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Crowley JJ. Genomics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders: What the Clinician Needs to Know. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:39-51. [PMID: 36740354 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence has shown that genetics plays a major role in susceptibility to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and all of its related disorders. Several large-scale, collaborative efforts using modern genomic methods are beginning to reveal the genetic architecture of these traits and identify long-sought risk genes. In this article, we summarize current OCD and related disorder genomic knowledge and explain how to communicate this information to patients and their families. The article concludes with a discussion of how genomic discovery in OCD and related disorders can inform our understanding of disease etiology and provide novel targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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2
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Lin N, Bacala L, Martin S, Bratiotis C, Muroff J. Hoarding Disorder: The Current Evidence in Conceptualization, Intervention, and Evaluation. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:181-196. [PMID: 36740352 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hoarding disorder is characterized by difficulty parting with possessions due to strong urges to save the items, leading to the excessive accumulation of items. High clutter levels result in varied personal, social, and legal consequences. Specialized treatments, including individual, virtual, and group cognitive and behavioral therapies, community-based interventions, and peer support approaches have shown preliminary effectiveness. Animal, attachment, and neurobiological models are expanding our understanding of the etiological bases of the disorder. Specialized populations such as children, older adults, and involuntary patients are highlighted as requiring special consideration for intervention and risk mitigation. Directions for future research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Lin
- University of British Columbia, School of Social Work, Jack Bell Building, 2080 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Lindsay Bacala
- University of Manitoba, Faculty of Social Work, 521 Tier Building, 173 Dafoe Road West, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 2N2, Canada
| | - Spenser Martin
- Canadian Mental Health Association, 930 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3G 0P8, Canada
| | - Christiana Bratiotis
- University of British Columbia, School of Social Work, Jack Bell Building, 2080 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jordana Muroff
- Boston University, School of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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3
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Strom NI, Smit DJA, Silzer T, Iyegbe C, Burton CL, Pool R, Lemire M, Crowley JJ, Hottenga JJ, Ivanov VZ, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Magnusson P, Rück C, Schachar RJ, Wu HM, Meier SM, Crosbie J, Arnold PD, Mattheisen M, Boomsma DI, Mataix-Cols D, Cath D. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of hoarding symptoms in 27,537 individuals. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:479. [PMID: 36379924 PMCID: PMC9666541 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hoarding Disorder (HD) is a mental disorder characterized by persistent difficulties discarding or parting with possessions, often resulting in cluttered living spaces, distress, and impairment. Its etiology is largely unknown, but twin studies suggest that it is moderately heritable. In this study, we pooled phenotypic and genomic data from seven international cohorts (N = 27,537 individuals) and conducted a genome wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of parent- or self-reported hoarding symptoms (HS). We followed up the results with gene-based and gene-set analyses, as well as leave-one-out HS polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses. To examine a possible genetic association between hoarding symptoms and other phenotypes we conducted cross-trait PRS analyses. Though we did not report any genome-wide significant SNPs, we report heritability estimates for the twin-cohorts between 26-48%, and a SNP-heritability of 11% for an unrelated sub-cohort. Cross-trait PRS analyses showed that the genetic risk for schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder were significantly associated with hoarding symptoms. We also found suggestive evidence for an association with educational attainment. There were no significant associations with other phenotypes previously linked to HD, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. To conclude, we found that HS are heritable, confirming and extending previous twin studies but we had limited power to detect any genome-wide significant loci. Much larger samples will be needed to further extend these findings and reach a "gene discovery zone". To move the field forward, future research should not only include genetic analyses of quantitative hoarding traits in larger samples, but also in samples of individuals meeting strict diagnostic criteria for HD, and more ethnically diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora I Strom
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Talisa Silzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Christie L Burton
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - René Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Lemire
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James J Crowley
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Volen Z Ivanov
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Medical sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Rück
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Russell J Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hei Man Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Sandra M Meier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, NS, Dalhousie, Canada
| | - Jennifer Crosbie
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul D Arnold
- The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, NS, Dalhousie, Canada
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Cath
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen and Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of specialized training, Drenthe Mental Health Care Institute, Assen, The Netherlands
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Bilgiç A, Sertdemir M, Kılınç İ, Akça ÖF. Increased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels are associated with obsessive compulsive disorder in medication‑free children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:325-335. [PMID: 33389158 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate serum levels of neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NTF3), and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) members including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The possible relationships between serum neurotrophins and HPA axis members were also addressed. A total of 60 medication-free children with OCD and 57 controls aged 8-18 years were enrolled in this study. The severity of OCD symptoms was determined by the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. The severity of anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed by self-report inventories. The serum levels of neurotrophins, ACTH, and cortisol were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Serum BDNF levels were significantly higher in the OCD group than in the control group for either sex and for the whole sample. Compared to controls, serum ACTH levels were significantly higher in the OCD group for the whole sample. An analysis of covariance was also conducted for the whole sample and indicated that, while controlling the potential confounders, including body-mass index percentile, age, sex, and the severity of depression and anxiety, the results did not change. Strong negative correlations between BDNF, NGF and NTF3, and HPA axis members were determined in the patient group for either sex and for the whole sample. These findings suggest that dysregulations of BDNF and ACTH may be associated with childhood OCD. Furthermore, there may be inverse relationships between certain neurotrophins and HPA axis members in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Bilgiç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Merve Sertdemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kılınç
- Department of Biochemistry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Akça
