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Mornas A, Brocherie F, Hollville E, Derouck T, Racinais S, Guilhem G. Running 40 Minutes under Temperate or Hot Environment Does Not Affect Operating Fascicle Length. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1140-1150. [PMID: 38233977 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle mechanics is paramount in our understanding of motor performance. However, little is known regarding the sensitivity of fascicle dynamics and connective tissues stiffness to exercise duration and ambient temperature during running, both increasing muscle temperature. This study aimed to determine gastrocnemius medialis (GM) fascicle dynamics in vivo during running in temperate and hot conditions, as well as muscle-tendon unit responses. METHODS Using ultrafast ultrasound, 15 participants (8 men, 7 women; 26 ± 3 yr) were tested before, during (2 and 40 min), and after a running task (40 min at 10 km·h -1 ) in temperate (TEMP; ~23°C) and hot (HOT: ~38°C) conditions. RESULTS Although core, skin temperatures, and heart rate increased from the beginning to the end of the exercise and in a larger extent in HOT than TEMP ( P < 0.001), the physiological stress elicited did not alter running temporal parameters and GM fascicle operating lengths, with similar behavior of the fascicles on their force-length relationship, over time (2 vs 40 min) or across condition (TEMP vs HOT; P ≥ 0.248). Maximal voluntary force production did not reported statistical changes after exercise ( P = 0.060), and the connective tissues stiffness measured (i.e., passive muscle and stiffness of the series-elastic elements) did not show neither time ( P ≥ 0.281), condition ( P ≥ 0.256) nor time-condition interaction ( P ≥ 0.465) effect. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that prolonged running exercise does not alter muscle-tendon unit properties and interplay, which are not influenced by ambient temperature. These findings may rule out potential detrimental effects of heat on muscle properties and encourage further investigations on longer and more intense running exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Brocherie
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, FRANCE
| | - Enzo Hollville
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, FRANCE
| | | | | | - GaËL Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, FRANCE
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Philipp NM, Nijem RM, Cabarkapa D, Hollwedel CM, Fry AC. Investigating the stretch-shortening cycle fatigue response to a high-intensity stressful phase of training in collegiate men's basketball. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1377528. [PMID: 38711571 PMCID: PMC11073450 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1377528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While using force-plate derived measures of vertical jump performance, reflective of stretch-shortening-cycle (SSC) efficiency is common practice in sport science, there is limited evidence as to which tests and measures may be most sensitive toward neuromuscular fatigue. The aim of this study was to explore the SSC fatigue response to a one-week high-intensity fatiguing phase of training in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division-I basketball players. Methods The study timeline consisted of three weeks of baseline measures, one week of high-intensity training, and two weeks of follow-up testing. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 10-5 hop tests were performed at baseline, as well as at two time-points during, and three time-points following the fatiguing training period, allowing for performance-comparisons with baseline. Results Compared to the weekly training sum at baseline, during the high intensity training phase, athletes were exposed to very large increases in selected external load metrics (ES = 1.44-3.16), suggesting that athletes experienced fatigue acutely, as well as potential longer lasting reductions in performance. Vertical jump data suggested that in the CMJ, traditional metrics such as jump height, as well as metrics reflecting kinetic outputs and movement strategies, were sensitive to the stark increase in high-intensity training exposure. The 10-5 hop test suggested a fatigue-induced loss of tolerance to ground impact reflected by performance reductions in metrics related to jump height and reactive strength qualities. Discussion These findings emphasize that when monitoring neuromuscular fatigue, variables and assessments may not be looked at individually, but rather as part of a more global monitoring approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory – Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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DeJong Lempke AF, Hunt DL, Willwerth SB, d'Hemecourt PA, Meehan WP, Whitney KE. Biomechanical changes identified during a marathon race among high-school aged runners. Gait Posture 2024; 108:44-49. [PMID: 37980834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increasing popularity of endurance running competitions among adolescent runners, there is currently limited information regarding expected biomechanical changes across the duration of a long-distance running event, and the relationship between young runners' biomechanics and running performance. Wearable technology offers an ecological means to continuously assess runners' biomechanical data during outdoor running competitions. RESEARCH QUESTION Do adolescent athletes adopt changes in sensor-derived biomechanics throughout a marathon race, and are there relationships between race performance and biomechanical features among young marathoners? METHODS Fourteen high-school aged runners (9 M, 5 F; age: 16 ± 1 years, height: 170.8 ± 7.5 cm; mass: 63.6 ± 9.4 kg) wore lace-mounted sensors to record step-by-step biomechanics during a marathon race. Official race segment completion times were extracted across 5 race segments (5-K, 15-K, Half Marathon [21.1-K], 35-K, Marathon [42.2-K]). Within-participant repeated measures of covariance (pace) were conducted to assess changes in biomechanics across the race, with Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons. Pearson's r correlations were performed to assess the relationship between race finish times and biomechanics. RESULTS Pace was significantly slower (p-range: 0.002-0.005), contact times significantly longer, and stride lengths significantly shorter in the final segment compared to middle segments (p-range: 0.003-0.004). The rate of shock accumulation was significantly higher in the final race segment compared to the first three segments (p-range: 0.001-0.002). Moderate relationships existed between finish times and pace (r = -0.63), stride length (r = -0.62), and contact time (r = 0.51). SIGNIFICANCE Adolescent runners altered their gait patterns in the final marathon segment compared to earlier segments. Spatiotemporal measures were moderately correlated with race finish times, suggesting a link between faster run pace, increased stride lengths, and reduced contact time for improved running performance during an endurance race.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle L Hunt
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, United States; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah B Willwerth
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Pierre A d'Hemecourt
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, United States; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Harvard, MA, United States
| | - William P Meehan
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, United States; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Harvard, MA, United States
| | - Kristin E Whitney
- Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, United States; Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Harvard, MA, United States
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Kumar NTA, Radnor JM, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Wong MA, Dobbs IJ. The Influence of Maturity Status on Drop Jump Kinetics in Male Youth. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:38-46. [PMID: 38085620 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kumar, NTA, Radnor, JM, Oliver, JL, Lloyd, RS, CSCSD, Pedley, JS, Wong, MA, and Dobbs, IJ. The influence of maturity status on drop jump kinetics in male youth. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 38-46, 2024-The aim of this study was to examine the effects of maturity status on drop jump (DJ) kinetics in young male athletes (categorized as early-pre-peak height velocity [PHV] [<-2.51 years], late-pre-PHV [-1.99 to -1.00 years], circa-PHV [-0.50 to 0.50 years], and post-PHV [>1.00 years]). All athletes performed a DJ from a 30-cm box onto force plates with performance variables (jump height, ground contact time, and reactive strength index) and absolute and relative kinetic variables during the braking and propulsive phases assessed. Subjects were categorized into GOOD (no impact-peak and spring-like), MODERATE (impact-peak and spring-like), or POOR (impact-peak and not spring-like) stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function. The post-PHV group exhibited significantly greater values for most absolute kinetic variables compared with early-pre-PHV, late-pre-PHV, and circa-PHV (p < 0.05). The differences observed between consecutive maturity groups were similar in magnitude for most absolute variables (Cohen's d = 0.53-1.70). Post-PHV male athletes outperform their less mature counterparts during a DJ, and this may be attributed to the growth and maturity-related structural and motor control strategy changes that occur in children. Stretch-shortening cycle function in boys seems to improve with maturity status reflected by a greater number of post-PHV participants displaying GOOD SSC function (65.8%) and a greater number of early-pre-PHV participants displaying POOR SSC function (54.4%). However, a number of mature boys displayed POOR SSC function (17.8%), suggesting that the development of SSC function is not exclusively related to maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul T A Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John M Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand; and
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Megan A Wong
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Dobbs
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Paradisis GP, Zacharogiannis E, Bissas A, Hanley B. Recreational Runners Gain Physiological and Biomechanical Benefits From Super Shoes at Marathon Paces. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1420-1426. [PMID: 37734742 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Advanced footwear technology is prevalent in distance running, with research focusing on these "super shoes" in competitive athletes, with less understanding of their value for slower runners. The aim of this study was to compare physiological and biomechanical variables between a model of super shoes (Saucony Endorphin Speed 2) and regular running shoes (Saucony Cohesion 13) in recreational athletes. METHODS We measured peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in 10 runners before testing each subject 4 times in a randomly ordered crossover design (ie, Endorphin shoe or Cohesion shoe, running at 65% or 80% of velocity at VO2peak [vVO2peak]). We recorded video data using a high-speed camera (300 Hz) to calculate vertical and leg stiffnesses. RESULTS 65% vVO2peak was equivalent to a speed of 9.4 km·h-1 (0.4), whereas 80% vVO2peak was equivalent to 11.5 km·h-1 (0.5). Two-way mixed-design analysis of variance showed that oxygen consumption in the Endorphin shoe was 3.9% lower than in the Cohesion shoe at 65% vVO2peak, with an interaction between shoes and speed (P = .020) meaning an increased difference of 5.0% at 80% vVO2peak. There were small increases in vertical and leg stiffnesses in the Endorphin shoes (P < .001); the Endorphin shoe condition also showed trivial to moderate differences in step length, step rate, contact time, and flight time (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS There was a physiological benefit to running in the super shoes even at the slower speed. There were also spatiotemporal and global stiffness improvements indicating that recreational runners benefit from wearing super shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos P Paradisis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Zacharogiannis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Bissas
- School of Natural, Social and Sport Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Inami T, Yamaguchi S, Nishioka T, Chida K, Hoshina K, Ito O, Hashimoto T, Murayama M. The Effect of Contrast Water Therapy on Dehydration during Endurance Training Camps in Moderate-Altitude Environments. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:232. [PMID: 38133099 PMCID: PMC10747241 DOI: 10.3390/sports11120232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of contrast water therapy (CWT) on dehydration at moderate altitudes during training camps remain unknown. We hypothesized that CWT reduces dehydration resulting from training at moderate altitudes and improves performance, akin to conditions at sea level. A 13-day endurance training camp was held at a moderate altitude of 1100 m and included 22 university athletes, who were divided into two groups (CWT group, n = 12; control (CON) group, n = 10). The sample size was calculated based on an α level of 0.05, power (1 β) of 0.8, and effect size of 0.25 based on two-way ANOVA. Longitudinal changes over 13 days were compared using a two-group comparison model. Additionally, 16 athletes participated in an additional performance verification analysis. Subjective fatigue, body mass, and water content (total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), and intracellular water) were measured using bioimpedance analysis every morning, and the titin N-terminal fragment in urine (UTF) was measured as an index of muscle damage. For performance verification, 10 consecutive jump performances (with the reactive strength index (RSI) as an indicator) were evaluated as neuromuscular function indices. The results indicated that the UTF did not significantly differ between the two groups. Moreover, the ECW/TBW values, indicative of dehydration, on days 4 and 5 in the CWT group were significantly lower than those in the CON group. However, there was no significant difference in RSI between the two groups. Therefore, although CWT reduces dehydration in the early stages of the training camp, it may not affect performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Inami
