showed significantly higher nanoleakage
than the control group. Conclusion: Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation which showed lower nanoleakage scores from either
control or tested groups can be recommended for cavity disinfection Additionally,
a diode laser and FotoSan, which have antibacterial effects and no negative effect
on leakage, can be used for cavity disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Arslan
- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Rize,Turkey
| | - Ozgul Baygin
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Tamer Tuzuner
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Fatih Erdemir
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Trabzon,Turkey
| | - Aykut Canakci
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Trabzon,Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Korkmaz
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontic, Trabzon,Turkey
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Catão MHCDV, Batista ALA. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with Methylene Blue. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2020.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Addition of hydrogen peroxide to methylene blue conjugated to β-cyclodextrin in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy in S. mutans biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 28:226-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lavaee F, Shadmanpour M. Comparison of the effect of photodynamic therapy and topical corticosteroid on oral lichen planus lesions. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1954-1963. [PMID: 31478283 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the effect of photodynamic therapy with topical corticosteroid in oral lichen planus patients was compared. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, eight patients with bilateral oral OLP lesions were recruited. Toluidine blue was applied on the lesions of both sides; a 660-nm diode laser InGaAlP was irradiated for 10 min (power: 25 mW, fluence: 19.23 J/cm2 , probe cross section: 0.78 cm2 ) for three sessions. In the control side of the oral mucosa, only sham laser was used. Follow-up sessions were held on weeks 3 and 7. In week 3, oral paste triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% was prescribed. Response rates were assessed clinically by VAS, Thongprasom sign scoring, clinical severity index, efficacy indices, and the amount of reduction in the size of the lesions. The Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate the treatment outcomes. RESULTS In spite of the control side, all scores improved significantly between sessions 0 and 4 for the intervention side. The differences between the changes in almost all scores between sessions 0 and 4 in both the intervention and control sides were significantly considerable (p value < .05). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy can be used as an alternative therapy alongside standard methods or as a new modality for refractory OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lavaee
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Shadmanpour
- Orthodontics Department, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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25
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Vasconcelos MEOC, Cardoso AA, da Silva JN, Alexandrino FJR, Stipp RN, Nobre-dos-Santos M, Rodrigues LKA, Steiner-Oliveira C. Combined Effectiveness of β-Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles in Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy on In Vitro Oral Biofilms. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2019; 37:567-573. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andréia Alves Cardoso
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josianne Neres da Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisca Jamila Ricarte Alexandrino
- Postgraduate Program of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nobrega Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marinês Nobre-dos-Santos
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidiany Karla Azevedo Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program of Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Carolina Steiner-Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Oliveira AB, Ferrisse TM, Marques RS, de Annunzio SR, Brighenti FL, Fontana CR. Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Microorganisms Responsible for Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143585. [PMID: 31340425 PMCID: PMC6678311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature followed by a meta-analysis about the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the microorganisms responsible for dental caries. The research question and the keywords were constructed according to the PICO strategy. The article search was done in Embase, Lilacs, Scielo, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Pubmed databases. Randomized clinical trials and in vitro studies were selected in the review. The study was conducted according the PRISMA guideline for systematic review. A total of 34 articles were included in the qualitative analysis and four articles were divided into two subgroups to perform the meta-analysis. Few studies have achieved an effective microbial reduction in microorganisms associated with the pathogenesis of dental caries. The results highlight that there is no consensus about the study protocols for PDT against cariogenic microorganisms, although the results showed the PDT could be a good alternative for the treatment of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analú Barros de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morandin Ferrisse
