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Rocha MST, Lucci CM, Dos Santos JAM, Longo JPF, Muehlmann LA, Azevedo RB. Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in dogs. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:39-43. [PMID: 31125768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasia that frequently occurs in dogs. The most effective treatment requires wide surgical excision of the tumor. To avoid mutilating surgeries, photodynamic therapy (PDT) could serve as an alternative treatment. This study aimed to treat cutaneous hemangiosarcomas in dogs using PDT with aluminium-chloride-phthalocyanine nanoemulsion (AlClPc-nano) as photosensitizer. Eight dogs with histopathological diagnosis of naturally occurring cutaneous hemangiosarcoma were treated. Animals were given intra and peritumoral injections of AlClPc-nano (13.3 μM). After 15 min, the masses were LED irradiated at a wavelength of 658-662 nm (80 mW potency) for 25 min (120 J/cm2 fluency). The number of sessions was based on lesion observations, with PDT sessions repeated every 7 days until the mass was no longer macroscopically visible. On that occasion, an excisional biopsy of the area was taken for histopathology analysis. Blood was collected from each animal before each PDT session and excisional biopsy for hematological analysis (blood counts; liver and kidney function). The number of PDT sessions varied from 2 to 4, depending on the size of the initial mass. Seven of the eight cases demonstrated complete remission of neoplasia. Microscopic analysis of the excisional biopsies showed necrosis and hemorrhage only, with no cancer cells, except in one case. During the treatment, inflammation and necrosis were macroscopically observed in the treated areas. The dogs did not show any alteration in blood parameters that could be related to the PDT. In conclusion, PDT with AlClPc-nano is a safe and effective treatment for cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S T Rocha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Lucci
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - João Paulo F Longo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo B Azevedo
- Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Efficacy of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in Photodynamic Detection and Photodynamic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040495. [PMID: 30959982 PMCID: PMC6520946 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a commonly used photosensitizer in photodynamic detection (PDD) and therapy (PDT), is converted in situ to the established photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) via the heme biosynthetic pathway. To extend 5-ALA-PDT application, we evaluated the PpIX fluorescence induced by exogenous 5-ALA in various veterinary tumors and treated canine and feline tumors. 5-ALA-PDD sensitivity and specificity in the whole sample group for dogs and cats combined were 89.5 and 50%, respectively. Notably, some small tumors disappeared upon 5-ALA-PDT. Although single PDT application was not curative, repeated PDT+/−chemotherapy achieved long-term tumor control. We analyzed the relationship between intracellular PpIX concentration and 5-ALA-PDT in vitro cytotoxicity using various primary tumor cells and determined the correlation between intracellular PpIX concentration and 5-ALA transporter and metabolic enzyme mRNA expression levels. 5-ALA-PDT cytotoxicity in vitro correlated with intracellular PpIX concentration in carcinomas. Ferrochelatase mRNA expression levels strongly negatively correlated with PpIX accumulation, representing the first report of a correlation between mRNA expression related to PpIX accumulation and PpIX concentration in canine tumor cells. Our findings suggested that the results of 5-ALA-PDD might be predictive for 5-ALA-PDT therapeutic effects for carcinomas, with 5-ALA-PDT plus chemotherapy potentially increasing the probability of tumor control in veterinary medicine.
