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Romaniuk JAH, Cegelski L. Bacterial cell wall composition and the influence of antibiotics by cell-wall and whole-cell NMR. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2015.0024. [PMID: 26370936 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to characterize bacterial cell-wall composition and structure is crucial to understanding the function of the bacterial cell wall, determining drug modes of action and developing new-generation therapeutics. Solid-state NMR has emerged as a powerful tool to quantify chemical composition and to map cell-wall architecture in bacteria and plants, even in the context of unperturbed intact whole cells. In this review, we discuss solid-state NMR approaches to define peptidoglycan composition and to characterize the modes of action of old and new antibiotics, focusing on examples in Staphylococcus aureus. We provide perspectives regarding the selected NMR strategies as we describe the exciting and still-developing cell-wall and whole-cell NMR toolkit. We also discuss specific discoveries regarding the modes of action of vancomycin analogues, including oritavancin, and briefly address the reconsideration of the killing action of β-lactam antibiotics. In such chemical genetics approaches, there is still much to be learned from perturbations enacted by cell-wall assembly inhibitors, and solid-state NMR approaches are poised to address questions of cell-wall composition and assembly in S. aureus and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A H Romaniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Falconer SB, Czarny TL, Brown ED. Antibiotics as probes of biological complexity. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:415-23. [PMID: 21685879 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon B Falconer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Hahn FE. Modes of action of antimicrobial agents. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2006; 72:1-19. [PMID: 202040 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0048447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Isono F, Inukai M. Mureidomycin A, a new inhibitor of bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:234-6. [PMID: 1902646 PMCID: PMC244983 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.2.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mureidomycin A (MRD), a novel peptidylnucleoside antibiotic with antipseudomonal activity, inhibited not only peptidoglycan synthesis but also lipid-intermediate formation from UDP-N-acetylmuramyl (MurNAc)-pentapeptide and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in an in vitro peptidoglycan-synthesizing system, using ether-treated cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both types of inhibition by MRD disappeared when UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide was preincubated with ether-treated cells. Moreover, MRD completely inhibited lipid-intermediate I (undecaprenyl-p-p-MurNAc-pentapeptide) formation at a concentration below the MIC. From these results, it was concluded that the real target of MRD's action was translocase, which catalyzes lipid-intermediate I formation from UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and a lipid carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Isono
- Fermentation Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Silver L, Bostian K. Screening of natural products for antimicrobial agents. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990; 9:455-61. [PMID: 2226472 DOI: 10.1007/bf01964283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial research is geared toward the discovery and development of novel chemical structures such as therapeutic antimicrobial agents. The continuing problem of development of resistance to existing antibacterial agents and the dearth of good antifungal agents motivates this effort toward innovation. Selection of possible new enzyme targets for antibiotic inhibition may be made on theoretical grounds, but it appears premature to select any single, previously unvalidated target for the intensive study required for rational drug design. Instead, a broad screen of chemical entities can be undertaken, dedicated to the discovery of novel antimicrobial inhibitors. A number of target areas are under investigation, including fungal mRNA splicing and bacterial DNA synthesis. A major part of the endeavor is in the historically productive area of natural product screening. To make the best use of natural product resources for the discovery of novel antibiotics, a balance is struct between screening for inhibitors of rationally chosen targets for which clinically useful inhibitors are not yet available, and screening more broadly to ensure that rare activities of unanticipated mode-of-action are not missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Silver
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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6
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Panarin EF, Solovskij MV. Polymer derivatives of β-lactam antibiotics of the penicillin series. J Control Release 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(89)90023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Beveridge TJ. Ultrastructure, chemistry, and function of the bacterial wall. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1981; 72:229-317. [PMID: 6166584 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Moews PC, Knox JR. Predicted secondary structures of four penicillin beta-lactamases and a comparison with two lysozymes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1979; 13:385-93. [PMID: 313376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1979.tb01897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have predicted the secondary structures of four beta-lactamases (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli R-TEM) by the statistical method of Chou & Fasman as well as by the information theory method of Garnier et al. The secondary structures of all four beta-lactamases are of the alpha/beta type (Levitt & Chothia's nomenclature), with helices at N- and C-termini. There are about eight short regions each of alpha-helical (30--50%) and beta-strand (10--20%) structure separated by about 20 reverse turns. The conformation of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative beta-lactamases are generally similar although a few differences are predicted between the S.aureus and E.coli structures. Surprisingly, the two bacilli structures differ significantly in three short regions. In all four enzymes the region near the catalytically-implicated tyrosine has similar secondary structure. The secondary structure of hen egg white lysozyme, a penicillin-binding enzyme, as well as T4 phage lysozyme, has similarities to the N-terminal half of the penicillin-destroying beta-lactamases.
