1
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Wang J, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Duan R, Kong F, Zheng X, Hua Y. A conserved role of bam in maintaining metabolic homeostasis via regulating intestinal microbiota in Drosophila. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14145. [PMID: 36248714 PMCID: PMC9559046 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have proven that bag-of-marbles (bam) plays a pivotal role in promoting early germ cell differentiation in Drosophila ovary. However, whether it functions in regulating the metabolic state of the host remains largely unknown. Methods We utilized GC-MS, qPCR, and some classical kits to examine various metabolic profiles and gut microbial composition in bam loss-of-function mutants and age-paired controls. We performed genetic manipulations to explore the tissue/organ-specific role of bam in regulating energy metabolism in Drosophila. The DSS-induced mouse colitis was generated to identify the role of Gm114, the mammalian homolog of bam, in modulating intestinal homeostasis. Results We show that loss of bam leads to an increased storage of energy in Drosophila. Silence of bam in intestines results in commensal microbial dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction of the host. Moreover, recovery of bam expression in guts almost rescues the obese phenotype in bam loss-of-function mutants. Further examinations of mammalian Gm114 imply a similar biological function in regulating the intestinal homeostasis and energy storage with its Drosophila homolog bam. Conclusion Our studies uncover a novel biological function of bam/Gm114 in regulating the host lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Chao Zhang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | | | - Xianrui Zheng
- Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
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2
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Tellez-Gabriel M, Tekpli X, Reine TM, Hegge B, Nielsen SR, Chen M, Moi L, Normann LS, Busund LTR, Calin GA, Mælandsmo GM, Perander M, Theocharis AD, Kolset SO, Knutsen E. Serglycin Is Involved in TGF-β Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Is Highly Expressed by Immune Cells in Breast Cancer Tissue. Front Oncol 2022; 12:868868. [PMID: 35494005 PMCID: PMC9047906 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.868868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serglycin is a proteoglycan highly expressed by immune cells, in which its functions are linked to storage, secretion, transport, and protection of chemokines, proteases, histamine, growth factors, and other bioactive molecules. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that serglycin is also expressed by several other cell types, such as endothelial cells, muscle cells, and multiple types of cancer cells. Here, we show that serglycin expression is upregulated in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Functional studies provide evidence that serglycin plays an important role in the regulation of the transition between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, and it is a significant EMT marker gene. We further find that serglycin is more expressed by breast cancer cell lines with a mesenchymal phenotype as well as the basal-like subtype of breast cancers. By examining immune staining and single cell sequencing data of breast cancer tissue, we show that serglycin is highly expressed by infiltrating immune cells in breast tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tellez-Gabriel
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Xavier Tekpli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine M. Reine
- Department of Interphase Genetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beate Hegge
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stephanie R. Nielsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Line Moi
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lisa Svartdal Normann
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Lill-Tove R. Busund
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gunhild M. Mælandsmo
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Perander
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Erik Knutsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Centre for Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Erik Knutsen,
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3
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Ding Y, Zhou Y, Ling P, Feng X, Luo S, Zheng X, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9376-9396. [PMID: 34646376 PMCID: PMC8490502 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) represents the primary pathological change of multiple vascular diseases, because it causes decreased arterial plasticity, increased vascular resistance, reduced tissue perfusion and atherosclerosis. Caused by “biochemical injury”, ED is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Accumulating evidence shows that metformin improves ED through liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5'-adenosine monophosphat-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-independent targets, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Evaluating the effects of metformin on endothelial cell functions would facilitate our understanding of the therapeutic potential of metformin in cardiovascular diabetology (including diabetes and its cardiovascular complications). This article reviews the physiological and pathological functions of endothelial cells and the intact endothelium, reviews the latest research of metformin in the treatment of diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and focuses on the mechanism of action of metformin in regulating endothelial cell functions.
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4
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Creamer TJ, Bramel EE, MacFarlane EG. Insights on the Pathogenesis of Aneurysm through the Study of Hereditary Aortopathies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020183. [PMID: 33514025 PMCID: PMC7912671 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) are permanent and localized dilations of the aorta that predispose patients to a life-threatening risk of aortic dissection or rupture. The identification of pathogenic variants that cause hereditary forms of TAA has delineated fundamental molecular processes required to maintain aortic homeostasis. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) elaborate and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to mechanical and biochemical cues from their environment. Causal variants for hereditary forms of aneurysm compromise the function of gene products involved in the transmission or interpretation of these signals, initiating processes that eventually lead to degeneration and mechanical failure of the vessel. These include mutations that interfere with transduction of stimuli from the matrix to the actin-myosin cytoskeleton through integrins, and those that impair signaling pathways activated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). In this review, we summarize the features of the healthy aortic wall, the major pathways involved in the modulation of VSMC phenotypes, and the basic molecular functions impaired by TAA-associated mutations. We also discuss how the heterogeneity and balance of adaptive and maladaptive responses to the initial genetic insult might contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Creamer
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily E. Bramel
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Predoctoral Training in Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elena Gallo MacFarlane
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (T.J.C.); (E.E.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Li J, Mo C, Guo Y, Zhang B, Feng X, Si Q, Wu X, Zhao Z, Gong L, He D, Shao J. Roles of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 in disease pathogenesis. Theranostics 2021; 11:3348-3358. [PMID: 33537091 PMCID: PMC7847688 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pin1 belongs to the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases) superfamily and catalyzes the cis-trans conversion of proline in target substrates to modulate diverse cellular functions including cell cycle progression, cell motility, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of Pin1 has wide-ranging influences on the fate of cells; therefore, it is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of Pin1 in disease pathogenesis.