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Dobson J, de Queiroz GF, Golding JP. Photodynamic therapy and diagnosis: Principles and comparative aspects. Vet J 2018; 233:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Diehl KA, Pryor SG, Teixeira LBC. Orbital invasive squamous cell carcinoma with adnexal involvement clinically mimicking feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma: 19 cases (1990-2016). Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:281-289. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Diehl
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Silvia G. Pryor
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- Department of Pathological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI USA
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Gasymova E, Meier V, Guscetti F, Cancedda S, Roos M, Rohrer Bley C. Retrospective clinical study on outcome in cats with nasal planum squamous cell carcinoma treated with an accelerated radiation protocol. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:86. [PMID: 28376918 PMCID: PMC5381142 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in cats is a common indication for antitumor treatment such as external beam radiation therapy. Curative-intent radiation therapy has been described as a valuable treatment option, resulting in long and stable tumor control in these patients. The aim of the current study was to evaluate outcome and toxicity, as well as possible prognostic factors using an accelerated hypofractionated radiation therapy protocol. Cats with squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum treated with an accelerated radiation protocol (10 × 4.8 Gy, over one week) were retrospectively evaluated. Tumor- and treatment-associated variables were evaluated in respect to local control and survival. RESULTS Forty-four cats met the inclusion criteria for this study. All cats showed complete response to therapy. Median disease-free interval (DFI) for all cases was 916 days (95% CI: 456-1377). One- and two-year DFIs were 71% (95% CI: 56-86%) and 60% (95% CI: 43-77%). Of the tested variables, only tumor volume showed a tendency to influence DFI, with larger tumors having a 5.4 times greater risk of recurrence than the smaller ones (HR 1.33 (95% CI: 0.99-1.79), p = 0.054). Median overall survival (OS) was 902 days (95% CI: 862-942). One- and 2-year OSs were 79.3% (95% CI: 67.3-91.3) and 58.4% (95% CI: 42.8-74). Of the tested variables, again, only tumor volume influenced OS with larger tumors having a 6.3 times greater risk of dying than the smaller ones (HR 1.36 (95% CI: 1.07-1.73), p = 0.010). The acute and late toxicity profile was low and hence clinically acceptable. CONCLUSIONS Curative-intent radiation therapy with an accelerated fractionation schedule can be considered a safe, cosmetically superior treatment option for cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal planum in cats, resulting in long and stable tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Gasymova
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Meier
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Cancedda
- Centro Oncologico Veterinario, 40037 Sasso Marconi (BO), Italy
| | - Malgorzata Roos
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8001 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Buchholz J, Walt H. Veterinary photodynamic therapy: a review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:342-7. [PMID: 24284083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whereas in human medicine photodynamic therapy represents a well-known and recognized treatment option for diverse indications, it is still little known and unfortunately not yet established treatment option for pets. Various photosensitizers and light sources have been used and clinical results have been published. The main indication is a frequently occurring skin tumor in cats: in situ carcinoma/squamous cell carcinoma, mainly found in not or only slightly pigmented areas of the head. For early stages of this tumor, promising results have been published, partly using new, selective drugs to decrease light sensitivity after systemic administration and to increase response rates. Other possible indications are urinary tract neoplasia of dogs and equine sarcoids, the latter representing very common tumors in horses where no effective treatment is known so far. This review article summarizes the role of photodynamic therapy in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Buchholz
- Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Rothussstrasse 2, CH-6331 Huenenberg, Switzerland.
