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Lee S, Park S, Hong S, Kim S, Yoon J, Choi J. Comparison of computed tomography perfusion and magnetic resonance dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion-weighted imaging in canine brain. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1298215. [PMID: 38528871 PMCID: PMC10961344 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1298215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain perfusion allows for the evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics, particularly in brain infarcts and tumors. Computed tomography (CT) perfusion (CTP) provides reliable data; however, it has a limited scan field of view and radiation exposure. Magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion provides detailed imaging of small structures and a wide scan field of view. However, no study has compared CTP and MR perfusion and assessed the correlation between the perfusion parameters measured using CTP and MR perfusion. The aim of the present study was to assess the correlation and agreement of the cerebral perfusion derived from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI and CTP in dogs. In this crossover design study, the cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), mean transit time, and time to peak were measured in the temporal cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus, piriform lobe, and hippocampus using CTP and DSC-MRI in six healthy beagle dogs and a dog with a pituitary tumor. On the color map of healthy beagles, blood vessels and the perivascular brain parenchyma appeared as red-green, indicating high perfusion, and the areas distant from the vessels appeared as green-blue, indicating low perfusion levels in CTP and DSC-MRI. CTP parameters were highest in the piriform lobe (CBF = 121.11 ± 12.78 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 8.70 ± 2.04 mL/100 g) and lowest in the thalamus (CBF = 63.75 ± 25.24 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 4.02 ± 0.55 mL/100 g). DSC-MRI parameters were also highest in the piriform lobe (CBF = 102.31 ± 14.73 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 3.17 ± 1.23 mL/100 g) and lowest in the thalamus (CBF = 37.73 ± 25.11 mL/100 g/min and CBV = 0.81 ± 0.44 mL/100 g) although there was no statistical correlation in the quantitative perfusion parameters between CTP and DSC-MRI. In a dog with a pituitary tumor, the color map of the tumor appeared as a red scale, indicating high perfusion and higher CBF and CBV on CTP (149 mL/100 g and 20 mL/100 g/min) and on DSC-MRI (116.3 mL/100 g and 15.32 mL/100 g/min) compared to those measured in healthy dogs. These findings indicate that DSC-MRI and CTP maps exhibit comparability and interchangeability in the assessment of canine brain perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Devriendt N, Or M, Peremans K, Serrano G, de Rooster H. Regional cerebral blood flow in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts before surgery and six months after successful closure. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105070. [PMID: 37925817 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies both in humans and dogs with chronic liver diseases have shown that regional cerebral brain flow (rCBF) is altered. The current study aimed to assess abnormalities in rCBF in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS), both at diagnosis and after successful surgical attenuation. Furthermore, the influence of age at diagnosis, severity of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and type of cEHPSS on rCBF were explored as a base for future research. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99mtechnetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime tracer was performed before surgical attenuation and six months postoperatively. Twenty-four dogs with cEHPSS had SPECT at time of diagnosis and 13 dogs with a confirmed closed cEHPSS had a second SPECT six months postoperatively. At diagnosis, dogs with cEHPSS had an altered rCBF distribution compared to healthy dogs. This altered rCBF distribution seemed to be most apparent in dogs ≥ one year and in dogs with overt HE at diagnosis. Six months postoperatively, only the rCBF distribution in the subcortical region decreased compared to pre-operatively. In conclusion, all dogs with cEHPSS had altered rCBF which did not seem to normalize completely six months after successful surgical attenuation. Dogs diagnosed at an older age seemed to have more distinct abnormalities in rCBF compared to younger dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausikaa Devriendt
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Matan Or
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Revalidation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gonçalo Serrano
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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3
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An S, Hwang G, Noh SA, Lee HC, Hwang TS. Quantitative Analysis of Brain CT Perfusion in Healthy Beagle Dogs: A Pilot Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:469. [PMID: 37505873 PMCID: PMC10385523 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain computed tomography (CT) perfusion is a technique that allows for the fast evaluation of cerebral hemodynamics. However, quantitative studies of brain CT perfusion in veterinary medicine are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the normal range of perfusion determined via CT in brains of healthy dogs and to compare values between white matter and gray matter, differences in aging, and each hemisphere. Nine intact male beagle dogs were prospectively examined using dynamic CT scanning and post-processing for brain perfusion. Regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), mean transit time, and time to peak were calculated. Tissue ROIs were drawn in the gray matter and white matter of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes; caudate nucleus; thalamus; piriform lobe; hippocampus; and cerebellum. Significant differences were observed between the white matter regions and gray matter regions for rCBV and rCBF (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were identified between hemispheres and between young and old groups in brain regions. The findings obtained in this study involving healthy beagle dogs might serve as a reference for regional CT perfusion values in specific brain regions. These results may aid in the characterization of various brain diseases in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyon An