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Strominger JL, Amanuma H, Curtis S, Kleppe G, Rasmussen J, Waxman D, Yocum RR. Drug-Receptor Interactions: The Example of β-Lactam Antibiotics. Chemotherapy 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-023200-3.50026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tomchika KI, Hong JS. Transport-defective Escherichia coli ecf mutant permeable to protons and nucleotides. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:1008-14. [PMID: 342485 PMCID: PMC222113 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.2.1008-1014.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a third type of transport-defective ecf mutant of Escherichia coli which is altered in membrane proton permeability. Mutants of this class also excrete ATP and other nucleotides and form filament-like cells. This lesion requires cell growth at the nonpermissive temperature.
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Kinetic evidence for an acyl-enzyme intermediate in D-alanine carboxypeptidases of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus stearothermophilus. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ogawara H. Penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli. Comparison of a strain carrying an R-factor and the parent strain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 491:223-31. [PMID: 321034 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(77)90058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both from Escherichia coli K12 W3630 carrying an R-factor, R+75, and from the parent strain at least six penicillin- and cephalosporin-binding proteins were obtained as soluble forms. The molecular weights of the binding proteins of the strain carrying an R-factor were similar to those of the parent strain and not affected by the presence of an R-factor which specified the production of a beta-lactamase. Gel filtration with [14C]benzylpenicillin suggested the equimolar binding of benzylpenicillin to each binding protein. Three binding proteins of E. coli carrying R+75 and two binding proteins of the parent strain were purified by affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. In fluorescence titration, various penicillins and cephalosporins were shown to bind to the purified binding proteins and their association constants were in the range of 0.4 to 21-10(3) M-1. The binding proteins of both strains did not react with the antibody against the beta-lactamase specified by R+75.
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Kozarich JW, Buchanan CE, Curtis SJ, Hammarström S, Strominger JL. Penicillin-binding proteins of bacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 84:301-16. [PMID: 409109 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3279-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Formation of 5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid during cleavage of penicillin G by D-alanine carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Hammes WP. Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Gaffkya homari. The mode of action of penicillin G and mecillinam. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 70:107-13. [PMID: 12941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G and mecillinam on the incorporation of peptidoglycan into pre-formed cell wall peptidoglycan was studied with wall membrane enzyme preparations from Gaffkya homari. Using UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide (UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide) as precursors the incorporation of peptidoglycan into the pre-existing cell wall of G. homari was inhibited to an extent of 50% (ID50 value) at a concentration of 0.25 mug of penicillin G/ml. With UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-MurNAc-tetrapeptide as precursors the ID50 value was about 2500-fold greater (630 mug/ml). The inhibition by penicillin G of the incorporation of peptidoglycan from UDP-MurNAc-[14C]Lys-pentapeptide could be overcome by addition of non-radioactive UDP-MurNAc-tetrapeptide to the incubation mixture. In the presence of 5 mug of penicillin G/ml the incorporation of peptidoglycan formed from the mixture of UDP-MurNAc-Ala-DGlu-Lys-D-[14C]Ala-D[14C]Ala and non-radioactive UDP-MurNAc-tetrapeptide proceeded virtually without release of D-[14C]alanine by transpeptidase activity. The enzyme preparation also exhibited DD-carboxypeptidase activity which was only slightly more sensitive to penicillin G and mecillinam than was the incorporation of peptidoglycan into the cell wall. Since the ID50 values for the beta-lactam antibiotics are similar to the concentrations required to inhibit the growth of G. homari to an extent of 50%, the DD-carboxypeptidase must be the killing site of both penicillin G and mecillinam.