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Reeds KB, Ridgway TD, Higbee RG, Lucroy MD. Non-coherent light for photodynamic therapy of superficial tumours in animals. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 2:157-63. [PMID: 19379303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2004.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cultured 9L cells were incubated with varying concentrations of pheophorbide-a-hexyl ether (HPPH) and then exposed to 665-nm red light from a non-coherent light source or a dye laser. Cell death was produced by both light sources, with the non-coherent light being most effective at the highest HPPH concentrations. To assess the feasibility of using the non-coherent light source for clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT), four dogs and three cats presenting with spontaneous superficial tumours were injected intravenously with 0.15 mg kg(-1) of HPPH, 1 h before their tumours were irradiated with 665-nm non-coherent light (50 mW cm(-2), 100 J cm(-2)). Of the nine tumours treated, there were eight complete responses, all occurring in animals with squamous cell carcinoma. After 68 weeks of follow-up, the median initial disease-free interval had not been reached. These data suggest that non-coherent light sources may be efficacious for photodynamic therapy of spontaneous superficial tumours in animals, representing a cost-effective alternative to medical lasers in both veterinary and human oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Reeds
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Osaki T, Takagi S, Hoshino Y, Okumura M, Kadosawa T, Fujinaga T. Efficacy of antivascular photodynamic therapy using benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA) in 14 dogs with oral and nasal tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:125-32. [PMID: 19262021 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivascular photodynamic therapy (PDT) suppresses tumor growth and prolonged the survival in solid tumor-bearing mice. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of antivascular PDT using BPD-MA for treatment of oral and nasal tumors in 14 dogs. At 15 min after initiating intravenous infusion of 0.5 mg/kg benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A, tumors were irradiated with laser light at 690 nm emitted by a diode laser. The 1-year survival rate of 7 dogs with oral tumors was 71%. The 1-year survival rate of 7 dogs with nasal tumors was 57%. Imaging of each tumor was performed by using angiographic computed tomography before and after each antivascular PDT. Contrast-enhanced tumors were observed before antivascular PDT, but these tumors were not enhanced with contrast medium following antivascular PDT. Antivascular PDT is suggested to be a promising method for dogs with oral and nasal tumors that cannot be effectively treated with current antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Osaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Ferreira I, Rahal SC, Rocha NS, Gouveia AH, Corrêa TP, Carvalho YK, Bagnato VS. Hematoporphyrin-based photodynamic therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in cats. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:174-8. [PMID: 19374724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a haematoporphyrin derivative (Photogem, General Physics Institute and clustes Ltda) as photosensitizer and light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source was evaluated in 12 cats with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Lesions were illuminated with LEDs, (300 J/cm for 30 min) 24 h after the administration of the photosensitizer. Clinical responses were classified as complete disappearance of the tumour with total re-epithelialization; partial response (a reduction greater than 50%); and no response (less than 50% reduction). Tumours localized to the pinna treated with one (n = 3) or two (n = 4) applications of PDT yielded no response. Highly invasive tumours of the nose and nasal planum also showed no response, after two treatments (n = 2). A combination of PDT and surgery was performed in three cases. Two cats showed partial response and one complete response with one application of therapy 30 days after nasal surgery. Small and noninfiltrative lesions (n = 3) of the nasal planum showed a PR with one application (n = 2) and a CR with two applications (n = 1). This study shows that PDT using Photogem and LEDs can provide local control of low-grade feline squamous cell carcinoma. The addition of PDT to surgery in more invasive cases may help prevent recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu (SP), Brazil.