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Shota Yamaguchi
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Takuya Nishioka
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Kenta Chida
- Graduate School of System Design, Management, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Kosaku Hoshina
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, 5322, Fujisawa 252-0883, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
- FOCS Inc., 1-3-47, Nakahara-Ward, Kawasaki 211-0025, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Murayama
- Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
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Popp KL, Outerleys J, Gehman S, Garrahan M, Rudolph S, Loranger E, Ackerman KE, Tenforde AS, Bouxsein ML, Davis IS. Impact loading in female runners with single and multiple bone stress injuries during fresh and exerted conditions. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:406-413. [PMID: 35218949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are common in female runners, and recurrent BSI rates are high. Previous work suggests an association between higher impact loading during running and tibial BSI. However, it is unknown whether impact loading and fatigue-related loading changes discriminate women with a history of multiple BSIs. This study compared impact variables at the beginning of a treadmill run to exertion and the changes in those variables with exertion among female runners with no history of BSI as well as among those with a history of single or multiple BSIs. METHODS We enrolled 45 female runners (aged 18-40 years) for this cross-sectional study: having no history of diagnosed lower extremity BSI (N-BSI, n = 14); a history of 1 lower extremity BSI (1-BSI, n = 16); and diagnosed by imaging, or a history of multiple (≥3) lower extremity BSIs (M-BSI, n = 15). Participants completed a 5-km race speed run on an instrumented treadmill while wearing an Inertial Measurement Unit. The vertical average loading rate (VALR), vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR), vertical stiffness during impact via instrumented treadmill, and tibial shock determined as the peak positive tibial acceleration via Inertial Measurement Unit were measured at the beginning and the end of the run. RESULTS There were no differences between groups in VALR, VILR, vertical stiffness, or tibial shock in a fresh or exerted condition. However, compared to N-BSI, women with M-BSI had greater increase with exertion in VALR (-1.8% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.01) and VILR (1.5% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.03). Similarly, compared to N-BSI, vertical stiffness increased more with exertion among women with M-BSI (-0.9% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.006) and 1-BSI (-0.9% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.05). Finally, compared to N-BSI, the increase in tibial shock from fresh to exerted condition was greater among women with M-BSI (0.9% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.03) and 1-BSI (0.9% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Women with 1-BSI or M-BSIs experience greater exertion-related increases in impact loading than women with N-BSI. These observations imply that exertion-related changes in gait biomechanics may contribute to risk of BSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Popp
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , USA.
| | - Jereme Outerleys
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sarah Gehman
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Margaret Garrahan
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Sara Rudolph
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Elizabeth Loranger
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , USA; Department of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 , USA; Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Irene S Davis
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Pedley JS, Lloyd RS, Read PJ, Moore IS, Myer GD, Oliver JL. A Novel Method to Categorize Stretch-Shortening Cycle Performance Across Maturity in Youth Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2573-2580. [PMID: 33278273 PMCID: PMC8172663 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pedley, JS, Lloyd, RS, Read, PJ, Moore, IS, Myer, GD, and Oliver, JL. A novel method to categorize stretch-shortening cycle performance across maturity in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(9): 2573-2580, 2022-This study used a novel method to categorize stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function during a drop jump (DJ) using the force-time curve. This method was then used to determine the effect of maturity status upon SSC function and effect of SSC function on DJ performance. Prepeak, circa-peak, and postpeak height velocity male youth soccer players completed a preseason 30-cm DJ onto a force plate. Stretch-shortening cycle function was categorized as poor (impact peak and not spring-like), moderate (impact peak and spring-like), or good (no impact peak and spring-like). Interactions between SSC function and maturity status, and SSC function and kinetic variables were explored. Youth soccer players displaying good SSC function were older and more mature than those with poor SSC function; however, 9.9% of post peak height velocity still displayed poor SSC function. Players with good SSC function recorded significantly shorter ground contact times, reduced time between peak landing and takeoff force, reduced center of mass displacement, and significantly greater takeoff forces than players with moderate and poor SSC function (all p < 0.05). SSC function during a standardized DJ improves with maturation, but a portion of mature players still demonstrate poor SSC function. Good SSC function was associated with improved DJ outcome measures except jump height. Tailored training interventions based on SSC competency may be required to optimally enhance SSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paul J. Read
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Isabel S. Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jafarnezhadgero AA, Noroozi R, Fakhri E, Granacher U, Oliveira AS. The Impact of COVID-19 and Muscle Fatigue on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Running Kinetics in Female Recreational Runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:942589. [PMID: 35923233 PMCID: PMC9340252 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.942589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is evidence that fully recovered COVID-19 patients usually resume physical exercise, but do not perform at the same intensity level performed prior to infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 infection and recovery as well as muscle fatigue on cardiorespiratory fitness and running biomechanics in female recreational runners. Methods: Twenty-eight females were divided into a group of hospitalized and recovered COVID-19 patients (COV, n = 14, at least 14 days following recovery) and a group of healthy age-matched controls (CTR, n = 14). Ground reaction forces from stepping on a force plate while barefoot overground running at 3.3 m/s was measured before and after a fatiguing protocol. The fatigue protocol consisted of incrementally increasing running speed until reaching a score of 13 on the 6–20 Borg scale, followed by steady-state running until exhaustion. The effects of group and fatigue were assessed for steady-state running duration, steady-state running speed, ground contact time, vertical instantaneous loading rate and peak propulsion force. Results: COV runners completed only 56% of the running time achieved by the CTR (p < 0.0001), and at a 26% slower steady-state running speed (p < 0.0001). There were fatigue-related reductions in loading rate (p = 0.004) without group differences. Increased ground contact time (p = 0.002) and reduced peak propulsion force (p = 0.005) were found for COV when compared to CTR. Conclusion: Our results suggest that female runners who recovered from COVID-19 showed compromised running endurance and altered running kinetics in the form of longer stance periods and weaker propulsion forces. More research is needed in this area using larger sample sizes to confirm our study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Jafarnezhadgero
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Raha Noroozi
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Fakhri
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Urs Granacher, , orcid.org/0000-0002-7095-813X
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Riazati S, Caplan N, Matabuena M, Hayes PR. Gait and Neuromuscular Changes Are Evident in Some Masters Club Level Runners 24-h After Interval Training Run. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:830278. [PMID: 35721873 PMCID: PMC9201250 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.830278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the time course of recovery for gait and neuromuscular function immediately after and 24-h post interval training. In addition, this study compared the impact of different statistical approaches on detecting changes. Methods Twenty (10F, 10M) healthy, recreational club runners performed a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session consisting of six repetitions of 800 m. A 6-min medium intensity run was performed pre, post, and 24-h post HIIT to assess hip and knee kinematics and coordination variability. Voluntary activation and twitch force of the quadriceps, along with maximum isometric force were examined pre, post, and 24-h post significance HIIT. The time course of changes were examined using two different statistical approaches: traditional null hypothesis significance tests and “real” changes using minimum detectable change. Results Immediately following the run, there were significant (P < 0.05) increases in the hip frontal kinematics and coordination variability. The runners also experienced a loss of muscular strength and neuromuscular function immediately post HIIT (P < 0.05). Individual assessment, however, showed that not all runners experienced fatigue effects immediately post HIIT. Null hypothesis significance testing revealed a lack of recovery in hip frontal kinematics, coordination variability, muscle strength, and neuromuscular function at 24-h post, however, the use of minimum detectable change suggested that most runners had recovered. Conclusion High intensity interval training resulted in altered running kinematics along with central and peripheral decrements in neuromuscular function. Most runners had recovered within 24-h, although a minority still exhibited signs of fatigue. The runners that were not able to recover prior to their run at 24-h were identified to be at an increased risk of running-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherveen Riazati
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Biomechanics, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Neuroscience Lab, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sherveen Riazati
| | - Nick Caplan
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Matabuena
- Unique Research Center on Intelligent Technologies (CiTIUS), University of Santiago of Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Philip R. Hayes
- Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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11
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Encarnación-Martínez A, García-Gallart A, Sanchis-Sanchis R, Pérez-Soriano P. Effects of Central and Peripheral Fatigue on Impact Characteristics during Running. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103786. [PMID: 35632194 PMCID: PMC9147320 DOI: 10.3390/s22103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue and impact can represent an injury risk factor during running. The objective of this study was to compare the impact transmission along the locomotor system between the central and peripheral fatigued states during running. Tibial and head acceleration as well as shock attenuation in the time- and frequency-domain were analyzed during 2-min of treadmill running in the pre- and post-fatigue state in eighteen male popular runners (N = 18). The impact transmission was measured before and after a 30-min central fatigue protocol on the treadmill or a peripheral fatigue protocol in the quadricep and hamstring muscles using an isokinetic dynamometer. The time-domain acceleration variables were not modified either by peripheral or central fatigue (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, central fatigue increased the maximum (p = 0.006) and total (p = 0.007) signal power magnitude in the high-frequency range in the tibia, and the attenuation variable in the low- (p = 0.048) and high-frequency area (p = 0.000), while peripheral fatigue did not cause any modifications in the frequency-domain variables (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the attenuation in the low (p = 0.000)- and high-frequency area was higher with central fatigue than peripheral fatigue (p = 0.003). The results demonstrate that central fatigue increases the severity of impact during running as well as the attenuation of low and high components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (P.P.-S.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia UCAM, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio García-Gallart
- The Civil Guard, Secretary of State for Security, Ministry of the Interior, 28010 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Roberto Sanchis-Sanchis
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (P.P.-S.)
