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Pandey A, Hoover M, Singla M, Bedi Y, Storaci H, Goodman SB, Chan C, Bhutani N. TET1 Regulates Skeletal Stem-Cell Mediated Cartilage Regeneration. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:216-230. [PMID: 37610277 DOI: 10.1002/art.42678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult skeletal stem cells (SSCs) that give rise to chondrocytes, osteocytes, and stromal cells as progeny have been shown to contribute to cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis (OA). Understanding extrinsic and intrinsic regulators of SSC fate and function can therefore identify putative candidate factors to enhance cartilage regeneration. This study explores how the DNA hydroxymethylase Tet1 regulates SSC function in OA. METHODS We investigated the differences in the SSC lineage tree and differentiation potential in neonatal and adult Tet1+/+ and Tet1-/- mice with and without injury and upon OA induction and progression. Using RNA sequencing, the transcriptomic differences between SSCs and bone cartilage stroma progenitor cells (BCSPs) were identified in Tet1+/+ mice and Tet1-/- mice. RESULTS Loss of Tet1 skewed the SSC lineage tree by expanding the SSC pool and enhanced the chondrogenic potential of SSCs and BCSPs. Tet1 inhibition led to enhanced chondrogenesis in human SSCs and chondroprogenitors isolated from human cartilage. Importantly, TET1 inhibition in vivo in late stages of a mouse model of OA led to increased cartilage regeneration. Transcriptomic analyses of SSCs and BCSPs lacking Tet1 revealed pathway alterations in transforming growth factor β signaling, melatonin degradation, and cartilage development-associated genes. Lastly, we report that use of the hormone melatonin can dampen inflammation and improve cartilage health. CONCLUSION Although Tet1 is a broad epigenetic regulator, melatonin can mimic the inhibition ability of TET1 to enhance the chondrogenic ability of SSCs. Melatonin administration has the potential to be an attractive stem cell-based therapy for cartilage regeneration.
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Lei X, Xu Z, Huang L, Huang Y, Tu S, Xu L, Liu D. The potential influence of melatonin on mitochondrial quality control: a review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1332567. [PMID: 38273825 PMCID: PMC10808166 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1332567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical for cellular energetic metabolism, intracellular signaling orchestration and programmed death regulation. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various pathogeneses. The maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and functional recovery after injury are coordinated by mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy, which are collectively referred to as mitochondrial quality control. There is increasing evidence that mitochondria are important targets for melatonin to exert protective effects under pathological conditions. Melatonin, an evolutionarily conserved tryptophan metabolite, can be synthesized, transported and metabolized in mitochondria. In this review, we summarize the important role of melatonin in the damaged mitochondria elimination and mitochondrial energy supply recovery by regulating mitochondrial quality control, which may provide new strategies for clinical treatment of mitochondria-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Lei
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenni Xu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxiao Huang
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujun Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Tu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dengqun Liu
- Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Experimental Research, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Song Y, Qayyum S, Placha W, Janjetovic Z, Kleszczyński K, Atigadda V, Song Y, Raman C, Elferink CJ, Hobrath JV, Jetten AM, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and Its Metabolites Can Serve as Agonists on the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15496. [PMID: 37895177 PMCID: PMC10607054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is widely present in Nature. It has pleiotropic activities, in part mediated by interactions with high-affinity G-protein-coupled melatonin type 1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2) receptors or under extreme conditions, e.g., ischemia/reperfusion. In pharmacological concentrations, it is given to counteract the massive damage caused by MT1- and MT2-independent mechanisms. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a perfect candidate for mediating the latter effects because melatonin has structural similarity to its natural ligands, including tryptophan metabolites and indolic compounds. Using a cell-based Human AhR Reporter Assay System, we demonstrated that melatonin and its indolic and kynuric metabolites act as agonists on the AhR with EC50's between 10-4 and 10-6 M. This was further validated via the stimulation of the transcriptional activation of the CYP1A1 promoter. Furthermore, melatonin and its metabolites stimulated AhR translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in human keratinocytes, as demonstrated by ImageStream II cytometry and Western blot (WB) analyses of cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of human keratinocytes. These functional analyses are supported by in silico analyses. We also investigated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ as a potential target for melatonin and metabolites bioregulation. The binding studies using a TR-TFRET kit to assay the interaction of the ligand with the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the PPARγ showed agonistic activities of melatonin, 6-hydroxymelatonin and N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine with EC50's in the 10-4 M range showing significantly lower affinities that those of rosiglitazone, e.g., a 10-8 M range. These interactions were substantiated by stimulation of the luciferase activity of the construct containing PPARE by melatonin and its metabolites at 10-4 M. As confirmed by the functional assays, binding mode predictions using a homology model of the AhR and a crystal structure of the PPARγ suggest that melatonin and its metabolites, including 6-hydroxymelatonin, 5-methoxytryptamine and N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, are excellent candidates to act on the AhR and PPARγ with docking scores comparable to their corresponding natural ligands. Melatonin and its metabolites were modeled into the same ligand-binding pockets (LBDs) as their natural ligands. Thus, functional assays supported by molecular modeling have shown that melatonin and its indolic and kynuric metabolites can act as agonists on the AhR and they can interact with the PPARγ at high concentrations. This provides a mechanistic explanation for previously reported cytoprotective actions of melatonin and its metabolites that require high local concentrations of the ligands to reduce cellular damage under elevated oxidative stress conditions. It also identifies these compounds as therapeutic agents to be used at pharmacological doses in the prevention or therapy of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
- Brigham’s Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wojciech Placha
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, 31-008 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48161 Münster, Germany;
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Y.S.); (S.Q.); (Z.J.); (V.A.); (C.R.)
| | - Cornelis J. Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 79567, USA;
| | | | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
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4
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Holtkamp CE, Warmus D, Bonowicz K, Gagat M, Linowiecka K, Wolnicka-Glubisz A, Reiter RJ, Böhm M, Slominski AT, Steinbrink K, Kleszczyński K. Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Mitochondrial Disturbances Are Attenuated by Metabolites of Melatonin in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. Metabolites 2023; 13:861. [PMID: 37512568 PMCID: PMC10383625 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is recognized as an effective antioxidant produced by the pineal gland, brain and peripheral organs, which also has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumour capacities. Melatonin has been reported as a substance that counteracts ultraviolet radiation B (UVB)-induced intracellular disturbances. Nevertheless, the mechanistic actions of related molecules including its kynurenic derivatives (N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynurenine (AFMK)), its indolic derivatives (6-hydroxymelatonin (6(OH)MEL) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT)) and its precursor N-acetylserotonin (NAS) are only poorly understood. Herein, we treated human epidermal keratinocytes with UVB and assessed the protective effect of the studied substances in terms of the maintenance of mitochondrial function or their radical scavenging capacity. Our results show that UVB caused the significant elevation of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔΨ), a reduction in ATP synthesis, and the enhanced release of cytochrome c into cytosol, leading subsequently to UVB-mediated activation of the caspases and apoptosis (appearance of sub-G1 population). Our findings, combined with data reported so far, indicate the counteracting and beneficial actions of melatonin and its molecular derivatives against these deleterious changes within mitochondria. Therefore, they define a path to the development of novel strategies delaying mitochondrial aging and promoting the well-being of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal E. Holtkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (C.E.H.); (M.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Dawid Warmus
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.W.); (A.W.-G.)
| | - Klaudia Bonowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Kinga Linowiecka
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Agnieszka Wolnicka-Glubisz
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (D.W.); (A.W.-G.)
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (C.E.H.); (M.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (C.E.H.); (M.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany; (C.E.H.); (M.B.); (K.S.)