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Raquel Souza Marques
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raquel de Annunzio
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
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Darmani H, Tawalbeh KH, Al-Hiyasat AS, Al-Akhras MA. Comparison of the Photosensitivity of Biofilms of Different Genera of Cariogenic Bacteria in Tooth Slices. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 67:455-462. [PMID: 30550231 PMCID: PMC7256787 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the outcome of photosensitization on the viability of four different cariogens in planktonic form as well as biofilms in human dentine. Photodynamic therapy was carried out with a gallium aluminium arsenide laser (670 nm wavelength) using Toluidine blue O (TBO) as the photosensitizer. Cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus salivarius and Actinomyces viscosus) were exposed to TBO and then to the laser for 1 minute in planktonic suspension. Then, tooth slices previously incubated for 24 hours with broth cultures of broth culture of the four cariogenic organisms were exposed to antimicrobial photosensitization. The control samples consisted of planktonic and sessile cells that were exposed to TBO alone, laser alone and the bacterial cells that were not treated with TBO or laser. The results showed significant reductions in the viability of S. mutans, L. casei and A. viscosus in both planktonic form (to 13%, 30%, and 55%, respectively) and sessile form hosted in dentinal tubules (to 19%, 13% and 52%, respectively), relative to the controls. S. salivarius was the least affected in planktonic (94% viability) and sessile form (86% viability). In conclusion, sensitivity to photosensitization is species-dependent and sessile biofilm cells are affected to the same extent as their planktonic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Darmani
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Khitam H Tawalbeh
- Department of Biology, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad S Al-Hiyasat
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Mohammad-Ali Al-Akhras
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
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28
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Reis ACM, Regis WFM, Rodrigues LKA. Scientific evidence in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An alternative approach for reducing cariogenic bacteria. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:179-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ghorbani J, Rahban D, Aghamiri S, Teymouri A, Bahador A. Photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy: an overview. Laser Ther 2018; 27:293-302. [PMID: 31182904 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.27_18-ra-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a process utilizing light and light sensitive agents (named photosensitizer (PS)) and is usually applied in an oxygen-rich environment. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the photosensitizer and subsequently transferred to surrounding molecules. Consequently, reactive oxygen species and free radicals are formed. These oxidative molecules can damage bacterial macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and may result in bacterial killing. Unlike antibiotics, APDT as a novel technique does not lead to the selection of mutant resistant strains, hence it has appealed to researchers in this field. The type of PS used in APDT is a major determinant regarding outcome. In this review, various types of PS that are used in antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy will be discussed. PSs are classified based on their chemical structure and origin. Synthetic dyes such as methylene blue and toluidine blue are the most commonly used photosensitizers in Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT). Other photosensitizers including natural PSs (e.g. curcumin and hypericin) and tetra-pyrrole structures like phthalocyanines and porphyrins have also been studied. Furthermore, nanostructures and their probable contribution to APDT will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dariush Rahban
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Aghamiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Teymouri
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laser Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Plotino G, Grande NM, Mercade M. Photodynamic therapy in endodontics. Int Endod J 2018; 52:760-774. [PMID: 30548497 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that was initiated in 1900; however, it was not until the last decade that PDT regained attention for its several favourable features during the treatment of microbial infections in endodontics. Recently, several papers advocated its use for root canal treatment. The concept of photodynamic inactivation requires microbial exposure to either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizer molecules, followed by visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the red/near-infrared region that cause the excitation of the photosensitizers resulting in the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components and consequently produce cell inactivation and death. Recently, PDT has been suggested as a promising effective adjunct to standard antimicrobial intracanal cleaning and shaping for the treatment of periapical lesions. Current publications tested PDT in terms of bacterial load reduction in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo, showing promising results. The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature on PDT in the endodontic field regarding its mechanism of action, photosensitizers and light sources, limitations and clinical procedures. Although positive results have been demonstrated in vitro, there are considerably fewer in vivo investigations. In conclusion, more in vivo studies are needed on the use of antimicrobial PDT in root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N M Grande
- Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mercade
- Department of Dentistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Researcher IDIBELL Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Analysis of glucosyltransferase gene expression of clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans obtained from dental plaques in response to sub-lethal doses of photoactivated disinfection. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Alexandrino FJR, Bezerra EM, Da Costa RF, Cavalcante LRL, Sales FAM, Francisco TS, Rodrigues LKA, de Brito DHA, Ricardo NMPS, Costa SN, de Lima-Neto P, Barroso-Neto IL, Caetano EWS, Freire VN. Rose Bengal incorporated to α-cyclodextrin microparticles for photodynamic therapy against the cariogenic microorganism Streptococcus mutans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 25:111-118. [PMID: 30468898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rose Bengal@α-cyclodextrin (RB@α-CD) microparticles (μPs) were prepared and the RB inclusion in α-CD was experimentally demonstrated through infrared, UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The RB inclusion in α-CD was theoretically investigated using classical molecular mechanics calculations, the simulation results showing that RB can be included in both the narrow and wide apertures of the α-cyclodextrin ring with configurations exhibiting average binding energies of about 27 kcal mol-1. The prepared RB@α-CD microparticles were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and it was demonstrated that they are highly efficient in the photodynamic therapy against a Streptococcus mutans (the main bacteria of cariogenic dental plaque) suspension, as a concentration of RB@α-CD μPs 10 times smaller than the usual concentration of pure RB is still capable to produce significant antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J R Alexandrino
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Médica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 50430-275 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil; Faculdade Paulo Picanço, 60135-218, Fortaleza-CE, Brazil
| | - E M Bezerra
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 59625-900 Mossoró - RN, Brazil
| | - R F Da Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 59625-900 Mossoró - RN, Brazil
| | - L R L Cavalcante
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-970 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - F A M Sales
- Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Campus de Aracati, 62800-000 Aracati - CE, Brazil
| | - T S Francisco
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Estatística, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 59625-900 Mossoró - RN, Brazil
| | - L K A Rodrigues
- Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60430370 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - D H Almeida de Brito
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 12100, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - N M P S Ricardo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 12100, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - S N Costa
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554 Fortaleza- CE, Brazil
| | - P de Lima-Neto
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440900, Fortaleza- CE, Brazil
| | - I L Barroso-Neto
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 6030, Campus do Pici, 60440-900 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
| | - E W S Caetano
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, 60040-531 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil.
| | - V N Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Caixa Postal 6030, Campus do Pici, 60440-900 Fortaleza - CE, Brazil
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Effects of antibacterial photodynamic therapy on salivary mutans streptococci in 5- to 6-year-olds with severe early childhood caries. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 34:433-440. [PMID: 30311085 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-018-2650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (A-PDT) has been shown to kill oral bacteria in the planktonic culture, dental plaque, and biofilm. This study sought to assess the antimicrobial effect of A-PDT with toluidine blue O (TBO) and diode laser on salivary mutans streptococci in 5-6-year-olds with severe early childhood caries (SECC). This case-control study was conducted on 56 children with SECC divided into four groups, namely 0.1 mg/mL TBO, diode laser (633 nm, 20 mW, 6 J/cm2), combination of the two, and no intervention control group. A-PDT was performed on days 1 and 3. Salivary samples were collected before and after A-PDT on days 1 and 3, and 1 and 2 weeks after the second intervention (day 3). Samples were cultured on mitis salivarius agar, and after incubation, the colonies were counted. Data were subjected to repeated measures ANOVA, ANCOVA, and paired comparisons with least square difference and Tukey's test. Bacterial count significantly decreased on days 1 and 3, and 1 and 2 weeks after the second intervention. Bacterial count also decreased following the use of TBO and laser separately, but these reductions were not significant (P > 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, antimicrobial efficacy of TBO + laser was higher than that of diode laser or TBO alone. Durability of treatment increased with double-dose therapy. This modality may be used to decrease the colony count of salivary mutans streptococci in children with SECC.
