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Bahamondes Lorca VA, Wu S. Ultraviolet Light, Unfolded Protein Response and Autophagy †. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:498-508. [PMID: 36591940 DOI: 10.1111/php.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis. Alterations in the folding capacity of the ER induce stress, which activates three ER sensors that mediate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Components of the pathways regulated by these sensors have been shown to regulate autophagy. The last corresponds to a mechanism of self-eating and recycling important for proper cell maintenance. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is an external damaging stimulus that is known for inducing oxidative stress, and DNA, lipid and protein damage. Many controversies exist regarding the role of UV-inducing ER stress or autophagy. However, a connection between the three of them has not been addressed. In this review, we will discuss the contradictory theories regarding the relationships between UV radiation with the induction of ER stress and autophagy, as well as hypothetic connections between UV, ER stress and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica A Bahamondes Lorca
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH.,Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH
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Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165327. [PMID: 36014565 PMCID: PMC9414257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are considered the reservoir of diverse therapeutic agents and have been traditionally employed worldwide to heal various ailments for several decades. Silymarin is a plant-derived mixture of polyphenolic flavonoids originating from the fruits and akenes of Silybum marianum and contains three flavonolignans, silibinins (silybins), silychristin and silydianin, along with taxifolin. Silybins are the major constituents in silymarin with almost 70–80% abundance and are accountable for most of the observed therapeutic activity. Silymarin has also been acknowledged from the ancient period and is utilized in European and Asian systems of traditional medicine for treating various liver disorders. The contemporary literature reveals that silymarin is employed significantly as a neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective and detoxification agent by targeting various cellular and molecular pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, β-catenin and Akt, different receptors and growth factors, as well as inhibiting numerous enzymes and the gene expression of several apoptotic proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the current review aims to recapitulate and update the existing knowledge regarding the pharmacological potential of silymarin as evidenced by vast cellular, animal, and clinical studies, with a particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action.
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Ma Y, Xuan M, Dong Y, Wang H, Huang J, Cheng B, Cui X. Platelet-rich plasma protects human melanocytes from oxidative stress and ameliorates melanogenesis induced by UVB irradiation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1686-1696. [PMID: 33974003 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from different sources in alleviating oxidative stress and ameliorating melanogenesis in UVB-irradiated PIG1 cells, PIG1 cells were irradiated with 80 mJ/cm2 UVB prior to 1% PRP application and the following experiments were taken: the viability of UVB-irradiated PIG1 cells, cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. Western blotting was utilized to detect the expression level of proteins associated with melanin synthesis, apoptosis, and DNA lesions. We found that PRP intervention promoted cell proliferation, reduced MDA and ROS content, increased the activities of series of antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated DNA damages in UVB-damaged PIG1 cells. It is important to note that PRP treatment inhibited UVB-induced melanogenesis via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signal pathway. Therefore, we suppose PRP treatment exerts a protective role through their antioxidation effect on UVB-damaged PIG1 cells and hinders melanogenesis induced by UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshi Ma
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Xuan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunqing Dong