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meram School of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090, Meram, Konya, Turkey
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Zamanian-Azodi M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rezaei Tavirani M. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Interactome Profile Analysis: A Perspective From Molecular Mechanism. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:187-198. [PMID: 34925715 PMCID: PMC8672674 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.12.2.941.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of the complex neuropsychiatric conditions. This disorder disables individuals in many different aspects of their personal and social life. Interactome analysis may provide a better understanding of this disorder’s molecular origin and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: In this study, the OCD-associated genes were extracted from the literature. The criterion for gene selection was to choose genes with at least one significant report. Furthermore, by applying Cytoscape and its plugins, protein-protein interaction network, and gene ontology of the 31 candidate genes related to OCD from genetic association studies is examined. The cross-validation method was used for network centrality assessment. Results: A scale-free network, including 1940 nodes and 3269 edges for 31 genes, was constructed. According to the network centrality evaluation, ESR1, TNFα, DRD2, DRD4, HTR1B, HTR2A, and CDH2 showed the highest values and can be considered hub-bottlenecks elements. It is also confirmed by the number of 123 cross-validation tests that the frequency of these essential genes remains unaltered against the initial seed genes’ changes with the accuracy of 0.962. Besides, enrichment analysis identified four highlighted biological processes related to the 31 candidate genes. The top biological processes are determined as dopamine transport, learning, memory, and monoamine transport. Conclusion: Among 31 initial genes, 7 were introduced as crucial elements for onset and development in OCD and can be suggested for further investigations. Furthermore, the complex molecular origin of OCD requires high-throughput screening for diagnosis and treatment goals. The findings are a possible valuable source to establish molecular-based diagnostic tools for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Zamanian-Azodi
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bratiotis C, Muroff J, Lin NXY. Hoarding Disorder: Development in Conceptualization, Intervention, and Evaluation. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2021; 19:392-404. [PMID: 35747296 PMCID: PMC9063579 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20210016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hoarding disorder is characterized by difficulty parting with possessions because of strong urges to save the items. Difficulty discarding often includes items others consider to be of little value and results in accumulation of a large number of possessions that clutter the home. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications traditionally used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder are generally not efficacious for people with hoarding problems. A specialized CBT approach for hoarding has shown progress in reaching treatment goals and has been modified to be delivered in group, peer-facilitated, and virtual models. Research on hoarding remains in the early phases of development. Animal, attachment, and genetic models are expanding. Special populations, such as children, older adults, and people who do not voluntarily seek treatment need special consideration for intervention. Community-based efforts aimed at reducing public health and safety consequences of severe hoarding are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Bratiotis
- School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Bratiotis, Lin);School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston (Muroff)
| | - Jordana Muroff
- School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Bratiotis, Lin);School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston (Muroff)
| | - Nancy X Y Lin
- School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Bratiotis, Lin);School of Social Work, Boston University, Boston (Muroff)
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Li Q, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Guo Y, Long J, Luo L, You W, Sweeney JA, Li F, Gong Q. Microstructural white matter abnormalities in pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01975. [PMID: 33270358 PMCID: PMC7882176 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the most prominent and replicable fractional anisotropy (FA) alterations of white matter associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) studies. METHODS We reviewed previous TBSS studies (n = 20) in OCD and performed a meta-analysis (n = 16) of FA differences. RESULTS No between-group differences in FA were detected in the pooled meta-analysis. However, reduced FA was identified in the genu and anterior body of corpus callosum (CC) in adult OCD. FA reductions in the anterior body of CC were associated with a later age of onset in adult patients with OCD. For pediatric OCD, decreased FA in earlier adolescence and increased FA in later adolescence were seemingly related to an altered trajectory of brain maturation. CONCLUSIONS Absent in the pooled sample but robust in adults, disrupted microstructural organization in the anterior part of CC indicates a bias of deficits toward connections in interhemispheric connections of rostral neocortical regions, which could lead to deficits of interhemispheric communication and thus contribute to cognitive and emotional deficits in adult OCD. The correlation between FA in the anterior body of CC and older illness onset suggests that patients with later adult onset of illness may represent a biologically distinct subgroup. For pediatric OCD, alterations in neurodevelopmental maturation may contribute to inconsistent patterns of FA alteration relative to controls during adolescence. While most studies of OCD have emphasized alterations of within hemisphere fronto-striatal circuits, these results indicate that between hemisphere connectivity of this circuitry may also represent important pathophysiology of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Youjin Zhao
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zixuan Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Medical Imaging Technology Department, West China School of MedicineSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi Guo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jingyi Long
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lekai Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wanfang You
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Fei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Unit of PsychoradiologyChinese Academy of Medical SciencesChengduChina
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and several other obsessive-compulsive related disorders (OCRDs) including hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), skin picking disorder, trichotillomania and the newly arising public health conditions of online gaming and gambling disorders, under the umbrella of Problematic Usage of the Internet (PUI), not only share some common phenotypes, but there is evidence to suggest share some genetic risk factors. The simple fact that these disorders segregate within families points to this notion. However, the current data are still scarce. This chapter focuses on identifying the shared genetic factors. To address this question, a systematic review of the literature investigating genetic findings in OCD and OCRDs including PUI was conducted, with a focus on their genetic similarities. Greater knowledge of the specific genetic risks shared among OCRDs would be expected to open new avenues in the understanding of the biological mechanisms causing the development of these phenotypes, as well as provide opportunities to develop new animal and cellular models testing new therapy avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Alemany-Navarro M, Cruz R, Real E, Segalàs C, Bertolín S, Rabionet R, Carracedo Á, Menchón JM, Alonso P. Looking into the genetic bases of OCD dimensions: a pilot genome-wide association study. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:151. [PMID: 32424139 PMCID: PMC7235014 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidimensional nature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been consistently reported. Clinical and biological characteristics have been associated with OCD dimensions in different ways. Studies suggest the existence of specific genetic bases for the different OCD dimensions. In this study, we analyze the genomic markers, genes, gene ontology and biological pathways associated with the presence of aggressive/checking, symmetry/order, contamination/cleaning, hoarding, and sexual/religious symptoms, as assessed via the Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) in 399 probands. Logistic regression analyses were performed at the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) level. Gene-based and enrichment analyses were carried out for common (SNPs) and rare variants. No SNP was associated with any dimension at a genome-wide level (p < 5 × 10-8). Gene-based analyses showed one gene to be associated with hoarding (SETD3, p = 1.89 × 10-08); a gene highly expressed in the brain and which plays a role in apoptotic processes and transcriptomic changes, and another gene associated with aggressive symptoms (CPE; p = 4.42 × 10-6), which is involved in neurotrophic functions and the synthesis of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. Different pathways or biological processes were represented by genes associated with aggressive (zinc ion response and lipid metabolism), order (lipid metabolism), sexual/religious (G protein-mediated processes) and hoarding (metabolic processes and anion transport) symptoms after FDR correction; while no pathway was associated with contamination. Specific genomic bases were found for each dimension assessed, especially in the enrichment analyses. Further research with larger samples and different techniques, such as next-generation sequencing, are needed to better understand the differential genetics of OCD dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alemany-Navarro
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Cruz
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Real
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinto Segalàs
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Bertolín
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), CIBERER, and Dept. Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, CIBERER, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ,Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose M. Menchón
- grid.418284.30000 0004 0427 2257Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pino Alonso
- grid.411129.e0000 0000 8836 0780OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Savaheli S, Ahmadiani A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and growth factors: A comparative review. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:111967. [PMID: 31136772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to clarify the role of various growth factors in the establishment and progression of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is a chronic mental disorder with recurrent intrusive thoughts and/or repetitive compulsive behaviors that increase during stressful periods. Growth and neurotrophic factors may be contributing factors in the pathophysiology of OCD. Many of them are synthesized and released within the central nervous system and act as trophic agents in neurons; some of them are involved in brain growth, development, neurogenesis, myelination and plasticity, while others take part in the protection of the nervous system following brain injuries. This paper attempts to identify all articles investigating the relationship between OCD and neurotrophic and growth factors, in both animal and human studies, with a focus on adult brain studies. Based on the PubMed and Scopus and Science Direct search tools, the available articles and studies are reviewed. Out of 230 records in total, the ones related to our review topic were taken into account to further understand the pathophysiological mechanism(s) of OCD, providing methods to improve its symptoms via the modification of neurotrophins and growth factor imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Savaheli
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zaboski BA, Merritt OA, Schrack AP, Gayle C, Gonzalez M, Guerrero LA, Dueñas JA, Soreni N, Mathews CA. Hoarding: A meta-analysis of age of onset. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:552-564. [PMID: 30958911 DOI: 10.1002/da.22896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hoarding disorder is present in 2-6% of the population and can have an immense impact on the lives of patients and their families. Before its inclusion the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, pathological hoarding was often characterized as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder, and several different diagnostic assessment methods were used to identify and characterize it. Although the age of onset of pathological hoarding is an important epidemiological measure, as clarifying the age of onset of hoarding symptoms may allow for early identification and implementation of evidence-based treatments before symptoms become clinically significant, the typical age of onset of hoarding is still uncertain. To that end, this study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of research published in English between the years 1900 and 2016 containing information on age of onset of hoarding symptoms. Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. The mean age of onset of hoarding symptoms across studies was 16.7 years old, with evidence of a bimodal distribution of onset. The authors conclude by discussing practice implications for early identification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Zaboski
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of School of Special Education, School Psychology, and Early Childhood Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Olivia A Merritt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Anna P Schrack
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of School of Special Education, School Psychology, and Early Childhood Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Cindi Gayle
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Melissa Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of School of Special Education, School Psychology, and Early Childhood Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lisa A Guerrero
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychology, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of School of Special Education, School Psychology, and Early Childhood Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julisa A Dueñas
- Department of School of Special Education, School Psychology, and Early Childhood Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Noam Soreni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Pediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Carol A Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for OCD, Anxiety, and Related Disorders, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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Abstract
Synapse formation is mediated by a surprisingly large number and wide variety of genes encoding many different protein classes. One of the families increasingly implicated in synapse wiring is the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). IgSF molecules are by definition any protein containing at least one Ig-like domain, making this family one of the most common protein classes encoded by the genome. Here, we review the emerging roles for IgSF molecules in synapse formation specifically in the vertebrate brain, focusing on examples from three classes of IgSF members: ( a) cell adhesion molecules, ( b) signaling molecules, and ( c) immune molecules expressed in the brain. The critical roles for IgSF members in regulating synapse formation may explain their extensive involvement in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Solving the IgSF code for synapse formation may reveal multiple new targets for rescuing IgSF-mediated deficits in synapse formation and, eventually, new treatments for psychiatric disorders caused by altered IgSF-induced synapse wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cameron
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA; ,
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13