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6
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Li H, Zou J, Yu XH, Ou X, Tang CK. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and atherosclerosis: New insights and therapeutic potential. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4216-4230. [PMID: 33275290 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), an important transcription factor belonging to the ZEB family, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression required for both normal physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence has shown that ZEB1 participates in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that ZEB1 protects against atherosclerosis by regulation of endothelial cell angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, macrophage lipid accumulation, macrophage polarization, monocyte-vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) interaction, VSMC proliferation and migration, and T cell proliferation. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of ZEB1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provide insights into the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Jin Zou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Instrument and Equipment Technology Laboratory of Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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7
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Afroz R, Zhou Y, Little PJ, Xu S, Mohamed R, Stow J, Kamato D. Toll-like Receptor 4 Stimulates Gene Expression via Smad2 Linker Region Phosphorylation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:524-534. [PMID: 32566917 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis begins in the vessel wall with the retention of low density lipoproteins to modified proteoglycans with hyperelongated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Bacterial infections produce endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide that exacerbate the outcome of atherosclerosis by generating a heightened state of inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via its toll-like receptor (TLR) is well-known for its role in mediating an inflammatory response in the body. Emerging evidence demonstrates that TLRs are involved in regulating vascular functions. In this study we sought to investigate the role of LPS in proteoglycan modification and GAG chain elongation, and we hypothesize that LPS will signal via Smad2 dependent pathways to regulate GAG chain elongation. The in vitro model used human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. GAG gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blotting was performed using whole-cell protein lysates to assess the signaling pathway. LPS via TLR4 stimulates the expression of GAG synthesizing enzymes to an equal extent to traditional cardiovascular agonists. LPS phosphorylates the Smad2 linker region via TAK-1/MAPK dependent pathways which correlated with genes associated with GAG chain initiation and elongation. The well-characterized role of LPS in inflammation and our data on GAG gene expression demonstrates that GAG chain elongation is the earliest marker of the inflammatory cascade in atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwana Afroz
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Raafat Mohamed
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Jennifer Stow
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
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8
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Barth M, Selig JI, Klose S, Schomakers A, Kiene LS, Raschke S, Boeken U, Akhyari P, Fischer JW, Lichtenberg A. Degenerative aortic valve disease and diabetes: Implications for a link between proteoglycans and diabetic disorders in the aortic valve. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:254-269. [PMID: 30563371 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118817922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative aortic valve disease in combination with diabetes is an increasing burden worldwide. There is growing evidence that particularly small leucine-rich proteoglycans are involved in the development of degenerative aortic valve disease. Nevertheless, the role of these molecules in this disease in the course of diabetes has not been elucidated in detail and previous studies remain controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study is to broaden the knowledge about small leucine-rich proteoglycans in degenerative aortic valve disease and the influence of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on aortic valves and valvular interstitial cells is examined. Analyses were performed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, (immuno)histology and colorimetric assays. We could show that biglycan, but not decorin and lumican, is upregulated in degenerated human aortic valve cusps. Subgroup analysis reveals that upregulation of biglycan is stage-dependent. In vivo, loss of biglycan leads to stage-dependent calcification and also to migratory effects on interstitial cells within the extracellular matrix. In late stages of degenerative aortic valve disease, diabetes increases the expression of biglycan in aortic valves. In vitro, the combinations of hyperglycaemic with pro-degenerative conditions lead to an upregulation of biglycan. In conclusion, biglycan represents a potential link between degenerative aortic valve disease and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Barth
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica I Selig
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Klose
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje Schomakers
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena S Kiene
- 2 Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Silja Raschke
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Udo Boeken
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- 2 Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the major cell type in human atherosclerosis-prone arteries and take up excess lipids, thereby contributing to luminal occlusion. Here we provide a focused review on pathways by which smooth muscle cells (SMCs) can become foam cells in atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS A synthesis of recent and older investigations provides key mechanistic insights into SMC foam cell formation. LDL and other apoB-containing lipoproteins are modified by a diverse array of oxidative, enzymatic, and nonenzymatic processes present in the arterial intima. These modifications of LDL all promote the aggregation of LDL (agLDL), a key finding from analysis of arterial lesion particles. Scavenger receptor and phagocytic capacity of SMCs can vary greatly, perhaps related to differences in SMC phenotype or in-vitro cell culture environments, and can be increased with exposure to cytokines, growth factors, and cholesterol. Macrophages promote the formation of SMC foam cells in direct or indirect co-culture models. SUMMARY SMCs contribute significantly to the foam cell population in atherosclerosis. Further investigation and identification of key mechanisms of SMC foam cell formation will help drive new therapeutics to reduce cardiovascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins B/genetics
- Apolipoproteins B/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Foam Cells/drug effects
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Foam Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phagocytosis
- Protein Aggregates/drug effects
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin S Pryma
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Curcumin Inhibited Endothelin mRNA Expression Induced by TGF-β in Bovine Endothelial Cell. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.62317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Mohamed R, Dayati P, Mehr RN, Kamato D, Seif F, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H, Little PJ. Transforming growth factor-β1 mediated CHST11 and CHSY1 mRNA expression is ROS dependent in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 13:225-233. [PMID: 30417274 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mediates glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain hyperelongation on secreted proteoglycans and these modifications are associated with increased lipid binding in the vessel wall and the development of atherosclerosis. In vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), TGF-β1 regulated GAG elongation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 as well as Smad2 linker region phosphorylation. In this study, our aim was to identify the TGF-β1 mediated signalling pathway involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Smad2 linker region phosphorylation that regulate the mRNA expression of GAG synthesizing enzymes, chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase 1 (CHST11) and chondroitin sulfate synthase 1 (CHSY1) which are the rate limiting enzymes involved in GAG chain elongation. Signalling molecules were assessed by western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR was used for analysis of gene expression and intracellular ROS level was measured by a fluorescence based assay. TGF-β1 induced ROS production in VSMCs. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox) inhibitors, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and apocynin blocked TGF-β1 mediated Smad2 linker region phosphorylation. TGF-β1 treatment increased the mRNA levels of CHST11 and CHSY1. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox blocked TGF-β1 mediated mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation and TGF-β1 stimulated CHST11 and CHSY1 mRNA expression. These findings demonstrated that TGF-β1 mediated expression of CHST11 and CHSY1 can occur via Nox-dependent pathways and Smad2 linker region phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Mohamed
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Parisa Dayati
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Niayesh Mehr
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, Guangdong Pr., China
| | - Faezeh Seif
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. .,Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520, Guangdong Pr., China.