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.S.-S.); (P.P.-S.)
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12
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Pedley JS, DiCesare CA, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Ford KR, Hewett TE, Myer GD. Maturity alters drop vertical jump landing force-time profiles but not performance outcomes in adolescent females. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2055-2063. [PMID: 34275170 PMCID: PMC11148809 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) assists in effective force attenuation upon landing and augments force generation at take-off during a drop vertical jump (DVJ). General performance outcomes such as jump height or peak measures have been used to assess SSC function in youth populations; however, these discrete metrics fail to provide insight into temporal jump-landing characteristics. This study assessed DVJ force-time profiles in 1013 middle and high-school female athletes (n = 279 prepubertal, n = 401 pubertal, and n = 333 postpubertal). Maturity status was determined using the Pubertal Maturation Observation Scale. Ground reaction force data were analyzed to extract a range of variables to characterize force-time profiles. SSC function was categorized as poor, moderate, or good dependent on the presence of an impact peak and spring-like behavior. No differences in jump height or ground contact time were observed between maturity groups (p > 0.05). Significant differences in absolute peak landing and take-off force were evident between all maturational statuses (p < 0.05). Relative to bodyweight normalized forces, only peak take-off force was significantly different between prepubertal and postpubertal groups (p < 0.05; d = 0.22). Spring-like behavior showed small improvements from pubertal to postpubertal (p < 0.05; d = 0.25). Most females displayed poor SSC function at prepubertal (79.6%), pubertal (77.3%), and postpubertal (65.5%) stages of maturity. Large increases in absolute forces occur throughout maturation in female athletes; however, only small maturational differences were found in relative force or spring-like behavior. Consequently, most girls display poor SSC function irrespective of maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin R Ford
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Tim E Hewett
- Hewett Global Consulting, Minneapolis and Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
- The Rocky Mountain Consortium for Sports Research, Edwards, CO, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
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13
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Abstract
Jumping performance (e.g., countermovement jump [CMJ]), as a measure of neuromuscular performance, has been suggested as an easy-to-use tool which simultaneously provides neuromuscular and metabolic information and, thereby, allows coaches to confidently monitor the status of their athletes during a workout. This hypothesis has been satisfactorily tested with sprint athletes. However, the rationale for the use of CMJ height loss as an index to monitor the workload during an endurance running session is not sufficiently evidence-based. First, it is assumed that a CMJ height loss occurs during typical interval training for endurance runners. Second, it is also assumed that a significant relationship between metabolic stress and the neuromuscular strain induced during these endurance workouts exists. These two assumptions will be questioned in this review by critically analyzing the kinetics of CMJ performance during and after running workouts, and the relationship between neuromuscular and physiological stress induced during different protocols in endurance runners. The current evidence shows that fatigue induced by common running workouts for endurance runners does not counterbalance the potentiation effect in the CMJ height. Additionally, the findings reported among different studies are consistent regarding the lack of association between CMJ height loss and physiological stress during interval sessions in endurance runners. In practical terms, the authors suggest that this marker of neuromuscular fatigue may not be used to regulate the external training load during running workouts in endurance runners. Nevertheless, the analysis of CMJ height during running workouts may serve to monitor chronic adaptations to training in endurance runners.
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14
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Meyer F, Falbriard M, Mariani B, Aminian K, Millet GP. Continuous Analysis of Marathon Running Using Inertial Sensors: Hitting Two Walls? Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1182-1190. [PMID: 33975367 DOI: 10.1055/a-1432-2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Marathon running involves complex mechanisms that cannot be measured with objective metrics or laboratory equipment. The emergence of wearable sensors introduced new opportunities, allowing the continuous recording of relevant parameters. The present study aimed to assess the evolution of stride-by-stride spatio-temporal parameters, stiffness, and foot strike angle during a marathon and determine possible abrupt changes in running patterns. Twelve recreational runners were equipped with a Global Navigation Satellite System watch, and two inertial measurement units clamped on each foot during a marathon race. Data were split into eight 5-km sections and only level parts were analyzed. We observed gradual increases in contact time and duty factor as well as decreases in flight time, swing time, stride length, speed, maximal vertical force and stiffness during the race. Surprisingly, the average foot strike angle decreased during the race, but each participant maintained a rearfoot strike until the end. Two abrupt changes were also detected around km 25 and km 35. These two breaks are possibly due to the alteration of the stretch-shortening cycle combined with physiological limits. This study highlights new measurable phenomena that can only be analyzed through continuous monitoring of runners over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Meyer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of informatikk, University of Oslo, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathieu Falbriard
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement (LMAM), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement (LMAM), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Tumkur Anil Kumar N, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Pedley JS, Radnor JM. The Influence of Growth, Maturation and Resistance Training on Muscle-Tendon and Neuromuscular Adaptations: A Narrative Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:59. [PMID: 34066778 PMCID: PMC8150311 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the growth, maturation and resistance training-related changes in muscle-tendon and neuromuscular mechanisms in youth, and the subsequent effect on performance. Sprinting, jumping, kicking, and throwing are common movements in sport that have been shown to develop naturally with age, with improvements in performance being attributed to growth and maturity-related changes in neuromuscular mechanisms. These changes include moderate to very large increases in muscle physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle volume and thickness, tendon CSA and stiffness, fascicle length, muscle activation, pre-activation, stretch reflex control accompanied by large reductions in electro-mechanical delay and co-contraction. Furthermore, a limited number of training studies examining neuromuscular changes following four to 20 weeks of resistance training have reported trivial to moderate differences in tendon stiffness, muscle CSA, muscle thickness, and motor unit activation accompanied by reductions in electromechanical delay (EMD) in pre-pubertal children. However, the interaction of maturity- and training-related neuromuscular adaptions remains unclear. An understanding of how different neuromuscular mechanisms adapt in response to growth, maturation and training is important in order to optimise training responsiveness in youth populations. Additionally, the impact that these muscle-tendon and neuromuscular changes have on force producing capabilities underpinning performance is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Tumkur Anil Kumar
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, 1010 Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, 3200 Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jason S. Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
| | - John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK; (J.L.O.); (R.S.L.); (J.S.P.); (J.M.R.)
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16
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Influences of Different Drop Height Training on Lower Extremity Kinematics and Stiffness during Repetitive Drop Jump. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:5551199. [PMID: 33747121 PMCID: PMC7952188 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5551199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drop jump (DJ) is often used as a plyometric exercise to improve jumping performance. Training from improper drop heights and for improper durations lead to unfavorable biomechanical changes in the lower extremities when landing, which result in reduced training effects and even lower extremity injuries. Purpose. To study the effects of repeated DJ training at drop heights of 30 cm, 40 cm, and 50 cm (drop jump height (DJH) 30, DJH40, and DJH50) on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. The 1st, 50th, 100th, 150th, and 200th DJs (DJ1, DJs50, DJs100, DJs150, and DJs200) were recorded by using a BTS motion capture system and force platform. The MATLAB software was used to compare the kinematic and stiffness data of DJ1, DJs50, DJs100, DJs150, and DJs200 with one-way ANOVA repeated measure. If there were significant differences, the LSD method was used for post hoc comparisons. Methods. Twenty healthy male Division III athlete volunteers were selected as subjects, and 200 drop jumps (DJs200) were performed from DJH30, DJH40, and DJH50. Results. The jumping height (JH), contact time (CT), and GRF increased with drop height, and the stiffness of the legs and ankle at DJH30 was higher than that at DJH40 and DJH50 (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Within DJs200, training at DJH50 yield the high impact easily leads to lower extremity injury; training at DJH30 can increase the stiffnesses of the legs and ankle joints, thus effectively utilizing the SSC benefits to store and release elastic energy, reducing the risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury. Therefore, coaches can choose different drop heights and training quantities for each person to better prevent lower extremity injury.
