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Bachari A, Nassar N, Telukutla S, Zomer R, Piva TJ, Mantri N. Evaluating the Mechanism of Cell Death in Melanoma Induced by the Cannabis Extract PHEC-66. Cells 2024; 13:268. [PMID: 38334660 PMCID: PMC10854753 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Research suggests the potential of using cannabinoid-derived compounds to function as anticancer agents against melanoma cells. Our recent study highlighted the remarkable in vitro anticancer effects of PHEC-66, an extract from Cannabis sativa, on the MM418-C1, MM329, and MM96L melanoma cell lines. However, the complete molecular mechanism behind this action remains to be elucidated. This study aims to unravel how PHEC-66 brings about its antiproliferative impact on these cell lines, utilising diverse techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), assays to assess the inhibition of CB1 and CB2 receptors, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis assays, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. The outcomes obtained from this study suggest that PHEC-66 triggers apoptosis in these melanoma cell lines by increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic markers (BAX mRNA) while concurrently reducing the expression of anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 mRNA). Additionally, PHEC-66 induces DNA fragmentation, halting cell progression at the G1 cell cycle checkpoint and substantially elevating intracellular ROS levels. These findings imply that PHEC-66 might have potential as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of malignant melanoma. However, it is essential to conduct further preclinical investigations to delve deeper into its potential and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia or (A.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Srinivasareddy Telukutla
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia or (A.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Roby Zomer
- MGC Pharmaceuticals Limited, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia;
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia or (A.B.); (S.T.)
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Bachari A, Nassar N, Telukutla S, Zomer R, Dekiwadia C, Piva TJ, Mantri N. In Vitro Antiproliferative Effect of Cannabis Extract PHEC-66 on Melanoma Cell Lines. Cells 2023; 12:2450. [PMID: 37887294 PMCID: PMC10605078 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, an aggressive form of skin cancer, can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated early. Melanoma is widely recognized to resist advanced cancer treatments, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, and chemotherapy. Numerous studies have shown that various Cannabis sativa extracts exhibit potential anticancer effects against different types of tumours both in vitro and in vivo. This study is the first to report that PHEC-66, a Cannabis sativa extract, displays antiproliferative effects against MM418-C1, MM329 and MM96L melanoma cells. Although these findings suggest that PHEC-66 has promising potential as a pharmacotherapeutic agent for melanoma treatment, further research is necessary to evaluate its safety, efficacy, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Srinivasareddy Telukutla
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Roby Zomer
- MGC Pharmaceuticals Limited, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia;
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.B.); (S.T.)
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Agrez M, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Mason RS, Chandler C, Piva TJ, Thurecht K, Fletcher N, Liu F, Subramaniam G, Howard CB, Blyth B, Parker S, Turner D, Rzepecka J, Knox G, Nika A, Hall A, Gooding H, Gallagher L. An immunomodulating peptide to counteract solar radiation-induced immunosuppression and DNA damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11702. [PMID: 37474630 PMCID: PMC10359417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38890-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces immunosuppression and DNA damage, both of which contribute to the rising global incidence of skin cancer including melanoma. Nucleotide excision repair, which is activated upon UVR-induced DNA damage, is linked to expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) which serves to limit immunosuppression and augment the DNA repair process. Herein, we report an immunomodulating peptide, designated IK14800, that not only elicits secretion of IL-12, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) but also reduces DNA damage in the skin following exposure to UVR. Combined with re-invigoration of exhausted CD4+ T cells, inhibition of UVR-induced MMP-1 release and suppression of B16F10 melanoma metastases, IK14800 offers an opportunity to gain further insight into mechanisms underlying the development and progression of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Agrez
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Terrence J Piva
- Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristofer Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Feifei Liu
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gayathri Subramaniam
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and the ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Blyth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Parker
- InterK Peptide Therapeutics Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Gavin Knox
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | - Andrew Hall
- Concept Life Sciences Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Singh K, Nassar N, Bachari A, Schanknecht E, Telukutla S, Zomer R, Piva TJ, Mantri N. The Pathophysiology and the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4107. [PMID: 34439262 PMCID: PMC8392233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently occurring cancer diagnosed among males. Recent preclinical evidence implicates cannabinoids as powerful regulators of cell growth and differentiation. In this review, we focused on studies that demonstrated anticancer effects of cannabinoids and their possible mechanisms of action in prostate cancer. Besides the palliative effects of cannabinoids, research from the past two decades has demonstrated their promising potential as antitumor agents in a wide variety of cancers. This analysis may provide pharmacological insights into the selection of specific cannabinoids for the development of antitumor drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Singh
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.S.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Nazim Nassar
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
| | - Ava Bachari
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.S.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Ellen Schanknecht
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.S.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Srinivasareddy Telukutla
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.S.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Roby Zomer
- MGC Pharmaceuticals Limited, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia;
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (N.N.); (T.J.P.)