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Kim JY, Jeong JE, Rhee JK, Cho H, Chun JW, Kim TM, Choi SW, Choi JS, Kim DJ. Targeted exome sequencing for the identification of a protective variant against Internet gaming disorder at rs2229910 of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor, type 3 (NTRK3): A pilot study. J Behav Addict 2016; 5:631-638. [PMID: 27826991 PMCID: PMC5370368 DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has gained recognition as a potential new diagnosis in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but genetic evidence supporting this disorder remains scarce. Methods In this study, targeted exome sequencing was conducted in 30 IGD patients and 30 control subjects with a focus on genes linked to various neurotransmitters associated with substance and non-substance addictions, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Results rs2229910 of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor, type 3 (NTRK3) was the only single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that exhibited a significantly different minor allele frequency in IGD subjects compared to controls (p = .01932), suggesting that this SNP has a protective effect against IGD (odds ratio = 0.1541). The presence of this potentially protective allele was also associated with less time spent on Internet gaming and lower scores on the Young's Internet Addiction Test and Korean Internet Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults. Conclusions The results of this first targeted exome sequencing study of IGD subjects indicate that rs2229910 of NTRK3 is a genetic variant that is significantly related to IGD. These findings may have significant implications for future research investigating the genetics of IGD and other behavioral addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo-Eun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Keun Rhee
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Chun
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam-Wook Choi
- Korea Institute on Behavioral Addictions, True Mind Mental Health Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and Health Care & Information Research Institute, Namseoul University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author: Dai-Jin Kim; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 202 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Phone: +82 2 2258 6086; Fax: +82 2 594 3870; E-mail:
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Naito Y, Lee AK, Takahashi H. Emerging roles of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC in synapse organization. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:10-17. [PMID: 27697534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin-receptor-kinase (Trk) receptors have been extensively studied for their roles in kinase-dependent signaling cascades in nervous system development. Synapse organization is coordinated by trans-synaptic interactions of various cell adhesion proteins, a representative example of which is the neurexin-neuroligin complex. Recently, a novel role for TrkC as a synapse organizing protein has been established. Post-synaptic TrkC binds to pre-synaptic type-IIa receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ). TrkC-PTPσ specifically induces excitatory synapses in a kinase domain-independent manner. TrkC has distinct extracellular domains for PTPσ- and NT-3-binding and thus may bind both ligands simultaneously. Indeed, NT-3 enhances the TrkC-PTPσ interaction, thus facilitating synapse induction at the pre-synaptic side and increasing pre-synaptic vesicle recycling in a kinase-independent fashion. A crystal structure study has revealed the detailed structure of the TrkC-PTPσ complex as well as competitive modulation of TrkC-mediated synaptogenesis by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which bind the same domain of TrkC as PTPσ. Thus, there is strong evidence supporting a role for the TrkC-PTPσ complex in mechanisms underlying the fine turning of neural connectivity. Furthermore, disruption of the TrkC-PTPσ complex may be the underlying cause of certain psychiatric disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding TrkC (NTRK3), supporting its role in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Naito
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alfred Kihoon Lee
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada.
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15
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Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M, Altamura C, Dell'Osso B, Domschke K, Fineberg NA, Grünblatt E, Jarema M, Maron E, Nutt D, Pini S, Vaghi MM, Wichniak A, Zai G, Riederer P. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD - a consensus statement. Part I: Neuroimaging and genetics. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:321-65. [PMID: 27403679 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1181783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS The present article (Part I) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neuroimaging studies, including structural brain morphology, functional magnetic resonance imaging and techniques for measuring metabolic changes, including positron emission tomography and others. Furthermore, this review reports on the clinical and molecular genetic findings of family, twin, linkage, association and genome-wide association studies. Part II of the review focuses on neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. CONCLUSIONS Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high-quality research has accumulated that will improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Göttingen , Germany
| | - David Baldwin
- b Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Marianna Abelli
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Carlo Altamura
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Katharina Domschke
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- f Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire , Rosanne House, Parkway , Welwyn Garden City , UK
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany ;,g Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,h Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,i Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology , University of Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Marek Jarema
- j Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland
| | - Eduard Maron
- k North Estonia Medical Centre, Department of Psychiatry , Tallinn , Estonia ;,l Department of Psychiatry , University of Tartu , Estonia ;,m Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK
| | - David Nutt
- m Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences , Imperial College London , UK
| | - Stefano Pini
- c Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Matilde M Vaghi
- n Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK
| | - Adam Wichniak
- j Third Department of Psychiatry , Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology , Warszawa , Poland
| | - Gwyneth Zai
- n Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge , UK ;,o Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health , Toronto , Canada ;,p Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto , Canada ;,q Institute of Medical Science and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Peter Riederer
- e Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University of Wuerzburg , Germany ;,g Neuroscience Center Zurich , University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland ;,h Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich , Zürich , Switzerland
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Mattina GF, Steiner M. The need for inclusion of sex and age of onset variables in genetic association studies of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Overview. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 67:107-16. [PMID: 26827635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous mental disorder that significantly impairs an individual's functioning. The candidate gene approach has proven to be a useful tool in investigating potential risk genes for OCD, but genetic studies have been largely inconclusive. Etiologically distinct forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on sex and age of onset have been identified, yet many genetic studies fail to examine the association by these subtypes. Due to the sexually dimorphic nature of the disorder, positive associations have been found with OCD in males only, suggesting the potential for identifying risk genes that contribute to OCD in women, such as perinatal OCD. This review includes a brief overview of the disorder and its subtypes, with a current update on candidate genes that may contribute to OCD using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genome wide association studies (GWAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Francesca Mattina
- MiNDS Neuroscience, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- MiNDS Neuroscience, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7, Canada; Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, ON L8N 3K7, Canada.