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5
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Boutin JA, Kennaway DJ, Jockers R. Melatonin: Facts, Extrapolations and Clinical Trials. Biomolecules 2023; 13:943. [PMID: 37371523 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a fascinating molecule that has captured the imagination of many scientists since its discovery in 1958. In recent times, the focus has changed from investigating its natural role as a transducer of biological time for physiological systems to hypothesized roles in virtually all clinical conditions. This goes along with the appearance of extensive literature claiming the (generally) positive benefits of high doses of melatonin in animal models and various clinical situations that would not be receptor-mediated. Based on the assumption that melatonin is safe, high doses have been administered to patients, including the elderly and children, in clinical trials. In this review, we critically review the corresponding literature, including the hypotheses that melatonin acts as a scavenger molecule, in particular in mitochondria, by trying not only to contextualize these interests but also by attempting to separate the wheat from the chaff (or the wishful thinking from the facts). We conclude that most claims remain hypotheses and that the experimental evidence used to promote them is limited and sometimes flawed. Our review will hopefully encourage clinical researchers to reflect on what melatonin can and cannot do and help move the field forward on a solid basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Normandy, INSERM U1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - D J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Science Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - R Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
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6
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Sahoo DK, Chainy GBN. Hormone-linked redox status and its modulation by antioxidants. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 121:197-246. [PMID: 36707135 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hormones have been considered as key factors involved in the maintenance of the redox status of the body. We are making considerable progress in understanding interactions between the endocrine system, redox status, and oxidative stress with the dynamics of life, which encompasses fertilization, development, growth, aging, and various pathophysiological states. One of the reasons for changes in redox states of vertebrates leading to oxidative stress scenario is the disruption of the endocrine system. Comprehending the dynamics of hormonal status to redox state and oxidative stress in living systems is challenging. It is more difficult to come to a unifying conclusion when some hormones exhibit oxidant properties while others have antioxidant features. There is a very limited approach to correlate alteration in titers of hormones with redox status and oxidative stress with growth, development, aging, and pathophysiological stress. The situation is further complicated when considering various tissues and sexes in vertebrates. This chapter discusses the beneficial impacts of hormones with antioxidative properties, such as melatonin, glucagon, insulin, estrogens, and progesterone, which protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce pathophysiological effects. Additionally, we discuss the protective effects of antioxidants like vitamins A, E, and C, curcumin, tempol, N-acetyl cysteine, α-lipoic acid, date palm pollen extract, resveratrol, and flavonoids on oxidative stress triggered by hormones such as aldosterone, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and catecholamines. Inflammation, pathophysiology, and the aging process can all be controlled by understanding how antioxidants and hormones operate together to maintain cellular redox status. Identifying the hormonal changes and the action of antioxidants may help in developing new therapeutic strategies for hormonal imbalance-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa States University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Gagan B N Chainy
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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7
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Dholariya S, Singh RD, Patel KA. Melatonin: Emerging Player in the Management of Oral Cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 28:77-92. [PMID: 37830217 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2023048934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer (OC) has emerged as a major medical and social issue in many industrialized nations due to the high death rate. It is becoming increasingly common in people under the age of 45, although the underlying causes and mechanisms of this increase remain unclear. Melatonin, as a pleiotropic hormone, plays a pivotal role in a wide variety of cellular and physiological functions. Mounting evidence supports melatonin's ability to modify/influence oral carcinogenesis, help in the reduction of the incidence of OC, and increase chemo- and radiosensitivity. Despite its potential anti-carcinogenic effects, the precise function of melatonin in the management of OC is not well understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding melatonin function in anti-carcinogenesis mechanisms for OC. In addition, clinical assessment and the potential therapeutic utility of melatonin in OC are discussed. This review will provide a basis for researchers to create new melatonin-based personalized medicines for treating and preventing OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Dholariya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Ragini D Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rajkot, Gujarat, India
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8
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Yang J, Tang Q, Zeng Y. Melatonin: Potential avenue for treating iron overload disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101717. [PMID: 35961513 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload as a highly risk factor, can be found in almost all human chronic and common diseases. Iron chelators are often used to treat iron overload; however, patient adherence to these chelators is poor due to obvious side effects and other disadvantages. Numerous studies have shown that melatonin has a high iron chelation ability and direct free radical scavenging activity, and can inhibit the lipid peroxidation process caused by iron overload. Therefore, melatonin may become potential complementary therapy for iron overload-related disorders due to its iron chelating and antioxidant activities. Here, the research progress of iron overload is reviewed and the therapeutic potential of melatonin in the treatment of iron overload is analyzed. In addition, studies related to the protective effects of melatonin on oxidative damage induced by iron overload are discussed. This review provides a foundation for preventing and treating iron homeostasis disorders with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Yang
- Department of Osteoporosis, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinghua Tang
- Department of Osteoporosis, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhong Zeng
- Department of Osteoporosis, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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9
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The Zebrafish, an Outstanding Model for Biomedical Research in the Field of Melatonin and Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137438. [PMID: 35806441 PMCID: PMC9267299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish has become an excellent model for the study of human diseases because it offers many advantages over other vertebrate animal models. The pineal gland, as well as the biological clock and circadian rhythms, are highly conserved in zebrafish, and melatonin is produced in the pineal gland and in most organs and tissues of the body. Zebrafish have several copies of the clock genes and of aanat and asmt genes, the latter involved in melatonin synthesis. As in mammals, melatonin can act through its membrane receptors, as with zebrafish, and through mechanisms that are independent of receptors. Pineal melatonin regulates peripheral clocks and the circadian rhythms of the body, such as the sleep/wake rhythm, among others. Extrapineal melatonin functions include antioxidant activity, inducing the endogenous antioxidants enzymes, scavenging activity, removing free radicals, anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and a homeostatic role in mitochondria. In this review, we introduce the utility of zebrafish to analyze the mechanisms of action of melatonin. The data here presented showed that the zebrafish is a useful model to study human diseases and that melatonin exerts beneficial effects on many pathophysiological processes involved in these diseases.
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Akhzari M, Barazesh M, Jalili S. Melatonin as an antioxidant agent in disease prevention: A biochemical focus. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178619666220325124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
In the recent years, free radicals and oxidative stress have been found to be associated with aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Confirming the role of oxidants in numerous pathological situations including cancer, developing antioxidants as therapeutic platforms is needed. It has been well established that melatonin and its derived metabolites function as endogenous free-radical scavengers and broad spectrum antioxidants. To achieve this function, melatonin can directly detoxify reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species and indirectly overexpress antioxidant enzymes while suppressing the activity of pro-oxidant enzymes. Many investigations have also confirmed the role of melatonin and its derivatives in different physiological processes and therapeutic functions such as controlling the circadian rhythm and immune functions. This review aimed to focus on melatonin as a beneficial agent for the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of lipid peroxidation and to evaluate its contribution to protection against oxidative damages. In addition, the clinical application of melatonin in several diseases is discussed. Finally, the safety and efficacy of melatonin in clinical backgrounds is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Akhzari
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Mahdi Barazesh
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Sajad Jalili
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz, Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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11
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Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031238. [PMID: 35163162 PMCID: PMC8835651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, being the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to the environment and suffers from both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors. The skin aging process is characterized by several clinical features such as wrinkling, loss of elasticity, and rough-textured appearance. This complex process is accompanied with phenotypic and functional changes in cutaneous and immune cells, as well as structural and functional disturbances in extracellular matrix components such as collagens and elastin. Because skin health is considered one of the principal factors representing overall “well-being” and the perception of “health” in humans, several anti-aging strategies have recently been developed. Thus, while the fundamental mechanisms regarding skin aging are known, new substances should be considered for introduction into dermatological treatments. Herein, we describe melatonin and its metabolites as potential “aging neutralizers”. Melatonin, an evolutionarily ancient derivative of serotonin with hormonal properties, is the main neuroendocrine secretory product of the pineal gland. It regulates circadian rhythmicity and also exerts anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor capacities. The intention of this review is to summarize changes within skin aging, research advances on the molecular mechanisms leading to these changes, and the impact of the melatoninergic anti-oxidative system controlled by melatonin and its metabolites, targeting the prevention or reversal of skin aging.