| | - Nitin Mantri
- The Pangenomics Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (K.S.); (A.B.); (E.S.); (S.T.)
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Wimalasiri D, Dekiwadia C, Fong SY, Piva TJ, Huynh T. Anticancer activity of Momordica cochinchinensis (red gac) aril and the impact of varietal diversity. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:365. [PMID: 33238969 PMCID: PMC7687717 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) is a nutritionally and medicinally important fruit restricted to South East Asia with diverse morphological and genetic variations but there is limited information on its medicinal potential. Methods M. cochinchinensis aril from 44 different samples in Australia, Thailand and Vietnam were extracted using different solvents and tested for its anticancer potential. Anticancer activity of M. cochinchinensis aril on breast cancer (MCF7 and BT474) and melanoma (MM418C1 and D24) cells were compared to control fibroblasts (NHDF). The cytotoxicity of the cells following treatment with the aril extract was determined using CCK-8 assay. Biochemical and morphological changes were analysed using flow cytometry, confocal and transmission electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of cell death. Results The water extract from the aril of M. cochinchinensis elicited significantly higher cytotoxicity towards breast cancer and melanoma cells than the HAE extract. The IC50 concentration for the crude water extract ranged from 0.49 to 0.73 mg/mL and induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death in a dose- and time-dependant manner with typical biochemical and morphological characteristics. The greatest cytotoxicity was observed from Northern Vietnam samples which caused 70 and 50% melanoma and breast cancer cell death, respectively. Conclusions The water extract of M. cochinchinensis aril caused significant apoptosis and necrosis of breast cancer and melanoma cells, with varieties from Northern Vietnam possessing superior activity. This highlights the potential of this fruit in the development of novel anticancer agents against such tumours, with specific regions on where to collect the best variety and extraction solvent for optimum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani Wimalasiri
- School of Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, school of Science Engineering and Health, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Siat Yee Fong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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Bachari A, Piva TJ, Salami SA, Jamshidi N, Mantri N. Roles of Cannabinoids in Melanoma: Evidence from In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6040. [PMID: 32839414 PMCID: PMC7503316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the fourth most common type of cancer diagnosed in Australians after breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. While there has been substantial progress in the treatment of cancer in general, malignant melanoma, in particular, is resistant to existing medical therapies requiring an urgent need to develop effective treatments with lesser side effects. Several studies have shown that "cannabinoids", the major compounds of the Cannabis sativaL. plant, can reduce cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in melanoma cells. Despite prohibited use of Cannabis in most parts of the world, in recent years there have been renewed interests in exploiting the beneficial health effects of the Cannabis plant-derived compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was in the first instance to review the evidence from in vivo studies on the effects of cannabinoids on melanoma. Systematic searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest Central databases for relevant articles published from inception. From a total of 622 potential studies, six in vivo studies assessing the use of cannabinoids for treatment of melanoma were deemed eligible for the final analysis. The findings revealed cannabinoids, individually or combined, reduced tumor growth and promoted apoptosis and autophagy in melanoma cells. Further preclinical and animal studies are required to determine the underlying mechanisms of cannabinoids-mediated inhibition of cancer-signaling pathways. Well-structured, randomized clinical studies on cannabinoid use in melanoma patients would also be required prior to cannabinoids becoming a viable and recognized therapeutic option for melanoma treatment in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Bachari
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.J.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Seyed Alireza Salami
- Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj 31587, Iran;
| | - Negar Jamshidi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (T.J.P.); (N.J.)