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Privitera AP, Distefano R, Wefer HA, Ferro A, Pulvirenti A, Giugno R. OCDB: a database collecting genes, miRNAs and drugs for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Database (Oxford) 2015; 2015:bav069. [PMID: 26228432 PMCID: PMC4519680 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive and unwilling thoughts (obsessions) giving rise to anxiety. The patients feel obliged to perform a behavior (compulsions) induced by the obsessions. The World Health Organization ranks OCD as one of the 10 most disabling medical conditions. In the class of Anxiety Disorders, OCD is a pathology that shows an hereditary component. Consequently, an online resource collecting and integrating scientific discoveries and genetic evidence about OCD would be helpful to improve the current knowledge on this disorder. We have developed a manually curated database, OCD Database (OCDB), collecting the relations between candidate genes in OCD, microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the pathophysiology of OCD and drugs used in its treatments. We have screened articles from PubMed and MEDLINE. For each gene, the bibliographic references with a brief description of the gene and the experimental conditions are shown. The database also lists the polymorphisms within genes and its chromosomal regions. OCDB data is enriched with both validated and predicted miRNA-target and drug-target information. The transcription factors regulations, which are also included, are taken from David and TransmiR. Moreover, a scoring function ranks the relevance of data in the OCDB context. The database is also integrated with the main online resources (PubMed, Entrez-gene, HGNC, dbSNP, DrugBank, miRBase, PubChem, Kegg, Disease-ontology and ChEBI). The web interface has been developed using phpMyAdmin and Bootstrap software. This allows (i) to browse data by category and (ii) to navigate in the database by searching genes, miRNAs, drugs, SNPs, regions, drug targets and articles. The data can be exported in textual format as well as the whole database in.sql or tabular format. OCDB is an essential resource to support genome-wide analysis, genetic and pharmacological studies. It also facilitates the evaluation of genetic data in OCD and the detection of alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Privitera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy, Istituto di Scienze Neurologiche, CNR, Via Paolo Gaifami, 18, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Distefano
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, Italy and
| | - Hugo A Wefer
- KarolinskaInstitutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Ferro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pulvirenti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, Italy,
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Gareeva AE, Traks T, Koks S, Khusnutdinova EK. The role of neurotrophins and neurexins genes in the risk of paranoid schizophrenia in Russians and Tatars. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541506006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Santos M, D'Amico D, Dierssen M. From neural to genetic substrates of panic disorder: Insights from human and mouse studies. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:127-41. [PMID: 25818748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fear is an ancestral emotion, an intrinsic defensive response present in every organism. Although fear is an evolutionarily advantageous emotion, under certain pathologies such as panic disorder it might become exaggerated and non-adaptive. Clinical and preclinical work pinpoints that changes in cognitive processes, such as perception and interpretation of environmental stimuli that rely on brain regions responsible for high-level function, are essential for the development of fear-related disorders. This review focuses on the involvement of cognitive function to fear circuitry disorders. Moreover, we address how animal models are contributing to understand the involvement of human candidate genes to pathological fear and helping achieve progress in this field. Multidisciplinary approaches that integrate human genetic findings with state of the art genetic mouse models will allow to elucidate the mechanisms underlying pathology and to develop new strategies for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Santos
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Davide D'Amico
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; ZeClinics SL, E-08001 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular & Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Hippocampal hyperexcitability underlies enhanced fear memories in TgNTRK3, a panic disorder mouse model. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15259-71. [PMID: 24048855 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2161-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Panic attacks are a hallmark in panic disorder (PAND). During the panic attack, a strong association with the surrounding context is established suggesting that the hippocampus may be critically involved in the pathophysiology of PAND, given its role in contextual processing. We previously showed that variation in the expression of the neurotrophin tyrosine kinase receptor type 3 (NTRK3) in both PAND patients and a transgenic mouse model (TgNTRK3) may have a role in PAND pathophysiology. Our study examines hippocampal function and activation of the brain fear network in TgNTRK3 mice. TgNTRK3 mice showed increased fear memories accompanied by impaired extinction, congruent with an altered activation pattern of the amygdala-hippocampus-medial prefrontal cortex fear circuit. Moreover, TgNTRK3 mice also showed an unbalanced excitation-to-inhibition ratio in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 3 (CA3)-CA1 subcircuit toward hyperexcitability. The resulting hippocampal hyperexcitability underlies the enhanced fear memories, as supported by the efficacy of tiagabine, a GABA reuptake inhibitor, to rescue fear response. The fearful phenotype appears to be the result of hippocampal hyperexcitability and aberrant fear circuit activation. We conclude that NTRK3 plays a role in PAND by regulating hippocampus-dependent fear memories.