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12
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Gray SG, Sweeting AN, Mcguire TM, Cohen N, Ross GP, Little PJ. Changing environment of hyperglycemia in pregnancy: Gestational diabetes and diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. J Diabetes 2018; 10:633-640. [PMID: 29573162 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have been in a state of flux since the World Health Organization accepted and endorsed the International Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group's diagnostic pathway and criteria in 2013. These new diagnostic criteria identify an increasing number of women at risk of hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HGiP). Maternal hyperglycemia represents a significant risk to the mother and fetus, in both the short and long term. Controversially, metformin use for the treatment of GDM is increasing in Australia. This article identifies the multiple and varied presentations of HGiP, of which GDM is the most commonly encountered. The degree of maternal hyperglycemia experienced affects the outcomes for both the mother and neonate, and specific diagnosis determines the appropriate treatment for the pregnancy. Given the increasing incidence of women with dysglycemia and those developing HGiP, this is an important area for research and clinical attention for all health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Gray
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arianne N Sweeting
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Boden Institute and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Treasure M Mcguire
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Pharmacy Services, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glynis P Ross
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Nafisa A, Gray SG, Cao Y, Wang T, Xu S, Wattoo FH, Barras M, Cohen N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: Impact of metformin. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 192:150-162. [PMID: 30056057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction is a key player in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Current evidence suggests that the anti-diabetic drug metformin improves insulin resistance and protects against endothelial dysfunction in the vasculature. Hereby, we provide a timely review on the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of metformin in preventing endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Nafisa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Susan G Gray
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yingnan Cao
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinghuai Wang
- Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Feroza H Wattoo
- Department of Biochemistry, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Shamasabad, Muree Road, Rawalpindi 4600, Pakistan..
| | - Michael Barras
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Neale Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Afroz R, Cao Y, Rostam MA, Ta H, Xu S, Zheng W, Osman N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Signalling pathways regulating galactosaminoglycan synthesis and structure in vascular smooth muscle: Implications for lipoprotein binding and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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15
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G protein coupled receptors can transduce signals through carboxy terminal and linker region phosphorylation of Smad transcription factors. Life Sci 2018; 199:10-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Ponticelli C, Anders HJ. Thrombospondin immune regulation and the kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 32:1084-1089. [PMID: 28088772 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most therapeutic attempts to prevent the progression of kidney diseases have been based on interventions to inhibit the production of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Thrombospondins (TSPs) play an important role in activating TGF-β. In the healthy kidney, two TSPs are expressed, TSP1 and TSP2, which exert contrasting effects. While TSP1 is a major activator of TGF-β in renal cells and exerts pro-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo, TSP2 lacks the ability for TGF-β activation but regulates matrix remodeling and inflammation in experimental kidney disease. The effects of TSPs in the kidney have been mostly investigated by using the murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. In this model, TSP1 expression is increased along with the development of interstitial fibrosis and TGF-β. Relief of the obstruction gradually improves renal function and decreases the expression in TSP1 and TGF-β1. Several inhibitors of TSP1 prevented progressive interstitial fibrosis in murine models of ureteral obstruction, suggesting that control of latent TGF-β activation by inhibiting TSP1 might represent a novel potential target for preventing renal interstitial fibrosis. However, further studies are needed to assess whether TSP1-mediated TGF-β activation can be safely used in humans. In fact, TSPs normally act to suppress tumors in vivo. Moreover, TGF-β can exert a pivotal function in the immune system, as it may induce the production of regulatory T cells and suppress B cell responses. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in TGF-β regulation may help in finding effective treatments of tissue fibrosis, cancer and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Ponticelli
- Renal Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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17
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Rostam MA, Shajimoon A, Kamato D, Mitra P, Piva TJ, Getachew R, Cao Y, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. Flavopiridol Inhibits TGF-β-Stimulated Biglycan Synthesis by Blocking Linker Region Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation of Smad2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:156-164. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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18
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Lepedda AJ, Nieddu G, Rocchiccioli S, Ucciferri N, Idini M, De Muro P, Formato M. Levels of Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor and Structure of Its Chondroitin Sulphate Moiety in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:9378515. [PMID: 29541644 PMCID: PMC5818928 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9378515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a global health problem representing the fifth leading cause of mortality and a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In the last years, we reported an association among urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a small proteoglycan that plays pleiotropic roles in many inflammatory processes, and both type 1 and 2 diabetes and developed a method for its direct quantitation and structural characterization. METHODS Urine from 39 patients affected by type 1 diabetes, 32 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 52 controls were analysed. UTI was separated from the main glycosaminoglycans physiologically present in urine by anion exchange chromatography, treated for chondroitin sulphate (CS) chain complete depolymerisation, and analysed for both UTI content and CS structure. UTI identification was performed by nano-LC-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS We evidenced increased UTI levels, as well as reduced sulphation of its CS moiety in association with diabetes, regardless of both age and medium-term glycaemic control. Furthermore, no association between UTI and albumin excretion rate was found. CONCLUSIONS Evidences suggest that UTI levels are not directly correlated with renal function or, otherwise, that they may increase before the onset of renal impairment in diabetes, representing a potential marker for the underlying inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Ucciferri
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Idini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pierina De Muro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marilena Formato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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19
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Wilson PG, Thompson JC, Yoder MH, Charnigo R, Tannock LR. Prevention of renal apoB retention is protective against diabetic nephropathy: role of TGF-β inhibition. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2264-2274. [PMID: 28912302 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m078204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies demonstrate that hyperlipidemia and renal lipid accumulation contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We previously demonstrated that renal lipoproteins colocalize with biglycan, a renal proteoglycan. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prevention of renal lipid (apoB) accumulation attenuates DN. Biglycan-deficient and biglycan wild-type Ldlr-/- mice were made diabetic via streptozotocin and fed a high cholesterol diet. As biglycan deficiency is associated with elevated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), in some experiments mice were injected with either the TGF-β-neutralizing antibody, 1D11, or with 13C4, an irrelevant control antibody. Biglycan deficiency had no significant effect on renal apoB accumulation, but led to modest attenuation of DN with ∼30% reduction in albuminuria; however, biglycan deficiency caused a striking elevation in TGF-β. Use of 1D11 led to sustained suppression of TGF-β for approximately 8 weeks at a time. The 1D11 treatment caused decreased renal apoB accumulation, decreased albuminuria, decreased renal hypertrophy, and improved survival, compared with the 13C4 treatment. Thus, prevention of renal apoB accumulation is protective against development of DN. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that prevention of renal apoB accumulation is a mechanism by which TGF-β inhibition is nephroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Meghan H Yoder
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502.,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Richard Charnigo
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY 40502 .,Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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20
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Sterpetti AV, Borrelli V, Ventura M, Cucina A. Cross talk between inflammatory cytokines and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in transplant vasculopathy. J Surg Res 2017; 212:114-121. [PMID: 28550897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplant vasculopathy limits the clinical results of solid organ transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-three arterial grafts were implanted in the abdominal aorta of Lewis rats. The animals were humanely sacrificed 4 wk after surgery. The study groups had 15 arterial isografts and 18 arterial allografts. Growth factors and inflammatory cytokines, released by the removed grafts, were studied in organ culture. The released growth factors were analyzed in vitro to assess their effect on the proliferation of endothelial, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. RESULTS In arterial isogenic and allogenic grafts, platelet-derived growth factor and basic fibroblastic growth factor release was minimal (P < 0.01). There was a significant release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; P < 0.001) in allografts. GM-CSF and TNF-α, at concentrations in the allograft organ cultures, stimulated significantly the growth of smooth muscle cells. The simultaneous action of TNF-α and GM-CSF had an exponential growth effect on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, and IL-9 were released in high quantities by allografts. In vitro, IL-1, IL-2, and IL-9 facilitated the growth effect of GM-CSF and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Transplant vasculopathy depends on the simultaneous and complementary additive effects of several growth factors and cytokines, which have a continuous "cross talk."