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
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Nakayama M, Smith CL, Feltis BN, Piva TJ, Tabatabaie F, Harty PD, Gagliardi FM, Platts K, Otto S, Blencowe A, Morita K, Geso M. Samarium doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles as theranostic agents in radiation therapy. Phys Med 2020; 75:69-76. [PMID: 32540648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been investigated for their role as radiosensitisers for radiation therapy. The study aims to increase the efficiency of these NPs by synthesising them with samarium. METHODS Samarium-doped TiO2 NPs (Ti(Sm)O2 NPs) were synthesised using a solvothermal method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed for characterising of the Ti(Sm)O2 NPs. The intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro using A549 and DU145 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the effect of dose enhancement and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to 6 MV X-rays was evaluated. Additionally, the image contrast properties were investigated using computed tomography (CT) images. RESULTS The synthesised Ti(Sm)O2 NPs were about 13 nm in diameter as determined by TEM. The XRD pattern of Ti(Sm)O2 NPs was consistent with that of anatase-type TiO2. EDS confirmed the presence of samarium in the nanoparticles. At 200 μg/ml concentration, no differences in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were observed between TiO2 NPs and Ti(Sm)O2 NPs in both A549 and DU145 cells. However, the combination of Ti(Sm)O2 NPs and X-rays elicited higher cytotoxic effect and ROS generation in the cells than that with TiO2 NPs and X-rays. The CT numbers of Ti(Sm)O2 NPs were systematically higher than that of TiO2 NPs. CONCLUSIONS The Ti(Sm)O2 NPs increased the dose enhancement of MV X-ray beams than that elicited by TiO2 NPs. Samarium improved the efficiency of TiO2 NPs as potential radiosensitising agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakayama
- Discipline of Medical Radiations, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; Division of Radiation Oncology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunokicho, Chuou-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Clare L Smith
- Discipline of Medical Radiations, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Bryce N Feltis
- Discipline of Human Bioscience, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- Discipline of Human Bioscience, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Farnaz Tabatabaie
- Discipline of Physics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Peter D Harty
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Yallambie, Victoria 3085, Australia
| | - Frank M Gagliardi
- Discipline of Medical Radiations, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kirsten Platts
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Sarah Otto
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kenta Morita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkoudaicho, Nadaku, Kobe City, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Moshi Geso
- Discipline of Medical Radiations, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Shahhoseini E, Feltis BN, Nakayama M, Piva TJ, Pouniotis D, Alghamdi SS, Geso M. Combined Effects of Gold Nanoparticles and Ionizing Radiation on Human Prostate and Lung Cancer Cell Migration. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184488. [PMID: 31514328 PMCID: PMC6770098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of 15 nm-sized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and/or ionizing radiation (IR) on the migration and adhesion of human prostate (DU145) and lung (A549) cancer cell lines was investigated. Cell migration was measured by observing the closing of a gap created by a pipette tip on cell monolayers grown in 6-well plates. The ratio of the gap areas at 0 h and 24 h were used to calculate the relative migration. The relative migration of cells irradiated with 5 Gy was found to be 89% and 86% for DU145 and A549 cells respectively. When the cells were treated with 1 mM AuNPs this fell to ~75% for both cell lines. However, when the cells were treated with both AuNPs and IR an additive effect was seen, as the relative migration rate fell to ~60%. Of interest was that when the cells were exposed to either 2 or 5 Gy IR, their ability to adhere to the surface of a polystyrene culture plate was significantly enhanced, unlike that seen for AuNPs. The delays in gap filling (cell migration) in cells treated with IR and/or AuNPs can be attributed to cellular changes which also may have altered cell motility. In addition, changes in the cytoskeleton of the cancer cells may have also affected adhesiveness and thus the cancer cell's motility response to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shahhoseini
- Discipline of Medical Radiation, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Bryce N Feltis
- Discipline of Human Bioscience, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Masao Nakayama
- Discipline of Medical Radiation, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Terrence J Piva
- Discipline of Human Bioscience, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dodie Pouniotis
- Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Salem S Alghamdi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Collage of Applied Medical Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moshi Geso