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Peters-Kennedy J, Scott DW, Miller WH. Apparent clinical resolution of pinnal actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma in a cat using topical imiquimod 5% cream. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:593-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod is a topical immune response modifier and stimulator used in humans to treat a number of cutaneous neoplasms. This case report describes a cat with actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma of the pinnae. The pinnal lesions were treated with topical 5% imiquimod three times per week. Treatment was discontinued after 82 days of therapy. Twelve weeks of topical imiquimod application resulted in clinical resolution of the pinnal lesions. Although no post-treatment biopsies were performed, there was no relapse of the pinnal lesions in 5 months of clinical follow-up. Expected side effects were limited to erythema, crusting, alopecia, and mild discomfort at the sites of application during the first 3 weeks of application. These results suggest that topical imiquimod, although unproven, might be a therapeutic option or adjunct to therapy for cats with actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma, especially those cats for whom surgery and radiation therapy are not an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Peters-Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Danny W. Scott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - William H. Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Bexfield NH, Stell AJ, Gear RN, Dobson JM. Photodynamic therapy of superficial nasal planum squamous cell carcinomas in cats: 55 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1385-9. [PMID: 18798792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common skin tumors in cats. We investigated photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the photosensitizing agent 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) topically and a high-intensity red light source. HYPOTHESIS PDT is a safe and effective treatment for feline SCCs. ANIMALS Fifty-five client-owned cats with superficial nasal planum SCCs. METHODS Prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial. PDT was performed using topical 5-ALA and light of peak wavelength 635 nm. Adverse effects, response, and tumor control were evaluated. RESULTS 53/55 (96%) cats responded to therapy, and there was a complete response in 47/55 (85%). Six cats (11%) had a partial response. Of the 47 cats with complete response to a single treatment, 24 recurred (51%), with a median time to recurrence of 157 days (95% confidence interval, 109-205 days). Repeat PDT was performed in 22 cats, and at a median follow-up of 1,146 days, 23 (45%) cats were alive and disease free, 17 (33%) had to be euthanized due to tumor recurrence, and 11 (22%) were euthanized for other reasons. Only transient mild local adverse effects were observed after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE PDT using 5-ALA and a red light source was safe, well tolerated, and effective in the treatment of superficial nasal planum SCCs of cats and offers an alternative to conventional therapy. Although initial response rates were high, this treatment did not lead to a durable remission or cure in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Bexfield
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Hammond GM, Gordon IK, Theon AP, Kent MS. Evaluation of strontium Sr 90 for the treatment of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in cats: 49 cases (1990-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:736-41. [PMID: 17764434 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.5.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine progression-free and overall survival times of cats with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal planum following treatment with a single fraction of strontium Sr 90 ((90)Sr). DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 49 cats with SCC of the nasal planum. PROCEDURES Information including FIV infection status, diagnosis of SCC vs SCC in situ (ie, evidence that the tumor did or did not penetrate the epidermal basement membrane, respectively), (90)Sr dose and number of probe applications, treatment-related response and complications, and recurrence of SCC and new lesion development was obtained from medical records. The relationships of these variables with calculated progression-free and overall survival times were assessed. RESULTS Of 49 cats that underwent (90)Sr plesiotherapy (median dose, 128 Gy), 48 (98%) had a response to treatment and 43 (88%) had a complete response. Median progression-free and overall survival times were 1,710 and 3,076 days, respectively. Treatment complications were infrequent (4 [8%] cats) and mild. Following treatment, the SCC recurrence rate was 20% (10/49 cats); 16 (33%) cats developed new lesions in other locations. Overall survival time was significantly longer for cats with a complete response to treatment than for those with a partial response. None of the other variables evaluated had a significant effect on progression-free or overall survival time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Treatment of cats with SCC of the nasal planum with a single fraction of (90)Sr appeared to be effective and well tolerated. Initial response to treatment was predictive of overall survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M Hammond
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ota J, Giuliano EA, Cohn LA, Lewis MR, Moore CP. Local photodynamic therapy for equine squamous cell carcinoma: evaluation of a novel treatment method in a murine model. Vet J 2007; 176:170-6. [PMID: 17855133 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of local photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin on tumor growth inhibition of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a murine model. SCC was implanted in 85 nude mice by subcutaneous injection of A-431 SCC cells. Treatment groups (10 mice/group) received an intra-tumoral injection of verteporfin dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 5% dextrose solution at a dose of 0.01 or 0.1mg/cm3. Controls received only solvent, or no injectate. All groups received identical light illumination (100J/cm2). Relative change in tumor volume (RCTV) at day 30 was compared between groups using the Wilcoxon rank sum test (P< 0.05). Local PDT with verteporfin at a dose of 0.1mg/cm3 resulted in significantly lower RCTV at day 30 compared to controls. Choice of solvent (DMSO versus D5W) did not affect the results. Local PDT may be an effective adjunctive therapy for the treatment of periocular equine SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, 379 East Campus Drive, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
Eyelid neoplasms are common in the older dog and typically benign. Eyelid neoplasms in the cat are less common and more often malignant. Resection of eyelid masses may be curative; however, restoration of the eyelid structure after mass excision is essential for maintaining long-term ocular surface health. Surgical techniques and instrumentation for eyelid surgery are reviewed. Indications, benefits. and limitations of sharp excision, cryotherapy, and laser excision and ablation are discussed. Neoplasia of the third eyelid is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susette M Aquino
- Animal Medical Center, 510 E. 62nd St., New York, NY 10022, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the therapeutic options available for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in cats and dogs. The techniques of complete and partial nasal planum resection in the cat are described in detail. Surgical treatment offers the greatest chance of cure, although several options are available for early, less invasive lesions.
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Buchholz J, Wergin M, Walt H, Gräfe S, Bley CR, Kaser-Hotz B. Photodynamic Therapy of Feline Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using a Newly Developed Liposomal Photosensitizer: Preliminary Results Concerning Drug Safety and Efficacy. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
A 7-year-old, spayed female Persian cat was referred for evaluation of progressive paraplegia. The cat was thin, cachectic and paraplegic on presentation. The survey radiographs showed a left caudal pulmonary lesion and lytic skeletal lesions at the right iliac crest and left distal scapula. Due to a poor prognosis for complete recovery, the owner opted for euthanasia. Post-mortem examination revealed bilaterally small and irregular kidneys, lysis of the left iliac crest and left distal scapula and a dilated left ventricular lumen with a thin interventricular septum. Histologically, all the lesions were determined to be squamous cell carcinoma. It appears that the origin or the primary site of the malignancy in this case is pulmonary as cardiac and skeletal tissues are primarily mesenchymal in origin and are less likely to develop a primary epithelial malignancy. To the best of our knowledge, there is no description of cardiac or skeletal metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a cat.