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Ventura
- Policlinico Umberto I, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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21
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Muppala S, Xiao R, Krukovets I, Verbovetsky D, Yendamuri R, Habib N, Raman P, Plow E, Stenina-Adognravi O. Thrombospondin-4 mediates TGF-β-induced angiogenesis. Oncogene 2017; 36:5189-5198. [PMID: 28481870 PMCID: PMC5589494 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine affecting many cell types and implicated in tissue remodeling processes. Due to its many functions and cell-specific effects, the consequences of TGF-β signaling are process-and stage-dependent, and it is not uncommon that TGF-β exerts distinct and sometimes opposing effects on a disease progression depending on the stage and on the pathological changes associated with the stage. The mechanisms underlying cell- and process-specific effects of TGF-β are poorly understood. We are describing a novel pathway that mediates induction of angiogenesis in response to TGF-β1. We found that in endothelial cells (EC) TSP-4, a secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) protein is upregulated in response to TGF-β1 and mediates the effects of TGF-β1 on angiogenesis. Upregulation of TSP-4 does not require the synthesis of new protein, is not caused by decreased secretion of TSP-4, and is mediated by activation of SMAD3. Using Thbs4−/− mice and TSP-4 shRNA, we found that TSP-4 mediated pro-angiogenic functions on cultured EC and angiogenesis in vivo in response to TGF-β1. We observed ~ 3-fold increases in tumor mass and levels of angiogenesis markers in animals injected with TGF-β1, and these effects did not occur in Thbs4−/− animals. Injections of an inhibitor of TGF-β1 signaling SB431542 also decreased the weights of tumors and cancer angiogenesis. Our results from in vivo angiogenesis models and cultured EC document that TSP-4 mediates upregulation of angiogenesis by TGF-β1. Upregulation of pro-angiogenic TSP-4 and selective effects of TSP-4 on EC may contribute to stimulation of tumor growth by TGF-β despite the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muppala
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Xiao
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - I Krukovets
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Verbovetsky
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Yendamuri
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Habib
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P Raman
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, North Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - E Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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22
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Insights into cellular signalling by G protein coupled receptor transactivation of cell surface protein kinase receptors. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:117-125. [PMID: 28168348 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling is mediated by transactivation independent and transactivation dependent pathways. GPCRs transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors (PTKRs) and protein serine/threonine kinase receptors (PS/TKR). Since the initial observations of transactivation dependent signalling, there has been an effort to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomena. GPCR signalling has evolved to include biased signalling. Biased signalling, whereby selected ligands can activate the same GPCR that can generate multiple signals, but drive only a unique response. To date, there has been no focus on the ability of biased agonists to activate the PTKR and PS/TKR transactivation pathways differentially. As such, this represents a novel direction for future research. This review will discuss the main mechanisms of GPCR mediated receptor transactivation and the pathways involved in intracellular responses.
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Entstehung und Progression der Aortenklappendegeneration. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-016-0086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Daneshmandi S, Karimi MH, Pourfathollah AA. TGF-β engineered mesenchymal stem cells (TGF-β/MSCs) for treatment of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mice model. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 44:191-196. [PMID: 28110219 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are advantageous candidates for cell therapy of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Considering immunomodulatory effect of MSC, in this study, we engineered MSCs with TGF-β gene to increase MSC potency for T1D therapy in mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two plans were designed for prevention and treatment of diabetes, respectively. In both of them, MSCs were injected i.v. and then, the diabetes features including serum insulin, blood glucose, glucose tolerance, splenocytes proliferation, and IL-4/IFN-γ production were evaluated. RESULTS TGF-β/MSCs treatment program resulted in the restoration of serum glucose after 3weeks, while prevention program could delay diabetes progression for two weeks. TGF-β/MSCs treatment elevated the levels of serum insulin and Th2 cytokine shift on 5th week after start of treatment. TGF-β/MSCs (and MSCs alone) could also diminish body weight and enhance mice survival comparing to untreated diabetic mice. CONCLUSION Engineered TGF-β/MSCs could restore some T1D features, including the regulation of adverse immune responses and could be potent tools for cell therapy of T1D comparing MSCs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Daneshmandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Pourfathollah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Syaidah R, Tsukada T, Azuma M, Horiguchi K, Fujiwara K, Kikuchi M, Yashiro T. Fibromodulin Expression in Folliculostellate Cells and Pericytes Is Promoted by TGFβ Signaling in Rat Anterior Pituitary Gland. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2016; 49:171-179. [PMID: 28127105 PMCID: PMC5263227 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.16021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromodulin belongs to the family of small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), an active component of extracellular matrix. It directly binds collagens to promote fibrillogenesis and also binds transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) to antagonize its actions. Our previous studies of rat anterior pituitary gland revealed that fibromodulin is expressed in folliculostellate cells and pericytes. Although our recent study showed that TGFβ2 secreted from folliculostellate cells induces collagen synthesis in pericytes, the involvement of fibromodulin in TGFβ2-mediated collagen regulation has not been studied. The present study examined the effect of TGFβ2 on fibromodulin synthesis in rat anterior pituitary gland. In situ hybridization for TGFβ receptor II and immunohistological techniques revealed the presence of TGFβ receptor II in folliculostellate cells and pericytes. To confirm canonical TGFβ intracellular signaling, Smad2 immunocytochemistry was performed. Nuclear translocation of Smad2 was observed in folliculostellate cells and pericytes after TGFβ2 treatment. TGFβ2 strongly enhanced fibromodulin mRNA and protein expressions, and TGFβ2-induced mRNA expression was completely blocked by TGFβ receptor I inhibitor (SB431542). These results suggest that folliculostellate cells and pericytes exhibit canonical TGFβ2 signaling, which is associated with fibromodulin production. Thus, this is the first report to show that TGFβ signaling regulates the endogenous TGFβ antagonist fibromodulin in the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahimi Syaidah
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Morio Azuma
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Kotaro Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Kyorin University
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Motoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
- Laboratory of Natural History, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
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Sharifat N, Mohammad Zadeh G, Ghaffari MA, Dayati P, Kamato D, Little PJ, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) stimulates carboxy terminal Smad2 phosphorylation in vascular endothelial cells by a mechanism dependent on ET receptors and de novo protein synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:66-72. [PMID: 27905105 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists through their receptors can transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor and serine/threonine kinase receptors most notably transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor (TβRI). This signalling mechanism represents a major expansion in the cellular outcomes attributable to GPCR signalling. This study addressed the role and mechanisms involved in GPCR agonist, endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated transactivation of the TβRI in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). METHOD The in-vitro model used BAECs. Signalling intermediate phospho-Smad2 in the carboxy terminal was detected and quantified by Western blotting. KEY FINDING ET-1 treatment of BAECs resulted in a time and concentration-dependent increase in pSmad2C. Peak phosphorylation was evident with 100 nm treatment of ET-1 at 4-6 h. TβRI antagonist, SB431542 inhibited ET-1-mediated pSmad2C. In the presence of bosentan, a mixed ETA and ETB receptor antagonist ET-1-mediated pSmad2C levels were inhibited. The ET-mediated pSmad2C was blocked by the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. CONCLUSION In BAECs, ET-1 via the ETB receptor is involved in transactivation of the TβRI. The transactivation-dependent response is dependent upon de novo protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Sharifat