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Richmond MH, Wotton S. Comparative study of seven cephalosporins: susceptibility to beta-lactamases and ability to penetrate the surface layers of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1976; 10:219-22. [PMID: 791093 PMCID: PMC429724 DOI: 10.1128/aac.10.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefamandole, and cefuroxime have been compared with those of cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin. The properties included for examination are the susceptibility to a range of beta-lactamases commonly encountered in gram-negative species and the ability of a beta-lactam antibiotic to penetrate the outer layers of Escherichia coli. Of the antibiotics tested, cefamandole was the most active in its antibiotic activity but had the disadvantage that it was sensitive to hydrolysis by type IVc beta-lactamase. Cefoxitin and cefuroxime were slightly less active than cefamandole but were effectively resistant to all the beta-lactamases used in the test.
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Spratt BG, Strominger JL. Identification of the major penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli as D-alanine carboxypeptidase IA. J Bacteriol 1976; 127:660-3. [PMID: 776946 PMCID: PMC233099 DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.1.660-663.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins 5 and 6 of Escherichia coli have been identified as d-alanine carboxypeptidase IA.
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Ogawara H. A specific cephalosporin-binding protein of Citrobacter freundii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1976; 420:155-64. [PMID: 1247578 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(76)90354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. A cephalosporin-binding protein obtained from a strain of Citrobacter freundii was purified to the extent of a single band in analytical and sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing disc electrophoresis. 2. The molecular weight determined by disc electrophoresis was 53 000. 3. The binding protein did not show any beta-lactamase activity at substrate concentrations examined: 6 mM to 100 muM of penicillins and 12 mM to 100 muM of cephalosporins. 4. In gel filtration, [14C]benzylpenicillin was found not to bind to the binding protein. 5. In fluorescence titration, all cephalosporins tested quenched the fluorescence. Association constants of cephalosporins were in the range of 0.8-12-103 M-1, and one binding site was calculated for all cephalosporins tested.
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Tamura T, Imae Y, Strominger JL. Purification to homogeneity and properties of two D-alanine carboxypeptidases I From Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Frère JM, Ghuysen JM, Iwatsubo M. Kinetics of interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics. A choice of models. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 57:343-51. [PMID: 1175647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The simplest model for the interaction between the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase from Streptomyces R61 and beta-lactam antibiotics involves the three following steps: (a) the formation of a reversible equimolar enzyme - antibiotic complex; (b) the irreversible transformation of this complex into a modified enzyme - antibiotic complex; and (c) the breakdown of this latter complex and the concomitant release of a regenerated enzyme and a modified antibiotic molecule. The dissociation constant for step 1 and the rate constants for steps 2 and 3 were measured with various beta-lactam antibiotics. With antibiotic such as benzylpenicillin, which behaves as a good 'substrate', steps 1 and 2 occur at enzymic velocities, whereas step 3 occurs at a very low velocity and hence is responsible for the low efficiency of the overall process.
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Hammarström S, Strominger JL. Degradation of penicillin G to phenylacetylglycine by D-alanine carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:3463-7. [PMID: 1059132 PMCID: PMC433014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.9.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Alanine carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is a membrane-bound enzyme which is inhibited by covalent interaction with penicillin G. The penicilloyl enzyme spontaneously reactivates and simultaneously releases a penicillin G degradation product; 0.2 mumol of the latter was isolated after incubation of 4.2 mumol of [8-14C]penicillin G with 10 g of membrane protein. It was identified as phenylacetylglycine by chromatographic techniques, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. A mechanism for the degradation is proposed in which the remaining part of penicillin G would be released as 5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid. The implications of this finding are discussed.
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Spratt BG. Distinct penicillin binding proteins involved in the division, elongation, and shape of Escherichia coli K12. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:2999-3003. [PMID: 1103132 PMCID: PMC432906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.8.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The varied effects of beta-lactam antibiotics on cell division, cell elongation, and cell shape in E. coli are shown to be due to the presence of three essential penicillin binding proteins with distinct roles in these three processes. (A) Cell shape: beta-Lactams that specifically result in the production of ovoid cells bind to penicillin binding protein 2 (molecular weight 66,000). A mutant has been isolated that fails to bind beta-lactams to protein 2, and that grows as round cells. (B) Cell division: beta-Lactams that specifically inhibit cell division bind preferentially to penicillin binding protein 3 (molecular weight 60,000). A temperature-sensitive cell division mutant has been shown to have a thermolabile protein 3. (C) Cell elongation: One beta-lactam that preferentially inhibits cell elongation and causes cell lysis binds preferentially to binding protein 1 (molecular weight 91,000). Evidence is presented that penicillin bulge formation is due to the inhibition of proteins 2 and 3 in the absence of inhibition of protein 1.