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfang Huang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment and Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Physiotherapy, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cui X, Ma Y, Wang H, Huang J, Li L, Tang J, Cheng B. The Anti-photoaging Effects of Pre- and Post-treatment of Platelet-rich Plasma on UVB-damaged HaCaT Keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:589-599. [PMID: 33174201 DOI: 10.1111/php.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has seen wide clinical use owing to its regenerative and repair abilities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-photoaging effects of pre- and post-treatment of PRP on UVB-damaged HaCaT cells. METHODS HaCaT cells were irradiated with 80 mJ/cm2 UVB, before or after PRP treatment (1000 × 107 /L), and following measurements were taken: survival rate of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Western blot was used to determine the effect of different PRP intervention on the expression of PI3K, AKT, ERK, MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and γ-H2AX in the UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. RESULTS pre- and post-PRP treatment reduced MDA content and increased the activities of GSH-Px, SOD and CAT in photoaged HaCaT cells. These changes resulted in reduced cytotoxic effects. Besides, different PRP intervention promoted cell proliferation via PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, PRP application suppressed the expression of γ-H2AX. Also, PRP intervention alleviated photoaging effects by upregulating the expression level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) while downregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression level in photoaged HaCaT cells. CONCLUSION pre- and post-PRP treatment play anti-photoaging role through strengthening cellular oxidative defense capacity, mitigating MMP expression, alleviating DNA damages and promoting proliferation of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongshi Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfang Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Tang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, China
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Wang X, Zhang Z, Wu SC. Health Benefits of Silybum marianum: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11644-11664. [PMID: 33045827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silybum marianum (SM), a well-known plant used as both a medicine and a food, has been widely used to treat various diseases, especially hepatic diseases. The seeds and fruits of SM contain a flavonolignan complex called silymarin, the active compounds of which include silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, dihydrosilybin, silydianin, and so on. In this review, we thoroughly summarize high-quality publications related to the pharmacological effects and underlying mechanisms of SM. SM has antimicrobial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular-protective, neuroprotective, skin-protective, antidiabetic, and other effects. Importantly, SM also counteracts the toxicities of antibiotics, metals, and pesticides. The diverse pharmacological activities of SM provide scientific evidence supporting its use in both humans and animals. Multiple signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and inflammation are the common molecular targets of SM. Moreover, the flavonolignans of SM are potential agonists of PPARγ and ABCA1, PTP1B inhibitors, and metal chelators. At the end of the review, the potential and perspectives of SM are discussed, and these insights are expected to facilitate the application of SM and the discovery and development of new drugs. We conclude that SM is an interesting dietary medicine for health enhancement and drug discovery and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai-Cheng Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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6
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Garg C, Sharma H, Garg M. Skin photo-protection with phytochemicals against photo-oxidative stress, photo-carcinogenesis, signal transduction pathways and extracellular matrix remodeling-An overview. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101127. [PMID: 32721499 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure of skin to UV radiation triggers the generation of oxidative stress, inflammation, immunosuppression, apoptosis, matrix-metalloproteases production, and DNA mutations leading to the onset of photo ageing and photo-carcinogenesis. At the molecular level, these changes occur via activation of several protein kinases as well as transcription pathways, formation of reactive oxygen species, and release of cytokines, interleukins and prostaglandins together. Current therapies available on the market only provide limited solutions and exhibit several side effects. The present paper provides insight into scientific studies that have elucidated the positive role of phytochemicals in counteracting the UV-induced depletion of antioxidant enzymes, increased lipid peroxidation, inflammation, DNA mutations, increased senescence, dysfunctional apoptosis and immune suppression. The contribution of phytochemicals to the downregulation of expression of oxidative-stress sensitive transcription factors (Nrf2, NF-Kb, AP-1 and p53) and protein kinases (MSK, ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, p90RSK2 and CaMKs) involved in inflammation, apoptosis, immune suppression, extracellular matrix remodelling, senescence, photo ageing and photo-carcinogenesis, is also discussed. Conclusively, several phytochemicals hold potential for the development of a viable solution against UV irradiation-mediated photo ageing, photo-carcinogenesis and related manifestations.