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ghorban Mohammad Zadeh
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Ghaffari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Parisa Dayati
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
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Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Potential Role for Proteoglycans. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:2913612. [PMID: 27563459 PMCID: PMC4983667 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2913612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease evident after the age of 50 that damages the macula in the centre of retina. It leads to a loss of central vision with retained peripheral vision but eventual blindness occurs in many cases. The initiation site of AMD development is Bruch's membrane (BM) where multiple changes occur including the deposition of plasma derived lipids, accumulation of extracellular debris, changes in cell morphology, and viability and the formation of drusen. AMD manifests as early and late stage; the latter involves cell proliferation and neovascularization in wet AMD. Current therapies target the later hyperproliferative and invasive wet stage whilst none target early developmental stages of AMD. In the lipid deposition disease atherosclerosis modified proteoglycans bind and retain apolipoproteins in the artery wall. Chemically modified trapped lipids are immunogenic and can initiate a chronic inflammatory process manifesting as atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent artery blockages, heart attacks, or strokes. As plasma derived lipoprotein deposits are found in BM in early AMD, it is possible that they arise by a similar process within the macula. In this review we consider aspects of the pathological processes underlying AMD with a focus on the potential role of modifications to secreted proteoglycans being a cause and therefore a target for the treatment of early AMD.
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Gowd V, Gurukar A, Chilkunda ND. Glycosaminoglycan remodeling during diabetes and the role of dietary factors in their modulation. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:67-73. [PMID: 26962410 PMCID: PMC4766247 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i4.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a significant role in various aspects of cell physiology. These are complex polymeric molecules characterized by disaccharides comprising of uronic acid and amino sugar. Compounded to the heterogeneity, these are variously sulfated and epimerized depending on the class of GAG. Among the various classes of GAG, namely, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid (HA), only HA is non-sulfated. GAGs are known to undergo remodeling in various tissues during various pathophysiological conditions, diabetes mellitus being one among them. These changes will likely affect their structure thereby impinging on their functionality. Till date, diabetes has been shown to affect GAGs in organs such as kidney, liver, aorta, skin, erythrocytes, etc. to name a few, with deleterious consequences. One of the mainstays in the treatment of diabetes is though dietary means. Various dietary factors are known to play a significant role in regulating glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a keen interest to decipher the role of dietary factors on GAG metabolism. This review focuses on the remodeling of GAGs in various organs during diabetes and their modulation by dietary factors. While effect of diabetes on GAG metabolism has been worked out quite a bit, studies on the role of dietary factors in their modulation has been few and far between. We have tried our best to give the latest reports available on this subject.
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Bernard R, Getachew R, Kamato D, Thach L, Osman N, Chan V, Zheng W, Little PJ. Evaluation of the potential synergism of imatinib-related poly kinase inhibitors using growth factor stimulated proteoglycan synthesis as a model response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:368-78. [PMID: 26888375 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tyrosine kinase inhibitors were the first class of smart drugs being specifically designed to inhibit a disease causing target. There is a very important but unresolved question as whether or not the overall therapeutic role of an individual tinib results from an action at its primary target, a single most likely, tyrosine kinase, or from the combined or aggregate action at the multiple targets which each tinib addresses. METHODS We selected a series of ten tinibs (gefitinib, sunitinib, lapatinib, erlotinib, imatinib, sorafenib, axitinib, vanitinib, bosutinib, dasatinib) with various known targets and investigated their activities in the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis and GAG hyperelongation stimulated by a tyrosine kinase receptor agonist, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and for contrast, a serine/threonine kinase receptor agonist, TGF β and some downstream signalling pathways. RESULTS The inhibitory activity varied from little to total inhibition. The actions of the tinibs were directed more towards inhibition of the tyrosine kinase, PDGF receptor signalling pathway compared to the TGF β. CONCLUSION There was no suggestion of any synergistic effect arising from inhibition of multiple kinases as the most potent compound, dasatinib, is known to inhibit the broadest spectrum of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Bernard
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robel Getachew
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Chan
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.,China and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
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Rostam MA, Piva TJ, Rezaei HB, Kamato D, Little PJ, Zheng W, Osman N. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: functionality and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:117-24. [PMID: 25377120 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are a conserved group of enzymes that catalyse the conversion between cis and trans conformations of proline imidic peptide bonds. These enzymes play critical roles in regulatory mechanisms of cellular function and pathophysiology of disease. There are three different classes of PPIases and increasing interest in the development of specific PPIase inhibitors. Cyclosporine A, FK506, rapamycin and juglone are known PPIase inhibitors. Herein, we review recent advances in elucidating the role and regulation of the PPIase family in vascular disease. We focus on peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1), an important member of the PPIase family that plays a role in cell cycle progression, gene expression, cell signalling and cell proliferation. In addition, Pin1 may be involved in atherosclerosis. The unique role of Pin1 as a molecular switch that impacts on multiple downstream pathways necessitates the evaluation of a highly specific Pin1 inhibitor to aid in potential therapeutic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad A Rostam
- Discipline of Pharmacy, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Diabetes Complications Group, Metabolism, Exercise and Disease Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sun H, Zhao Y, Bi X, Li S, Su G, Miao Y, Ma X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhong M. Valsartan blocks thrombospondin/transforming growth factor/Smads to inhibit aortic remodeling in diabetic rats. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:18. [PMID: 25884585 PMCID: PMC4460645 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin II (Ang II) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) are closely involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. We aimed to determine whether an aberrant thrombospondin 1 (TSP1)–mediated TGFβ1/Smads signaling pathway specifically affects vascular fibrosis in diabetic rats and whether valsartan, an Ang II subtype 1 receptor blocker, has an anti-fibrotic effect. Methods Age-matched male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control (n = 8), diabetes (n = 16) and valsartan (30 mg/kg/day) (n = 16). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced by a high-calorie diet and streptozotocin injection. Morphological and biomechanical properties of the thoracic aorta were assessed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Masson staining was used for histological evaluation of extracellular matrix (ECM). The expression of components in the TSP1–mediated TGFβ1/Smads signaling pathway was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results As compared with controls, diabetic aortas showed reduced distensibility and compliance, with excess ECM deposition. Components in the TSP1-mediated TGFβ1/Smads signaling pathway, including TSP1, TGFβ1, TGFβ type II receptor (TβRII), Smad2 and Smad3, were accumulated in vascular smooth muscle cytoplasm of diabetic aortas and their protein and mRNA levels were upregulated. All these abnormalities were attenuated by valsartan. Conclusions TSP1-mediated TGFβ1/Smads pathway activation plays an important role in marcovascular remodeling in T2DM in rat. Valsartan can block the pathway and ameliorate vascular fibrosis. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1053842818141195
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, the Department of Cardiology, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China. .,Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Xiuping Bi
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, the Department of Cardiology, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China. .,Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China.