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12
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Markus RP, Sousa KS, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Fernandes PA, Ferreira ZS. Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12143. [PMID: 34830026 PMCID: PMC8620487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that acts as the darkness hormone, translating environmental lighting to the whole body, and as a moderator of innate and acquired defense, migration, and cell proliferation processes. This review evaluates the importance of pineal activity in monitoring PAMPs and DAMPs and in mounting an inflammatory response or innate immune response. Activation of the immune-pineal axis, which coordinates the pro-and anti-inflammatory phases of an innate immune response, is described. PAMPs and DAMPs promote the immediate suppression of melatonin production by the pineal gland, which allows leukocyte migration. Monocyte-derived macrophages, important phagocytes of microbes, and cellular debris produce melatonin locally and thereby initiate the anti-inflammatory phase of the acute inflammatory response. The role of locally produced melatonin in organs that directly contact the external environment, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is also discussed. In this context, as resident macrophages are self-renewing cells, we explore evidence indicating that, besides avoiding overreaction of the immune system, extra-pineal melatonin has a fundamental role in the homeostasis of organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina P. Markus
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Kassiano S. Sousa
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado
- Laboratory of Molecular, Endocrine and Reproductive Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
| | - Zulma S. Ferreira
- Laboratory Chronopharmacology, Department Physiology, Institute Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (K.S.S.); (P.A.F.); (Z.S.F.)
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Alamdari AF, Rahnemayan S, Rajabi H, Vahed N, Kashani HRK, Rezabakhsh A, Sanaie S. Melatonin as a promising modulator of aging related neurodegenerative disorders: Role of microRNAs. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105839. [PMID: 34418564 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the host risk factors involved in aging-related diseases is coupled with the reduction of endogenous melatonin (MLT) synthesis in the pineal gland. MLT is considered a well-known pleiotropic regulatory hormone to modulate a multitude of biological processes such as the regulation of circadian rhythm attended by potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. It has also been established that the microRNAs family, as non-coding mRNAs regulating post-transcriptional processes, also serve a crucial role to promote MLT-related advantageous effects in both experimental and clinical settings. Moreover, the anti-aging impact of MLT and miRNAs participation jointly are of particular interest, recently. In this review, we aimed to scrutinize recent advances concerning the therapeutic implications of MLT, particularly in the brain tissue in the face of aging. We also assessed the possible interplay between microRNAs and MLT, which could be considered a therapeutic strategy to slow down the aging process in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Fathalizadeh Alamdari
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sama Rahnemayan
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Rajabi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nafiseh Vahed
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Emergency Medicine Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Wang D, Yu H, Li Y, Xu Z, Shi S, Dou D, Sun L, Zheng Z, Shi X, Deng X, Zhong X. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis of the hepatoprotective effect of melatonin on ANIT-induced cholestasis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1014. [PMID: 34373700 PMCID: PMC8343461 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of melatonin on cholestatic liver injury have received widespread attention recently. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of the anti-cholestatic effects of melatonin against α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced liver injury in rats and to screen for potential biomarkers of cholestasis through isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics. Rats orally received melatonin (100 mg/kg body weight) or an equivalent volume of 0.25% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt 12 h after intraperitoneal injection of ANIT (75 mg/kg) and were subsequently sacrificed at 36 h after injection. Liver biochemical indices were determined and liver tissue samples were stained using hematoxylin-eosin staining, followed by iTRAQ quantitative proteomics to identify potential underlying therapeutic mechanisms and biomarkers. The results suggested that the expression levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were reduced in the rats treated with melatonin. Histopathological observation indicated that melatonin was effective in the treatment of ANIT-induced cholestasis. iTRAQ proteomics results suggested that melatonin-mediated reduction in ANIT-induced cholestasis may be associated with enhanced antioxidant function and relieving abnormal fatty acid metabolism. According to pathway enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, the major metabolic pathways for the metabolism of melatonin are fatty acid degradation, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism, chemical carcinogenesis, carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and retinol metabolism, as well as drug metabolism via cytochrome P450. Malate dehydrogenase 1 and glutathione S-transferase Yb-3 may serve as potential targets in the treatment of ANIT-induced cholestasis with melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingnan Wang
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China.,Formulas of Chinese Medicine, Basic Medical College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhou Li
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zongying Xu
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Shi
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Dou Dou
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiulan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xianggen Zhong
- Synopsis of Golden Chamber Department, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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15
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Differential and Overlapping Effects of Melatonin and Its Metabolites on Keratinocyte Function: Bioinformatics and Metabolic Analyses. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040618. [PMID: 33920561 PMCID: PMC8073250 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of melatonin and its selected metabolites, i.e., N1-Acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine (AFMK) and 6-hydroxymelatonin (6(OH)Mel), on cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) to assess their homeostatic activities with potential therapeutic implications. RNAseq analysis revealed a significant number of genes with distinct and overlapping patterns, resulting in common regulation of top diseases and disorders. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Reactome FIViZ, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed overrepresentation of the p53-dependent G1 DNA damage response gene set, activation of p53 signaling, and NRF2-mediated antioxidative pathways. Additionally, GSEA exhibited an overrepresentation of circadian clock and antiaging signaling gene sets by melatonin derivatives and upregulation of extension of telomere signaling in HEKs, which was subsequently confirmed by increased telomerase activity in keratinocytes, indicating possible antiaging properties of metabolites of melatonin. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) showed the activation of a keratinocyte differentiation program by melatonin, and GSEA indicated antitumor and antilipidemic potential of melatonin and its metabolites. IPA also indicated the role of Protein Kinase R (PKR) in interferon induction and antiviral response. In addition, the test compounds decreased lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) gene expression. These results were validated by qPCR and by Seahorse metabolic assay with significantly decreased glycolysis and lactate production under influence of AFMK or 6(OH)Mel in cells with a low oxygen consumption rate. In summary, melatonin and its metabolites affect keratinocytes’ functions via signaling pathways that overlap for each tested molecule with some distinctions.
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Bilska B, Schedel F, Piotrowska A, Stefan J, Zmijewski M, Pyza E, Reiter RJ, Steinbrink K, Slominski AT, Tulic MK, Kleszczyński K. Mitochondrial function is controlled by melatonin and its metabolites in vitro in human melanoma cells. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12728. [PMID: 33650175 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment for some patients, resistance towards therapy and unwanted side effects remain a problem for numerous individuals. Broad anti-cancer activities of melatonin are recognized; however, additional investigations still need to be elucidated. Herein, using various human melanoma cell models, we explore in vitro the new insights into the regulation of melanoma by melatonin and its metabolites which possess, on the other side, high safety profiles and biological meaningful. In this study, using melanotic (MNT-1) and amelanotic (A375, G361, Sk-Mel-28) melanoma cell lines, the comparative oncostatic responses, the impact on melanin content (for melanotic MNT-1 melanoma cells) as well as the mitochondrial function controlled by melatonin, its precursor (serotonin), a kynuric (N1 -acetyl-N2 -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, AFMK) and indolic pathway (6-hydroxymelatonin, 6(OH)MEL and 5-methoxytryptamine, 5-MT) metabolites were assessed. Namely, significant disturbances were observed in bioenergetics as follows: (i) uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), (ii) attenuation of glycolysis, (iii) dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (mtΔΨ) accompanied by (iv) massive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (v) decrease of glucose uptake. Collectively, these results together with previously published reports provide a new biological potential and make an imperative to consider using melatonin or its metabolites for complementary future treatments of melanoma-affected patients; however, these associations should be additionally investigated in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadetta Bilska
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Fiona Schedel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefan
- Department of Oncology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Medical College, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michal Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Meri K Tulic
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France
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Wu ZY, Huang SD, Zou JJ, Wang QX, Naveed M, Bao HN, Wang W, Fukunaga K, Han F. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Disturbance of the melatonin system and its implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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18