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Chaki Borrás M, Sluyter R, Barker PJ, Konstantinov K, Bakand S. Y 2O 3 decorated TiO 2 nanoparticles: Enhanced UV attenuation and suppressed photocatalytic activity with promise for cosmetic and sunscreen applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 207:111883. [PMID: 32344334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in cosmetic products and sunscreens. However, primarily due to their photocatalytic activity, some TiO2 products have been shown to be cytotoxic. Thus, the aim of this study was to reduce the photoactivity and consequent cytotoxicity of TiO2nanoparticles. As such, in this work, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) was deposited onto TiO2, at 5% and 10% Y/Ti weight ratio, via a hydrothermal method. The nanocomposites produced, TiO2@Y2O3 5 and 10 wt%, were characterised to assess their physical, photochemical and toxicological properties. These materials exhibit a uniform yttria coating, enhanced UV attenuation in the 280-350 nm range and significantly reduced photoactivity compared with a pristine commercial TiO2 sample (Degussa Aeroxide® P25). Furthermore, the comparative cytotoxicity and photo-cytotoxicity of these materials to a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), was assessed using a colorimetric tetrazolium salt (MTS) assay. Following 24-hour incubation with cells, both Y2O3 loadings exhibited improved biocompatibility with HaCaT cells, compared to the pristine TiO2 sample, under all subsequent test conditions. In conclusion, the results highlight the potential of these materials for use in products, applied topically, with sun protection in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Chaki Borrás
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Philip J Barker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shahnaz Bakand
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Glycofullerenes Inhibit Particulate Matter Induced Inflammation and Loss of Barrier Proteins in HaCaT Human Keratinocytes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040514. [PMID: 32231102 PMCID: PMC7225947 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked to pulmonary and cardiovascular dysfunctions, as well as skin diseases, etc. PM impairs the skin barrier functions and is also involved in the initiation or exacerbation of skin inflammation, which is linked to the activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways. Fullerene is a single C60 molecule which has been reported to act as a good radical scavenger. However, its poor water solubility limits its biological applications. The glyco-modification of fullerenes increases their water solubility and anti-bacterial and anti-virus functions. However, it is still unclear whether it affects their anti-inflammatory function against PM-induced skin diseases. Hence, glycofullerenes were synthesized to investigate their effects on PM-exposed HaCaT human keratinocytes. Our results showed that glycofullerenes could reduce the rate of PM-induced apoptosis and ROS production, as well as decrease the expression of downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt pathways. Moreover, PM-induced increases in inflammatory-related signals, such as cyclooxygenase-2, heme oxygenase-1, and prostaglandin E2, were also suppressed by glycofullerenes. Notably, our results suggested that PM-induced impairment of skin barrier proteins, such as filaggrin, involucrin, repetin, and loricrin, could be reduced by pre-treatment with glycofullerenes. The results of this study indicate that glycofullerenes could be potential candidates for treatments against PM-induced skin diseases and that they exert their protective effects via ROS scavenging, anti-inflammation, and maintenance of the expression of barrier proteins.
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Lee CW, Chi MC, Peng KT, Chiang YC, Hsu LF, Yan YL, Li HY, Chen MC, Lee IT, Lai CH. Water-Soluble Fullerenol C 60(OH) 36 toward Effective Anti-Air Pollution Induced by Urban Particulate Matter in HaCaT Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174259. [PMID: 31480310 PMCID: PMC6747515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a widespread air pollutant, consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in air. Many diseases have been linked to PM exposure, which induces an imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in cells, and might result in skin diseases (such as aging and atopic dermatitis). New techniques involving nanomedicine and nano-delivery systems are being rapidly developed in the medicinal field. Fullerene, a kind of nanomaterial, acts as a super radical scavenger. Lower water solubility levels limit the bio-applications of fullerene. Hence, to improve the water solubility of fullerene, while retaining its radical scavenger functions, a fullerene derivative, fullerenol C60(OH)36, was synthesized, to examine its biofunctions in PM-exposed human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The PM-induced increase in ROS levels and expression of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt could be inhibited via fullerenol pre-treatment. Furthermore, the expression of inflammation-related proteins, cyclooxygenase-2, heme oxygenase-1, and prostaglandin E2 was also suppressed. Fullerenol could preserve the impaired state of skin barrier proteins (filaggrin, involucrin, repetin, and loricrin), which was attributable to PM exposure. These results suggest that fullerenol could act against PM-induced cytotoxicity via ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and the maintenance of expression of barrier proteins, and is a potential candidate compound for the treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Ching Chi
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Yan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 613, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yen Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chian-Hui Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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Xu F, Han C, Li Y, Zheng M, Xi X, Hu C, Cui X, Cao H. The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Silybum Marianum. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666180327155745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Silybum marianum. These chemical constituents include flavonolignans, fatty acids, phenolics and other chemical constituents. Furthermore, flavonolignans constituents include silymarin isosilychristin, silychristin, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, etc. Pharmacological actions include a well curative effect on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, UV damage, varieties of cancers, diabetes. In addition, its pharmacological actions include anti-inflammatory, anti-depression and more pharmacological actions. This paper will enable Silybum marianum lay the foundation for producing high and sustainable productions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxue Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaozhi Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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11