- Discipline of Medical Radiation, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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Burchall GF, Pouniotis DS, Teede HJ, Ranasinha S, Walters KA, Piva TJ. Expression of the plasminogen system in the physiological mouse ovary and in the pathological polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) state. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2019; 17:33. [PMID: 30878040 PMCID: PMC6420749 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-019-0472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibrinolytic system and its inhibitors play a number of roles, apart from their function in blood haemostasis and thrombosis, namely in ovarian folliculogenesis and in ovulation. Plasminogen is converted to active plasmin at the time of follicular rupture through a decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and an increase in plasminogen activators. Oligo-/anovulation and follicle arrest are key characteristics of PCOS, but studies evaluating fibrinolytic/proteolytic markers within human or animal PCOS ovaries are lacking. We aimed to investigate and compare the expression and distribution of the plasminogen system markers in PCOS and control ovaries. METHODS A hyperandrogenised PCOS mouse model was used that mimics the ovarian, endocrine and metabolic features of the human condition. Immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis were used to investigate and compare fibrinolytic/proteolytic markers plasminogen, plasminogen/plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase plasminogen activator and inhibitor PAI-1 in PCOS and control ovaries. Student's t-test was used to compare data sets for normally distributed data and Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test for non-normally distributed data. RESULTS We noted differences in the ovarian distribution of PAI-1 that was expressed throughout the PCOS ovary, unlike the peripheral distribution observed in control ovaries. Plasminogen was present in small follicles only in PCOS ovaries but not in small follicles of control ovaries. When we assessed and compared PAI-1 expression within follicles of different developmental stages we also noted significant differences for both the PCOS and control ovaries. While we noted differences in distribution and expression within specific ovarian structures, no differences were noted in the overall ovarian expression of markers assessed between acyclical PCOS mice and control mice at the diestrus stage of the estrous cycle. CONCLUSIONS Our novel study, that comprehensively assessed the fibrinolytic/proteolytic system in the mouse ovary, showed the expression, differential localisation and a potential role for the plasminogen system in the physiological mouse ovary and in PCOS. Androgens may be involved in regulating expression of the ovarian plasminogen system. Further studies evaluating these markers at different time-points of ovulation may help to further clarify both physiological and potential pathological actions these markers play in ovulatory processes distorted in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genia F. Burchall
- 0000 0001 2163 3550grid.1017.7School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - Dodie S. Pouniotis
- 0000 0001 2163 3550grid.1017.7School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
| | - Helena J. Teede
- 0000 0004 1936 7857grid.1002.3School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Sanjeeva Ranasinha
- 0000 0004 1936 7857grid.1002.3School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Kirsty A. Walters
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Women’s & Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- 0000 0001 2163 3550grid.1017.7School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083 Australia
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10
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Talati N, Kamato D, Piva TJ, Little PJ, Osman N. Thrombin promotes PAI-1 expression and migration in keratinocytes via ERK dependent Smad linker region phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2018; 47:37-43. [PMID: 29577978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte proliferation and migration is essential during re-epithelialisation for the restoration of the epithelial barrier during skin wound healing. Numerous growth factors are involved in the stimulation of keratinocyte proliferation and migration. The signalling pathways that drive these processes during wound healing are not well defined. This study investigated thrombin-mediated signalling in keratinocytes. The thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is a seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor that is known to transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were treated with thrombin and selective inhibitors to EGFR and MAP kinases. Whole cell lysates were separated on SDS-PAGE and analysed by Western blot using antibodies against transcription factor Smad2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression of PAI-1 while scratch wound assays were used to measure keratinocyte migration. Western blot data showed that thrombin mediates PAR-1 transactivation of EGFR and the downstream phosphorylation of the transcription factor Smad2 linker (Smad2L) region. ERK1/2 inhibition by UO126 caused a decrease in Smad2L phosphorylation while the p38 inhibitor SB202190 and JNK inhibitor SP600125 did not. Smad2L Ser250 was specifically phosphorylated by this thrombin mediated pathway while Ser245 and Ser255 were not. Thrombin increased PAI-1 mRNA expression and keratinocyte migration and this was reduced when either EGFR or ERK1/2 were blocked. Taken together these results show that thrombin mediated mRNA expression of PAI-1 in keratinocytes and migration occurs via EGFR transactivation and involves signalling intermediates ERK1/2 and Smad2 and may be a key pathway in skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Talati
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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11