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Osaki T, Hoshino S, Hoshino Y, Takagi S, Okumura M, Kadosawa T, Fujinaga T. Clinical pharmacokinetics of anti-angiogenic photodynamic therapy with benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring-A in dogs having naturally occurring neoplasms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:108-12. [PMID: 16466464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of clinically applied benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring-A (BPD-MA; Verteporfin), a second-generation photosensitizer, during a trial of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in nine dogs having naturally occurring neoplasms. After injecting BPD-MA at 0.5 mg/kg intravenously, its mean half-life (t1/2) was found to be 8.14 +/- 5.34 h, mean clearance (Cl) 35.13 +/- 9.62 ml/(h kg), the mean value of the volume of distribution (Vc) 0.08 +/- 0.01 l/kg and the mean steady state volume of distribution (Vss) 0.38 +/- 0.31 l/kg respectively. With the exception of a transitional increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity, no other clinical abnormalities were observed. The t1/2 in dogs with naturally occurring tumours was longer than that in humans, but similar to that in rats. The values of Cl and Vss in dogs having naturally occurring neoplasms were lower than those in humans. It is suggested that the pharmacokinetics of BPD-MA in tumour-bearing dogs would be helpful in determining the protocol of a short drug-light interval PDT with BPD-MA that mainly targets the tumour vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Osaki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060 0818, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Goodfellow M, Hayes A, Murphy S, Brearley M. A retrospective study of (90)Strontium plesiotherapy for feline squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:169-76. [PMID: 16442824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The responses of 15 cats with histologically (n=14) or cytologically (n=1) confirmed nasal squamous cell carcinoma treated with (90)Strontium plesiotherapy were reviewed retrospectively. Cats were treated such that a total dose of 50Gy was delivered at a depth of 2mm, administered in five fractions over a 10-day period. Of the cats, 11 were stage T(2), three were T(is) and one had only a cytological diagnosis precluding staging. Eleven of the cats achieved complete response (no visible lesion after 6-8 weeks) following the first cycle of therapy, and two cats with partial response achieved complete response with a second cycle of therapy. The remaining two cats achieved partial response following therapy, but further intervention was declined. Euthanasia was performed in these two cats because of progressive disease after 81 and 142 days. Of the 85% of cats that achieved a complete response, there was no recurrence of disease during a follow-up period of 134-2,043 days (median 652 days). In addition to prolonged disease-free survivals, (90)Strontium therapy produced excellent cosmetic results from the owners' perspective. These results demonstrate that superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the feline nasal planum responds excellently to (90)Strontium plesiotherapy, and this form of therapy may offer advantages over other alternatives currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Goodfellow
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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Ohlerth S, Laluhová D, Buchholz J, Roos M, Walt H, Kaser-Hotz B. Changes in vascularity and blood volume as a result of photodynamic therapy can be assessed with power Doppler ultrasonography. Lasers Surg Med 2006; 38:229-34. [PMID: 16392148 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES One principal mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in tumors is destruction of tumor-associated vasculature. In the present study, the vascular effects of PDT in tumors were investigated with power Doppler ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas in cats were treated. Tumors were examined via power Doppler ultrasonography before, 5 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after PDT. Images were digitized for computer-aided assessment of vascularity and blood volume. RESULTS Mean baseline tumor vascularity and blood volume were moderate. During PDT, a significant decrease in vascularity and blood volume was noted. Lowest values were found 24 hours after PDT. CONCLUSIONS Power Doppler ultrasonography represents a non-invasive modality to successfully monitor the vascular effects and thus, treatment efficacy, of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Ohlerth
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Vilensky J, Koudinova NV, Harmelin A, Scherz A, Salomon Y. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) of a canine-transmissible venereal tumour in a murine model with Pd-bacteriopheophorbide (WST09). Vet Comp Oncol 2005; 3:182-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5810.2005.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Buchholz J, Kaser-Hotz B, Khan T, Rohrer Bley C, Melzer K, Schwendener RA, Roos M, Walt H. Optimizing Photodynamic Therapy: In vivo Pharmacokinetics of Liposomal meta-(Tetrahydroxyphenyl)Chlorin in Feline Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:7538-44. [PMID: 16243829 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to optimize and simplify photodynamic therapy using a new liposomal formulation of the photosensitizer meta-(tetrahydroxyphenyl)chlorin [m-THPC (Foscan); liposomal m-THPC (Fospeg)] and to reduce systemic reactions to the photosensitizer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To examine the pharmacokinetics of liposomal m-THPC, we determined tissue and plasma variables in feline patients with spontaneous squamous cell carcinoma. In vivo fluorescence intensity measurements of tumor and skin were done with a fiber spectrophotometer after i.v. injection of m-THPC or liposomal m-THPC in 10 cats. Blood samples, drawn at several time points after photosensitizer administration, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS None of the liposomal m-THPC-treated cats showed side effects during or after drug injection. Fluorescence intensities, fluorescence ratios (tumor fluorescence divided by skin fluorescence), and bioavailability in the tumor were 2 to 4 times higher with liposomal m-THPC compared with m-THPC. Liposomal m-THPC concentration in the tumor increased constantly to reach a maximum at 4 hours after injection. Plasma concentration and bioavailability were approximately 3 times higher with liposomal m-THPC compared with m-THPC measured at the time points of highest plasma concentration. The distribution half-life was shorter with liposomal m-THPC, resulting in maximal tumor accumulation up to 5.5 times earlier. Maximal tumor accumulation and maximal fluorescence ratio with liposomal m-THPC occurred at the same time point, indicating maximal selectivity. In both groups, all cats responded to therapy. CONCLUSIONS Liposomal m-THPC was well tolerated by all cats and seems to have superior pharmacokinetic properties compared with m-THPC. The efficacy of the drug warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Buchholz
- Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Biostatistics, Institut für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
There are several disease processes of the ear and pinna that warrant surgical intervention. This article reviews surgical anatomy and common surgical procedures of the ear and pinna, including aural hematomas, lateral wall resection, vertical ear canal resection, total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy, partial pinna resection, and feline inflammatory polyps. The clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment along with potential complications for each disease process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto I Lanz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College.