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Mehrzadi S, Hemati K, Reiter RJ, Hosseinzadeh A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in age-related macular degeneration: melatonin as a potential treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:359-378. [PMID: 32116056 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1737015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a retinal neurodegenerative disease is the most common cause of blindness among the elderly in developed countries. The impairment of mitochondrial biogenesis has been reported in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells affected by AMD. Oxidative/nitrosative stress plays an important role in AMD development. The mitochondrial respiratory system is considered a major site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. During aging, insufficient free radical scavenger systems, impairment of DNA repair mechanisms and reduction of mitochondrial degradation and turnover contribute to the massive accumulation of ROS disrupting mitochondrial function. Impaired mitochondrial function leads to the decline in the autophagic capacity and induction of inflammation and apoptosis in human RPE cells affected by AMD.Areas covered: This article evaluates the ameliorative effect of melatonin on AMD and examines AMD pathogenesis with an emphasis on mitochondrial dysfunction. It also considers the potential effects of melatonin on mitochondrial function.Expert opinion: The effect of melatonin on mitochondrial function results in the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the retina; these findings demonstrate that melatonin has the potential to prevent and treat AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karim Hemati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ma N, Zhang J, Reiter RJ, Ma X. Melatonin mediates mucosal immune cells, microbial metabolism, and rhythm crosstalk: A therapeutic target to reduce intestinal inflammation. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:606-632. [PMID: 31420885 DOI: 10.1002/med.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, melatonin, previously considered only as a pharmaceutical product for rhythm regulation and sleep aiding, has shown its potential as a co-adjuvant treatment in intestinal diseases, however, its mechanism is still not very clear. A firm connection between melatonin at a physiologically relevant concentration and the gut microbiota and inflammation has recently established. Herein, we summarize their crosstalk and focus on four novelties. First, how melatonin is synthesized and degraded in the gut and exerts potentially diverse phenotypic effects through its diverse metabolites. Second, how melatonin mediates the activation and proliferation of intestinal mucosal immune cells with paracrine and autocrine properties. By modulating T/B cells, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, melatonin immunomodulatory involved in regulating T-cell differentiation, intervening T/B cell interaction and attenuating the production of pro-inflammatory factors, achieving its antioxidant action via specific receptors. Third, how melatonin exerts antimicrobial action and modulates microbial components, such as lipopolysaccharide, amyloid-β peptides via nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) or signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT1) pathway to modulate intestinal immune function in immune-pineal axis. The last, how melatonin mediates the effect of intestinal bacterial activity signals on the body rhythm system through the NF-κB pathway and influences the mucosal epithelium oscillation via clock gene expression. These processes are achieved at mitochondrial and nuclear levels to control the host immune cell development. Considering unclear mechanisms and undiscovered actions of melatonin in gut-microbiome-immune axis, it's time to reveal them and provide new insight for the outlook of melatonin as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment and management of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Lilić LM, Stefanović RZ, Toskić D, Mekić BB, Sokolovic DT. MELATONIN AMELIORATES DECREASE IN RAT GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE CATALASE ACTIVITY INDUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2019. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2019.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Potić M, Ignjatović I, Ničković VP, Živković JB, Krdžić JD, Mitić JS, Popović D, Ilić IR, Stojanović NM, Sokolović D. Two different melatonin treatment regimens prevent an increase in kidney injury marker-1 induced by carbon tetrachloride in rat kidneys. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:422-428. [PMID: 30730758 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a frequent disorder that can be mimicked by the application of different nephrotoxic agents, including carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), where kidney injury marker-1 (KIM-1) has been recognized as a highly specific marker. Melatonin is one of the most powerful natural antioxidants and has numerous beneficial properties. We evaluated the nephroprotective potential of 2 melatonin treatment regimens (pre- and post-intoxication) in a CCl4-induced acute kidney injury model based on the standard serum parameters, kidney tissue antioxidative capacity, KIM-1 levels, and kidney tissue morphological changes. The two treatment regimens were found to preserve kidney function, as judged from the evaluated standard serum parameters. Only when administered after the intoxication, melatonin preserved total kidney antioxidant capacity; pre-treatment melatonin only preserved reduced glutathione levels. An increase in tissue KIM-1 level was found to be prevented by both treatment regimens, which correlated with the morphological changes seen in the kidney tissues of animals treated with melatonin and CCl4. The findings of our study are in agreement with the known actions of melatonin in relieving kidney tissue oxidative burden, but also contribute to the understanding of its action by preventing an increase in KIM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Potić
- a Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Clinical center Niš-Clinic of urology, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ivan Ignjatović
- a Medical Faculty, University of Niš, Clinical center Niš-Clinic of urology, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Jovan B Živković
- c Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Jelena D Krdžić
- c Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Jadranka S Mitić
- c Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Dejan Popović
- d Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ivan R Ilić
- d Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, Niš, Serbia
| | | | - Dušan Sokolović
- d Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Ðinđića 81, Niš, Serbia
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22
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Jou MJ, Peng TI, Reiter RJ. Protective stabilization of mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial oxidation during mitochondrial Ca 2+ stress by melatonin's cascade metabolites C3-OHM and AFMK in RBA1 astrocytes. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12538. [PMID: 30415481 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (C3-OHM) and N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) are two major cascade metabolites of melatonin. We previously showed melatonin provides multiple levels of mitochondria-targeted protection beyond as a mitochondrial antioxidant during ionomycin-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+ ) stress in RBA1 astrocytes. Using noninvasive laser scanning fluorescence coupled time-lapse digital imaging microscopy, this study investigated whether C3-OHM and AFMK also provide mitochondrial levels of protection during ionomycin-induced mCa2+ stress in RBA1 astrocytes. Interestingly, precise temporal and spatial dynamic live mitochondrial images revealed that C3-OHM and AFMK prevented specifically mCa2+ -mediated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) formation and hence mROS-mediated depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm ) and permanent lethal opening of the MPT (p-MPT). The antioxidative effects of AFMK, however, were less potent than that of C3-OHM. Whether C3-OHM and AFMK targeted directly the MPT was investigated under a condition of "oxidation free-Ca2+ stress" using a classic antioxidant vitamin E to remove mCa2+ -mediated mROS stress and the potential antioxidative effects of C3-OHM and AFMK. Intriguingly, two compounds still effectively postponed "oxidation free-Ca2+ stress"-mediated depolarization of △Ψm and p-MPT. Measurements using a MPT pore-specific indicator Calcein further identified that C3-OHM and AFMK, rather than inhibiting, stabilized the MPT in its transient protective opening mode (t-MPT), a critical mechanism to reduce overloaded mROS and mCa2+ . These multiple layers of mitochondrial protection provided by C3-OHM and AFMK thus crucially allow melatonin to extend its metabolic cascades of mitochondrial protection during mROS- and mCa2+ -mediated MPT-associated apoptotic stresses and may provide therapeutic benefits against astrocyte-mediated neurodegeneration in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jie Jou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Peng
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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23
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Kleszczyński K, Bilska B, Stegemann A, Flis DJ, Ziolkowski W, Pyza E, Luger TA, Reiter RJ, Böhm M, Slominski AT. Melatonin and Its Metabolites Ameliorate UVR-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Human MNT-1 Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123786. [PMID: 30487387 PMCID: PMC6320988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (Mel) is the major biologically active molecule secreted by the pineal gland. Mel and its metabolites, 6-hydroxymelatonin (6(OH)Mel) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), possess a variety of functions, including the scavenging of free radicals and the induction of protective or reparative mechanisms in the cell. Their amphiphilic character allows them to cross cellular membranes and reach subcellular organelles, including the mitochondria. Herein, the action of Mel, 6(OH)Mel, and 5-MT in human MNT-1 melanoma cells against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation was investigated. The dose of 50 mJ/cm2 caused a significant reduction of cell viability up to 48%, while investigated compounds counteracted this deleterious effect. UVB exposure increased catalase activity and led to a simultaneous Ca++ influx (16%), while tested compounds prevented these disturbances. Additional analysis focused on mitochondrial respiration performed in isolated mitochondria from the liver of BALB/cJ mice where Mel, 6(OH)Mel, and 5-MT significantly enhanced the oxidative phosphorylation at the dose of 10−6 M with lower effects seen at 10−9 or 10−4 M. In conclusion, Mel, 6(OH)Mel and 5-MT protect MNT-1 cells, which express melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) against UVB-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, including the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Bernadetta Bilska
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agatha Stegemann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Damian Jozef Flis
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Górski Str. 1, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Wieslaw Ziolkowski
- Department of Bioenergetics and Nutrition, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Górski Str. 1, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Thomas A Luger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