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17
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Muscle Tone and Body Weight Predict Uphill Race Time in Amateur Trail Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042040. [PMID: 33669770 PMCID: PMC7922024 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vertical kilometer is an emerging sport where athletes continuously run uphill. The aims of this study were to assess changes in vertical impacts caused by uphill running (UR) and the relation between the anthropometric and lower limb muscular characteristics with speed. Methods: Ten male experienced runners (35 ± 7 years old) participated in this study. In the racetrack (4.2 km long, 565 m high), seven sections were stablished. Mean speed and impact value of sections with similar slope (≈21%) were calculated. The gastrocnemius stiffness (GS) and tone (GT); and the vastus lateralis stiffness (VS) and tone (VT) were assessed before the race. Results: Pearson’s correlation showed a linear relationship between vs. and VT (r = 0.829; p = 0.000), GT and GS (r = 0.792; p = 0.001). Mean speed is correlated with weight (r = −0.619; p = 0.024) and GT (r = 0.739; p = 0.004). Multiple linear regressions showed a model with weight and GT as dependent variables of mean speed. Mean impacts decreased significantly between sections along the race. Conclusions: The vertical impacts during UR were attenuated during the race. Moreover, body weight and GT were associated with the time-to-finish, which supports that low weight alone could not be enough to be faster, and strength training of plantar flexors may be a determinant in UR.
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18
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Hanley B, Bissas A, Merlino S. Men's and Women's World Championship Marathon Performances and Changes With Fatigue Are Not Explained by Kinematic Differences Between Footstrike Patterns. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:102. [PMID: 33345091 PMCID: PMC7739599 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
World-class marathon runners make initial contact with the rearfoot, midfoot or forefoot. This novel study analyzed kinematic similarities and differences between rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers within the men's and women's 2017 IAAF World Championship marathons across the last two laps. Twenty-eight men and 28 women, equally divided by footstrike pattern, were recorded at 29.5 and 40 km (laps 3 and 4, respectively) using two high-definition cameras (50 Hz). The videos were digitized to derive spatiotemporal and joint kinematic data, with additional footage (120 Hz) used to identify footstrike patterns. There was no difference in running speed, step length or cadence between rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers during either lap in both races, and these three key variables decreased in athletes of either footstrike pattern to a similar extent between laps. Men slowed more than women between laps, and overall had greater reductions in step length and cadence. Rearfoot strikers landed with their foot farther in front of the center of mass (by 0.02-0.04 m), with non-rearfoot strikers relying more on flight distance for overall step length. Male rearfoot strikers had more extended knees, dorsiflexed ankles and hyperextended shoulders at initial contact than non-rearfoot strikers, whereas female rearfoot strikers had more flexed hips and extended knees at initial contact. Very few differences were found at midstance and toe-off. Rearfoot and non-rearfoot striking techniques were therefore mostly indistinguishable except at initial contact, and any differences that did occur were very small. The spatiotemporal variables that differed between footstrike patterns were not associated with faster running speeds and, ultimately, neither footstrike pattern prevented reductions in running speeds. The only joint angle measured at a specific gait event to change with fatigue was midswing knee flexion angle in men. Coaches should thus note that encouraging marathon runners to convert from rearfoot to non-rearfoot striking is unlikely to provide any performance benefits, and that training the fatigue resistance of key lower limb muscle-tendon units to avoid decreases in step length and cadence are more useful in preventing reductions in speed during the later stages of the race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hanley
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Athanassios Bissas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
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19
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du Plessis C, Blazevich AJ, Abbiss C, Wilkie JC. Running economy and effort after cycling: Effect of methodological choices. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1105-1114. [PMID: 32202206 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1742962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior exercise can negatively affect movement economy of a subsequent task. However, the impact of cycling exercise on the energy cost of subsequent running is difficult to ascertain, possibly because of the use of different methods of calculating economy. We examined the influence of a simulated cycling bout on running physiological cost (running economy, heart rate and ventilation rates) and perceptual responses (ratings of perceived exertion and effort) by comparing two running bouts, performed before and after cycling using different running economy calculation methods. Seventeen competitive male triathletes ran at race pace before and after a simulated Olympic-distance cycling bout. Running economy was calculated as V̇O2 (mL∙kg-1∙min-1), oxygen cost (EO2, mL∙kg-1∙m-1) and aerobic energy cost (Eaer, J∙kg-1∙m-1). All measures of running economy and perceptual responses indicated significant alterations imposed by prior cycling. Despite a good level of agreement with minimal bias between calculation methods, differences (p < 0.05) were observed between Eaer and both V̇O2 and EO2. The results confirmed that prior cycling increased physiological cost and perceptual responses in a subsequent running bout. It is recommended that Eaer be calculated as a more valid measure of running economy alongside perceptual responses to assist in the identification of individual responses in running economy following cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle du Plessis
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Australia
| | - Chris Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jodie Cochrane Wilkie
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Australia
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20
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Lower Extremity Stiffness in Collegiate Distance Runners Pre- and Post-Competition. J Hum Kinet 2020; 71:69-77. [PMID: 32148574 PMCID: PMC7052703 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence has suggested that there is a relationship between leg stiffness and improved running performance. The purpose of this investigation was to determine how leg stiffness of runners was influenced in the 24 and 48 hour period following a cross country race. Twenty-two collegiate cross-country runners (13 males, 9 females, 19.5 ± 1.4 yr) were recruited and participated in the study. Leg stiffness was assessed 24 hours before and after a race as well as 48 hours post-race. Three jumping protocols were conducted: 1) a static jump, 2) a countermovement jump, and 3) a vertical hopping test. Two embedded force plates (1000 Hz) were utilized to measure ground reaction forces for each test and a metronome was utilized to maintain hopping frequency (2.2 Hz). A significant main effect was found for a static jump, a countermovement jump and leg stiffness. Leg stiffness was significantly reduced 24 hours post-race (pre-race 36.84 kN·m-1, 24h post 33.11 kN·m-1, p < 0.05), but not 48 hours post-race (36.30 kN·m-1). No significant differences were found in post-hoc analysis for the squat jump, countermovement jump height and the eccentric utilization ratio. Following a cross-country race, leg stiffness significantly declined in a group of collegiate runners in the immediate 24 hours post-race, but returned to baseline 48 hours post-race. Sport scientists and running coaches may be able to monitor leg stiffness as a metric to properly prescribe training regiments.
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21
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Fallowfield JL, Leiper RG, Shaw AM, Whittamore DR, Lanham-New SA, Allsopp AJ, Kluzek S, Arden NK, Sanchez-Santos MT. Risk of Injury in Royal Air Force Training: Does Sex Really Matter? Mil Med 2020; 185:170-177. [PMID: 30137495 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal injuries are common during military and other occupational physical training programs. Employers have a duty of care to reduce employees' injury risk, where females tend to be at greater risk than males. However, quantification of principle co-factors influencing the sex-injury association, and their relative importance, remain poorly defined. Injury risk co-factors were investigated during Royal Air Force (RAF) recruit training to inform the strategic prioritization of mitigation strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cohort of 1,193 (males n = 990 (83%); females n = 203 (17%)) recruits, undertaking Phase-1 military training, were prospectively monitored for injury occurrence. The primary independent variable was sex, and potential confounders (fitness, smoking, anthropometric measures, education attainment) were assessed pre-training. Generalized linear models were used to assess associations between sex and injury. RESULTS In total, 31% of recruits (28% males; 49% females) presented at least one injury during training. Females had a two-fold greater unadjusted risk of injury during training than males (RR = 1.77; 95% CI 1.49-2.10). After anthropometric, lifestyle and education measures were included in the model, the excess risk decreased by 34%, but the associations continued to be statistically significant. In contrast, when aerobic fitness was adjusted, an inverse association was identified; the injury risk was 40% lower in females compared with males (RR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.42-0.83). CONCLUSIONS Physical fitness was the most important confounder with respect to differences in males' and females' injury risk, rather than sex alone. Mitigation to reduce this risk should, therefore, focus upon physical training, complemented by healthy lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Fallowfield
- Environmental Medicine and Sciences Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Crescent Road, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Rachel G Leiper
- Regional Medical Centre, RAF Halton, Aylesbury, Bucks HP22 5PG, UK
| | - Anneliese M Shaw
- Environmental Medicine and Sciences Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Crescent Road, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - David R Whittamore
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Susan A Lanham-New
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Adrian J Allsopp
- Environmental Medicine and Sciences Division, Institute of Naval Medicine, Crescent Road, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- Arthritis Research UK Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Arthritis Research UK Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Sydney Medical School, Edward Ford Building A27, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria T Sanchez-Santos
- Arthritis Research UK Sports, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
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Ryew CC, Lee AR, Hyun SH. The relationship between ground reaction force components and peak power according to induced fatigue during 16-km walking. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:731-735. [PMID: 31723564 PMCID: PMC6834698 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938378.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous reviewed studies on inducement of fatigue through long-time walking were not only very confined, but also not cleared on relationship among variables of fatigue inducement active force, decay rate, and power. This study analyzed relationship between power and component of ground reaction force after fatigue being induced through 16-km walking. The fatigue of adult males and females (n=16) was induced through 16-km walking. Then power, measured for pre and post of fatigue inducement, was evaluated by maximal vertical jump on ground reaction force plate. Variables of vertical jump heights, active force, power, and decay rate showed decreased tendency after fatigue inducement, which followed significant difference (P<0.05) and also positive correlation of r=0.628 (R2=39%) of between vertical jump heights and power and r=0.589 (R2=34%) of between active force and decay rate respectively. That is, long-time walking for pursuing of exercise rehabilitation, health promotion and leisure activity has been preferred. In the view of this, this study suggested the necessity to understand the relation between fatigue and power to prevent a potential possibility of injury during long-time walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Cheong Ryew
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Ae-Ri Lee
- Department of Leisure Sports Majors, Jeju Tourism College, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Hyun
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
- Corresponding author: Seung-Hyun Hyun, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6348-6413, Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Korea, E-mail:
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23
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Jafarnezhadgero AA, Sorkhe E, Oliveira AS. Motion-control shoes help maintaining low loading rate levels during fatiguing running in pronated female runners. Gait Posture 2019; 73:65-70. [PMID: 31299505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of motion-control shoes may assist pronated runners to maintain their stability throughout a fatiguing running. However, there are no studies describing the effects of fatigue on running biomechanics of runners with pronated feet. RESEARCH QUESTION Whether motion-control shoes can assist pronated recreational female runners to maintain impact loading patterns following a fatiguing protocol? METHODS Twenty-two female rearfoot runners with foot pronation were asked to perform a fatiguing treadmill running protocol using a neutral shoe or a motion-control shoe in two separate occasions. Before (Pre-fatigue) and after the fatiguing protocol (Post-fatigue), participants were asked to run overground on a track that contained two force platforms to record ground reaction forces and moments. Running speed were 3.3 m s-1 (±2.5% variability). The effects of shoe type and fatigue were investigated on the peak vertical impact ground reaction force (pvIGRF), time to reach pvIGRF, vertical loading rate (LR) and peak negative foot free moments (FM). RESULTS Pronated runners presented lower LR with motion-control shoes compared to neutral shoes Pre- (p < 0.005; -18 ± 25%) and Post-fatigue (p < 0.001; -27 ± 15%). This change in LR was predominantly driven by a longer time to reach pvIGRF with motion-control shoes (p < 0.001, 39%). The pvIGRF and LR increased after fatiguing running with neutral shoes (pvIGRF: p < 0.05; 18 ± 28%; LR: p < 0.05; 15 ± 22%), but not with motion-control shoes. Furthermore, there were strong correlations between FM and LR for both Pre-fatigue (r=-0.61, p < 0.005) and Post-fatigue measurements (r=-0.66, p < 0.01), but only for the motion-control shoes. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that motion-control shoes prevent exacerbated fatigue-related increases in mechanical loading following initial contact in pronated female runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Jafarnezhadgero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Elham Sorkhe
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Anderson S Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, Building 4, DK-9220 Aalborg E, Denmark
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24
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Winter SC, Gordon S, Brice SM, Lindsay D, Barrs S. Overuse injuries in runners of different abilities-a one-year prospective study. Res Sports Med 2019; 29:196-212. [PMID: 31146574 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2019.1616548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to investigate differences in participant characteristics, previous injury, running dynamics during a long-distance run, and training between injured and uninjured runners in runners of different abilities. Center-of-mass acceleration data were collected during a long-distance overground run. Runners were then divided into four groups (elite, advanced, intermediate and slow) based on their finishing time. Participants completed training diaries and were monitored for 1 year. Seventy-six runners completed the prospective study with 39 (51.3%) sustaining a running injury (44% elite, 42% advanced, 54% intermediate, 59% slow). Differences between injured and uninjured runners within each group related to injury included: (1) elite injured runners ran with longer contact times and (2) more slow injured runners reported an injury in previous year, were heavier, had higher body mass and body mass index, ran with lower step frequencies, and ran a greater weekly distance. Advanced injured runners exhibited fatigue changes in step regularity and peak braking during the run that may be related to injury. These findings suggest that runners of different abilities may have different factors related to injury however due to the small sample sizes in the groups this needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Winter
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville, Australia
| | - Susan Gordon
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Flinders University , Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Sara M Brice
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University , Townsville, Australia
| | - Daniel Lindsay
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville, Australia
| | - Sue Barrs
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University , Townsville, Australia
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25
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The Difference in Neuromuscular Fatigue and Workload During Competition and Training in Elite Cricketers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:439-444. [PMID: 30204506 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE First, to assess changes in neuromuscular function via alterations in countermovement-jump strategy after training and 2 forms of competition and second, to compare the relationship between workloads and fatigue in seam bowlers and nonseam bowlers. METHODS Twenty-two professional cricketers' neuromuscular function was assessed at baseline, immediately post and +24 h posttraining, and after multiday and 1-day cricket events. In addition, perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE] and soreness) measures and external loads (PlayerLoad™, number of sprints, total distance, and overs) were monitored across all formats. RESULTS Seam bowlers covered more distance, completed more sprints, and had a higher RPE in training (P < .05), without any difference in soreness compared with nonseam bowlers. Compared with seam bowlers, the nonseam bowlers' peak force decreased post-24 h compared with baseline only in 1-d cricket (95% CI, 2.1-110.0 N; P < .04). There were no pre-post training or match differences in jump height or alterations in jump strategy (P > .05). Seam bowlers increased their peak jumping force from baseline to immediately posttraining or game (95% CI, 28.8-132.4 N; P < .01) but decreased between postcricket to +24 h (95% CI, 48.89-148.0 N; P < .001). CONCLUSION Seam bowlers were more accustomed to high workloads than nonseamers and thus more fatigue resistant. Changes in jump height or strategy do not appear to be effective methods of assessing fatigue in professional crickets. More common metrics such as peak force are more sensitive.
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Jidovtseff B, Rodriguez de la Cruz C, Bury T, Deflandre D. Influence de la fatigue sur les paramètres biomécaniques de la foulée mesurés par accéléromètrie. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Jewell C, Hamill J, von Tscharner V, Boyer KA. Altered multi-muscle coordination patterns in habitual forefoot runners during a prolonged, exhaustive run. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1062-1071. [PMID: 30732537 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1575912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In response to fatigue during an exhaustive treadmill run, forefoot runner's muscles must adapt to maintain their pace. From a neuromuscular control perspective, certain muscles may not be able to sustain the force to meet the run's demands; thus, there may be alternative muscle coordination in the lower extremity that allows for continued running for an extended period of time. The aim of this study was to quantify the change in muscle coordination during a prolonged run in forefoot runners. Methods: Thirteen forefoot runners performed exhaustive treadmill runs (mean duration: 15.4 ± 2.2 min). The muscle coordination of seven lower extremity muscles was quantified using a high-resolution time-frequency analysis together with a pattern recognition algorithm. Results: The mean EMG intensity for the lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscles decreased with the run (p = 0.02; 0.06). The weight factors of the second principal pattern decrease by 128.01% by the end of run (p = 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.42) representing a relatively greater biceps femoris activation in midstance but smaller midstance rectus femoris, vastus medialis, triceps surae, and tibialis anterior activation. Discussion: These results suggest that forefoot runners cannot sustain plantar flexor activation throughout an exhaustive run and change their muscle coordination strategy as a compensation. Understanding the underlying compensation mechanisms humans use to cope with fatigue will help to inform training modalities to enhance these late stage muscle activation strategies for athletes with the goal of improving performance and reducing injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jewell
- a Departments of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- a Departments of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | | | - Katherine A Boyer
- a Departments of Kinesiology , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA.,c Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA.,d Medical School Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation , University of Massachusetts , Worcester , USA
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28
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Provot T, Chiementin X, Bolaers F, Munera M. A time to exhaustion model during prolonged running based on wearable accelerometers. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:330-343. [PMID: 30681024 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1549682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Defining relationships between running mechanisms and fatigue can be a major asset for optimising training. This article proposes a biomechanical model of time to exhaustion according to indicators derived from accelerometry data collected from the body. Ten volunteers were recruited for this study. The participants were equipped with 3 accelerometers: on the right foot, at the tibia and at the L4-L5 lumbar spine. A running test was performed on a treadmill at 13.5 km/h until exhaustion. Thirty-one variables were deployed during the test. Multiple linear regressions were calculated to explain the time to exhaustion from the indicators calculated on the lumbar, tibia and foot individually and simultaneously. Time to exhaustion was predicted for simultaneous measurement points with r 2 = 0.792 and 21 indicators; for the lumbar with r 2 = 0.568 and 11 indicators; for the tibia with r 2 = 558 and 11 indicators; and for the foot with r 2 = 0.626 and 12 indicators. This study allows the accurate modelling of the time to exhaustion during a running-based test using indicators from accelerometer measurements. The individual models highlight that the location of the measurement point is important and that each location provides different information. Future studies should focus on homogeneous populations to improve predictions and errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Provot
- Department of Mechanics, EPF, Graduate School of Engineering , Sceaux, France
| | - Xavier Chiementin
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes , Reims, France
| | - Fabrice Bolaers
- Research Institute in Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes , Reims, France
| | - Marcela Munera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito , Bogota, Colombia
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29
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Effects of different recovery strategies following a half-marathon on fatigue markers in recreational runners. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207313. [PMID: 30412626 PMCID: PMC6226207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of different recovery strategies on fatigue markers following a prolonged running exercise. Methods 46 recreational male runners completed a half-marathon, followed by active recovery (ACT), cold water immersion (CWI), massage (MAS) or passive recovery (PAS). Countermovement jump height, muscle soreness and perceived recovery and stress were measured 24h before the half-marathon (pre), immediately after the recovery intervention (postrec) and 24h after the race (post24). In addition, muscle contractile properties and blood markers of fatigue were determined at pre and post24. Results Magnitude-based inferences revealed substantial differences in the changes between the groups. At postrec, ACT was harmful to perceived recovery (ACT vs. PAS: effect size [ES] = −1.81) and serum concentration of creatine kinase (ACT vs. PAS: ES = 0.42), with CWI being harmful to jump performance (CWI vs. PAS: ES = −0.98). It was also beneficial for reducing muscle soreness (CWI vs. PAS: ES = −0.88) and improving perceived stress (CWI vs. PAS: ES = −0.64), with MAS being beneficial for reducing muscle soreness (MAS vs. PAS: ES = −0.52) and improving perceived recovery (MAS vs. PAS: ES = 1.00). At post24, both CWI and MAS were still beneficial for reducing muscle soreness (CWI vs. PAS: ES = 1.49; MAS vs. PAS: ES = 1.12), with ACT being harmful to perceived recovery (ACT vs. PAS: ES = −0.68), serum concentration of creatine kinase (ACT vs. PAS: ES = 0.84) and free-testosterone (ACT vs. PAS: ES = −0.91). Conclusions In recreational runners, a half-marathon results in fatigue symptoms lasting at least 24h. To restore subjective fatigue measures, the authors recommend CWI and MAS, as these recovery strategies are more effective than PAS, with ACT being even disadvantageous. However, runners must be aware that neither the use of ACT nor CWI or MAS had any beneficial effect on objective fatigue markers.