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Rostam MA, Shajimoon A, Kamato D, Mitra P, Piva TJ, Getachew R, Cao Y, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. Flavopiridol Inhibits TGF-β-Stimulated Biglycan Synthesis by Blocking Linker Region Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation of Smad2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:156-164. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.244483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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12
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Chan XY, Singh A, Osman N, Piva TJ. Role Played by Signalling Pathways in Overcoming BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071527. [PMID: 28708099 PMCID: PMC5536016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the BRAFV600E mutation led to the development of vemurafenib (PLX4032), a selective BRAF inhibitor specific to the kinase, for the treatment of metastatic melanomas. However, initial success of the drug was dampened by the development of acquired resistance. Melanoma was shown to relapse in patients following treatment with vemurafenib which eventually led to patients' deaths. It has been proposed that mechanisms of resistance can be due to (1) reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway via secondary mutations, amplification or activation of target kinase(s), (2) the bypass of oncogenic pathway via activation of alternative signalling pathways, (3) other uncharacterized mechanisms. Studies showed that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) such as PDGFRβ, IGF1R, EGFR and c-Met were overexpressed in melanoma cells. Along with increased secretion of growth factors such as HGF and TGF-α, this will trigger intracellular signalling cascades. This review discusses the role MAPK and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathways play in the mechanism of resistance of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yang Chan
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alamdeep Singh
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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13
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Wimalasiri D, Brkljača R, Piva TJ, Urban S, Huynh T. Comparative analysis of carotenoid content in Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam. J Food Sci Technol 2017; 54:2814-2824. [PMID: 28928521 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) is the richest source of lycopene and β-carotene of all known fruits but the influences of collection sites, variety and environment on carotenoid accumulation is unknown. This study analysed the carotenoid content of 44 M. cochinchinensis aril samples collected from Australia, Thailand and Vietnam using HPLC, UV-visible spectrophotometry and compared with the colorimetry method. The highest lycopene content was observed in samples collected from Ha Noi (7.76 mg/g) of Northern Vietnam and Lam Ha (6.45 mg/g) and Lam Dong (6.64 mg/g) provinces of Central Vietnam. The highest β-carotene content was observed in a sample from Nam Dinh (9.60 mg/g) in Northern Vietnam while a variety from Hoa Binh province in Northern Vietnam had high contents of both lycopene (5.17 mg/g) and β-carotene (5.66 mg/g). Lycopene content was higher in samples collected from low temperatures (<14 °C) and higher elevations whilst β-carotene content was greatest at temperatures between 27 and 33 °C. Crop improvement for increased lycopene and β-carotene requires rapid and accurate methods of quantification. All three analytical methods utilised were in agreement for lycopene quantification. The (a*/b*)2 transformed colour value resulted in more linear relationship for lycopene indicating that colorimetry method could potentially be developed to select lycopene rich fruits in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilani Wimalasiri
- School of Applied Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
| | - Robert Brkljača
- School of Applied Sciences (Chemistry), Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
| | - Sylvia Urban
- School of Applied Sciences (Chemistry), Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- School of Applied Sciences (Biotechnology), RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
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14
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Abstract
Cancer along with cardiovascular disease are the main causes of death in the industrialised countries around the World. Conventional cancer treatments are losing their therapeutic uses due to drug resistance, lack of tumour selectivity and solubility and as such there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents. Therapeutic peptides are a promising and a novel approach to treat many diseases including cancer. They have several advantages over proteins or antibodies: as they are (a) easy to synthesise, (b) have a high target specificity and selectivity and (c) have low toxicity. Therapeutic peptides do have some significant drawbacks related to their stability and short half-life. In this review, strategies used to overcome peptide limitations and to enhance their therapeutic effect will be compared. The use of short cell permeable peptides that interfere and inhibit protein-protein interactions will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Marqus
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
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15
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O’Keefe SJ, Feltis BN, Piva TJ, Turney TW, Wright PFA. ZnO nanoparticles and organic chemical UV-filters are equally well tolerated by human immune cells. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1287-96. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1206148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. O’Keefe