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A pilot study of the UVA-photoprotective potential of dehydrosilybin, isosilybin, silychristin, and silydianin on human dermal fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:477-490. [PMID: 31079190 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of naked unprotected skin to solar radiation may result in numerous acute and chronic undesirable effects. Evidence suggests that silymarin, a standardized extract from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. seeds, and its major component silybin suppress UVB-induced skin damage. Here, we aimed to investigate the UVA-protective effects of silymarin's less abundant flavonolignans, specifically isosilybin (ISB), silychristin (SC), silydianin (SD), and 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHSB). Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) pre-treated for 1 h with flavonolignans were then exposed to UVA light using a solar simulator. Their effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS), carbonylated proteins and glutathione (GSH) level, caspase-3 activity, single-strand breaks' (SSBs) formation and protein level of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and heat shock protein (HSP70) were evaluated. The most pronounced preventative potential was found for DHSB, a minor component of silymarin, and SC, the second most abundant flavonolignan in silymarin. They had significant effects on most of the studied parameters. Meanwhile, a photoprotective effect of SC was mostly found at double the concentration of DHSB. ISB and SD protected against GSH depletion, the generation of ROS, carbonylated proteins and SSBs, and caspase-3 activation, but had no significant effect on MMP-1, HO-1, or HSP70. In summary, DHSB and to a lesser extent other silymarin flavonolignans are potent UVA-protective compounds. However, due to the in vitro phototoxic potential of DHSB published elsewhere, further studies are needed to exclude phototoxicity for humans as well as to confirm our results on human skin ex vivo and in vivo.
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12
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Fidrus E, Ujhelyi Z, Fehér P, Hegedűs C, Janka EA, Paragh G, Vasas G, Bácskay I, Remenyik É. Silymarin: Friend or Foe of UV Exposed Keratinocytes? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091652. [PMID: 31035502 PMCID: PMC6540143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of natural plant extracts in UV-protection is popular and intensively studied. Silymarin (from Silibum marianum), a naturally occurring polyphenol, has recently received attention due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. However, its role in the UV-mediated keratinocyte cell response is still controversial. In this study, we investigated the effects of Silibum marianum extracts with different origins and formulations on UVA-exposed HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. Our results show, that silymarin treatment caused an inverse dose-dependent photosensitivity relationship (at higher doses, a decrease in cell viability and ROS production) after UVA exposure. The attenuation of the UVA-induced ROS generation after silymarin treatment was also observed. Moreover, silymarin pre-treatment increased the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolesions in keratinocytes after UVA exposure. These results indicated the dual role of silymarin in UVA-exposed keratinocytes. It scavenges ROS but still induces phototoxicity. Based on our results dermatological applications of silymarin and related compounds should be considered very carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fidrus
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Hegedűs
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Anna Janka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - György Paragh
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Gábos Vasas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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13
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Niculiţe CM, Nechifor MT, Urs AO, Olariu L, Ceafalan LC, Leabu M. Keratinocyte Motility Is Affected by UVA Radiation-A Comparison between Normal and Dysplastic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1700. [PMID: 29880745 PMCID: PMC6032280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UVA radiation induces multiple and complex changes in the skin, affecting epidermal cell behavior. This study reports the effects of UVA exposure on normal (HaCaT) and dysplastic (DOK) keratinocytes. The adherence, spreading and proliferation were investigated by time-lapse measurement of cell layer impedance on different matrix proteins. Prior to UVA exposure, the time required for adherence and spreading did not differ significantly for HaCaT and DOK cells, while spreading areas were larger for HaCaT cells. Under UVA exposure, HaCaT and DOK cells behavior differed in terms of movement and proliferation. The cells' ability to cover the denuded surface and individual cell trajectories were recorded by time-lapse videomicroscopy, during wound healing experiments. Dysplastic keratinocytes showed more sensitivity to UVA, exhibiting transient deficiencies in directionality of movement and a delay in re-coating the denuded area. The actin cytoskeleton displayed a cortical organization immediately after irradiation, in both cell lines, similar to mock-irradiated cells. Post-irradiation, DOK cells displayed a better organization of stress fibers, persistent filopodia, and new, stronger focal contacts. In conclusion, after UVA exposure HaCaT and DOK cells showed a different behavior in terms of adherence, spreading, motility, proliferation, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics, with the dyplastic keratinocytes being more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Niculiţe
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101, Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Blvd. Eroilor Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marina T Nechifor
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95, Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Andreea O Urs
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101, Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Laura Olariu
- SC Biotehnos SA, 3-5, Gorunului Street, 075100 Otopeni, Romania.