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases PTPδ, PTPσ, and LAR: presynaptic hubs for synapse organization. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:522-34. [PMID: 23835198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Synapse development requires differentiation of presynaptic neurotransmitter release sites and postsynaptic receptive apparatus coordinated by synapse organizing proteins. In addition to the well-characterized neurexins, recent studies identified presynaptic type IIa receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) as mediators of presynaptic differentiation and triggers of postsynaptic differentiation, thus extending the roles of RPTPs from axon outgrowth and guidance. Similarly to neurexins, RPTPs exist in multiple isoforms generated by alternative splicing that interact in a splice-selective code with diverse postsynaptic partners. The parallel RPTP and neurexin hub design facilitates synapse self-assembly through cooperation, pairs presynaptic similarity with postsynaptic diversity, and balances excitation with inhibition. Upon mutation of individual genes in neuropsychiatric disorders, imbalance of this synaptic organizing network may contribute to impaired cognitive function.
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Common genetic background in anorexia nervosa and obsessive compulsive disorder: preliminary results from an association study. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:747-54. [PMID: 23337130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence, including psychopathological, neurobiological, pharmacological and epidemiological data, supported the association between Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis of partial common genetic background of both disease, AN and OCD. A total of 116 patients with AN, 74 patients with OCD and 91 controls participated in this study. 213 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 28 candidate genes were analyzed. Five SNPs achieved 0.004 (the nominal p-value expected by chance), 3 with empirical significant p-values (rs10070190 (CDH9) p = 1 × 10(-3), rs4825476 (GRIA3) p = 4 × 10(-4), and rs1074815 (TPH2) p = 8 × 10(-4)) and 2 additional polymorphisms showing nominal significance (rs2834070 (OLIG2) p = 2 × 10(-3) and rs11783752 (SCL18A1) p = 3 × 10(-3)), were found to be related to both AN and OCD. In addition, rs3825885 (NTRK3, p = 9 × 10(-4)) was identified as an AN risk variant, and rs11179027 (TPH2, p = 2 × 10(-3)) as an OCD marker. The ROC analysis confirmed these results and showed interaction among the significant SNPs. The preliminary results we report here reveal a partial common genetic background in AN and OCD, in agreement with previous clinical findings of common symptomathology between these two diseases and open the field of possible treatments for AN. The interaction observed between the associated polymorphisms, could indicate that there is a biological interaction between the serotonin (TPH2 and SLC18A1) and glutamate (GRIA3) pathways and the factors related to neurogenesis (CDH9, OLIG2 and NTRK3) for the explanation of etiopathophysiology in both diseases. However, the results must be replicated in studies with larger cohorts in order to confirm these associations.
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Braskie MN, Kohannim O, Jahanshad N, Chiang MC, Barysheva M, Toga AW, Ringman JM, Montgomery GW, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray GI, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Thompson PM. Relation between variants in the neurotrophin receptor gene, NTRK3, and white matter integrity in healthy young adults. Neuroimage 2013; 82:146-53. [PMID: 23727532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The NTRK3 gene (also known as TRKC) encodes a high affinity receptor for the neurotrophin 3'-nucleotidase (NT3), which is implicated in oligodendrocyte and myelin development. We previously found that white matter integrity in young adults is related to common variants in genes encoding neurotrophins and their receptors. This underscores the importance of neurotrophins for white matter development. NTRK3 variants are putative risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder hoarding, suggesting that some NTRK3 variants may affect the brain. To test this, we scanned 392 healthy adult twins and their siblings (mean age, 23.6 ± 2.2 years; range: 20-29 years) with 105-gradient 4-Tesla diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We identified 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NTRK3 gene that have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. We used a multi-SNP model, adjusting for family relatedness, age, and sex, to relate these variants to voxelwise fractional anisotropy (FA) - a DTI measure of white matter integrity. FA was optimally predicted (based on the highest false discovery rate critical p), by five SNPs (rs1017412, rs2114252, rs16941261, rs3784406, and rs7176429; overall FDR critical p=0.028). Gene effects were widespread and included the corpus callosum genu and inferior longitudinal fasciculus - regions implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders and previously associated with other neurotrophin-related genetic variants in an overlapping sample of subjects. NTRK3 genetic variants, and neurotrophins more generally, may influence white matter integrity in brain regions implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Dept. of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Koenig TL, Leiste MR, Spano R, Chapin RK. Multidisciplinary Team Perspectives on Older Adult Hoarding and Mental Illness. J Elder Abuse Negl 2013; 25:56-75. [DOI: 10.1080/08946566.2012.712856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Fox AS, Oler JA, Shelton SE, Nanda SA, Davidson RJ, Roseboom PH, Kalin NH. Central amygdala nucleus (Ce) gene expression linked to increased trait-like Ce metabolism and anxious temperament in young primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18108-13. [PMID: 23071305 PMCID: PMC3497741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206723109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with anxious temperament (AT) are particularly sensitive to new social experiences and have increased risk for developing anxiety and depression. The young rhesus monkey is optimal for studying the origin of human AT because it shares with humans the genetic, neural, and phenotypic underpinnings of complex social and emotional functioning. In vivo imaging in young monkeys demonstrated that central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) metabolism is relatively stable across development and predicts AT. Transcriptome-wide gene expression, which reflects combined genetic and environmental influences, was assessed within the Ce. Results support a maladaptive neurodevelopmental hypothesis linking decreased amygdala neuroplasticity to early-life dispositional anxiety. For example, high AT individuals had decreased mRNA expression of neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3 (NTRK3). Moreover, variation in Ce NTRK3 expression was inversely correlated with Ce metabolism and other AT-substrates. These data suggest that altered amygdala neuroplasticity may play a role the early dispositional risk to develop anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Fox
