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de Gálvez EN, Aguilera J, Solis A, de Gálvez MV, de Andrés JR, Herrera-Ceballos E, Gago-Calderon A. The potential role of UV and blue light from the sun, artificial lighting, and electronic devices in melanogenesis and oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 228:112405. [PMID: 35189578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our exposure to blue light from artificial sources such as indoor lights (mainly light-emitting diodes [LEDs]) and electronic devices (e.g., smartphones, computer monitors, and television screens), has increased in recent years, particularly during the recent coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown. This radiation has been associated to skin damage across its potential in generating reactive oxygen species in both the epidermis and the dermis, skin water imbalances and of potential activating melanin production. These circumstances make it important to determine whether current blue light exposure levels under artificial illumination and electronic devices exposure can cause the previously indicated disorders as compared to solar UV and visible radiation in a typical summer day. Blue light accounted for 25% of the sun's rays, approximately 30% of radiation emitted by electronic devices, and approximately from 6% to 40% of that emitted by indoor lights. The reference equations showed that the sun was the main source of effective irradiance for immediate and persistent pigmentation as well as for potential oxidative stress in our skin. Effective blue light exposure to artificial devices is significantly lower than the solar contribution. However, its contribution must be considered as accumulative dose effect, and especially in people with hypersensitivity promoting skin hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Navarrete de Gálvez
- Project Engineering Area, Department of Graphic Expression Design and Projects, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory Medical Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Alba Solis
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory Medical Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Victoria de Gálvez
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory Medical Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Ramón de Andrés
- Project Engineering Area, Department of Graphic Expression Design and Projects, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrera-Ceballos
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory Medical Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Dermatology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gago-Calderon
- Project Engineering Area, Department of Graphic Expression Design and Projects, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Masuda H, Morita A. Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy utilizing ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and a short wavelength cutoff filter. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 101:138-140. [PMID: 33246668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Masuda
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; USHIO INC, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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3
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Analysis of Ultraviolet Radiation Wavelengths Causing Hardening and Reduced Elasticity of Collagen Gels In Vitro. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Schmalwieser AW, Wallisch S, Diffey B. A library of action spectra for erythema and pigmentation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:251-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first action spectra for erythema and delayed pigmentation were determined 90 years ago by Hausser and Vahle. Here we give an overview of corresponding action spectra that have been published since then.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Wallisch
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics
- University of Veterinary Medicine
- Vienna
- Austria
| | - Brian Diffey
- Dermatological Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Newcastle
- UK
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5
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Karsten AE, Smit JE. Modeling and Verification of Melanin Concentration on Human Skin Type. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:469-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moan J, Nielsen KP, Juzeniene A. Immediate pigment darkening: its evolutionary roles may include protection against folate photosensitization. FASEB J 2011; 26:971-5. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchNorwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalMontebelloNorway
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchNorwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalMontebelloNorway
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Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y. UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26388. [PMID: 22043319 PMCID: PMC3197025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of animal species utilize the ultraviolet (UV) component of sunlight as their environmental cues, whereas physiological roles of UV photoreception in mammals, especially in human beings, remain open questions. Here we report that mouse neuropsin (OPN5) encoded by the Opn5 gene exhibited an absorption maximum (λmax) at 380 nm when reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal. Upon UV-light illumination, OPN5 was converted to a blue-absorbing photoproduct (λmax 470 nm), which was stable in the dark and reverted to the UV-absorbing state by the subsequent orange light illumination, indicating its bistable nature. Human OPN5 also had an absorption maximum at 380 nm with spectral properties similar to mouse OPN5, revealing that OPN5 is the first and hitherto unknown human opsin with peak sensitivity in the UV region. OPN5 was capable of activating heterotrimeric G protein Gi in a UV-dependent manner. Immuno-blotting analyses of mouse tissue extracts identified the retina, the brain and, unexpectedly, the outer ears as the major sites of OPN5 expression. In the tissue sections of mice, OPN5 immuno-reactivities were detected in a subset of non-rod/non-cone retinal neurons as well as in the epidermal and muscle cells of the outer ears. Most of these OPN5-immuno-reactivities in mice were co-localized with positive signals for the alpha-subunit of Gi. These results demonstrate the first example of UV photoreceptor in human beings and strongly suggest that OPN5 triggers a UV-sensitive Gi-mediated signaling pathway in the mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kojima
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (DK); (YF)
| | - Suguru Mori
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Torii
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimori Wada
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Rika Morishita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (DK); (YF)