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Zhang W, Chen W, Li Z, Ma L, Yu J, Wang H, Liu Z, Xu B. Identification and Characterization of Three New Cytochrome P450 Genes and the Use of RNA Interference to Evaluate Their Roles in Antioxidant Defense in Apis cerana cerana Fabricius. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1608. [PMID: 30498454 PMCID: PMC6250095 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s play critical roles in maintaining redox homeostasis and protecting organisms from the accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). The biochemical functions of the P450 family have essentially been associated with the metabolism of xenobiotics. Here, we sequenced and characterized three P450 genes, AccCYP314A1, AccCYP4AZ1, and AccCYP6AS5, from Apis cerana cerana Fabricius; these genes play a critical role in maintaining biodiversity. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis indicated that the three genes were all predominantly expressed in the epidermis (EP), followed by the brain (BR) and midgut (MG). In addition, the highest expression levels were detected in the dark-eyed pupae and adult stages. The three genes were induced by temperature (4°C and 44°C), heavy metals (CdCl2 and HgCl2), pesticides (DDV, deltamethrin, and paraquat) and UV treatments. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated that the protein expression levels could be induced by some abiotic stressors, a result that complements the qPCR results. We analyzed the silencing of these three genes and found that silencing these genes enhanced the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Additionally, we investigated the expression of other antioxidant genes and found that some were upregulated, while others were downregulated, suggesting that the upregulated genes may be involved in compensating for the silencing of AccCYP314A1, AccCYP4AZ1, and AccCYP6AS5. Our findings suggest that AccCYP314A1, AccCYP4AZ1, and AccCYP6AS5 may play very significant roles in the antioxidant defense against damage caused by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenfang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Lanting Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Galano A, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and its metabolites vs oxidative stress: From individual actions to collective protection. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12514. [PMID: 29888508 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) represents a threat to the chemical integrity of biomolecules including lipids, proteins, and DNA. The associated molecular damage frequently results in serious health issues, which justifies our concern about this phenomenon. In addition to enzymatic defense mechanisms, there are compounds (usually referred to as antioxidants) that offer chemical protection against oxidative events. Among them, melatonin and its metabolites constitute a particularly efficient chemical family. They offer protection against OS as individual chemical entities through a wide variety of mechanisms including electron transfer, hydrogen transfer, radical adduct formation, and metal chelation, and by repairing biological targets. In fact, many of them including melatonin can be classified as multipurpose antioxidants. However, what seems to be unique to the melatonin's family is their collective effects. Because the members of this family are metabolically related, most of them are expected to be present in living organisms wherever melatonin is produced. Therefore, the protection exerted by melatonin against OS may be viewed as a result of the combined antioxidant effects of the parent molecule and its metabolites. Melatonin's family is rather exceptional in this regard, offering versatile and collective antioxidant protection against OS. It certainly seems that melatonin is one of the best nature's defenses against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México City, México
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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The influence of ageing on the extrapineal melatonin synthetic pathway. Exp Gerontol 2018; 110:151-157. [PMID: 29906492 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ageing affects various physiological and metabolic processes in a body and a progressive accumulation of oxidative damage stands out as often used explanation. One of the most powerful scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in all organs is melatonin. A majority of melatonin supplied to the body via blood originates from the pineal gland. However, we have been interested in a locally produced melatonin. We have used 2.5- and 36-months-old Wistar rats. Tissues were collected and gene expression of AA-NAT and ASMT, the two key enzymes in a synthesis of melatonin, was determined in brain, liver, kidney, heart, skin, and intestine. Since melatonin can influence antioxidant enzymes, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the level of GSH were measured in liver. In addition, Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Manganese (Mn) were also determined in liver since these microelements might affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The expression of AA-NAT and ASMT was increased in liver and skin of old animals. A positive correlation in AA-NAT and ASMT expression was observed in liver, intestine and kidney. Moreover, the activity of CAT enzyme in liver was increased while SOD activity was decreased. SOD and CAT were probably affected by the observed decreased amount of Cu, Zn, and Mn in liver of old animals. In our model, extrapineal melatonin pathway in ageing consisted of complex interplay of locally produced melatonin, activities of SOD and CAT, and adequate presence of Cu, Zn and Mn microelements in order to defend organs against oxidative damage.
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Ničković VP, Novaković T, Lazarević S, Šulović L, Živković Z, Živković J, Mladenović B, Stojanović NM, Petrović V, Sokolović DT. Pre- vs. post-treatment with melatonin in CCl 4-induced liver damage: Oxidative stress inferred from biochemical and pathohistological studies. Life Sci 2018; 202:28-34. [PMID: 29626529 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study was designed to compare the ameliorating potential of pre- and post-treatments with melatonin, a potent natural antioxidant, in the carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver damage model by tracking changes in enzymatic and non-enzymatic liver tissue defense parameters, as well as in the occurring pathohistological changes. MAIN METHODS Rats from two experimental groups were treated with melatonin before and after CCl4 administration, while the controls, negative and positive, received vehicle/melatonin and CCl4, respectively. Serum levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphates, γ-GT, bilirubin, and albumin, as well as a wide panel of oxidative stress-related parameters in liver tissue, were determined in all experimental animals. Liver tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and further evaluated for morphological changes. KEY FINDINGS Both pre- and post-treatment with melatonin prevented a CCl4-induced increase in serum (ALT, AST, and γ-GT) and tissue (MDA and XO) liver damage markers and a decrease in the tissue total antioxidant capacity, in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. The intensity of pathological changes, hepatocyte vacuolar degeneration, necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, was suppressed by the treatment with melatonin. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, melatonin, especially as a post-intoxication treatment, attenuated CCl4-induced liver oxidative damage, increased liver antioxidant capacities and improved liver microscopic appearance. The results are of interest due to the great protective potential of melatonin that was even demonstrated to be stronger if applied after the tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ljiljana Šulović
- Medical faculty, University of Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Zorica Živković
- Medical faculty, University of Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Jovan Živković
- Medical faculty, University of Pristina, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | | | - Nikola M Stojanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Vladmir Petrović
- Institute of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Dušan T Sokolović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Zorana Đinđića 81, 18000 Niš, Serbia.
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Yücel GN, Kaplanoğlu GT, Seymen CM. Karanlığın Mucizesi: Melatonin ve Ovaryum Etkileşimi. DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.407249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Melatonin: A Versatile Protector against Oxidative DNA Damage. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030530. [PMID: 29495460 PMCID: PMC6017920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage to DNA has important implications for human health and has been identified as a key factor in the onset and development of numerous diseases. Thus, it is evident that preventing DNA from oxidative damage is crucial for humans and for any living organism. Melatonin is an astonishingly versatile molecule in this context. It can offer both direct and indirect protection against a wide variety of damaging agents and through multiple pathways, which may (or may not) take place simultaneously. They include direct antioxidative protection, which is mediated by melatonin's free radical scavenging activity, and also indirect ways of action. The latter include, at least: (i) inhibition of metal-induced DNA damage; (ii) protection against non-radical triggers of oxidative DNA damage; (iii) continuous protection after being metabolized; (iv) activation of antioxidative enzymes; (v) inhibition of pro-oxidative enzymes; and (vi) boosting of the DNA repair machinery. The rather unique capability of melatonin to exhibit multiple neutralizing actions against diverse threatening factors, together with its low toxicity and its ability to cross biological barriers, are all significant to its efficiency for preventing oxidative damage to DNA.
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Abstract
The skin being a protective barrier between external and internal (body) environments has the sensory and adaptive capacity to maintain local and global body homeostasis in response to noxious factors. An important part of the skin response to stress is its ability for melatonin synthesis and subsequent metabolism through the indolic and kynuric pathways. Indeed, melatonin and its metabolites have emerged as indispensable for physiological skin functions and for effective protection of a cutaneous homeostasis from hostile environmental factors. Moreover, they attenuate the pathological processes including carcinogenesis and other hyperproliferative/inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, mitochondria appear to be a central hub of melatonin metabolism in the skin cells. Furthermore, substantial evidence has accumulated on the protective role of the melatonin against ultraviolet radiation and the attendant mitochondrial dysfunction. Melatonin and its metabolites appear to have a modulatory impact on mitochondrion redox and bioenergetic homeostasis, as well as the anti-apoptotic effects. Of note, some metabolites exhibit even greater impact than melatonin alone. Herein, we emphasize that melatonin-mitochondria axis would control integumental functions designed to protect local and perhaps global homeostasis. Given the phylogenetic origin and primordial actions of melatonin, we propose that the melatonin-related mitochondrial functions represent an evolutionary conserved mechanism involved in cellular adaptive response to skin injury and repair.