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunha Hwang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ah Noh
- AniCom Medical Center, Animal Hospital, Seoul 04599, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chun Lee
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Hwang
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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4
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Vlerick L, Peremans K, Dockx R, Audenaert K, Baeken C, Saunders JH, Polis I. The long-term effects of single and repeated subanaesthetic ketamine administration on regional cerebral blood flow in healthy dogs measured with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 285:18-24. [PMID: 30716686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subanaesthetic ketamine has recently been established as an effective and rapid treatment for major depressive disorder showing antidepressant effects for up to 1 week on average. The use of repeated ketamine infusions has been put forward to augment and to prolong the antidepressant response and increase the remission rates. The underlying neurobiological mechanisms responsible for ketamine's antidepressant effects remain unclear. Nevertheless, it has been shown, both in dogs and humans, that ketamine can alter neuronal perfusion and therefore neuronal function in brain regions involved in psychiatric and behavioural disorders. Consequently, the aim of the current placebo controlled study was to assess the long-term effects on cerebral perfusion of single and repeated subanaesthetic ketamine infusions in dogs. Twelve healthy, laboratory dogs were scanned at six different time points following single and repeated ketamine administration, using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography with the radiotracer 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime. We hypothesised that repeated infusions could lead to more prolonged perfusion alterations in brain regions critical for behaviour regulation. We found that repeated subanaesthetic ketamine administration did not result in more prolonged cerebral perfusion alterations compared to a single ketamine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Vlerick
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Dockx
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
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5
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Vlerick L, Peremans K, Dockx R, Audenaert K, Baeken C, De Spiegeleer B, Saunders J, Polis I. The influence of subanaesthetic ketamine on regional cerebral blood flow in healthy dogs measured with 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209316. [PMID: 30562399 PMCID: PMC6298672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subanaesthetic ketamine has recently been proven to be a highly effective and fast acting alternative treatment for several psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms responsible for ketamine's antidepressant effects remain unclear, but a possible explanation could be that ketamine interacts with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Therefore, the effects of two subanaesthetic ketamine doses on rCBF were evaluated. Twelve dogs were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment conditions (condition saline, condition 0.5 mg/kg ketamine or condition 2 mg/kg ketamine) and received in total five saline or ketamine infusions, with one week interval. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) scans with the radiotracer 99mTc-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime were performed before the start of the infusions (baseline) and 24 hours after the first (single) and last (multiple) infusion. After a wash out period of 3 months, the animals were again assigned to one of the three treatment conditions described above and the infusion/scan protocol was repeated. During the infusions, cardiovascular parameters were evaluated every ten minutes. A one-way repeated measure ANOVA was set up to assess perfusion index for each ketamine dose for the left frontal cortex (alpha = 0.05). The remaining 11 brain regions were post hoc assessed. Perfusion index was significantly increased in the left frontal cortex and in the thalamus 24 hours after single and multiple ketamine infusions compared to baseline in the 2 mg/kg condition. No clinically relevant cardiovascular effects were observed during the ketamine infusions. This study shows that subanaesthetic ketamine can increase neuronal perfusion and therefore alter neuronal function in brain regions involved in depression and anxiety disorders. These perfusion increases may possibly contribute to ketamine's beneficial effects in these psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Vlerick
- Department of Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Dockx
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Chris Baeken
- Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) lab, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Department of Small Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, East Flanders, Belgium