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Effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 32:227-234. [PMID: 29870922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the effects of a capacitive-resistive electric transfer therapy (Tecar) and passive rest on physiological and biomechanical parameters in recreational runners when performed shortly after an exhausting training session. DESIGN Randomized controlled crossover trial. SETTING University biomechanical research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen trained male runners MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physiological (running economy, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration) and biomechanical (step length; stride angle, height, frequency, and contact time; swing time; contact phase; support phase; push-off phase) parameters were measured during two incremental treadmill running tests performed two days apart after an exhaustive training session. RESULTS When running at 14 km/h and 16 km/h, the Tecar treatment group presented greater increases in stride length (p < 0.001), angle (p < 0.05) and height (p < 0.001) between the first and second tests than the control group and, accordingly, greater decreases in stride frequency (p < 0.05). Physiological parameters were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that a Tecar therapy intervention enhances biomechanical parameters in recreational runners after an exhaustive training session more than passive rest, generating a more efficient running pattern without affecting selected physiological parameters.
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31
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Bazuelo-Ruiz B, Durá-Gil JV, Palomares N, Medina E, Llana-Belloch S. Effect of fatigue and gender on kinematics and ground reaction forces variables in recreational runners. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4489. [PMID: 29576960 PMCID: PMC5865467 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of fatigue has been shown to modify running biomechanics. Overall in terms of gender, women are at lower risk than men for sustaining running-related injuries, although it depends on the factors taken into account. One possible reason for these differences in the injury rate and location might be the dissimilar running patterns between men and women. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue and gender on the kinematic and ground reaction forces (GRF) parameters in recreational runners. Fifty-seven participants (28 males and 29 females) had kinematic and GRF variables measured while running at speed of 3.3 m s−1 before and after a fatigue test protocol. The fatigue protocol included (1) a running Course-Navette test, (2) running up and down a flight of stairs for 5 min, and (3) performance of alternating jumps on a step (five sets of 1 minute each with 30 resting seconds between the sets). Fatigue decreased dorsiflexion (14.24 ± 4.98° in pre-fatigue and 12.65 ± 6.21° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at foot strike phase in females, and plantar flexion (−19.23 ± 4.12° in pre-fatigue and −18.26 ± 5.31° in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) at toe-off phase in males. These changes led to a decreased loading rate (88.14 ± 25.82 BW/s in pre-fatigue and 83.97 ± 18.83 BW/s in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) and the impact peak in females (1.95 ± 0.31 BW in pre-fatigue and 1.90 ± 0.31 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05), and higher peak propulsive forces in males (−0.26 ± 0.04 BW in pre-fatigue and −0.27 ± 0.05 BW in fatigue condition, p < 0.05) in the fatigue condition. It seems that better responses to impact under a fatigue condition are observed among women. Further studies should confirm whether these changes represent a strategy to optimize shock attenuation, prevent running injuries and improve running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bazuelo-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Yates BA, Ellis LA, Butts CL, McDermott BP, Williamson KH, Armstrong LE. Factors Associated with Pre-Event Hydration Status and Drinking Behavior of Middle-Aged Cyclists. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:335-340. [PMID: 29484346 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Water is an essential nutrient for thermoregulation, metabolism, cognition, and overall physiological homeostatic function. However, aging adults display a blunted thirst mechanism and subsequently have an increased risk for dehydration or hyponatremia. Fluid consumption behaviors are modifiable and the importance of practicing adequate drinking behaviors for aging adults is amplified during exercise. Identification of aging adult's hydration beliefs and how they attain hydration advice could provide valuable information into ways to promote better drinking habits to reduce fluid imbalances. Thus, this investigation evaluated the knowledge, beliefs and behaviors of middle-aged cyclists (MA) that were associated with hydration status and drinking behavior, before and during a 164-km mass-participation event (ambient temperature, 33.3±2.8ºC(mean±SD)). DESIGN This cross-sectional field study retrospectively grouped participants by their second urine specific gravity (Usg) measurement of the event morning prior to a mass participation cycling event. Usg was assessed via handheld refractometer. SETTING The Hotter N' Hell Hundred 164-km cycling event in Wichita Falls, Texas during the month of August. PARTICIPANTS 36 male recreational cyclists (age, 53±9 y(mean±SD)). MEASUREMENTS Participants were grouped according their urine specific gravity as either slightly hyperhydrated (SH; n=12, Usg≤1.014), euhydrated (EUH; n=12, Usg, 1.015-1.020), or slightly dehydrated (SD; n=12, Usg≥1.021). Exercise histories and questionnaires were recorded 24-48 h prior to the cycling event. RESULTS Regardless of pre-event hydration status, all groups experienced a similar body mass loss during the 164-km event and finished with statistically similar exercise times; also, drinking behavior within all groups was influenced by multiple factors. The primary factors associated with MA cyclist drinking behavior were trial and error/personal history and thirst; further, the majority of cyclists (≥65%) in SH, EUH, and SD believed that dehydration affects performance negatively. The least important factors included rehydration recommendations from scientific and sports medicine organizations, plus information from sports drink manufacturers. CONCLUSION Considering the complexity of the present findings and the physiological changes that accompany aging such as delayed thirst perception, we recommend that MA cyclists formulate an individualized drinking plan that is based on observations during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Yates
- Brandon A. Yates, M.S., New England GRECC, Boston VA Healthcare System, 150 S., Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02130, USA E-mail: ; Phone: 857-364-2785; Fax: 857-364-2784
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Nakagawa K, Inami T, Yonezu T, Kenmotsu Y, Narita T, Kawakami Y, Kanosue K. Unstable rocker shoes promote recovery from marathon-induced muscle damage in novice runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:621-629. [PMID: 28513880 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that wearing unstable rocker shoes (Masai Barefoot Technology: MBT) may enhance recovery from marathon race-induced fatigue. However, this earlier study only utilized a questionnaire. In this study, we evaluated MBT utilizing objective physiological measures of recovery from marathon-induced muscle damages. Twenty-five university student novice runners were divided into two groups. After running a full marathon, one group wore MBT shoes (MBT group), and the control group (CON) wore ordinary shoes daily for 1 week following the race. We measured maximal isometric joint torque, muscle hardness (real time tissue elastography of the strain ratio) in the lower limb muscles before, immediately after, and 1, 3, and 8 days following the marathon. We calculated the magnitude of recovery by observing the difference in each value between the first measurement and the latter measurements. Results showed that isometric torques in knee flexion recovered at the first day after the race in the MBT group while it did not recover even at the eighth day in the CON group. Muscle hardness in the gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis showed enhanced recovery in the MBT group in comparison with the CON group. Also for muscle hardness in the tibialis anterior and biceps femoris, the timing of recovery was delayed in the CON group. In conclusion, wearing MBT shoes enhanced recovery in lower leg and thigh muscles from muscle damage induced by marathon running.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakagawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Inami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - T Yonezu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Y Kenmotsu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - T Narita
- Health Science University, Kawaguchiko, Japan
| | - Y Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - K Kanosue
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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García-Pinillos F, Soto-Hermoso VM, Latorre-Román PA. How does high-intensity intermittent training affect recreational endurance runners? Acute and chronic adaptations: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:54-67. [PMID: 30356547 PMCID: PMC6188912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to critically analyze the literature to determine how high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) affects recreational endurance runners in the short- and long-term. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for literature dating from January 2000 to October 2015. The search was conducted using the key words "high-intensity intermittent training" or "high-intensity interval exercise" or "interval running" or "sprint interval training" and "endurance runners" or "long distance runners". A systematic approach was used to evaluate the 783 articles identified for initial review. Studies were included if they investigated HIIT in recreational endurance runners. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (for intervention studies) and the modified Downs and Black Quality Index (for cross-sectional studies). RESULTS Twenty-three studies met the inclusionary criteria for review. The results are presented in 2 parts: cross-sectional (n = 15) and intervention studies (n = 8). In the 15 cross-sectional studies selected, endurance runners performed at least 1 HIIT protocol, and the acute impact on physiological, neuromuscular, metabolic and/or biomechanical variables was assessed. Intervention studies lasted a minimum of 4 weeks, with 10 weeks being the longest intervention period, and included 2 to 4 HIIT sessions per week. Most of these studies combined HIIT sessions with continuous run (CR) sessions; 2 studies' subjects performed HIIT exclusively. CONCLUSION HIIT-based running plans (2 to 3 HIIT sessions per week, combining HIIT and CR runs) show athletic performance improvements in endurance runners by improving maximal oxygen uptake and running economy along with muscular and metabolic adaptations. To maximize the adaptations to training, both HIIT and CR must be part of training programs for endurance runners.