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Faria JDA, de Araújo TMF, Razolli DS, Ignácio-Souza LM, Souza DN, Bordin S, Anhê GF. Metabolic Impact of Light Phase-Restricted Fructose Consumption Is Linked to Changes in Hypothalamic AMPK Phosphorylation and Melatonin Production in Rats. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040332. [PMID: 28346369 PMCID: PMC5409671 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that the metabolic effects of fructose may vary depending on the phase of its consumption along with the light/dark cycle. Here, we investigated the metabolic outcomes of fructose consumption by rats during either the light (LPF) or the dark (DPF) phases of the light/dark cycle. This experimental approach was combined with other interventions, including restriction of chow availability to the dark phase, melatonin administration or intracerebroventricular inhibition of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) with Compound C. LPF, but not DPF rats, exhibited increased hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation, glucose intolerance, reduced urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-S-Mel) (a metabolite of melatonin) and increased corticosterone levels. LPF, but not DPF rats, also exhibited increased chow ingestion during the light phase. The mentioned changes were blunted by Compound C. LPF rats subjected to dark phase-restricted feeding still exhibited increased hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation but failed to develop the endocrine and metabolic changes. Moreover, melatonin administration to LPF rats reduced corticosterone and prevented glucose intolerance. Altogether, the present data suggests that consumption of fructose during the light phase results in out-of-phase feeding due to increased hypothalamic AMPK phosphorylation. This shift in spontaneous chow ingestion is responsible for the reduction of 6-S-Mel and glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Almeida Faria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, #105 Alexander Fleming St., Campinas SP 13092-140, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Matos F de Araújo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Carl von Linnaeus St., Campinas SP 13083-864, Brazil.
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Carl von Linnaeus St., Campinas SP 13083-864, Brazil.
| | | | - Dailson Nogueira Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, #105 Alexander Fleming St., Campinas SP 13092-140, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Forato Anhê
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, #105 Alexander Fleming St., Campinas SP 13092-140, Brazil.
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Alkozi HA, Wang X, Perez de Lara MJ, Pintor J. Presence of melanopsin in human crystalline lens epithelial cells and its role in melatonin synthesis. Exp Eye Res 2017; 154:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tan DX, Hardeland R, Back K, Manchester LC, Alatorre-Jimenez MA, Reiter RJ. On the significance of an alternate pathway of melatonin synthesis via 5-methoxytryptamine: comparisons across species. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:27-40. [PMID: 27112772 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a phylogenetically ancient molecule. It is ubiquitously present in almost all organisms from primitive photosynthetic bacteria to humans. Its original primary function is presumable to be that of an antioxidant with other functions of this molecule having been acquired during evolution. The synthetic pathway of melatonin in vertebrates has been extensively studied. It is common knowledge that serotonin is acetylated to form N-acetylserotonin by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) or arylamine N-acetyltransferase (SNAT or NAT) and N-acetylserotonin is, subsequently, methylated to melatonin by N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT; also known as hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, HIOMT). This is referred to as a classic melatonin synthetic pathway. Based on new evidence, we feel that this classic melatonin pathway is not generally the prevailing route of melatonin production. An alternate pathway is known to exist, in which serotonin is first O-methylated to 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) and, thereafter, 5-MT is N-acetylated to melatonin. Here, we hypothesize that the alternate melatonin synthetic pathway may be more important in certain organisms and under certain conditions. Evidence strongly supports that this alternate pathway prevails in some plants, bacteria, and, perhaps, yeast and may also occur in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Lucien C Manchester
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Moises A Alatorre-Jimenez
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Ganie SA, Dar TA, Bhat AH, Dar KB, Anees S, Zargar MA, Masood A. Melatonin: A Potential Anti-Oxidant Therapeutic Agent for Mitochondrial Dysfunctions and Related Disorders. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 19:21-40. [PMID: 26087000 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cellular physiology. Besides their classic function of energy metabolism, mitochondria are involved in multiple cell functions, including energy distribution through the cell, energy/heat modulation, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium homeostasis, and control of apoptosis. Simultaneously, mitochondria are the main producer and target of ROS with the result that multiple mitochondrial diseases are related to ROS-induced mitochondrial injuries. Increased free radical generation, enhanced mitochondrial inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production, decreased respiratory complex activity, impaired electron transport system, and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores have all been suggested as factors responsible for impaired mitochondrial function. Because of these, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and aging, are caused by ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions. Melatonin, the major hormone of the pineal gland, also acts as an anti-oxidant and as a regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetic function. Melatonin is selectively taken up by mitochondrial membranes, a function not shared by other anti-oxidants, and thus has emerged as a major potential therapeutic tool for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown the protective role of melatonin for preventing oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction seen in experimental models of PD, AD, and HD. With these functions in mind, this article reviews the protective role of melatonin with mechanistic insights against mitochondrial diseases and suggests new avenues for safe and effective treatment modalities against these devastating neurodegenerative diseases. Future insights are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Tanveer Ali Dar
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Aashiq Hussain Bhat
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Khalid B Dar
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | - Suhail Anees
- 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
| | | | - Akbar Masood
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir Srinagar , India
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Tan DX, Manchester LC, Esteban-Zubero E, Zhou Z, Reiter RJ. Melatonin as a Potent and Inducible Endogenous Antioxidant: Synthesis and Metabolism. Molecules 2015; 20:18886-906. [PMID: 26501252 PMCID: PMC6332205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a tryptophan-derived molecule with pleiotropic activities. It is present in almost all or all organisms. Its synthetic pathway depends on the species in which it is measured. For example, the tryptophan to melatonin pathway differs in plants and animals. It is speculated that the melatonin synthetic machinery in eukaryotes was inherited from bacteria as a result of endosymbiosis. However, melatonin's synthetic mechanisms in microorganisms are currently unknown. Melatonin metabolism is highly complex with these enzymatic processes having evolved from cytochrome C. In addition to its enzymatic degradation, melatonin is metabolized via pseudoenzymatic and free radical interactive processes. The metabolic products of these processes overlap and it is often difficult to determine which process is dominant. However, under oxidative stress, the free radical interactive pathway may be featured over the others. Because of the complexity of the melatonin degradative processes, it is expected that additional novel melatonin metabolites will be identified in future investigations. The original and primary function of melatonin in early life forms such as in unicellular organisms was as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant. During evolution, melatonin was selected as a signaling molecule to transduce the environmental photoperiodic information into an endocrine message in multicellular organisms and for other purposes as well. As an antioxidant, melatonin exhibits several unique features which differ from the classic antioxidants. These include its cascade reaction with free radicals and its capacity to be induced under moderate oxidative stress. These features make melatonin a potent endogenously-occurring antioxidant that protects organisms from catastrophic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Lucien C Manchester
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Eduardo Esteban-Zubero
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, Health Science Center, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Andrabi SS, Parvez S, Tabassum H. Melatonin and Ischemic Stroke: Mechanistic Roles and Action. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2015; 2015:384750. [PMID: 26435711 PMCID: PMC4575994 DOI: 10.1155/2015/384750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most devastating neurological disabilities and brain's vulnerability towards it proves to be fatal and socio-economic loss of millions of people worldwide. Ischemic stroke remains at the center stage of it, because of its prevalence amongst the several other types attacking the brain. The various cascades of events that have been associated with stroke involve oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, upregulation of Ca(2+) level, and so forth. Melatonin is a neurohormone secreted by pineal and extra pineal tissues responsible for various physiological processes like sleep and mood behaviour. Melatonin has been implicated in various neurological diseases because of its antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. We have previously reviewed the neuroprotective effect of melatonin in various models of brain injury like traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. In this review, we have put together the various causes and consequence of stroke and protective role of melatonin in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Suhail Andrabi
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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Cebrián-Pérez JA, Casao A, González-Arto M, dos Santos Hamilton TR, Pérez-Pé R, Muiño-Blanco T. Melatonin in sperm biology: breaking paradigms. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 49 Suppl 4:11-21. [PMID: 25277428 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule, present in a wide range of organisms, and involved in multiple functions. Melatonin relays the information about the photoperiod to the tissues that express melatonin-binding sites in both central and peripheral nervous systems. This hormone has a complex mechanism of action. It can cross the cell plasma membrane and exert its actions in all cells of the body. Certain melatonin actions are mediated by receptors that belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the MT1 and MT2 membrane. Melatonin can also bind to calmodulin as well as to nuclear receptors of the retinoic acid receptor family, RORα1, RORα2 and RZRβ. The purpose of this review is to report on recent developments in the physiological role of melatonin and its receptors. Specific issues concerning the biological function of melatonin in mammalian seasonal reproduction and spermatozoa are considered. The significance of the continuous presence of melatonin in seminal plasma with a fairly constant concentration is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cebrián-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Kim TK, Lin Z, Tidwell WJ, Li W, Slominski AT. Melatonin and its metabolites accumulate in the human epidermis in vivo and inhibit proliferation and tyrosinase activity in epidermal melanocytes in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 404:1-8. [PMID: 25168391 PMCID: PMC4344443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin and its metabolites including 6-hydroxymelatonin (6(OH)M), N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5MT) are endogenously produced in human epidermis. This production depends on race, gender and age. The highest melatonin levels are in African-Americans. In each racial group they are highest in young African-Americans [30-50 years old (yo)], old Caucasians (60-90 yo) and Caucasian females. AFMK levels are the highest in African-Americans, while 6(OH)M and 5MT levels are similar in all groups. Testing of their phenotypic effects in normal human melanocytes show that melatonin and its metabolites (10(-5) M) inhibit tyrosinase activity and cell growth, and inhibit DNA synthesis in a dose dependent manner with 10(-9) M being the lowest effective concentration. In melanoma cells, they inhibited cell growth but had no effect on melanogenesis, except for 5MT which enhanced L-tyrosine induced melanogenesis. In conclusion, melatonin and its metabolites [6(OH)M, AFMK and 5MT] are produced endogenously in human epidermis and can affect melanocyte and melanoma behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Zongtao Lin
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - William J Tidwell
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - We Li
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Dermatology. University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294.