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Sayre RM, Dowdy JC. Examination of Solar Simulators Used for the Determination of Sunscreen UVA Efficacy. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:162-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Human skin is repeatedly exposed to UVR that influences the function and survival of many cell types and is regarded as the main causative factor in the induction of skin cancer. It has been traditionally believed that skin pigmentation is the most important photoprotective factor, as melanin, besides functioning as a broadband UV absorbent, has antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. Besides, many epidemiological studies have shown a lower incidence for skin cancer in individuals with darker skin compared to those with fair skin. Skin pigmentation is of great cultural and cosmetic importance, yet the role of melanin in photoprotection is still controversial. This article outlines the major acute and chronic effects of UVR on human skin, the properties of melanin, the regulation of pigmentation and its effect on skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Brenner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Solar UVR ( approximately 295-400 nm) has acute clinical effects on the eyes and the skin. The only effect on the eye is inflammation of the cornea (photokeratitis), which is caused by UVB (and non-solar UVC) and resolves without long-term consequences within 48 h. The effects on the skin are more extensive and include sunburn (inflammation), tanning and immunosuppression for which UVB is mainly responsible. Tanning is modestly photoprotective against further acute UVR damage. Skin colour is also transiently changed by UVA-dependent immediate pigment darkening, the function of which is unknown. Skin type determines sensitivity to the acute and chronic effects of UVR on the skin. Some of the photochemical events that initiate acute effects are also related to skin cancer. Solar UVB is also responsible for the synthesis of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
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Kalbin G, Li S, Olsman H, Pettersson M, Engwall M, Strid A. Effects of UV-B in biological and chemical systems: Equipment for wavelength dependence determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:1-12. [PMID: 16256203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The thinning of the stratospheric ozone layer has prompted a large number of studies of UV-B-induced effects in biological and chemical systems. The wavelength dependency of such effects is of interest from mechanistic, physiological or economic points of view. Here, we describe an apparatus for determining the wavelength dependency of UV-B effects in biological and chemical systems. The apparatus consists of a high intensity UV radiation source and narrow bandpass filters to produce UV radiation in even intervals (between 280 and 360 nm). The usefulness of the equipment is demonstrated in two different systems: 1) Chalcone synthase (CHS) gene is up-regulated by UV-B radiation. Therefore quantitative analysis of the CHS gene expression was chosen in the present investigation for studies of the wavelength dependency of gene expression regulation in plants. Maximum induction of CHS expression was found at 300 nm with a 12-fold induction compared with the control; 2) The wavelength dependency of formation of dioxin-like photoproducts from the brominated flame retardant decabrominated diphenyl ether (DeBDE) is described. This is an example of UV-B-induced conversion of non-toxic species into a number of products of which some may be toxic in the environment. In the UV interval studied, the highest dioxin-like activity was found in the sample irradiated at 330 nm and therefore this wavelength is most important for the mechanism involved in photoconversion of DeBDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Kalbin
- Department of Natural Sciences and Orebro Life Science Center, Orebro University, S-701 82 Orebro, Sweden
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12
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Abstract
Recent years have seen a steady rise in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma worldwide. Although it is now appreciated that the key to understanding the process by which melanocytes are transformed into malignant melanoma lies in the interplay between genetic factors and the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of sunlight, the nature of this relation has remained obscure. Recently, prospects for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying such gene-environment interactions have brightened considerably through the development of UV-responsive experimental animal models of melanoma. Genetically engineered mice and human skin xenografts constitute novel platforms upon which to build studies designed to elucidate the pathogenesis of UV-induced melanomagenesis. The future refinement of these in vivo models should provide a wealth of information on the cellular and genetic targets of UV, the pathways responsible for the repair of UV-induced DNA damage, and the molecular interactions between melanocytes and other skin cells in response to UV. It is anticipated that exploitation of these model systems will contribute significantly toward the development of effective approaches to the prevention and treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamelli Jhappan
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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Wang SQ, Setlow R, Berwick M, Polsky D, Marghoob AA, Kopf AW, Bart RS. Ultraviolet A and melanoma: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44:837-46. [PMID: 11312434 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.114594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rates of melanoma have risen for many decades in the United States. Increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is generally considered to be responsible. Sunburns, a measure of excess sun exposure, have been identified as a risk factor for the development of melanoma. Because sunburns are primarily due to UVB (280-320 nm) radiation, UVB has been implicated as a potential contributing factor to the pathogenesis of melanoma. The adverse role of UVA (320-400 nm) in this regard is less well studied, and currently there is a great deal of controversy regarding the relationship between UVA exposure and the development of melanoma. This article reviews evidence in the English-language literature that surrounds the controversy concerning a possible role for UVA in the origin of melanoma. Our search found that UVA causes DNA damage via photosensitized reactions that result in the production of oxygen radical species. UVA can induce mutations in various cultured cell lines. Furthermore, in two animal models, the hybrid Xiphophorus fish and the opossum (Mondelphis domestica), melanomas and melanoma precursors can be induced with UVA. UVA radiation has been reported to produce immunosuppression in laboratory animals and in humans. Some epidemiologic studies have reported an increase in melanomas in users of sunbeds and sunscreens and in patients exposed to psoralen and UVA (PUVA) therapy. There is basic scientific evidence of the harmful effects of UVA on DNA, cells and animals. Collectively, these data suggest a potential role for UVA in the pathogenesis of melanoma. To date evidence from epidemiologic studies and clinical observations are inconclusive but seem to be consistent with this hypothesis. Additional research on the possible role of UVA in the pathogenesis of melanoma is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Wang