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Le rôle joué par les fibres afférentes métabosensibles dans les mécanismes adaptatifs neuromusculaires. Can J Neurol Sci 2016; 30:91-97. [DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100053348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ:Les adaptations de l'organisme à l'exercice sont permises par l'ajustement de l'activité des neurones centraux qui est en partie régulée par l'activité des afférences I et II (mécanosensibles), par la mise en jeu des afférences III et IV (métabosensibles) et par les modifications du métabolisme musculaire au cours de l'exercice. Le rôle des afférences métabosensibles apparaît comme fondamental dans les mécanismes adaptatifs à l'exercice et dans la tolérance à la fatigue. Néanmoins, de nombreuses interrogations demeurent. Cette revue fait le bilan des connaissances concernant l'implication de ces afférences dans les boucles de rétrocontrôle sensori-motrices et les mécanismes d'adaptation neuromusculaire. Il semble désormais établi que l'activation des afférences métabosensibles soit à l'origine de l'adaptation cardiovasculaire et respiratoire à l'exercice. De plus, ces afférences seraient à l'origine d'un mécanisme de protection du muscle contre la fatigue en modulant la commande motrice centrale au niveau spinal et supraspinal.
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Melcher DA, Paquette MR, Schilling BK, Bloomer RJ. Joint stiffness and running economy during imposed forefoot strike before and after a long run in rearfoot strike runners. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2297-2303. [PMID: 27935426 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1266016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research has focused on the effects of acute strike pattern modifications on lower extremity joint stiffness and running economy (RE). Strike pattern modifications on running biomechanics have mostly been studied while runners complete short running bouts. This study examined the effects of an imposed forefoot strike (FFS) on RE and ankle and knee joint stiffness before and after a long run in habitual rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Joint kinetics and RE were collected before and after a long run. Sagittal joint kinetics were computed from kinematic and ground reaction force data that were collected during over-ground running trials in 13 male runners. RE was measured during treadmill running. Knee flexion range of motion, knee extensor moment and ankle joint stiffness were lower while plantarflexor moment and knee joint stiffness were greater during imposed FFS compared with RFS. The long run did not influence the difference in ankle and knee joint stiffness between strike patterns. Runners were more economical during RFS than imposed FFS and RE was not influenced by the long run. These findings suggest that using a FFS pattern towards the end of a long run may not be mechanically or metabolically beneficial for well-trained male RFS runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Melcher
- a McConnell Heart Health Center , Riverside Methodist Hospital , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Max R Paquette
- b School of Health Studies , University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Brian K Schilling
- c Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- b School of Health Studies , University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA
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Wang D, De Vito G, Ditroilo M, Delahunt E. Effect of sex and fatigue on muscle stiffness and musculoarticular stiffness of the knee joint in a young active population. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1582-1591. [PMID: 27590889 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1225973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Whitney A. Monitoring of in-season neuromuscular and perceptual fatigue in youth rugby players. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 15:514-22. [PMID: 26366619 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1063700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine both short- and long-term neuromuscular and perceptual fatigue in youth rugby players during a seven-week in-season mesocycle. Eleven male youth rugby players (age 16.9 ± 0.8 years) were assessed for countermovement jump (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI) and leg stiffness to monitor neuromuscular performance, together with a well-being questionnaire to monitor perceptual fatigue. Players trained and competed throughout a seven-week block with test variables measured at baseline and 24 h pre- and post-matches played in weeks 1, 4 and 7. Players trained on average 9.7 ± 1.1 h per week and competed in 10.5 ± 1.9 games over the seven-week block. Pre- to post-match reductions were significant across all games for CMJ, RSI and well-being (all P < 0.05), ranging from likely to almost certain negative reductions. Well-being and RSI demonstrated non-significant (P < 0.05) unclear or inconsistent changes when comparing pre-match scores to baseline. Significant reductions to baseline were observed pre-match for CMJ (weeks 4 and 7) and stiffness (week 7), representing very likely to almost certain negative long-term decrements. CMJ, RSI and well-being were all sensitive to detecting post-match fatigue. Importantly, CMJ and stiffness were sensitive to detecting accumulated fatigue over a seven-week period, whereas RSI and well-being were not. Consequently, either a CMJ or leg stiffness should be monitored to detect long-term, accumulated fatigue in academy rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Oliver
- a Cardiff School of Sport , Cardiff Metropolitan University , Cardiff , Wales , UK
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- a Cardiff School of Sport , Cardiff Metropolitan University , Cardiff , Wales , UK
| | - Adam Whitney
- a Cardiff School of Sport , Cardiff Metropolitan University , Cardiff , Wales , UK
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Giandolini M, Gimenez P, Temesi J, Arnal PJ, Martin V, Rupp T, Morin JB, Samozino P, Millet GY. Effect of the Fatigue Induced by a 110-km Ultramarathon on Tibial Impact Acceleration and Lower Leg Kinematics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151687. [PMID: 27031830 PMCID: PMC4816299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultramarathon runners are exposed to a high number of impact shocks and to severe neuromuscular fatigue. Runners may manage mechanical stress and muscle fatigue by changing their running kinematics. Our purposes were to study (i) the effects of a 110-km mountain ultramarathon (MUM) on tibial shock acceleration and lower limb kinematics, and (ii) whether kinematic changes are modulated according to the severity of neuromuscular fatigue. Twenty-three runners participated in the study. Pre- and post-MUM, neuromuscular tests were performed to assess knee extensor (KE) and plantar flexor (PF) central and peripheral fatigue, and a treadmill running bouts was completed during which step frequency, peak acceleration, median frequency and impact frequency content were measured from tibial acceleration, as well as foot-to-treadmill, tibia-to-treadmill, and ankle flexion angles at initial contact, and ankle range of motion using video analysis. Large neuromuscular fatigue, including peripheral changes and deficits in voluntary activation, was observed in KE and PF. MVC decrements of ~35% for KE and of ~28% for PF were noted. Among biomechanical variables, step frequency increased by ~2.7% and the ankle range of motion decreased by ~4.1% post-MUM. Runners adopting a non rearfoot strike pre-MUM adopted a less plantarflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM while those adopting a rearfoot strike pre-MUM tended to adopt a less dorsiflexed foot strike pattern post-MUM. Positive correlations were observed between percent changes in peripheral PF fatigue and the ankle range of motion. Peripheral PF fatigue was also significantly correlated to both percent changes in step frequency and the ankle angle at contact. This study suggests that in a fatigued state, ultratrail runners use compensatory/protective adjustments leading to a flatter foot landing and this is done in a fatigue dose-dependent manner. This strategy may aim at minimizing the overall load applied to the musculoskeletal system, including impact shock and muscle stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Giandolini
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - John Temesi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pierrick J. Arnal
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Fatigue and Vigilance Team, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA3533), Université Blaise Pascal Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA6312), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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Fuller JT, Thewlis D, Tsiros MD, Brown NAT, Buckley JD. Effects of a minimalist shoe on running economy and 5-km running performance. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1740-5. [PMID: 27328725 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1136071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if minimalist shoes improve time trial performance of trained distance runners and if changes in running economy, shoe mass, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were related to any difference in performance. Twenty-six trained runners performed three 6-min sub-maximal treadmill runs at 11, 13 and 15 km·h(-1) in minimalist and conventional shoes while running economy, stride length, stride rate and footfall pattern were assessed. They then performed a 5-km time trial. In the minimalist shoe, runners completed the trial in less time (effect size 0.20 ± 0.12), were more economical during sub-maximal running (effect size 0.33 ± 0.14) and decreased stride length (effect size 0.22 ± 0.10) and increased stride rate (effect size 0.22 ± 0.11). All but one runner ran with a rearfoot footfall in the minimalist shoe. Improvements in time trial performance were associated with improvements in running economy at 15 km·h(-1) (r = 0.58), with 79% of the improved economy accounted for by reduced shoe mass (P < 0.05). The results suggest that running in minimalist shoes improves running economy and 5-km running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Fuller
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research , University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research , University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | - Margarita D Tsiros
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research , University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | | | - Jonathan D Buckley
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research , University of South Australia , Adelaide , SA , Australia
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Schumann M, Küüsmaa M, Newton RU, Sirparanta AI, Syväoja H, Häkkinen A, Häkkinen K. Fitness and lean mass increases during combined training independent of loading order. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1758-68. [PMID: 24518195 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the benefits of combined endurance (E) and strength (S) training for the development of physical fitness and health are well known, scientific examination of the effect of loading order when E and S are combined into the same training session (E+S vs S+E) is rare. This study investigated the effects of moderate frequency E+S versus S+E training on physical fitness, body composition, and blood lipids. METHODS Physically active and healthy young men performed E+S (n = 16) or S+E (n = 18) training 2-3 times a week for 24 wk. Endurance (by incremental bike test) and strength (by dynamic leg press) performance as well as body composition (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), muscle cross-sectional area of vastus lateralis (by ultrasound), and blood lipid levels were determined before and after the intervention. RESULTS Time to exhaustion, aerobic power (W), and one-repetition maximum strength significantly increased in the two groups at week 24 (E+S, 12%-15%, P = 0.003-0.001; S+E, 16%-17%, P < 0.001), but no between-group difference was observed. Similarly, the two groups significantly increased total lean mass (E+S, 3%; S+E, 3%; both P = 0.001) and muscle cross-sectional area (E+S, 14%, P = 0.001; S+E, 16%, P < 0.001) at week 24 to a similar extent. No significant changes in body fat or blood lipid levels were observed in either of the two groups at week 24. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that moderate-frequency (2-3 times per week) combined E+S or S+E training led to significant improvements in physical fitness and lean body mass but did not induce significant changes in body fat or blood lipid levels. Furthermore, because no between-group differences were observed, these results indicate that loading order does not seem to affect training adaptations of healthy moderately active young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schumann