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Slominski AT, Kleszczyński K, Semak I, Janjetovic Z, Zmijewski MA, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Fischer TW. Local melatoninergic system as the protector of skin integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17705-32. [PMID: 25272227 PMCID: PMC4227185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is not only a target for the protective actions of melatonin, but also a site of melatonin synthesis and metabolism, suggesting an important role for a local melatoninergic system in protection against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced damages. While melatonin exerts many effects on cell physiology and tissue homeostasis via membrane bound melatonin receptors, the strong protective effects of melatonin against the UVR-induced skin damage including DNA repair/protection seen at its high (pharmocological) concentrations indicate that these are mainly mediated through receptor-independent mechanisms or perhaps through activation of putative melatonin nuclear receptors. The destructive effects of the UVR are significantly counteracted or modulated by melatonin in the context of a complex intracutaneous melatoninergic anti-oxidative system with UVR-enhanced or UVR-independent melatonin metabolites. Therefore, endogenous intracutaneous melatonin production, together with topically-applied exogenous melatonin or metabolites would be expected to represent one of the most potent anti-oxidative defense systems against the UV-induced damage to the skin. In summary, we propose that melatonin can be exploited therapeutically as a protective agent or as a survival factor with anti-genotoxic properties or as a “guardian” of the genome and cellular integrity with clinical applications in UVR-induced pathology that includes carcinogenesis and skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Igor Semak
- Department of Biochemistry, Belarusian State University, Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Michał A Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-211, Poland.
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Research Building, University of Tennessee HSC, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Tobias W Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Semak I, Zbytek B, Pisarchik A, Li W, Zjawiony J, Tuckey RC. Cytochromes p450 and skin cancer: role of local endocrine pathways. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:77-96. [PMID: 23869782 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113139990308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the largest body organ forming a metabolically active barrier between external and internal environments. The metabolic barrier is composed of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) that regulate its homeostasis through activation or inactivation of biologically relevant molecules. In this review we focus our attention on local steroidogenic and secosteroidogenic systems in relation to skin cancer, e.g., prevention, attenuation of tumor progression and therapy. The local steroidogenic system is composed of locally expressed CYPs involved in local production of androgens, estrogens, gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids from cholesterol (initiated by CYP11A1) or from steroid precursors delivered to the skin, and of their metabolism and/or inactivation. Cutaneous 7-hydroxylases (CYP7A1, CYP7B1 and CYP39) potentially can produce 7-hydroxy/oxy-steroids/sterols with modifying effects on local tumorigenesis. CYP11A1 also transforms 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC)→22(OH)7DHC→20,22(OH)2-7DHC→7-dehydropregnenolone, which can be further metabolized to other 5,7- steroidal dienes. These 5,7-dienal intermediates are converted by ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) into secosteroids which show pro-differentiation and anti-cancer properties. Finally, the skin is the site of activation of vitamin D3 through two alternative pathways. The classical one involves sequential hydroxylation at positions 25 and 1 to produce active 1,25(OH)2D3, which is further inactivated through hydroxylation at C24. The novel pathway is initiated by CYP11A1 with predominant production of 20(OH)D3 which is further metabolized to biologically active but non-calcemic D3-hydroxyderivatives. Classical and non-classical (novel) vitamin D analogs show pro-differentiation, anti-proliferative and anticancer properties. In addition, melatonin is metabolized by local CYPs. In conclusion cutaneously expressed CYPs have significant effects on skin physiology and pathology trough regulation of its chemical milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert C Tuckey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, RM525, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Yamamiya I, Yoshisue K, Ishii Y, Yamada H, Yoshida KI. Species variation in the enantioselective metabolism of tegafur to 5-fluorouracil among rats, dogs and monkeys. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1686-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Tegafur (FT), a pro-drug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is a racemate consisting of two enantiomers, R and S-FT. The aim of this study was to clarify interspecies variation in the enantioselective metabolism of FT.
Methods
Plasma concentrations of FT enantiomers were determined in rats, dogs and monkeys following intravenous and oral dosing of the racemate (5 mg/kg). In addition, the enzymatic conversion of FT enantiomers to 5-FU was assayed using hepatic preparations.
Key findings
Metabolic clearance of R-FT was higher than that of S-FT in rats and monkeys, but S-FT was the preferential substrate for dogs. An inhibition study revealed that cytochrome P450 is primarily responsible for the enantioselective metabolism of FT in rats and dogs. In contrast, in monkeys, thymidine phosphorylase was a determinant of the enantioselectivity in FT metabolism. Although oral bioavailability was not enantioselective, in-vitro and in-vivo kinetic studies suggested that the enantioselectivity in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of FT directly influences the body clearance in all animal species examined.