| | - Laura C Ceafalan
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101, Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Blvd. Eroilor Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mircea Leabu
- Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, 99-101, Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 8, Blvd. Eroilor Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
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14
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Gabrielová E, Michaelides L, Kosina P, Ryšavá A, Ulrichová J, Zálešák B, Vostálová J. UVA-photoprotective potential of silymarin and silybin. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:413-424. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Montes de Oca MK, Pearlman RL, McClees SF, Strickland R, Afaq F. Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:956-974. [PMID: 28063168 DOI: 10.1111/php.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure has an array of damaging effects and is the main cause of skin cancer in humans. Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most common type of cancer. Incidence of NMSC has increased due to greater UV radiation, increased life expectancy and other changes in lifestyle; the annual cost of skin cancer treatment in the United States has increased concurrently to around eight billion dollars. Because of these trends, novel approaches to skin cancer prevention have become an important area of research to decrease skin cancer morbidity and defray the costs associated with treatment. Chemoprevention aims to prevent or delay the development of skin cancer through the use of phytochemicals. Use of phytochemicals as chemopreventive agents has gained attention due to their low toxicity and anticarcinogenic properties. Phytochemicals also exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects which support their use as chemopreventive agents, particularly for skin cancer. Preclinical and human studies have shown that phytochemicals decrease UV-induced skin damage and photocarcinogenesis. In this review article, we discuss the selected phytochemicals that may prevent or delay UV-induced carcinogenesis and highlight their potential use for skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross L Pearlman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sarah F McClees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rebecca Strickland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Hesperidin ameliorates UV radiation-induced skin damage by abrogation of oxidative stress and inflammatory in HaCaT cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 165:240-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Wu NL, Lee TA, Wang SF, Li HJ, Chen HT, Chien TC, Huang CC, Hung CF. Green fluorescent protein chromophore derivative suppresses ultraviolet A-induced JNK-signalling and apoptosis in keratinocytes and adverse effects in zebrafish embryos. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:983-990. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Medicine; Mackay Medical College; New Taipei City Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; Mackay Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Te-An Lee
- Department of Urology; Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Li
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Tun-Cheng Chien
- Department of Chemistry; National Taiwan Normal University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Huang
- Department of Dermatology; Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
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18
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Ohba T, Ishisaka M, Tsujii S, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Kubo K, Umigai N, Iwawaki T, Hara H. Crocetin protects ultraviolet A-induced oxidative stress and cell death in skin in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:244-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Váradi J, Fenyvesi F, Róka E, Juhász B, Varga B, Bombicz M, Priksz D, Bácskay I, Vecsernyés M. Efficacy of Pre- and Post-Treatment by Topical Formulations Containing Dissolved and Suspended Silybum marianum against UVB-Induced Oxidative Stress in Guinea Pig and on HaCaT Keratinocytes. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101269. [PMID: 27669200 PMCID: PMC6273683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants with high amounts of antioxidants may be a promising therapy for preventing and curing UV-induced oxidative skin damage. The objective of this study was to verify the efficacy of topical formulations containing dissolved and suspended Silybum marianum extract against UVB-induced oxidative stress in guinea pig and HaCaT keratinocytes. Herbal extract was dissolved in Transcutol HP (TC) and sucrose-esters were incorporated as penetration enhancers in creams. Biocompatibility of compositions was tested on HeLa cells and HaCaT keratinocytes as in vitro models. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) tests were performed to prove the safety of formulations in vivo. Drug release of different compositions was assessed by Franz diffusion methods. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) activities were evaluated before and after UVB irradiation in a guinea pig model and HaCaT cells. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme activity was measured in the epidermis of guinea pigs treated by different creams before and after UVB irradiation. Treatment with compositions containing silymarin powder (SM) dissolved in TC and sucrose stearate SP 50 or SP 70 resulted in increased activities of all reactive oxygen species (ROS) eliminating enzymes in the case of pre- and post-treatment as well. Reduction in the levels of lipid peroxidation end products was also detected after treatment with these two compositions. Post-treatment was more effective as the increase of the activity of antioxidants was higher. Lower HO-1 enzyme levels were measured in the case of pre- and post-treatment groups compared to control groups. Therefore, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of topical formulations containing silymarin in inhibiting UVB irradiation induced oxidative stress of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Róka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Béla Juhász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Mariann Bombicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Priksz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Vecsernyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Sati J, Mohanty BP, Garg ML, Koul A. Pro-Oxidant Role of Silibinin in DMBA/TPA Induced Skin Cancer: 1H NMR Metabolomic and Biochemical Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158955. [PMID: 27414401 PMCID: PMC4944989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin, a major bioactive flavonolignan in Silybum marianum, has received considerable attention in view of its anticarcinogenic activity. The present study examines its anticancer potential against 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced skin cancer. Male LACA mice were randomly segregated into 4 groups: Control, DMBA/TPA, Silibinin and Silibinin+DMBA/TPA. Tumors in DMBA/TPA and Silibinin+DMBA/TPA groups were histologically graded as squamous cell carcinoma. In the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group, significant reduction in tumor incidence (23%), tumor volume (64.4%), and tumor burden (84.8%) was observed when compared to the DMBA/TPA group. The underlying protective mechanism of Silibinin action was studied at pre-initiation (2 weeks), post-initiation (10 weeks) and promotion (22 weeks) stages of the skin carcinogenesis. The antioxidant nature of Silibinin was evident at the end of 2 weeks of its treatment. However, towards the end of 10 and 22 weeks, elevated lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels indicate the pro-oxidative nature of Silibinin in the cancerous tissue. TUNEL assay revealed enhanced apoptosis in the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group with respect to the DMBA/TPA group. Therefore, it may be suggested that raised LPO could be responsible for triggering apoptosis in the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to determine the metabolic profile of the skin /skin tumors. Dimethylamine (DMA), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glucose, lactic acid, taurine and guanine were identified as the major contributors for separation between the groups from the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the metabolite data. Enhanced DMA levels with no alteration in GPC, glucose and lactate levels reflect altered choline metabolism with no marked Warburg effect in skin tumors. However, elevated guanine levels with potent suppression of taurine and glucose levels in the Silibinin+DMBA/TPA group are suggestive of the pro-oxidative nature of Silibinin in regressing tumors. Thus, supporting the theory of augmented LPO levels resulting in increased apoptosis in the skin tumors treated with Silibinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sati
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Biraja Prasad Mohanty
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Mohan Lal Garg
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ashwani Koul
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
- * E-mail:
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21
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Rajnochová Svobodová A, Zálešák B, Biedermann D, Ulrichová J, Vostálová J. Phototoxic potential of silymarin and its bioactive components. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 156:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Guo Y, Sun J, Ye J, Ma W, Yan H, Wang G. Saussurea tridactyla Sch. Bip.-derived polysaccharides and flavones reduce oxidative damage in ultraviolet B-irradiated HaCaT cells via a p38MAPK-independent mechanism. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:389-403. [PMID: 26855564 PMCID: PMC4725635 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s96581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether Saussurea tridactyla Sch. Bip.-derived polysaccharides and flavones exert apoptosis-inhibiting effects in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated HaCaT cells. METHODS We divided HaCaT cells into low radiation UVB and high radiation UVB groups. Low radiation UVB and high radiation UVB groups were further divided into a control group, UVB radiation group (UVB group), S. tridactyla Sch. Bip.-derived polysaccharides and flavones low-dose group, and S. tridactyla Sch. Bip.-derived polysaccharides and flavones high-dose group. Cell viability and morphology were assayed by MTT and trypan blue staining. Superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content, malondialdehyde content, and catalase activity test kits were used to detect superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content, malondialdehyde content, and catalase activity, respectively. Cell apoptosis, intracellular Ca(2+) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) were detected by flow cytometry. Protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS S. tridactyla Sch. Bip.-derived polysaccharides and flavones were found to increase the absorbance of MTT, decrease cell death, alleviate the degree of cell edema, restore the cell morphology, reduce cell death fragments and chip phenomenon, increase superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione content, and catalase activity while decreasing the content of malondialdehyde, lowering the population of apoptotic cells, reducing the intracellular Ca(2+) fluorescence, increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ), increasing the expressions of p-38, p-53, Bcl-2, and decreasing the expressions of Bax and active-caspase-3. CONCLUSION S. tridactyla Sch. Bip.-derived polysaccharides and flavones can reduce cell apoptosis to protect HaCaT cells from oxidative damage after UVB irradiation; however, this effect does not occur via the p38MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ye