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Bankstahl M, Bankstahl JP. Recent Advances in Radiotracer Imaging Hold Potential for Future Refined Evaluation of Epilepsy in Veterinary Neurology. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:218. [PMID: 29326952 PMCID: PMC5733338 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive nuclear imaging by positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography has significantly contributed to epileptic focus localization in human neurology for several decades now. Offering functional insight into brain alterations, it is also of particular relevance for epilepsy research. Access to these techniques for veterinary medicine is becoming more and more relevant and has already resulted in first studies in canine patients. In view of the substantial proportion of drug-refractory epileptic dogs and cats, image-guided epileptic focus localization will be a prerequisite for selection of patients for surgical focus resection. Moreover, radiotracer imaging holds potential for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of underlying epilepsy syndromes as well as to forecast disease risk after epileptogenic brain insults. Importantly, recent advances in epilepsy research demonstrate the suitability and value of several novel radiotracers for non-invasive assessment of neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier alterations, and neurotransmitter systems. It is desirable that veterinary epilepsy patients will also benefit from these promising developments in the medium term. This paper reviews the current use of radiotracer imaging in the veterinary epilepsy patient and suggests possible future directions for the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bankstahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Kudo K, Harada T, Kameda H, Uwano I, Yamashita F, Higuchi S, Yoshioka K, Sasaki M. Indirect MRI of 17
o-labeled water using steady-state sequences: Signal simulation and preclinical experiment. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:1373-1379. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Kudo
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hokkaido University Hospital; Japan
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University; Japan
| | - Taisuke Harada
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hokkaido University Hospital; Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kameda
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; Hokkaido University Hospital; Japan
| | - Ikuko Uwano
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University; Japan
| | - Fumio Yamashita
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University; Japan
| | - Satomi Higuchi
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University; Japan
| | | | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Ultrahigh Field MRI; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University; Japan
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8
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Or M, Peremans K, Martlé V, Vandermeulen E, Bosmans T, Devriendt N, de Rooster H. Regional cerebral blood flow assessed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt and hepatic encephalopathy. Vet J 2016; 220:40-42. [PMID: 28190492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in eight dogs with congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS) and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) was compared with rCBF in eight healthy control dogs using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with a 99mtechnetium-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) tracer. SPECT scans were abnormal in all PSS dogs. Compared to the control group, rCBF in PSS dogs was significantly decreased in the temporal lobes and increased in the subcortical (thalamic and striatal) area. Brain perfusion imaging alterations observed in the dogs with PSS and HE are similar to those in human patients with HE. These findings suggest that dogs with HE and PSS have altered perfusion of mainly the subcortical and the temporal regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Or
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Valentine Martlé
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tim Bosmans
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nausikaa Devriendt
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hilde de Rooster
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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9
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Hartmann A, Driesen A, Lautenschläger IE, Scholz VB, Schmidt MJ. Quantitative analysis of brain perfusion in healthy dogs by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1227-1235. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.11.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Taylor O, Audenaert K, Baeken C, Saunders J, Peremans K. Nuclear medicine for the investigation of canine behavioral disorders. J Vet Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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The effect of morphine on regional cerebral blood flow measured by 99mTc-ECD SPECT in dogs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109680. [PMID: 25295733 PMCID: PMC4190363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insights into the working mechanism of morphine, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) patterns after morphine administration were assessed in dogs. In a randomized cross-over experimental study, rCBF was estimated with 99mTc-Ethylcysteinate Dimer single photon emission computed tomography in 8 dogs at baseline, at 30 minutes and at 120 minutes after a single bolus of morphine. Perfusion indices (PI) in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortex and in the subcortical and cerebellar region were calculated. PI was significantly decreased 30 min after morphine compared to baseline in the right frontal cortex. The left parietal cortex and subcortical region showed a significantly increased PI 30 min after morphine compared to baseline. No significant differences were noted for the other regions or at other time points. In conclusion, a single bolus of morphine generated a changing rCBF pattern at different time points.