Conclusions
The interspecies variations were observed in the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of FT, and the in-vivo enantioselectivity could be extrapolated from the in-vitro metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Yamamiya
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yoshisue
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Yoshida
- Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
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Papagiannidou E, Skene DJ, Ioannides C. Potential drug interactions with melatonin. Physiol Behav 2014; 131:17-24. [PMID: 24732412 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Possible interactions of melatonin with concurrently administered drugs were investigated in in vitro studies utilising human hepatic post-mitochondrial preparations; similar studies were conducted with rat preparations to ascertain whether rat is a suitable surrogate for human. Drugs were selected based not only on the knowledge that the 6-hydroxylation of exogenous melatonin, its principal pathway of metabolism, is mainly mediated by hepatic CYP1A2, but also on the likelihood of the drug being concurrently administered with melatonin. Hepatic preparations were incubated with either melatonin or 6-hydroxymelatonin in the presence and absence of a range of concentrations of interacting drug, and the production of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin monitored using a radioimmunoassay procedure. Of the drugs screened, only the potent CYP1A2 inhibitor 5-methoxypsoralen impaired the 6-melatonin hydroxylation at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, and is likely to lead to clinical interactions; diazepam, tamoxifen and acetaminophen (paracetamol) did not impair the metabolic conversion of melatonin to 6-sulphatoxymelatonin at concentrations attained following therapeutic administration. 17-Ethinhyloestradiol appeared not to suppress the 6-hydroxylation of melatonin but inhibited the sulphation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, but this is unlikely to result in an interaction following therapeutic intake of the steroid. Species differences in the inhibition of melatonin metabolism in human and rat hepatic post-mitochondrial preparations were evident implying that the rat may not be an appropriate surrogate of human in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papagiannidou
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Debra J Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Costas Ioannides
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Melatonin and Circadian Rhythm: Aging, Cancer, and Mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2014.47065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kim TK, Kleszczynski K, Janjetovic Z, Sweatman T, Lin Z, Li W, Reiter RJ, Fischer TW, Slominski AT. Metabolism of melatonin and biological activity of intermediates of melatoninergic pathway in human skin cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:2742-55. [PMID: 23620527 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Indolic and kynuric pathways of skin melatonin metabolism were monitored by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in human keratinocytes, melanocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and melanoma cells. Production of 6-hydroxymelatonin [6(OH)M], N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) was detected in a cell type-dependent fashion. The major metabolites, 6(OH)M and AFMK, were produced in all cells. Thus, in immortalized epidermal (HaCaT) keratinocytes, 6(OH)M was the major product with Vmax = 63.7 ng/10(6) cells and Km = 10.2 μM, with lower production of AFMK and 5-MT. Melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts transformed melatonin primarily into 6(OH)M and AFMK. In melanoma cells, 6(OH)M and AFMK were produced endogenously, a process accelerated by exogenous melatonin in the case of AFMK. In addition, N-acetylserotonin was endogenously produced by normal and malignant melanocytes. Metabolites showed selective antiproliferative effects on human primary epidermal keratinocytes in vitro. In ex vivo human skin, both melatonin and AFMK-stimulated expression of involucrin and keratins-10 and keratins-14 in the epidermis, indicating their stimulatory role in building and maintaining the epidermal barrier. In summary, the metabolism of melatonin and its endogenous production is cell type-dependent and expressed in all three main cell populations of human skin. Furthermore, melatonin and its metabolite AFMK stimulate differentiation in human epidermis, indicating their key role in building the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Galano A, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:245-57. [PMID: 22998574 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of N(1) -acetyl-N(2) -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N(1) -acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) with (•) OH, (•) OOH, and •OOCCl3 radicals have been studied using the density functional theory. Three mechanisms of reaction have been considered: radical adduct formation (RAF), hydrogen transfer (HT), and single electron transfer (SET). Their relative importance for the free radical scavenging activity of AFMK and AMK has been assessed. It was found that AFMK and AMK react with •OH at diffusion-limited rates, regardless of the polarity of the environment, which supports their excellent •OH radical scavenging activity. Both compounds were found to be also very efficient for scavenging •OOCCl3 , but rather ineffective for scavenging •OOH. Regarding their relative activity, it was found that AFMK systematically is a poorer scavenger than AMK and melatonin. In aqueous solution, AMK was found to react faster than melatonin with all the studied free radicals, while in nonpolar environments, the relative efficiency of AMK and melatonin as free radical scavengers depends on the radical with which they are reacting. Under such conditions, melatonin is predicted to be a better •OOH and •OOCCl3 scavenger than AMK, while AMK is predicted to be slightly better than melatonin for scavenging •OH. Accordingly it seems that melatonin and its metabolite AMK constitute an efficient team of scavengers able of deactivating a wide variety of reactive oxygen species, under different conditions. Thus, the presented results support the continuous protection exerted by melatonin, through the free radical scavenging cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, DF, México.
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Tan DX, Manchester LC, Liu X, Rosales-Corral SA, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Reiter RJ. Mitochondria and chloroplasts as the original sites of melatonin synthesis: a hypothesis related to melatonin's primary function and evolution in eukaryotes. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:127-38. [PMID: 23137057 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are major sources of free radical generation in living organisms. Because of this, these organelles require strong protection from free radicals and associated oxidative stress. Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant. It meets the criteria as a mitochondrial and chloroplast antioxidant. Evidence has emerged to show that both mitochondria and chloroplasts may have the capacity to synthesize and metabolize melatonin. The activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), the reported rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis, has been identified in mitochondria, and high levels of melatonin have also been found in this organelle. From an evolutionary point of view, the precursor of mitochondria probably is the purple nonsulfur bacterium, particularly, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and chloroplasts are probably the descendents of cyanobacteria. These bacterial species were endosymbionts of host proto-eukaryotes and gradually transformed into cellular organelles, that is, mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, thereby giving rise to eukaryotic cells. Of special importance, both purple nonsulfur bacteria (R. rubrum) and cyanobacteria synthesize melatonin. The enzyme activities required for melatonin synthesis have also been detected in these primitive species. It is our hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the original sites of melatonin synthesis in the early stage of endosymbiotic organisms; this synthetic capacity was carried into host eukaryotes by the above-mentioned bacteria. Moreover, their melatonin biosynthetic capacities have been preserved during evolution. In most, if not in all cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts may continue to be the primary sites of melatonin generation. Melatonin production in other cellular compartments may have derived from mitochondria and chloroplasts. On the basis of this hypothesis, it is also possible to explain why plants typically have higher melatonin levels than do animals. In plants, both chloroplasts and mitochondria likely synthesize melatonin, while animal cells contain only mitochondria. The high levels of melatonin produced by mitochondria and chloroplasts are used to protect these important cellular organelles against oxidative stress and preserve their physiological functions. The superior beneficial effects of melatonin in both mitochondria and chloroplasts have been frequently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Al-Omary FAM. Melatonin: comprehensive profile. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2013; 38:159-226. [PMID: 23668405 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407691-4.00005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter includes the aspects of melatonin. The drug is synthesized in the pineal gland starting from tryptophane or synthetically by using indole as starting material. Melatonin has been used as an adjunct to interleukin-2 therapy for malignant neoplasms, as contraceptive, in the management of various forms of insomnia, to alleviate jet lag following long flights, and finally as free radical scavenger and hence as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory. The chapter discusses the drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and presents various method of analysis of this drug such as biological analysis, spectroscopic analysis, and chromatographic techniques of separation. It also discusses its physical properties such as solubility characteristics, X-ray powder diffraction pattern, and thermal methods of analysis. The chapter is concluded with a discussion on its biological properties such as activity, toxicity, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah A M Al-Omary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Zhu J, Hu Y, Ho MKC, Wong YH. Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability and metabolism of a novel isoquinolinone-based melatonin receptor agonist in rats. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:1138-50. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.691186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Ostrom RS, Slominski AT. Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:152-66. [PMID: 22245784 PMCID: PMC3288509 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many of melatonin's actions are mediated through interaction with the G-protein coupled membrane bound melatonin receptors type 1 and type 2 (MT1 and MT2, respectively) or, indirectly with nuclear orphan receptors from the RORα/RZR family. Melatonin also binds to the quinone reductase II enzyme, previously defined the MT3 receptor. Melatonin receptors are widely distributed in the body; herein we summarize their expression and actions in non-neural tissues. Several controversies still exist regarding, for example, whether melatonin binds the RORα/RZR family. Studies of the peripheral distribution of melatonin receptors are important since they are attractive targets for immunomodulation, regulation of endocrine, reproductive and cardiovascular functions, modulation of skin pigmentation, hair growth, cancerogenesis, and aging. Melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists have an exciting future since they could define multiple mechanisms by which melatonin modulates the complexity of such a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States
| | - Natalia Schlabritz-Loutsevitch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Rennolds S. Ostrom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 5000, Memphis, TN 38163, United States. Tel.: +1 901 448 3741. (A.T. Slominski)
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50
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Madhu NR, Manna CK. Pineal-adrenocortical interactions in domestic male pigeon exposed to long and short photoperiods and exogenous testosterone propionate. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2010.513526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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