- Departments of Psychology and
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719; and
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jonathan A. Oler
- Psychiatry and
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719; and
| | - Steven E. Shelton
- Psychiatry and
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719; and
| | | | - Richard J. Davidson
- Departments of Psychology and
- Psychiatry and
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719; and
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | - Ned H. Kalin
- Departments of Psychology and
- Psychiatry and
- HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719; and
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705
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26
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Braskie MN, Jahanshad N, Toga AW, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray GI, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Thompson PM. How a common variant in the growth factor receptor gene, NTRK1, affects white matter. BIOARCHITECTURE 2012; 2:181-4. [PMID: 22986407 PMCID: PMC3696063 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.22190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors and their receptors are important for cellular migration as well as axonal guidance and myelination in the brain. They also play a key role in programmed cell death, and are implicated in a number of mental illnesses. Recently, we reported that healthy young adults who carry the T allele variant in the growth factor gene, NTRK1 (at location rs6336), had lower white matter integrity than non-carriers on diffusion images of the brain. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) revealed how this single nucleotide polymorphism affects white matter microstructure in human populations; DTI is also used to identify characteristic features of brain connectivity in typically developing children and in patients. Newly discovered links between neuroimaging measures and growth factors whose molecular neuroscience is well known offer an important step in understanding mechanisms that contribute to brain connectivity. Altered fiber connectivity may mediate the relationship between some genetic risk factors and a variety of mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center at the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging; Department of Neurology; UCLA School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center at the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging; Department of Neurology; UCLA School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Imaging Genetics Center at the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging; Department of Neurology; UCLA School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging; University of Queensland; Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | | | | | | | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center at the Laboratory of Neuro Imaging; Department of Neurology; UCLA School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA USA
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Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) augmentation early in life alters hippocampal development and rescues the anxiety phenotype in vulnerable animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8021-5. [PMID: 21518861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103732108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with mood disorders exhibit alterations in the fibroblast growth factor system, including reduced hippocampal fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). It is difficult, however, to pinpoint whether these alterations are a cause or consequence of the disorder. The present study asks whether FGF2 administered the day after birth has long-lasting effects on hippocampal development and emotionality. We show that early-life FGF2 shifts the pace of neurogenesis, with an early acceleration around weaning followed by a deceleration in adulthood. This, in turn, results in a denser dentate gyrus with more neurons. To assess the impact of early-life FGF2 on emotionality, we use rats selectively bred for differences in locomotor response to novelty. Selectively bred low-responder (bLR) rats show low levels of novelty-induced locomotion and exhibit high levels of anxiety- and depression-like behavior compared with their selectively bred high-responder counterparts. Early-life FGF2 decreased anxiety-like behavior in highly anxious bLRs without altering other behaviors and without affecting high-responder rats. Laser capture microscopy of the dentate gyrus followed by microarray analysis revealed genes that were differentially expressed in bLRs exposed to early-life FGF2 vs. vehicle-treated bLRs. Some of the differentially expressed genes that have been positively associated with anxiety were down-regulated, whereas genes that promote cell survival were up-regulated. Overall, these results show a key role for FGF2 in the developmental trajectory of the hippocampus as well as the modulation of anxiety-like behavior in adulthood, and they point to potential downstream targets for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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28
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Intron 12 in NTRK3 is associated with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:358-62. [PMID: 20554328 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the important role of neurotrophic factors in brain development and plasticity and reports of association between schizophrenia and the gene neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 3 (NTRK3), we investigated associations of bipolar disorder with polymorphisms in NTRK3. Recently, our group reported evidence for a possible association of NTRK3 polymorphisms with hippocampal function and schizophrenia. In the present study, we used a homogenous Norwegian case-control sample (the TOP study) consisting of 194 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and 336 healthy controls genotyped on the Affymetrix Genome-wide Human SNP Array 6.0. In total 149 markers were investigated for SNP-disease association. Polymorphisms in over 20 markers were nominally associated with bipolar disorder, covering intron 5 to intron 12. Interestingly, our markers appeared to be located close or within the linkage regions reported in schizophrenia, early-onset major depressive disorder and eating disorder, supporting the hypothesis that some genes influence risk beyond traditional diagnostic boundaries.