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Viitmaa R, Haaparanta-Solin M, Snellman M, Cizinauskas S, Orro T, Kuusela E, Johansson J, Viljanen T, Jokinen TS, Bergamasco L, Metsähonkala L. CEREBRAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION MEASURED WITH HIGH RESOLUTION POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN EPILEPTIC FINNISH SPITZ DOGS AND HEALTHY DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:453-61. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ranno Viitmaa
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | | | - Marjatta Snellman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Toomas Orro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Erja Kuusela
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Tarja S. Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Luciana Bergamasco
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Liisa Metsähonkala
- The Epilepsy Unit; Hospital for Children and Adolescents; Helsinki University Central Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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13
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The influence of the tracer injection–acquisition interval on the distribution of 99mTc-ECD in the brain of laboratory cats. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Martlé V, Peremans K, Van Ham L, Vermeire S, Waelbers T, Dobbeleir A, Gielen I, Boon P, Claes K, Bhatti S. High-resolution micro-SPECT to evaluate the regional brain perfusion in the adult Beagle dog. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:701-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Adriaens A, Polis I, Waelbers T, Vandermeulen E, Dobbeleir A, De Spiegeleer B, Peremans K. NORMAL REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN DOGS: COMPARISON BETWEEN 99m
Tc-ETHYLCYSTEINATE DIMER AND 99m
Tc- HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:403-407. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antita Adriaens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Tim Waelbers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - André Dobbeleir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality & Registration (DruQuaR) group; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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16
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Waelbers T, Peremans K, Vermeire S, Dobbeleir A, Boer V, de Leeuw H, Vente MAD, Piron K, Hesta M, Polis I. Regional brain perfusion in 12 cats measured with technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer pinhole single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). J Feline Med Surg 2012; 15:105-10. [PMID: 23064995 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12461642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
With the use of perfusion tracers, in vivo examination of the regional cerebral blood flow in cats can be performed with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Reliable perfusion data of normal, healthy cats are necessary for future clinical studies or other research use. Therefore, this dataset of the regional perfusion pattern of the normal feline brain was created. Twelve cats were used in this study. Technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer ((99m)Tc-ECD) was injected intravenously and the acquisition, using a triple head gamma camera equipped with three multi-pinhole collimators (pinhole SPECT), was started 40 mins after tracer administration under general anaesthesia. Nineteen regions of interest were defined using 7T magnetic resonance images of the feline brain and a topographical atlas. Regional counts were normalised to the counts of two reference regions: the total brain and the cerebellum. The highest tracer uptake was noticed in the subcortical structures, and the lowest in the frontal cortex and the cerebellum. Also left-right asymmetry in the temporal cortex and a rostrocaudal gradient of 5% were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Waelbers
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Waelbers T, Peremans K, Vermeire S, Piron K, Polis I. Regional distribution of technetium-99m-ECD in the canine brain: Optimal injection–acquisition interval in adult beagles. J Vet Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Waelbers T, Peremans K, Vermeire S, Piron K, Doom M, Boer V, de Leeuw H, Vente M, Dobbeleir A, Gielen I, Audenaert K, Polis I. Effects of medetomidine and ketamine on the regional cerebral blood flow in cats: A SPECT study. Vet J 2012; 192:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Serotonin 2A receptor, serotonin transporter and dopamine transporter alterations in dogs with compulsive behaviour as a promising model for human obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012; 201:78-87. [PMID: 22285716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-imaging studies have shown altered, yet often inconsistent, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We investigated both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 9 drug-naïve dogs with compulsive behaviour, as a potential model for human OCD. Single photon emission computed tomography was used with (123)I-R91150 and (123)I-FP-CIT, in combination with (99m)Tc-ECD brain perfusion co-registration, to measure the serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor, dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter (SERT) availability. Fifteen normally behaving dogs were used as reference group. Significantly lower 5-HT2A receptor radioligand availability in frontal and temporal cortices (bilateral) was observed. Further, in 78% of the compulsive dogs abnormal DAT ratios in left and right striatum were demonstrated. Interestingly, both increased and decreased DAT ratios were observed. Finally, significantly lower subcortical perfusion and (hypo)thalamic SERT availability were observed in the compulsive dogs. This study provides evidence for imbalanced serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways in the pathophysiology of compulsions in dogs. The similarities with the altered neurotransmission in human OCD provide construct validity for this non-induced, natural canine model, suggesting its usefulness for future investigations of the pathophysiology of human OCD as well as the effectiveness of psychopharmacological interventions.