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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15
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UV-induced pigmentation in human skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1568-461x(01)80053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Diffey BL, Tanner PR, Matts PJ, Nash JF. In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:1024-35. [PMID: 11100018 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2000.109291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are considerable data to suggest that protection from solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation will reduce the risk of acute and chronic skin damage in humans. Whereas the sun protection factor (SPF) provides an index of protection against erythemally effective solar UV, largely confined to the UVB (290-320 nm) and short-wavelength UVA (320-340 nm) region, there is currently no agreed-upon method to measure broad-spectrum protection against long-wavelength UVA (340-400 nm). OBJECTIVE The objective of these studies was to assess the potential of in vitro UV substrate spectrophotometry and subsequent calculation of the "critical wavelength" value as a measure of broad-spectrum UV protection and as a routine, practical procedure for classification of sunscreen products. METHODS The spectral absorption of 59 commercially available sunscreen products and multiple experimental formulas with one or more UV filters was measured. Sunscreen product, 1 mg/cm(2), was applied to a hydrated synthetic collagen substrate, preirradiated with a solar simulator, and then subjected to UV substrate spectrophotometry. Multiple determinations from 5 independent samples per product were used to calculate the critical wavelength value, defined as the wavelength at which the integral of the spectral absorbance curve reached 90% of the integral from 290 to 400 nm. RESULTS We found that a recognized long-wave UVA active ingredient such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or avobenzone is a necessary but insufficient product requirement for achieving the highest proposed broad-spectrum classification, that is, critical wavelength of 370 nm or more. Although SPF and critical wavelength are largely independent of each other, UVA absorbance must increase commensurate with SPF to maintain the same critical wavelength value. Substrate spectrophotometry and the calculation of critical wavelength can readily account for sunscreen photostability by UV preirradiation. Finally, there is also a strong positive relationship between critical wavelength and a currently available in vivo measure of UVA protection. CONCLUSION Determination of critical wavelength by means of UV substrate spectrophotometry provides a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable measure of broad-spectrum protection, which is largely independent of SPF, yet ensures long-wavelength UVA protection commensurate with SPF. The procedure provides a routine, sensitive means of differentiating and classifying sunscreen products and, importantly, obviates the need to subject volunteers to acute exposures of high-dose, nonterrestrial UV, the health risks of which are still poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Diffey
- Regional Medical Physics Department, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Bissonnette R, Allas S, Moyal D, Provost N. Comparison of UVA protection afforded by high sun protection factor sunscreens. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:1036-8. [PMID: 11100019 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2000.109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UVA protection afforded by 6 different sunscreens with a sun protection factor of 21 or more was compared by means of the persistent pigmentation darkening method. Colorimetric and visual assessment showed significant differences in UV radiation-induced pigmentation at 2 hours. The labeled sun protection factor of the tested sunscreens was not predictive of UVA protection level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bissonnette
- Division of Dermatology, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Smith GJ, Haskell TG. The fluorescent oxidation products of dihydroxyphenylalanine and its esters. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 55:103-8. [PMID: 10942073 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), its methyl ester (DOPAM) and the N-acetylated derivative of the ester (DOPAMNA) are found to undergo rapid oxidation in air-saturated alkaline solution. Some of the products of oxidation exhibit fluorescent emission in the 300-500 nm spectral range and their excitation-emission spectra have been determined in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions. The spectral distributions and positions of the maxima depend on the pH of the solution. Excitation-emission maxima associated with the protonated phenolic form of the compounds occur at shorter wavelengths than those of the conjugate base. At some pH values the phenolic forms of these molecules are excited and undergo rapid deprotonation in the excited state; as a consequence, emission is observed from the phenolate anion. The fluorescence excitation-emission spectrum of an authentic sample of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic (caffeic) acid has also been determined and features of the fluorescence spectra of the principal oxidation products are consistent with the presence of 3,4-hydroxycinnamoyl compounds in solutions of oxidized DOPAM and DOPAMNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Smith
- New Zealand Institute for Industrial Research, Lower Hutt.
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Anders A, Altheide HJ, Knälmann M, Tronnier H. Action spectrum for erythema in humans investigated with dye lasers. Photochem Photobiol 1995; 61:200-5. [PMID: 7899509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb03961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Erythema reactions of human skin were reevaluated with improved experimental methods: a tunable, highly monochromatic irradiation source as well as an instrumental measurement of skin reactions were used. The irradiation system consisted of an excimer laser pumped dye laser and a UV fiber optic system. The skin color after irradiation was determined with a colorimeter in the three-dimensional norm system of the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE). The wavelength dependence for delayed erythema was investigated in the UVB and UVA region from 294 nm to 374 nm in skin type II and III individuals. The maximum of the action spectrum in the UVB range was measured at 298.5 nm and an additional maximum was found at 362 nm in the UVA range. The action spectrum is compared with previous spectra from the literature and with the current standard erythema curve of the CIE as well as with other photobiological action spectra. Our results suggest a UVA/UVB boundary at 330 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anders
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Hanover, Germany
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