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34
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Terra Garcia M, Correia Pereira AH, Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Jorge AOC, Strixino JF, Junqueira JC. Photodynamic therapy mediated by chlorin-type photosensitizers against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:256-261. [PMID: 30157462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be used for the control of oral pathogens and different photosensitizers (PS) have been investigated. This study evaluated the efficacy of PDT against Streptococcus mutans biofilms using two second-generation PS derived from chlorin: Photoditazine® (PDZ) and Fotoenticine® (FTC). These PS were compared to methylene blue (MB), a dye with proven antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. Suspensions of S. mutans were cultured in contact with bovine tooth disks for biofilm formation. After 48 h, the biofilms were treated with PDZ (0.6 mg/mL), FTC (0.6 mg/mL) or MB (1 mg/mL) and submitted to laser irradiation (660 nm, 50 mW/cm2). The biofilms were quantified by the determination of CFU/mL count and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All PS used for PDT reduced the number of S. mutans, with a statistically significant difference compared to the untreated groups. PDT achieved microbial reductions of 4 log with MB and 6 log with PDZ, while the use of FTC resulted in the complete elimination of S. mutans biofilms. SEM analysis confirmed the CFU/mL results, showing that all PS, particularly FTC, were able to detach the biofilms and to eliminate the bacteria. In conclusion, PDT mediated by chlorin-type PS exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against S. mutans than MB-mediated PDT, indicating that these PS can be useful for the control of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Terra Garcia
- Institute of Science and Technology, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Henrique Correia Pereira
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba/UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Ferreira Strixino
- Laboratório de Terapia Fotodinâmica, Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba/UNIVAP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Institute of Science and Technology, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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35
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Palma ALDR, Paula-Ramos LD, Domingues N, Back-Brito GN, de Oliveira LD, Pereira CA, Jorge AOC. Biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus sanguinis and their susceptibility to antimicrobial effects of photodynamic inactivation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:95-101. [PMID: 29990641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) on single and multi-species biofilms, compounds by Candida albicans and Streptococcus sanguinis. Biofilms were formed, on microplate of 96 wells, by suspensions of C. albicans (ATCC 18804) and S. sanguinis (ATCC 7073) adjusted in 107 cells/mL, followed by incubation of 48 h (with 5% CO2). The effects of the photosensitizer erythrosine (ER) at 400 μM for 5 min and green light-emitting diode (LED - 532 ± 10 nm) for 3 min, alone and conjugated, were evaluated. After normality test, results was analysed by Tukey´s test (P < 0.05). PDI group promoted reductions of 1.07 and 0.39 log10, respectively, in biofilms of C. albicans alone and in association with S. sanguinis. Biofilms of S. sanguinis alone were more sensitive, with reduction of 4.48 log10. When in association with the yeast, S. sanguinis have a decrease of 2.67 log10. SEM analysis revealed a decrease in bacterial and fungal structures of biofilms treated with PDI. In conclusion PDI promoted significant microbial reductions in both species of microorganisms grown on mixed biofilms. This study is one of the pioneers to evaluate the antimicrobial action of PDI on biofilms of S. sanguinis and C. albicans, demonstrating a way to control these microorganisms of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza do Rosário Palma
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lucas de Paula-Ramos
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nádia Domingues
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Graziella Nuernberg Back-Brito
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciane Dias de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Aparecida Pereira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yassaei S, Zandi H, Aghili H, Rafiei E, Mosayebi N. Evaluation of the effect of two types of laser on the growth of streptococcus mutans. Laser Ther 2018; 27:119-123. [PMID: 30087531 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.18-or-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims This study was done to compare the antibacterial effect of Photodynamic therapy (PDT) on streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) using two different light sources and photosensitizers (PS). Materials and methods Five groups were studied in this research:no light and no toluidine blue ortho (TBO) as PS for control group, irradiation only (CO2 laser or Nd:YAG laser), and irradiation with PS (CO2 laser and TBO or Nd:YAG laser and TBO). Standard suspensions of S. mutans, based on the type of group, were used in different PDTs. Bacterial suspension from each treatment was subcultured onto the surface of Mueller-Hinton agar plates, and bacterial growth was assessed. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results There was a statistically significant reduction in the viability of S. mutans in TBO with CO2 laser and TBO with Nd:YAG laser groups (p value < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between control and groups treated with lasers only. The highest number of the colonies of S. mutans in treated groups was observed in CO2 laser irradiation only and the lowest number was seen in CO2 laser with TBO. In the groups irradiated alone (without TBO), no significant reduction of colonies was observed. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups. Conclusions The colonies of S. mutans were susceptible to either CO2 laser or Nd:YAG laser in the presence of TBO with no significant difference. So these lasers with this photosensitizer may be useful in prevention of dental caries and antimicrobial treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Yassaei
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hengameh Zandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Aghili
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elahe Rafiei
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Neda Mosayebi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Effect of Violet-Blue Light on Streptococcus mutans-Induced Enamel Demineralization. Dent J (Basel) 2018; 6:dj6020006. [PMID: 29565266 PMCID: PMC6023538 DOI: 10.3390/dj6020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This in vitro study determined the effectiveness of violet-blue light (405 nm) on inhibiting Streptococcus mutans-induced enamel demineralization. Materials and Methods: S. mutans UA159 biofilm was grown on human enamel specimens for 13 h in 5% CO2 at 37 °C with/without 1% sucrose. Wet biofilm was treated twice daily with violet-blue light for five minutes over five days. A six-hour reincubation was included daily between treatments excluding the final day. Biofilms were harvested and colony forming units (CFU) were quantitated. Lesion depth (L) and mineral loss (∆Z) were quantified using transverse microradiography (TMR). Quantitative light-induced fluorescence Biluminator (QLF-D) was used to determine mean fluorescence loss. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare differences in means. Results: The results demonstrated a significant reduction in CFUs between treated and non-treated groups grown with/without 1% sucrose. ∆Z was significantly reduced for specimens exposed to biofilms grown without sucrose with violet-blue light. There was only a trend on reduction of ∆Z with sucrose and with L on both groups. There were no differences in fluorescence-derived parameters between the groups. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, the results indicate that violet-blue light can serve as an adjunct prophylactic treatment for reducing S. mutans biofilm formation and enamel mineral loss.
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The in vitro effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on dental microcosm biofilms from partially erupted permanent molars: A pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:163-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rout B, Liu CH, Wu WC. Increased anti-biofilm efficacy of toluidine blue on Staphylococcus species after nano-encapsulation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Effect of aPDT on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans present in the dental biofilm: Systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:363-366. [PMID: 29408292 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of aPDT on S. mutans and C. albicans present in the dental biofilm, using methylene blue as a photosensitizer in different pre-irradiation times. The searches were made on Pubmed, Web of Science, Bireme, Scopus and Cochrane Library, and were complemented by screening the references of selected articles in the attempt to find any article that did not appear in the database search. The searches were performed by two researchers and limited to studies involving human subjects published in the English language. Inclusion criteria included in vitro studies with aPDT; studies that used methylene blue as a photosensitizer; studies that used low power laser; studies that evaluated S. mutans or C. albicans. Studies published in a non-English language, patents, in vivo or in situ studies; case reports, serial case, reviews and animal studies were not included. Studies published before 1996 were also not included. Initially, the search resulted in 68 published studies. 16 records were excluded because they were duplicated. The analysis of titles and abstracts resulted in the exclusion of 48 of the published studies, resulting in 4 studies included in the systematic review. The aPDT was effective in three of the four papers selected for the systematic review and the pre-irradiation time used was 5 or 15 min. This therapy had satisfactory results in both C. albicans and S. mutans when using methylene blue as a photosensitizer.