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Vermeire S, Audenaert K, De Meester R, Vandermeulen E, Waelbers T, De Spiegeleer B, Eersels J, Dobbeleir A, Peremans K. Neuro-imaging the serotonin 2A receptor as a valid biomarker for canine behavioural disorders. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:465-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Waelbers T, Peremans K, Vermeire S, Duchateau L, Dobbeleir A, Audenaert K, Polis I. The effect of medetomidine on the regional cerebral blood flow in dogs measured using Technetium-99m-Ethyl Cysteinate Dimer SPECT. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:138-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martlé V, Peremans K, Audenaert K, Vermeire S, Bhatti S, Gielen I, Polis I, Van Ham L. Regional brain perfusion in epileptic dogs evaluated by technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer SPECT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 50:655-9. [PMID: 19999353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the feasibility of interictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to detect alterations in regional cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Twelve dogs with idiopathic epilepsy underwent interictal technetium-99m-ethyl cysteinate dimer SPECT of the brain. Different cortical regions of interest (ROIs), 1 ROI at the cerebellum and 1 ROI at the subcortical area were evaluated by semiquantitative analysis and compared with a control group (18 dogs). Significant hypoperfusion (P = 0.02) was present in the subcortical area of epileptic dogs. This hypoperfusion was not associated with seizure frequency, age at onset of seizures, duration of epilepsy, or time since the last seizure. Interictal SPECT did not reveal cortical or cerebellar perfusion alterations. The subcortical area may play an important role in the pathophysiology of canine idiopathic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Martlé
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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IRIMAJIRI M, MILLER MA, GREEN MA, JAEGER CB, LUESCHER AU, HUTCHINS GD. Cerebral Metabolism in Dogs Assessed by 18F-FDG PET: A Pilot Study to Understand Physiological Changes in Behavioral Disorders in Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1-6. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mami IRIMAJIRI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University
| | - Michael A MILLER
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University
| | - Mark A GREEN
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Purdue University
| | - Christine B JAEGER
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University
| | - Andrew U LUESCHER
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University
| | - Gary D HUTCHINS
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Science, School of Medicine, Indiana University
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Chandra S, De K, Ganguly S, Sarkar B, Misra M. Synthesis, radiolabeling and biological evaluation of a neutral tripeptide and its derivatives for potential nuclear medicine applications. Peptides 2009; 30:2399-408. [PMID: 19712720 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are important regulators of growth and cellular functions not only in normal tissue but also in tumors. So they are becoming radioligands of increasing interest in nuclear oncology for targeted tumor diagnosis and therapy. So development of new peptide radiopharmaceuticals is becoming one of the most important areas in nuclear medicine research. A small tripeptide derivative NH(2)PhePheCys was synthesized by Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis using an automated synthesizer. The oxidized form, i.e. NH(2)PhePheCysCysPhePheNH(2,) was also prepared by iodine oxidation method from NH(2)PhePheCys(ACM). The ligands were analyzed by HPLC and mass spectroscopy. They were radiolabeled with (99m)Tc using SnCl(2). In vitro analytical studies and biological characterizations were performed using the peptide radiopharmaceuticals. Images taken under gamma camera showed very high uptake in the liver, lung and spleen. Significant uptake was also observed in bone marrow and brain for (99m)Tc-NH(2)PhePheCys. Metabolites were produced in vivo when the radiopharmaceuticals were injected intravenously and were identified from rat brain and liver homogenate studies. Clearance through kidney did not show any evidence of breaking of the labeled compounds and formation of free (99m)Tc. Radiopharmaceuticals prepared using tripeptide and hexapeptide ligands were transported into the brain through blood brain barrier depending on the size and sequence characteristics. Using this property of peptide new derivatives can be prepared to develop (99m)Tc radiopharmaceuticals for imaging normal brain tissues as well as for diagnosing various brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Chandra
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata-32, West Bengal 700032, India.