| | - Shaohua Li
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Guohai Su
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, China.
| | - Ya Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, the Department of Cardiology, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, the Department of Cardiology, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, the Department of Cardiology, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, the Department of Cardiology, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
| | - Ming Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, the Department of Cardiology, Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China.
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Sorrentino TA, Fourman L, Ferruzzi J, Miller KS, Humphrey JD, Roccabianca S. Local versus global mechanical effects of intramural swelling in carotid arteries. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:041008. [PMID: 25474096 DOI: 10.1115/1.4029303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are increasingly thought to play important roles in arterial mechanics and mechanobiology. We recently suggested that these highly negatively charged molecules, well known for their important contributions to cartilage mechanics, can pressurize intralamellar units in elastic arteries via a localized swelling process and thereby impact both smooth muscle mechanosensing and structural integrity. In this paper, we report osmotic loading experiments on murine common carotid arteries that revealed different degrees and extents of transmural swelling. Overall geometry changed significantly with exposure to hypo-osmotic solutions, as expected, yet mean pressure-outer diameter behaviors remained largely the same. Histological analyses revealed further that the swelling was not always distributed uniformly despite being confined primarily to the media. This unexpected finding guided a theoretical study of effects of different distributions of swelling on the wall stress. Results suggested that intramural swelling can introduce highly localized changes in the wall mechanics that could induce differential mechanobiological responses across the wall. There is, therefore, a need to focus on local, not global, mechanics when examining issues such as swelling-induced mechanosensing.
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Kamato D, Rostam MA, Bernard R, Piva TJ, Mantri N, Guidone D, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. The expansion of GPCR transactivation-dependent signalling to include serine/threonine kinase receptors represents a new cell signalling frontier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:799-808. [PMID: 25384733 PMCID: PMC11113717 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling is mediated through transactivation-independent signalling pathways or the transactivation of protein tyrosine kinase receptors and the recently reported activation of the serine/threonine kinase receptors, most notably the transforming growth factor-β receptor family. Since the original observation of GPCR transactivation of protein tyrosine kinase receptors, there has been considerable work on the mechanism of transactivation and several pathways are prominent. These pathways include the "triple membrane bypass" pathway and the generation of reactive oxygen species. The recent recognition of GPCR transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors enormously broadens the GPCR signalling paradigm. It may be predicted that the transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors would have mechanistic similarities with transactivation of tyrosine kinase pathways; however, initial studies suggest that these two transactivation pathways are mechanistically distinct. Important questions are the relative importance of tyrosine and serine/threonine transactivation pathways, the contribution of transactivation to overall GPCR signalling, mechanisms of transactivation and the range of cell types in which this phenomenon occurs. The ultimate significance of transactivation-dependent signalling remains to be defined but it appears to be prominent and if so will represent a new cell signalling frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Muhamad Ashraf Rostam
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Rebekah Bernard
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- Discipline of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Daniel Guidone
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Narin Osman
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Peter J. Little
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, VIC 3004 Australia
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Roccabianca S, Bellini C, Humphrey JD. Computational modelling suggests good, bad and ugly roles of glycosaminoglycans in arterial wall mechanics and mechanobiology. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:20140397. [PMID: 24920112 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial layer of large arteries contains aggregates of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan and the proteoglycan versican. It is increasingly thought that these aggregates play important mechanical and mechanobiological roles despite constituting only a small fraction of the normal arterial wall. In this paper, we offer a new hypothesis that normal aggregates of hyaluronan and versican pressurize the intralamellar spaces, and thereby put into tension the radial elastic fibres that connect the smooth muscle cells to the elastic laminae, which would facilitate mechanosensing. This hypothesis is supported by novel computational simulations using two complementary models, a mechanistically based finite-element mixture model and a phenomenologically motivated continuum hyperelastic model. That is, the simulations suggest that normal aggregates of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans within the arterial media may play equally important roles in supporting (i.e. a structural role) and sensing (i.e. an instructional role) mechanical loads. Additional simulations suggest further, however, that abnormal increases in these aggregates, either distributed or localized, may over-pressurize the intralamellar units. We submit that these situations could lead to compromised mechanosensing, anoikis and/or reduced structural integrity, each of which represent fundamental aspects of arterial pathologies seen, for example, in hypertension, ageing and thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roccabianca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Bellini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Uluçay S, Çam FS, Batır MB, Sütçü R, Bayturan Ö, Demircan K. A novel association between TGFb1 and ADAMTS4 in coronary artery disease: A new potential mechanism in the progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes. Anatol J Cardiol 2014; 15:823-9. [PMID: 25592103 PMCID: PMC5336969 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2014.5762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Coronary artery disease is characterized by atherosclerosis in the vessel wall. Recently, it has been thought that increasing LDL-binding capacity of subendothelial proteoglycan fragments that are formed by protease activity can be responsible for the initiation of atherosclerosis. ADAMTS4 is a member of the versican-degrading proteinases. In vitro studies demonstrated that TGFβ inhibits the expression of ADAMTS4 in macrophages. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and association between TGFβ1 and ADAMTS4 in coronary artery disease. Methods: A total of 84 cases with atheroma plaque and 72 controls without plaque were analyzed. The severity of disease was determined by Gensini score. TGFβ1 gene polymorphisms were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. TGFβ1 and ADAMTS4 serum levels were measured by ELISA method. Statistical analyses of genotypes and their relationship with serum levels were performed by chi-square, student t test and ANOVA. Results: ADAMTS4 levels were higher in cases compared with controls (p<0.05). In the patient group, ADAMTS4 levels were higher than in controls and correlated with TGFβ1 serum levels (r=0.29; p<0.05) and severity of disease (r=0.20; p<0.05). The TGFβ1 gene CCA haplotype was associated with 3.3-fold increase in coronary artery disease (OR=3.26 95% CI 1.22-8.68; p<0.05). Unexpectedly, ADAMTS4 serum levels were also higher in diabetic cases (p=0.05). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that ADAMTS4 may be responsible for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This is the first report about the association between ADAMTS4 and TGFβ1 serum levels in the progression of atherosclerosis in CAD. Furthermore, it is seen that TGFβ1 haplotype can cause a genetic susceptibility to CAD in the Turkish population. To our knowledge, this is also the first report suggesting higher serum ADAMTS4 levels in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Uluçay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University; Manisa Turkey.