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Fernandes T, Bhavsar C, Sawarkar S, D’souza A. Current and novel approaches for control of dental biofilm. Int J Pharm 2018; 536:199-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Influence of pre-irradiation time employed in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with diode laser. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:67-73. [PMID: 28963589 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effect of different pre-irradiation times of the photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy in biofilms formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, through the evaluation of the microbial load. The factors under study were as follows: times of pre-irradiation of the photosensitizer in three levels (1, 2, or 5 min). For the control of the cariogenic dental biofilm with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), methylene blue (0.01%) was used in association with the diode laser (InGaAlP) with a wavelength of 660 nm. Chlorhexidine digluconate (0.12% CHX) and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The study design was carried out in complete and randomized blocks. The sample consisted of 15 S. mutans biofilms cultures, randomly divided into five groups and 15 C. albicans cultures, also divided into five groups. The experiment was performed in triplicate (n = 3) and the response variables were obtained through quantitative analysis of bacterial viability, expressed in colony-forming units (CFU) per square millimeter of the specimen area. The data were analyzed with the aid of the ANOVA one-way test and Tukey's post-test. All analyses were performed using the Graph Pad Prism 4.0 program, with a significance level of 5%. For the S. mutans group, only the saline solution presented a statistically significant difference when compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05), that is, the treatment with aPDT, irrespective of the irradiation time applied, was similar to the treatment with CHX and both were more effective in reducing cariogenic biofilm compared to saline. For the group of C. albicans, there was no statistical difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment with aPDT reduced the number of CFUs of S. mutans in a similar way to CHX, independently of the pre-irradiation time applied. No effect of this therapy or of the different pre-irradiation times on the C. albicans biofilm could be observed. In this way, the pre-irradiation time of 1 min can be used to reduce the microbial load of S. mutans.
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Rout B, Liu CH, Wu WC. Photosensitizer in lipid nanoparticle: a nano-scaled approach to antibacterial function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7892. [PMID: 28801673 PMCID: PMC5554217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitization-based antimicrobial therapy (PAT) is an alternative therapy aimed at achieving bacterial inactivation. Researchers use various photosensitizers to achieve bacterial inactivation. However, the most widely used approach involves the use of photosensitizers dispersed in aqueous solution, which could limit the effectiveness of photodynamic inactivation. Therefore, the approaches to encapsulate the photosensitizer in appropriate vehicles can enhance the delivery of the photosensitizer. Herein, Toluidine Blue O (TBO) was the photosensitizer, and lipid nanoparticles were used for its encapsulation. The lipid nanoparticle-based delivery system has been tailor-made for decreasing the average size and viscosity and increasing the formulation stability as well as the wettability of skin. Usage of an appropriate vehicle will also increase the cellular uptake of the photosensitizer into the bacterial cells, leading to the damage on cell membrane and genomic DNA. Evidence of effectiveness of the developed PAT on planktonic bacteria and biofilms was examined by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Lipid nanoparticles protected the photosensitizer from aggregation and made the application easy on the skin as indicated in data of size distribution and contact angle. The use of lipid nanoparticles for encapsulating TBO could enhance photosensitization-based antimicrobial therapy as compared to the aqueous media for delivering photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishakh Rout
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84, Gung-Juan Road, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kashef N, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Advances in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation at the nanoscale. NANOPHOTONICS 2017; 6:853-879. [PMID: 29226063 PMCID: PMC5720168 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2016-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The alarming worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance amongst microbial pathogens necessitates a search for new antimicrobial techniques, which will not be affected by, or indeed cause resistance themselves. Light-mediated photoinactivation is one such technique that takes advantage of the whole spectrum of light to destroy a broad spectrum of pathogens. Many of these photoinactivation techniques rely on the participation of a diverse range of nanoparticles and nanostructures that have dimensions very similar to the wavelength of light. Photodynamic inactivation relies on the photochemical production of singlet oxygen from photosensitizing dyes (type II pathway) that can benefit remarkably from formulation in nanoparticle-based drug delivery vehicles. Fullerenes are a closed-cage carbon allotrope nanoparticle with a high absorption coefficient and triplet yield. Their photochemistry is highly dependent on microenvironment, and can be type II in organic solvents and type I (hydroxyl radicals) in a biological milieu. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles act as a large band-gap semiconductor that can carry out photo-induced electron transfer under ultraviolet A light and can also produce reactive oxygen species that kill microbial cells. We discuss some recent studies in which quite remarkable potentiation of microbial killing (up to six logs) can be obtained by the addition of simple inorganic salts such as the non-toxic sodium/potassium iodide, bromide, nitrite, and even the toxic sodium azide. Interesting mechanistic insights were obtained to explain this increased killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kashef N, Hamblin MR. Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation? Drug Resist Updat 2017; 31:31-42. [PMID: 28867242 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections have been a major cause of disease throughout the history of humans on earth. With the introduction of antibiotics, it was thought that infections had been conquered. However, bacteria have been able to develop resistance to antibiotics at an exponentially increasing rate. The growing threat from multi-drug resistant organisms calls for intensive action to prevent the emergence of totally resistant and untreatable infections. Novel, non-invasive, non-antibiotic strategies are needed that act more efficiently and faster than current antibiotics. One promising alternative is antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI), an approach that produces reactive oxygen species when dyes and light are combined. So far, it has been questionable if bacteria can develop resistance against APDI. This review paper gives an overview of recent studies concerning the susceptibility of bacteria towards oxidative stress, and suggests possible mechanisms of the development of APDI-resistance that should at least be addressed. Some ways to potentiate APDI and also to overcome future resistance are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Enhancement of photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by disruptive strategies. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1757-1767. [PMID: 28612299 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been used to inactivate microorganisms through the use of photosensitizers and visible light. On the one hand, near-infrared treatment (NIRT) has also bactericidal and dispersal effects on biofilms. In addition, dispersal biological tools such as enzymes have also been employed in antibiotic combination treatments. The aim of this work was to use alternative approaches to increase the PDI efficacy, employing combination therapies aimed at the partial disruption of the biofilms, thus potentially increasing photosensitizer or oxygen penetration and interaction with bacteria. To that end, we applied toluidine blue (TB)-PDI treatment to Staphylococcus aureus biofilms previously treated with NIRT or enzymes and investigated the outcome of the combined therapies. TB employed at 0.5 mM induced per se 2-log drop in S. aureus RN6390 biofilm viability. Each NIRT (980-nm laser) and PDI (635-nm laser) treatment induced a further reduction of 1-log of viable counts. The combination of successive 980- and 635-nm laser treatments on TB-treated biofilms induced additive effects, leading to a 4.5-log viable count decrease. Proteinase K treatment applied to S. aureus of the Newman strain induced an additive effect on PDI mortality, leading to an overall 4-log decrease in S. aureus viability. Confocal scanning laser microscopy after biofilm staining with a fluorescent viability test and scanning electron microscopy observations were correlated with colony counts. The NIRT dose employed (227 J/cm2) led to an increase from 21 to 47 °C in the buffer temperature of the biofilm system, and this NIRT dose also induced 100% keratinocyte death. Further work is needed to establish conditions under which biofilm dispersal occurs at lower NIRT doses.
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Kim CH, Lee ES, Kang SM, de Josselin de Jong E, Kim BI. Bactericidal effect of the photocatalystic reaction of titanium dioxide using visible wavelengths on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:279-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fekrazad R, Seraj B, Chiniforush N, Rokouei M, Mousavi N, Ghadimi S. Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the counts of salivary Streptococcus mutans in children with severe early childhood caries. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 18:319-322. [PMID: 28359938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a novel technique for reduction of pathogenic microorganisms in dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aPDT on Streptococcus mutans reduction in children with severe early childhood caries. METHODS Twenty-two children with severe early childhood caries aged 3-6 years were treated with toluoidine blue O (TBO) for 1min and irradiated by a Light Emitting Diode (LED; FotoSan, CMS Dental, Denmark) with the exposure time of 150s. Saliva samples were collected at baseline, 1h and 7 days after treatment. S. mutans counts were determined using the Dentocult SM Strip mutans. RESULTS The counts of S. mutans in saliva decreased significantly after 1h (P<0.001). However, the difference in reduction of S. mutans counts in saliva was not significant between the baseline and 7 days after treatment (P>0.05). CONCLUSION aPDT seems to be efficient to reduce salivary S. mutans immediately after treatment in children with severe early childhood caries. However, further research is needed to evaluate different doses and frequency of irradiation in combination with restoring carious teeth to find more durable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fekrazad
- Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bahman Seraj