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Vermeire S, Audenaert K, Dobbeleir A, De Meester R, Vandermeulen E, Waelbers T, Peremans K. Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Dogs with Anxiety Disorders, Measured with SPECT. Brain Imaging Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-009-9076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Vermeire ST, Audenaert KR, Dobbeleir AA, De Meester RH, De Vos FJ, Peremans KY. Evaluation of the Brain 5-HT2A Receptor Binding Index in Dogs with Anxiety Disorders, Measured with 123I-5I-R91150 and SPECT. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:284-9. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.055731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Peremans K, Goethals I, De Vos F, Dobbeleir A, Ham H, Van Bree H, Van Heeringen C, Audenaert K. Serotonin transporter and dopamine transporter imaging in the canine brain. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 33:907-13. [PMID: 17045171 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic and dopaminergic systems are involved in a wide range of emotional and behavioral aspects of animals and humans and are involved in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are designed to block the 5-HT transporter (SERT), thereby increasing the available 5-HT in the brain. Functional imaging with specific SERT and dopamine transporter (DAT) ligands contributes to the study of the SSRI-transporter interaction. First, we evaluated the feasibility of a canine model in the study of the SERT and DAT with the radioligands [123I]-beta-CIT and [123I]-FP-CIT as well as single-photon emission computed tomography imaging. Second, we studied the effect of SSRIs (sertraline, citalopram and escitalopram) on the SERT and DAT in two dogs. The position of the canine model in the study of the SERT and DAT is discussed and compared with other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Peremans K, Audenaert K, Hoybergs Y, Otte A, Goethals I, Gielen I, Blankaert P, Vervaet M, van Heeringen C, Dierckx R. The effect of citalopram hydrobromide on 5-HT2A receptors in the impulsive-aggressive dog, as measured with 123I-5-I-R91150 SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32:708-16. [PMID: 15739093 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-1772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Involvement of the serotonergic system in impulsive aggression has been demonstrated in both human and animal studies. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of citalopram hydrobromide (a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor) on the 5-HT(2A) receptor and brain perfusion in impulsive-aggressive dogs by means of single-photon emission computed tomography. METHODS The binding index of the radioligand (123)I-5-I-R91150 was measured before and after treatment with citalopram hydrobromide in nine impulsive-aggressive dogs. Regional perfusion was measured with (99m)Tc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD). Behaviour was assessed before treatment and again after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS A correlation was found between decreased binding and behavioural improvement in eight out of nine dogs. The 5-HT(2A) receptor binding index was significantly reduced after citalopram hydrobromide treatment in all cortical regions but not in the subcortical area. None of the dogs displayed alterations in perfusion on the post-treatment scans. CONCLUSION This study supports previous findings regarding the involvement of the serotonergic system in impulsive aggression in dogs in general. More specifically, the effect of treatment on the 5-HT(2A) receptor binding index could be demonstrated and the decreased binding index correlated with behavioural improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Peremans K, Audenaert K, Coopman F, Blanckaert P, Jacobs F, Otte A, Verschooten F, van Bree H, van Heeringen K, Mertens J, Slegers G, Dierckx R. Estimates of regional cerebral blood flow and 5-HT2A receptor density in impulsive, aggressive dogs with 99mTc-ECD and 123I-5-I-R91150. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30:1538-46. [PMID: 14579095 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-003-1250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive aggression in dogs has an important impact on human public health. Better insight into the pathophysiology of this phenomenon could lead to more adequate diagnosis and treatment. Indirect in vivo research on peripheral body fluids and post-mortem studies in impulsive animals and humans indicate a deficient serotonergic system in general and disturbances in the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor in particular. In this study, brain perfusion and the 5-HT2A receptors were examined in impulsive, aggressive dogs, in comparison with a group of normally behaving animals. In order to decide which dogs to include in this study, owners were asked to describe the general behaviour of the dogs, the circumstances in which aggression occurred and their conduct during aggressive acts. Finally, 19 dogs were retained for this study, showing, according to different behavioural specialists, disinhibited dominance aggression. Functional imaging studies were performed on all these dogs. Single-photon emission tomography (SPET) was used to measure regional brain perfusion using technetium-99m labelled ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD). The 5-HT2A receptor binding properties were investigated using