- 1Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND; 2Health and Wellness Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA; and 3Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
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Khassetarash A, Hassannejad R, Ettefagh MM, Sari-Sarraf V. Fatigue and soft tissue vibration during prolonged running. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 44:157-67. [PMID: 26359729 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscle tuning paradigm proposes that the mechanical properties of soft tissues are tuned in such a way that its vibration amplitude become minimized. Therefore, the vibrations of soft tissue are heavily damped. However, it has been hypothesized that the ability of muscle tuning decreases with fatigue. This study investigated the changes in vibration characteristics of soft tissue with fatigue. Vibrations of the gastrocnemius muscle of 8 runners during a prolonged run protocol on a treadmill at constant velocity (4 ms(-1)) were measured using a tri-axial accelerometer. The vibration amplitude is calculated using the Fourier transform and a wavelet-based method was used to calculate the damping coefficient. The results showed that: (1) the vibration amplitude in longitudinal direction increased with fatigue, which may be interpreted as the decreased muscle function with fatigue. (2) The amplitude increase percent strongly depended on the vibration frequency. (3) The damping coefficient of the gastrocnemius increased with fatigue. A 1-DOF mass-spring-damper model was used in order to validate the wavelet based method and simulate the observed phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Khassetarash
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Hassannejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Vahid Sari-Sarraf
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Lacour JR, Bourdin M. Factors affecting the energy cost of level running at submaximal speed. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:651-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mueller SM, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Toigo M. Physiological alterations after a marathon in the first 90-year-old male finisher: case study. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:608. [PMID: 25392780 PMCID: PMC4210455 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Endurance performance decreases during ageing due to alterations in physiological characteristics, energy stores, and psychological factors. To investigate alterations in physiological characteristics and body composition of elderly master athletes in response to an extreme endurance event, we present the case of the first ninety-year-old official male marathon finisher. Case description Before and directly after the marathon, a treadmill incremental test, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, mechanography, and dynamometry measurements were conducted. The athlete finished the marathon in 6 h 48 min 55 s, which corresponds to an average competition speed of 6.19 km h-1. Discussion and Evaluation Before the marathon,
was 31.5 ml min-1 kg-1 body mass and peak heart rate was 140 beats min-1. Total fat mass increased in the final preparation phase (+3.4%), while leg fat mass and leg lean mass were slightly reduced after the marathon (-3.7 and -1.6%, respectively). Countermovement jump (CMJ) peak power and peak velocity decreased after the marathon (-16.5 and -14.7%, respectively). Total impulse during CMJ and energy cost of running were not altered by the marathon. In the left leg, maximal voluntary ground reaction force (Fm1LH) and maximal isometric voluntary torque (MIVT) were impaired after the marathon (-12.2 and -14.5%, respectively). Conclusions Side differences in Fm1LH and MIVT could be attributed to the distinct non-symmetrical running pattern of the athlete. Similarities in alterations in leg composition and CMJ performance existed between the nonagenarian athlete and young marathon runners. In contrast, alterations in total body composition and m1LH performance were markedly different in the nonagenarian athlete when compared to his younger counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Manuel Mueller
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Knechtle
- Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 24, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Toigo
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Cheng X, Zhang T, Shan X, Wang J. Effect of posterior cruciate ligament creep on muscular co-activation around knee: A pilot study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Jubeau M, Rupp T, Perrey S, Temesi J, Wuyam B, Levy P, Verges S, Millet GY. Changes in voluntary activation assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation during prolonged cycling exercise. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89157. [PMID: 24586559 PMCID: PMC3931682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal central motor drive is known to decrease during prolonged exercise although it remains to be determined whether a supraspinal deficit exists, and if so, when it appears. The purpose of this study was to evaluate corticospinal excitability and muscle voluntary activation before, during and after a 4-h cycling exercise. Ten healthy subjects performed three 80-min bouts on an ergocycle at 45% of their maximal aerobic power. Before exercise and immediately after each bout, neuromuscular function was evaluated in the quadriceps femoris muscles under isometric conditions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess voluntary activation at the cortical level (VATMS), corticospinal excitability via motor-evoked potential (MEP) and intracortical inhibition by cortical silent period (CSP). Electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve was used to measure voluntary activation at the peripheral level (VAFNES) and muscle contractile properties. Maximal voluntary force was significantly reduced after the first bout (13±9%, P<0.01) and was further decreased (25±11%, P<0.001) at the end of exercise. CSP remained unchanged throughout the protocol. Rectus femoris and vastus lateralis but not vastus medialis MEP normalized to maximal M-wave amplitude significantly increased during cycling. Finally, significant decreases in both VATMS and VAFNES (∼8%, P<0.05 and ∼14%, P<0.001 post-exercise, respectively) were observed. In conclusion, reductions in VAFNES after a prolonged cycling exercise are partly explained by a deficit at the cortical level accompanied by increased corticospinal excitability and unchanged intracortical inhibition. When comparing the present results with the literature, this study highlights that changes at the cortical and/or motoneuronal levels depend not only on the type of exercise (single-joint vs. whole-body) but also on exercise intensity and/or duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Jubeau
- INSERM U1042, Grenoble, France
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- MIP, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- INSERM U1042, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephane Perrey
- Movement To Health (M2H), Montpellier-I University, Euromov, France
| | | | - Bernard Wuyam
- INSERM U1042, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Levy
- INSERM U1042, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- INSERM U1042, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire HP2, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- INSERM U1042, Grenoble, France
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bertram JEA, Prebeau-Menezes L, Szarko MJ. Gait characteristics over the course of a race in recreational marathon competitors. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2013; 84:6-15. [PMID: 23611003 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2013.762259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed gait and function of the supporting limb in participants of a marathon race at three stages: prerace, midrace (18 km), and near the end of the race (36 km). We confirmed that the most successful runners were able to maintain running speed for the duration of the race with little change in speed or gait. Speed slowed progressively during the race for those with slower race times, but stride frequency-stride length relationships remained normal for the speed they ran. These findings differ from most lab-based studies of fatigue, in which runners are forced to match a constant preset treadmill speed. Small changes in maximum ground force were seen in both slow- and fast-running participants as race end approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E A Bertram
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T3H 2N1, Canada.
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Schumann M, Eklund D, Taipale RS, Nyman K, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen A, Izquierdo M, Häkkinen K. Acute Neuromuscular and Endocrine Responses and Recovery to Single-Session Combined Endurance and Strength Loadings. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:421-33. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31827f4a10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zadpoor AA, Nikooyan AA. The effects of lower extremity muscle fatigue on the vertical ground reaction force: a meta-analysis. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2012; 226:579-88. [PMID: 23057231 DOI: 10.1177/0954411912447021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no consensus in the literature on whether the magnitude of the ground reaction force or loading rate decreases or increases with muscle fatigue. In this article, the effects of lower extremity muscle fatigue on the magnitude of the ground reaction force and loading rate during running and drop landing are examined. Through a systematic search of the literature, 24 articles are identified that satisfy the inclusion criteria and study the relationship between fatigue and the ground reaction force variables during running, single-leg drop landing, and bilateral drop landing. The articles are categorized based on the type of locomotion they study. To determine whether or not the ground reaction force peaks/loading rate are markedly affected by fatigue, meta-analyses are conducted both separately for each type of locomotion and for an aggregate of all studies. The results of the meta-analyses show that the ground reaction force active peak significantly decreases for the following study groups: aggregate of all included studies, studies of drop landing (both single-leg and bilateral), and studies of bilateral landing only. The ground reaction force active peak did not significantly change in running and single-leg drop landing. The effects of muscle fatigue on the magnitude of the ground reaction force impact peak and loading rate was always insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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CLANSEY AC, HANLON MICHAEL, WALLACE ERICS, LAKE MARKJ. Effects of Fatigue on Running Mechanics Associated with Tibial Stress Fracture Risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:1917-23. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318259480d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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