- Dental Research Center Dental Research Institute, Department of Pediatric dentistry Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mehrak Rokouei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Niloofar Mousavi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sara Ghadimi
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Amirabad St.,Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Photodynamic inactivation of fibroblasts and inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion and biofilm formation by toluidine blue O. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1816-1822. [PMID: 28259957 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating skin and soft tissue infections of severe limb traumas can be challenging. Crucial concerns focus on inhibiting biofilm formation by antibiotic‑resistant bacteria, and preventing scar formation by fibroblastic hyperproliferation. The local use of toluidine blue O (TBO)‑mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be a promising strategy for treating such lesions. The present study used Staphylococcus epidermidis (strain ATCC 35984) to assess the effects of TBO‑PDT on bacterial adherence and biofilm formation, using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), tissue culture plating (TCP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Primary human fibroblast cells were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of TBO‑PDT using the 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and CLSM. Six different treatment groups were investigated: Medium only [tryptone soy broth (TSB) or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)]; red light control (light dose, 30 J/cm2); TBO group (50 mM TBO); TBO‑PDT1 (TBO irradiated with 10 J/cm2); TBO‑PDT2 (TBO irradiated with 20 J/cm2); and TBO‑PDT3 (TBO irradiated with 30 J/cm2). The results of the S. epidermidis adhesion assay indicated that the TSB, light and TBO groups exhibited significant bacterial adherence, compared with the TBO‑PDT groups. Analysis of biofilm formation revealed significant light dose‑dependent differences between the TBO‑PDT groups and the TSB, light, and TBO groups. Furthermore, SEM indicated fewer colony masses in the TBO‑PDT groups compared with the control groups. The MTT assay for fibroblastic cell toxicity demonstrated ~1.1, 4.6, 14.5, 29.7 and 43.4% reduction in optical density for the light, TBO, TBO‑PDT1, TBO‑PDT2 and TBO‑PDT3 groups, respectively, compared with the DMEM control group. There was no difference in toxicity between the light and control groups, however, there were significant differences among the TBO‑PDT groups. Finally, alterations in fibroblast morphology and cell spreading were revealed by CLSM, following TBO‑PDT treatment. TBO‑PDT inhibited bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and exhibited significant cytotoxic effects on human fibroblasts. These results indicate that the local use of TBO‑PDT in limb lesions may be a useful treatment method for inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and fibroblastic hyperproliferation, which may prevent infectious hypertrophic scar formation.
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de Freitas MTM, Soares TT, Aragão MGB, Lima RA, Duarte S, Zanin ICJ. Effect of Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy on Mono- and Multi-Species Cariogenic Biofilms: A Literature Review. Photomed Laser Surg 2017; 35:239-245. [PMID: 28121497 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this literature review is to study the effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) on mono- and multi-species cariogenic biofilms. METHODS To this purpose, the database, PubMed, was searched using the descriptors, photodynamic therapy, antimicrobial photodynamic chemotherapy, and photoinactivation, associated with the mandatory presence of the word biofilm. A total of 98 references published from 2003 to 2016 were selected. Moreover, literature reviews (15), investigations that did not have biofilms related to dental caries (65), and those that did not have Streptococcus mutans count as an outcome (7) were excluded, yielding a final amount of 11 publications. RESULTS The results revealed that Toluidine Blue O was the most used photosensitizer. Among the sources of light, light-emitting diode was the choice, and the biofilm models varied between in vitro and in situ. Multi-species biofilms were more resistant to the antimicrobial effects of PACT due to the thickness and complexity they have, which impede the penetration of the photosensitizer. This fact may also be associated with the type of photosensitizer used as well as with the light exposure time since the antimicrobial effect seems to be dose dependent. Despite this, in all the included publications, the therapy was effective in reducing S. mutans count. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrated that under different conditions, PACT is effective in reducing S. mutans count in monospecies biofilms. Multi-species biofilms were more resistant to the antimicrobial action of the therapy, possibly due to their thickness and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talyta Teixeira Soares
- 1 Department of Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceara , Sobral, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Maria Gerusa Brito Aragão
- 1 Department of Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Federal University of Ceara , Sobral, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Ramille Araújo Lima
- 2 Department of Dental Clinics, School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara , Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Simone Duarte
- 3 Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University , New York, New York
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