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Thompson JC, Tang T, Wilson PG, Yoder MH, Tannock LR. Increased atherosclerosis in mice with increased vascular biglycan content. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:71-5. [PMID: 24816040 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The response to retention hypothesis of atherogenesis proposes that atherosclerosis is initiated via the retention of atherogenic lipoproteins by vascular proteoglycans. Co-localization studies suggest that of all the vascular proteoglycans, biglycan is the one most closely co-localized with LDL. The goal of this study was to determine if over-expression of biglycan in hyperlipidemic mice would increase atherosclerosis development. METHODS Transgenic mice were developed by expressing biglycan under control of the smooth muscle actin promoter, and were crossed to the LDL receptor deficient (C57BL/6 background) atherosclerotic mouse model. Biglycan transgenic and non-transgenic control mice were fed an atherogenic Western diet for 4-12 weeks. RESULTS LDL receptor deficient mice overexpressing biglycan under control of the smooth muscle alpha actin promoter had increased atherosclerosis development that correlated with vascular biglycan content. CONCLUSION Increased vascular biglycan content predisposes to increased lipid retention and increased atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia G Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Meghan H Yoder
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Ma RCW, Lee HM, Lam VKL, Tam CHT, Ho JSK, Zhao HL, Guan J, Kong APS, Lau E, Zhang G, Luk A, Wang Y, Tsui SKW, Chan TF, Hu C, Jia WP, Park KS, Lee HK, Furuta H, Nanjo K, Tai ES, Ng DPK, Tang NLS, Woo J, Leung PC, Xue H, Wong J, Leung PS, Lau TCK, Tong PCY, Xu G, Ng MCY, So WY, Chan JCN. Familial young-onset diabetes, pre-diabetes and cardiovascular disease are associated with genetic variants of DACH1 in Chinese. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84770. [PMID: 24465431 PMCID: PMC3896349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Asia, young-onset type 2 diabetes (YOD) is characterized by obesity and increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 99 Chinese obese subjects with familial YOD diagnosed before 40-year-old and 101 controls, the T allele of rs1408888 in intron 1 of DACH1(Dachshund homolog 1) was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.49(95% confidence intervals:1.57-3.96, P = 8.4 × 10(-5)). Amongst these subjects, we found reduced expression of DACH1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 63 cases compared to 65 controls (P = 0.02). In a random cohort of 1468 cases and 1485 controls, amongst top 19 SNPs from GWAS, rs1408888 was associated with type 2 diabetes with a global P value of 0.0176 and confirmation in a multiethnic Asian case-control cohort (7370/7802) with an OR of 1.07(1.02-1.12, P(meta) = 0.012). In 599 Chinese non-diabetic subjects, rs1408888 was linearly associated with systolic blood pressure and insulin resistance. In a case-control cohort (n = 953/953), rs1408888 was associated with an OR of 1.54(1.07-2.22, P = 0.019) for CVD in type 2 diabetes. In an autopsy series of 173 non-diabetic cases, TT genotype of rs1408888 was associated with an OR of 3.31(1.19-9.19, P = 0.0214) and 3.27(1.25-11.07, P = 0.0184) for coronary heart disease (CHD) and coronary arteriosclerosis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that rs1408888 lies within regulatory elements of DACH1 implicated in islet development and insulin secretion. The T allele of rs1408888 of DACH1 was associated with YOD, prediabetes and CVD in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vincent Kwok Lim Lam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Claudia Ha Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Janice Siu Ka Ho
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Guan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alice Pik Shan Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lau
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrea Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stephen Kwok Wing Tsui
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hiroto Furuta
- First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kishio Nanjo
- First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Peng-Keat Ng
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nelson Leung Sang Tang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jean Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jeffrey Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Terrence C. K. Lau
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peter Chun Yip Tong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maggie Chor Yin Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juliana Chung Ngor Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Rogers NM, Sharifi-Sanjani M, Csányi G, Pagano PJ, Isenberg JS. Thrombospondin-1 and CD47 regulation of cardiac, pulmonary and vascular responses in health and disease. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:92-101. [PMID: 24418252 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular homeostasis and health is maintained through the balanced interactions of cardiac generated blood flow and cross-talk between the cellular components that comprise blood vessels. Central to this cross-talk is endothelial generated nitric oxide (NO) that stimulates relaxation of the contractile vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) layer of blood vessels. In cardiovascular disease this balanced interaction is disrupted and NO signaling is lost. Work over the last several years indicates that regulation of NO is much more complex than previously believed. It is now apparent that the secreted protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), that is upregulated in cardiovascular disease and animal models of the same, on activating cell surface receptor CD47, redundantly inhibits NO production and NO signaling. This inhibitory event has implications for baseline and disease-related responses mediated by NO. Further work has identified that TSP1-CD47 signaling stimulates enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to further limit blood flow and promote vascular disease. Herein consideration is given to the most recent discoveries in this regard which identify the TSP1-CD47 axis as a major proximate governor of cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Rogers
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | | | - Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Jeffrey S Isenberg
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of the major complications of diabetes in the kidney, the heart, the eye or the vasculature. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are a major source of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and are critical mediators of redox signalling in cells from different organs afflicted by the diabetic milieu. In the present review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge related to the understanding of the role of Nox in the processes that control cell injury induced by hyperglycaemia and other predominant factors enhanced in diabetes, including the renin–angiotensin system, TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) and AGEs (advanced glycation end-products). These observations support a critical role for Nox homologues in diabetic complications and indicate that NADPH oxidases are an important therapeutic target. Therefore the design and development of small-molecule inhibitors that selectively block Nox oxidases appears to be a reasonable approach to prevent or retard the complications of diabetes in target organs. The bioefficacy of these agents in experimental animal models is also discussed in the present review.