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James R, Haga JY, Pardee AB. Inhibition of an early event in the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli by FL1060, an amidinopenicillanic acid. J Bacteriol 1975; 122:1283-92. [PMID: 168179 PMCID: PMC246186 DOI: 10.1128/jb.122.3.1283-1292.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of exponential and synchronous cultures of Escherichia coli B/r after the addition of FL1060 indicates a block point for division by this agent some 15 to 20 min before the end of the preceding cell division cycle, a time corresponding to the beginning of the C period of the cell division cycle. Morphological examination of FL1060-treated synchronous cultures of E. coli /r was consistent with inhibition by FL1060 of a very early event in the cell division cycle. This event appears to be essential for normal cell surface elongation in a rod configuration. Temporary treatment of synchronous cultures of E. coli B/r with FL1060 resulted in division delay, the extent of which was a function of the duration of exposure to FL1060. However, even after relatively long times of FL1060 treatment the delayed divisions were still synchronous. Although FL1060 had no direct effect on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, the synchronous delayed division occuring after temporary treatment with FL1060 were accompanied by a delay in the attainment of resistance of cell division to inhibitors of DNA, ribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis. These results suggest aht an FL1060-sensitive event initiates at the beginning of the C period of the cell division cycle of E. coli and is responsible for normal cell elongation. This cell elongation pathway procedes independently of DNA synthesis, but there is an interaction between this pathway and termination of a round of DNA replication in which a normal rod configuration is necessary to allow a signal for cell division to be generated upon completion of DNA replication.
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Harris RL, Nunnery AW, Riley HD. Effect of lysostaphin on staphylococcal carriage in infants and children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1975; 7:110-2. [PMID: 5628088 PMCID: PMC429082 DOI: 10.1128/aac.7.1.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-requiring auxotrophs are recovered preferentially after mutant enrichment procedures (e.g., penicillin) which perturb the cell envelope, but not after procedures (e.g., thymineless death) which affect other cellular targets. This probably stems from effects of penicillin and similar antibiotics upon proline metabolic and transport enzymes associated with the cell envelope.
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Frère JM, Leyh-Bouille M, Ghuysen JM, Perkins HR. Interaction between beta-lactam antibiotics and exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 50:203-14. [PMID: 4217697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Best GK, Best NH, Koval AV. Evidence for participation of autolysins in bactericidal action of oxacillin on Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1974; 6:825-30. [PMID: 4498775 PMCID: PMC444744 DOI: 10.1128/aac.6.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparison of the autolytic enzyme activity in Staphylococcus aureus strains that differ markedly in their rates of lysis and killing after exposure to oxacillin has been made. Log-phase cells of the clinical isolate that is tolerant to oxacillin inhibition were found to contain a level of autolytic enzyme activity comparable to that in a sensitive strain. This autolysin from log-phase cells was recovered after a single freeze-thaw cycle and assayed by using both native and penicillin (un-cross-linked) mureins. These same assays, however, revealed a significant difference in autolysin activity extractable from the two strains if the cells were inhibited by oxacillin. Under these conditions, the S. aureus strain that is susceptible to the killing and lytic effects of oxacillin had considerably more activity on penicillin murein than did the tolerant organism. These results provide evidence that hydrolytic enzymes on the cell surface are required to augment the wall damage initiated by oxacillin and other beta-lactam antibotics to produce a bactericidal effect.
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Blumberg PM, Strominger JL. Interaction of penicillin with the bacterial cell: penicillin-binding proteins and penicillin-sensitive enzymes. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1974; 38:291-335. [PMID: 4608953 PMCID: PMC413858 DOI: 10.1128/br.38.3.291-335.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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