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualing Yan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, People's Republic of China
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23
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Calò R, Visone CM, Marabini L. Thymol and Thymus Vulgaris L. activity against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in NCTC 2544 cell line. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kumar R, Deep G, Agarwal R. An Overview of Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer Chemoprevention by Silibinin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:206-215. [PMID: 26097804 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer incidences are rising worldwide, and one of the major causative factors is excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Annually, ~5 million skin cancer patients are treated in United States, mostly with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which is also frequent in other Western countries. As sunscreens do not provide adequate protection against deleterious effects of UVR, additional and alternative chemoprevention strategies are urgently needed to reduce skin cancer burden. Over the last couple of decades, extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of skin carcinogenesis, and to identifying novel agents which could be useful in the chemoprevention of skin cancer. In this regard, several natural non-toxic compounds have shown promising efficacy in preventing skin carcinogenesis at initiation, promotion and progression stages, and are considered important in better management of skin cancer. Consistent with this, we and others have studied and established the notable efficacy of natural flavonolignan silibinin against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Extensive pre-clinical animal and cell culture studies report strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, DNA damage repair, immune-modulatory and anti-proliferative properties of silibinin. Molecular studies have identified that silibinin targets pleotropic signaling pathways including mitogenic, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, p53, NF-κB, etc. Overall, the skin cancer chemopreventive potential of silibinin is well supported by comprehensive mechanistic studies, suggesting its greater use against UV-induced cellular damages and photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Le M, McNeill FE, Seymour C, Rainbow AJ, Mothersill CE. An Observed Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation Emitted from Beta-Irradiated HaCaT Cells upon Non-Beta-Irradiated Bystander Cells. Radiat Res 2015; 183:279-90. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13827.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Le
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Fiona E. McNeill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Andrew J. Rainbow
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Carmel E. Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
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Kawano A, Hayakawa A, Kojima S, Tsukimoto M, Sakamoto H. Purinergic signaling mediates oxidative stress in UVA-exposed THP-1 cells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:391-400. [PMID: 28962373 PMCID: PMC5598242 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation, the major UV component of solar radiation, can penetrate easily to the dermis, where it causes significant damage to cellular components by inducing formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, extracellular ATP is released in response to various stimuli, and activates purinergic P2X7 receptor, triggering ROS production and cell death. Here, we examined the hypothesis that ATP release followed by activation of P2X7 receptor plays a role in UVA-induced oxidative cell damage, using human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Indeed, UVA irradiation of THP-1 cells induced ATP release and activation of P2X7 receptor. Irradiated cells showed a rapid increase of both p67phox in membrane fraction and intracellular ROS. Pretreatment with ecto-nucleotidase or P2X7 receptor antagonist blocked the UVA-initiated membrane translocation of p67phox and ROS production. Furthermore, pretreatment with antioxidant or P2X7 receptor antagonist efficiently protected UVA-irradiated cells from caspase-dependent cell death. These findings show that autocrine signaling through release of ATP and activation of P2X7 receptor is required for UVA-induced stimulation of oxidative stress in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kawano
- Radioisotope Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Hayakawa
- Radioisotope Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sakamoto
- Radioisotope Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Menezes AC, Raposo S, Simões S, Ribeiro H, Oliveira H, Ascenso A. Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis by Agonists of 5-HT1A and Antagonists of 5-HT2A Receptors. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1145-1164. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rafiq RA, Ganai BA, Tasduq SA. Piperine promotes ultraviolet (UV)-B-induced cell death in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells through modulation of major regulators of cell survival. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12860e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperine elevates intracellular ROS formation and impairs calcium homeostasis. It acts as a potent UVB photosensitizer, causing cell death and attenuation of major regulators of survival signalling pathways, offering a possible, practical therapeutic strategy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rather A. Rafiq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Jammu Tawi
- India