the selective radioligand iodine-123 labelled 5-I-R91150. A significant increase in uptake of the 5-HT2A radioligand was noted in all cortical areas. No significant alterations were found in regional cortical perfusion, indicating that the increased binding index was not a consequence of increased tracer delivery. This study supports a role for the serotonergic system in canine impulsive aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Peremans K, Audenaert K, Coopman F, Jacobs F, Dumont F, Slegers G, Verschooten F, van Bree H, Mertens J, Dierckx R. Regional binding index of the radiolabeled selective 5-HT2A antagonist 123I-5-I-R91150 in the normal canine brain imaged with single photon emission computed tomography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:344-51. [PMID: 12816380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern of the specific 5-HT2A (5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor) antagonist 123I-5-I-R91150 was measured in 10 healthy dogs without neurologic and behavior abnormalities. Eight cortical regions (left and right fronto-, temporo-, parieto-, and occipitocortical area), one global subcortical region (including the thalamic system) were compared with a reference region lacking receptors; that is, the cerebellum. The 123I labeled radioligand was injected intravenously 100-200 minutes before acquisition. Both transmission and emission data were obtained with a triple head gamma camera equipped with high-resolution fanbeam collimators. The emission data were corrected for scatter and attenuation. To delineate different cerebral regions more accurately, the regions of interest (ROI) defined in a former study on brain perfusion measured with 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) in the same dogs were used. The co-registration of the 99mTc-ECD and the 123I-5-I-R91150, obtained from each dog, was realized with the help of corresponding transmission maps. By normalizing each regional cerebral activity to the activity observed in the cerebellum, the regional radioactivity (binding index) could be relatively quantified. Highest brain uptake was noted in the frontocortical brain areas (right: 1.85, left: 1.89), followed by the temporocortical region (right: 1.58, left: 1.56). Least uptake was noted in the more caudal and middle brain regions [occipito- (right: 1.46, left: 1.41), parietocortical (right: 1.30, left: 1.26), and striatal region (1.19)]. No gender nor age influence was noted in this series. The 123I labeled serotonin-2A receptor ligand seems to have similar cortical binding in the normal canine brain, as shown in humans and other animal species. A frontocortical to occipitocortical (rostrocaudal) binding index gradient was identified within the dog, which has not been seen in imaging studies from humans and other animal species. The significance of these results will need further investigation. This normative data can be used to compare regional brain uptake of the 123I-radioligand to dogs with behavioral disorders related to the serotonergic system, in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Peremans K, Audenaert K, Blanckaert P, Jacobs F, Coopman F, Verschooten F, Van Bree H, Van Heeringen C, Mertens J, Slegers G, Dierckx R. Effects of aging on brain perfusion and serotonin-2A receptor binding in the normal canine brain measured with single photon emission tomography. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:1393-404. [PMID: 12502029 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(02)00306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with a decrease in number and size of neurons, loss of synapses and neuronal branching and with a reduced functioning neurotransmitter systems, such as the serotonergic system. These structural and functional alterations have important impact on the behavioural, cognitive and affective status of the individual. With the introduction of functional brain imaging in veterinary medicine, the canine brain can be examined in vivo, evaluating changes in perfusion, metabolism and neurotransmitter systems. Since cognitive decline is recognised in the aging dog, it was our aim to investigate whether age related changes concerning cerebral perfusion and binding index of the selective 5-HT2A receptor ligand 123I-5-I-R91150 could be found in the canine brain. A group of twelve normal, aging dogs, older than 96 months, was compared to a normal reference group (n = 12), younger than 96 months. SPET images were obtained, using the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-N,N''-1,2-ethylene-diylbis-L-cysteine diethylester dihydrochloride (99mTc-ECD) for evaluation of the regional perfusion and the selective radioligand 123I-5-I-R91150 for visualization of the 5-HT2A receptor. Regional decrease of cerebral blood-flow was noted in the fronto- and temporocortical area and in the subcortical region. Age was negatively correlated with perfusion in the left and right fronto-cortical region. The binding index of the neuroreceptor radioligand was decreased in the fronto-cortical region, with a significant negative correlation with age in the right fronto-cortical area. No correlation was found between alteration of perfusion and binding index of the receptor ligand, suggesting that age related perfusion differences do not influence the binding of this radioligand. These results suggest that age related effects should be considered in functional canine brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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