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Abstract
Although aural neoplasia is a relatively uncommon entity in companion animals, it remains a group of heterogeneous conditions that can have a significant negative impact on quality and duration of life of dogs and cats. Chronic ear disease that responds poorly or partially to empiric therapy should raise the suspicion that an underlying condition, such as neoplasia, may be the perpetrator of inflammation. Early diagnosis followed by appropriate therapy improves the likelihood of disease control and prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Lucroy MD, Ridgway TD, Peavy GM, Krasieva TB, Higbee RG, Campbell GA, Blaik MA. Preclinical evaluation of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for canine transitional cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2003; 1:76-85. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1476-5829.2003.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lucroy MD, Bowles MH, Higbee RG, Blaik MA, Ritchey JW, Ridgway TD. Photodynamic Therapy for Prostatic Carcinoma in a Dog. J Vet Intern Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Ridgway TD, Lucroy MD. Phototoxic effects of 635-nm light on canine transitional cell carcinoma cells incubated with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:131-6. [PMID: 12602579 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells incubated in media containing 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) would produce sufficient protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) to cause lethal phototoxic effects when exposed to 635-nm light. SAMPLE POPULATION Canine TCC cells (K9TCC). PROCEDURE Cultured K9TCC cells were exposed to graded doses of ALA, and PpIX concentrations were determined. Cells then were exposed to various doses of 635-nm light from a diode laser, and cell viability was assayed. RESULTS Production of PpIX was dependent on time and dose of ALA. The K9TCC cells incubated with ALA produced sufficient PpIX to cause lethal phototoxic effects when exposed to 635-nm light. Phototoxic effects were dependent on time and dose of ALA. Increasing laser power density and energy density decreased cell survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ALA is an effective photosensitizer for in vitro photodynamic treatment of K9TCC cells. Further studies are warranted to assess the safety and efficacy of ALA as a photosensitizer for use in treating dogs with TCC. Impact for Human Medicine-On the basis of this study, dogs with TCC may be useful in the development of protocols for ALA-based photodynamic therapy of humans affected with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisha D Ridgway
- Comparative Biophotonics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Dalbasti T, Cagli S, Kilinc E, Oktar N, Ozsoz M. Online electrochemical monitoring of nitric oxide during photodynamic therapy. Nitric Oxide 2002; 7:301-5. [PMID: 12446180 DOI: 10.1016/s1089-8603(02)00121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a novel treatment modality, is based on the use of a photosensitizing agent with an excitation light source for the treatment of various malignancies. Its effect is mediated through reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO), which are shown to be present in apoptosis. Individual differences among patients and even in different areas of the same tumor in one patient may cause a major problem with PDT: dose calculation during application of the light. An electrochemical sensor is proposed for online monitoring of NO generation as a solution of this problem. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was administered as the photosensitizer in rat cerebellum. An amperometric sensor, selective to NO, was designed and tested both in vitro and in vivo during PDT. ALA-mediated PDT resulted in rapid generation of NO, starting as early as the application of light on the tissue. Simultaneous amperometric recordings have been carried out for 5 min during PDT. The progressive increase in NO concentration peaked at 1.10 min and then the response current began to decrease until it reached a plateau at around 70% of its peak value. This study, for the first time, electrochemically demonstrates the generation of NO during PDT. Rapid and stable responses obtained by the experimental setup confirmed that this method could be used as an online monitoring system for PDT-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Dalbasti
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Ege University, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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Abstracts. Vet Rec 2001. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.23.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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