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Roccabianca S, Ateshian GA, Humphrey JD. Biomechanical roles of medial pooling of glycosaminoglycans in thoracic aortic dissection. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2013; 13:13-25. [PMID: 23494585 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-013-0482-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous dissection of the human thoracic aorta is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, yet this devastating biomechanical failure process remains poorly understood. In this paper, we present finite element simulations that support a new hypothesis for the initiation of aortic dissections that is motivated by extensive histopathological observations. Specifically, our parametric simulations show that the pooling of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans that is singularly characteristic of the compromised thoracic aorta in aneurysms and dissections can lead to significant stress concentrations and intra-lamellar Donnan swelling pressures. We submit that these localized increases in intramural stress may be sufficient both to disrupt the normal cell-matrix interactions that are fundamental to aortic homeostasis and to delaminate the layered microstructure of the aortic wall and thereby initiate dissection. Hence, pathologic pooling of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans within the medial layer of the thoracic aortic should be considered as a possible target for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roccabianca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Malone Engineering Center, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Abstract
Current findings from the literature on the multifactorial genesis of macroangiopathy of diabetes mellitus (DM) were compiled using the PubMed database. The primary aim was to find an explanation for the morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of this form of atherosclerosis. The roles of advanced glycation end products (AGE), defective signal transduction and imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases in the increased progression of atherosclerosis in coronary and cerebral arteries as well as peripheral vascular disease are discussed. The restricted formation of collateral arteries (arteriogenesis) in diabetic patients with postischemic lesions is also a focus of attention. The increased level of prothrombotic factors and the role of diabetic neuropathy in DM are also taken into account. Therapeutic influences of AGE-RAGE (receptor of AGE) interactions on the vascular wall and the effects of endothelial progenitor cells in the repair of diabetic vascular lesions are additionally highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kunz
- Lilienthalstr. 19, 14612, Falkensee, Deutschland.
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Humphrey JD. Possible mechanical roles of glycosaminoglycans in thoracic aortic dissection and associations with dysregulated transforming growth factor-β. J Vasc Res 2012; 50:1-10. [PMID: 23018968 DOI: 10.1159/000342436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four distinguishing histopathological characteristics of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAADs) are the fragmentation or degradation of elastic fibers, loss of smooth muscle, pooling of glycosaminoglycans, and remodeling of fibrillar collagens. Of these, pooling of glycosaminoglycans appears to be unique to these lesions. METHODS This review acknowledges the importance of dysregulated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in TAADs and offers a complementary hypothesis that increased TGF-β could contribute to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the media of the proximal thoracic aorta. Regardless, observed pools of glycosaminoglycans could decrease tensile strength, cause stress concentrations, and increase intralamellar swelling pressure, all of which could initiate local delaminations that could subsequently propagate as dissections and result in a false lumen or rupture. CONCLUSIONS There is a pressing need to investigate potential mechanical as well as biological consequences of accumulated glycosaminoglycans in TAADs and to elucidate responsible signaling pathways, with particular attention to synthetic cells of nonmesodermal lineage. Such research could provide insight into the mechanisms of dissection and the seemingly paradoxical role of the over-expression of a cytokine that is typically associated with fibrosis but is implicated in a degenerative disease of the aorta that can result in a catastrophic mechanical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, and Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Histological changes and risk factor associations in type 2 atherosclerotic lesions (fatty streaks) in young adults. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:184-90. [PMID: 21831377 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate which histological changes associated with risk factors could contribute to the progression from the initial atherosclerotic lesions including fatty streaks to the advanced lesions. METHODS We examined the associations of histomorphometric findings in the determined anatomical sites of mid-thoracic aortas (TAs) and left anterior descending coronary arteries (LADs) with major risk factors for atherosclerosis, using a young autopsied series from the the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. The histological classification by the American Heart Association was graded for 1013 TAs and 1009 LADs. Histometric study, including immunohistochemistry, was performed in type 2 lesions (fatty streaks) of TAs from 59 subjects and LADs from 45 ones. RESULTS For the progression from the initial lesions into the advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the most effective lipid profiles were low plasma HDL-C in TA and elevated serum non-HDL-C in LAD. This lipid profile of each artery correlated with number or density of intimal smooth muscle cell-derived foam cells, respectively. The serum concentration of non-HDL-C correlated with macrophage foam cells in TAs. Hypertension and hyperglycemia were associated with increase of intimal area and/or collagen content in both arteries, but not with either types of foam cell proliferation. Smoking correlated with increased collagen content in TAs. CONCLUSION There were histologically different ways of progressing from fatty streaks to advanced atherosclerotic lesions depending on the risk factors. For the atherosclerosis progression from type 2 lesions to advanced lesions, increase in number of smooth muscle cell-derived foam cells could be an important indicator.
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Khimji AK, Rockey DC. Endothelin and hepatic wound healing. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:512-8. [PMID: 21421048 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver wound healing is a coordinated response to injury caused by infections (hepatitis) or toxins (alcohol) or other processes where activation of hepatic stellate cells are a central component. During stellate cell activation, a major phenotypic transformation occurs which leads to increased production of increased extracellular matrix proteins and smooth muscle α-actin the results is organ dysfunction due to gross architectural disruption and impaired blood flow. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is produced in increased amounts and the cellular source of ET-1 shifts from endothelial cells to stellate cells during liver injury thus setting a feedback loop which accentuates further activation, stellate cell proliferation, and production of extracellular matrix proteins. Therapy directed at intervening the ET-1 signaling pathway has significant therapeutic potential in patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-karim Khimji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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