| | - Bashir A. Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD)
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar
- India
| | - Sheikh A. Tasduq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Jammu Tawi
- India
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Farrukh MR, Nissar UA, Afnan Q, Rafiq RA, Sharma L, Amin S, Kaiser P, Sharma PR, Tasduq SA. Oxidative stress mediated Ca(2+) release manifests endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to unfolded protein response in UV-B irradiated human skin cells. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 75:24-35. [PMID: 24794973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, an environmental stressor induces number of adverse biological effects (photodamage), including cancer. The damage induced by UV-irradiation in skin cells is initiated by the photochemical generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequent activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). OBJECTIVE To decipher cellular and molecular events responsible for UV-B mediated ER stress and UPR activation in skin cells. METHODS The study was performed on human skin fibroblast (Hs68) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells exposed to UV-B radiations in lab conditions. Different parameters of UVB induced cellular and molecular changes were analyzed using Western-blotting, microscopic studies and flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results depicted that UV-B induces an immediate ROS generation that resulted in emptying of ER Ca(2+) stores inducing ER stress and activation of PERK-peIF2α-CHOP pathway. Quenching ROS generation by anti-oxidants prevented Ca(2+) release and subsequent induction of ER stress and UPR activation. UV-B irradiation induced PERK dependent G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in Hs68 and G1/S phase cell cycle arrest in HaCaT. Also our study reflects that UV-B exposure leads to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of apoptotic cascade as evident by AnnexinV/PI staining, decreased expression of Bcl-2 and increased cleavage of PARP-1 protein. CONCLUSION UV-B induced Ca(2+) deficit within ER lumen was mediated by immediate ROS generation. Insufficient Ca(2+) concentration within ER lumen developed ER stress leading to UPR activation. These changes were reversed by use of anti-oxidants which quench ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mufti R Farrukh
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ul A Nissar
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Quadri Afnan
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rather A Rafiq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Love Sharma
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Peerzada Kaiser
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Parduman R Sharma
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sheikh A Tasduq
- PK-PD and Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
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Singh M, Suman S, Shukla Y. New Enlightenment of Skin Cancer Chemoprevention through Phytochemicals: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies and the Underlying Mechanisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:243452. [PMID: 24757666 PMCID: PMC3976810 DOI: 10.1155/2014/243452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancer is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Skin overexposure to ultraviolet irradiations, chemicals, and several viruses has a capability to cause severe skin-related disorders including immunosuppression and skin cancer. These factors act in sequence at various steps of skin carcinogenesis via initiation, promotion, and/or progression. These days cancer chemoprevention is recognized as the most hopeful and novel approach to prevent, inhibit, or reverse the processes of carcinogenesis by intervention with natural products. Phytochemicals have antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and carcinogen detoxification capabilities thereby considered as efficient chemopreventive agents. Considerable efforts have been done to identify the phytochemicals which may possibly act on one or several molecular targets that modulate cellular processes such as inflammation, immunity, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Till date several phytochemicals in the light of chemoprevention have been studied by using suitable skin carcinogenic in vitro and in vivo models and proven as beneficial for prevention of skin cancer. This revision presents a comprehensive knowledge and the main molecular mechanisms of actions of various phytochemicals in the chemoprevention of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Singh
- Proteomics Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Shankar Suman
- Proteomics Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Proteomics Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, P.O. Box 80, M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Staedler D, Magouroux T, Passemard S, Schwung S, Dubled M, Schneiter GS, Rytz D, Gerber-Lemaire S, Bonacina L, Wolf JP. Deep UV generation and direct DNA photo-interaction by harmonic nanoparticles in labelled samples. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2929-2936. [PMID: 24477750 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A biophotonics approach based on the nonlinear optical process of second harmonic generation is presented and demonstrated on malignant human cell lines labelled by harmonic nanoparticles. The method enables independent imaging and therapeutic action, selecting each modality by simply tuning the excitation laser wavelength from infrared to visible. In particular, the generation of deep ultraviolet radiation at 270 nm allows direct interaction with nuclear DNA in the absence of photosensitizing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Staedler
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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