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Takahashi H, Arstikaitis P, Prasad T, Bartlett TE, Wang YT, Murphy TH, Craig AM. Postsynaptic TrkC and presynaptic PTPσ function as a bidirectional excitatory synaptic organizing complex. Neuron 2011; 69:287-303. [PMID: 21262467 PMCID: PMC3056349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinases (Trks) have well-defined trophic roles in nervous system development through kinase activation by neurotrophins. Yet Trks have typical cell-adhesion domains and express noncatalytic isoforms, suggesting additional functions. Here we discovered noncatalytic TrkC in an unbiased hippocampal neuron-fibroblast coculture screen for proteins that trigger differentiation of neurotransmitter release sites in axons. All TrkC isoforms, but not TrkA or TrkB, function directly in excitatory glutamatergic synaptic adhesion by neurotrophin-independent high-affinity trans binding to axonal protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPσ. PTPσ triggers and TrkC mediates clustering of postsynaptic molecules in dendrites, indicating bidirectional synaptic organizing functions. Effects of a TrkC-neutralizing antibody that blocks TrkC-PTPσ interaction and TrkC knockdown in culture and in vivo reveal essential roles of TrkC-PTPσ in glutamatergic synapse formation. Thus, postsynaptic TrkC trans interaction with presynaptic PTPσ generates bidirectional adhesion and recruitment essential for excitatory synapse development and positions these signaling molecules at the center of synaptic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Takahashi
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Pamela Arstikaitis
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Tuhina Prasad
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Thomas E. Bartlett
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Timothy H. Murphy
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
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Mataix-Cols D, Frost RO, Pertusa A, Clark LA, Saxena S, Leckman JF, Stein DJ, Matsunaga H, Wilhelm S. Hoarding disorder: a new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depress Anxiety 2010; 27:556-72. [PMID: 20336805 DOI: 10.1002/da.20693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a focused review of the literature on compulsive hoarding and presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. In DSM-IV-TR, hoarding is listed as one of the diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). According to DSM-IV-TR, when hoarding is extreme, clinicians should consider a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and may diagnose both OCPD and OCD if the criteria for both are met. However, compulsive hoarding seems to frequently be independent from other neurological and psychiatric disorders, including OCD and OCPD. In this review, we first address whether hoarding should be considered a symptom of OCD and/or a criterion of OCPD. Second, we address whether compulsive hoarding should be classified as a separate disorder in DSM-V, weighing the advantages and disadvantages of doing so. Finally, we discuss where compulsive hoarding should be classified in DSM-V if included as a separate disorder. We conclude that there is sufficient evidence to recommend the creation of a new disorder, provisionally called hoarding disorder. Given the historical link between hoarding and OCD/OCPD, and the conservative approach adopted by DSM-V, it may make sense to provisionally list it as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. An alternative to our recommendation would be to include it in an Appendix of Criteria Sets Provided for Further Study. The creation of a new diagnosis in DSM-V would likely increase public awareness, improve identification of cases, and stimulate both research and the development of specific treatments for hoarding disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mataix-Cols
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
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Pertusa A, Frost RO, Fullana MA, Samuels J, Steketee G, Tolin D, Saxena S, Leckman JF, Mataix-Cols D. Refining the diagnostic boundaries of compulsive hoarding: A critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:371-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Susceptibility to stress in transgenic mice overexpressing TrkC, a model of panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:157-67. [PMID: 19698958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events increase the susceptibility for subsequent onset of psychiatric disorders in humans. Previous research has implicated neurotrophins in the onset of some stress-related diseases, such as major depression disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or panic disorder. We have tested the hypothesis that the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)/TrkC system is a genetic interface mediating the deleterious effects of stress on the initiation of panic disorder and other pathologies. To this aim, we have analyzed the functionality of HPA axis and the behavioral consequences of different types of stressful conditions in a mouse model of panic disorder, which overexpresses TrkC, the high affinity-receptor for NT-3 (TgNTRK3). Our results reveal that TgNTRK3 mice exhibit an altered circadian corticosterone rhythm that is reversed by clonidine treatment, but normal expression of genes involved in the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (CRH, GR) and normal corticosterone response to acute and chronic stressors. In contrast, they exhibit an altered pattern of activation of stress-related brain areas and showed enhanced anxiety-related behavior and more passive strategies than wild types under some chronic stress conditions. We conclude that TgNTRK3 mice present differences in their response to stress characterized by subtle changes in the HPA axis, marked changes in acute stress-induced brain activation and altered coping strategies, suggesting a key role of TrkC receptor in the stress neural circuitry and in the behavioral consequences of chronic stress.
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Stein DJ, Denys D, Gloster AT, Hollander E, Leckman JF, Rauch SL, Phillips KA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: diagnostic and treatment issues. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2009; 32:665-85. [PMID: 19716996 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews current issues in the diagnosis and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The introduction of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and of cognitive-behavioral therapy were significant advances for treating OCD. Nevertheless, there is a need to improve awareness of OCD and its management, and to develop novel approaches to treatment-refractory patients. Although the diagnostic criteria for OCD have remained unchanged for some time, there are several areas where potential modification may be useful. There is a growing evidence base on OCD symptom dimensions and subtyping, and it is timely to consider incorporating some of these emerging data into diagnostic classification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Stein
- Deparment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Allele variants in functional MicroRNA target sites of the neurotrophin-3 receptor gene (NTRK3) as susceptibility factors for anxiety disorders. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1062-71. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Fornaro M, Gabrielli F, Albano C, Fornaro S, Rizzato S, Mattei C, Solano P, Vinciguerra V, Fornaro P. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders: a comprehensive survey. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2009; 8:13. [PMID: 19450269 PMCID: PMC2686696 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to present a comprehensive, updated survey on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive related disorders (OCRDs) and their clinical management via literature review, critical analysis and synthesis. Information on OCD and OCRD current nosography, clinical phenomenology and etiology, may lead to a better comprehension of their management. Clinicians should become familiar with the broad spectrum of OCD disorders, since it is a pivotal issue in current clinical psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Oftalmologia e Genetica (DINOG), Sezione di Psichiatria, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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