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
| | - Bryce N. Feltis
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
| | - Terence W. Turney
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul F. A. Wright
- School of Medical Sciences, and Nanosafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia and
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16
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Burchall GF, Piva TJ, Linden MD, Gibson-Helm ME, Ranasinha S, Teede HJ. Comprehensive Assessment of the Hemostatic System in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 42:55-62. [PMID: 26595150 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects 12 to 19% of women and has reproductive and metabolic features (endothelial dysfunction, increased diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors). It also appears to have altered coagulation and fibrinolysis with a prothrombotic state with epidemiological evidence of increased venous thromboembolism. We aimed to comprehensively assess hemostasis in women with PCOS versus control women. In an established case-control cohort of lean, overweight, and obese women with (n = 107) and without PCOS (n = 67), with existing measures of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), hormonal, and metabolic markers, we also assessed prothrombin fragments 1 and 2 (PF1 & 2), plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and thrombin generation (TG). Higher levels of ADMA (0.70 vs. 0.39 µmol/L, p < 0.01), PAI-1 (4.80 vs. 3.66 U/mL, p < 0.01), and plasminogen (118.39 vs. 108.46%, p < 0.01) were seen in PCOS versus controls, and persisted after adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI). PF1 & 2 was marginally lower (180.0 vs. 236.0 pmol/L, p = 0.05), whereas tPA and TG were not different between groups, after adjustment for age and BMI. Significant relationships were observed between hormonal and metabolic factors with ADMA and PAI-1. We demonstrate impaired fibrinolysis in PCOS. In the context of abnormal endothelial function and known hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, this finding may underpin an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and venous thrombosis in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genia F Burchall
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew D Linden
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Melanie E Gibson-Helm
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sanjeeva Ranasinha
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Rostam MA, Piva TJ, Rezaei HB, Kamato D, Little PJ, Zheng W, Osman N. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: functionality and potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:117-24. [PMID: 25377120 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) are a conserved group of enzymes that catalyse the conversion between cis and trans conformations of proline imidic peptide bonds. These enzymes play critical roles in regulatory mechanisms of cellular function and pathophysiology of disease. There are three different classes of PPIases and increasing interest in the development of specific PPIase inhibitors. Cyclosporine A, FK506, rapamycin and juglone are known PPIase inhibitors. Herein, we review recent advances in elucidating the role and regulation of the PPIase family in vascular disease. We focus on peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1), an important member of the PPIase family that plays a role in cell cycle progression, gene expression, cell signalling and cell proliferation. In addition, Pin1 may be involved in atherosclerosis. The unique role of Pin1 as a molecular switch that impacts on multiple downstream pathways necessitates the evaluation of a highly specific Pin1 inhibitor to aid in potential therapeutic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad A Rostam
- Discipline of Pharmacy, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Diabetes Complications Group, Metabolism, Exercise and Disease Program, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Kamato D, Rostam MA, Bernard R, Piva TJ, Mantri N, Guidone D, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. The expansion of GPCR transactivation-dependent signalling to include serine/threonine kinase receptors represents a new cell signalling frontier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:799-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Shen C, Turney TW, Piva TJ, Feltis BN, Wright PFA. Comparison of UVA-induced ROS and sunscreen nanoparticle-generated ROS in human immune cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:781-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50428j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species in human immune cells co-exposed to UVA and ZnO or rutile TiO2 nanoparticles is not greater than that produced in the cells by UVA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenchao Shen
- School of Medical Sciences
- and NanoSafe Australia
- RMIT University
- Bundoora, Australia
| | - Terence W. Turney
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton, Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Medical Sciences
- and NanoSafe Australia
- RMIT University
- Bundoora, Australia
| | - Bryce N. Feltis
- School of Medical Sciences
- and NanoSafe Australia
- RMIT University
- Bundoora, Australia
- Department of Materials Engineering
| | - Paul F. A. Wright
- School of Medical Sciences
- and NanoSafe Australia
- RMIT University
- Bundoora, Australia
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20
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Muthusamy V, Piva TJ. UVB-stimulated TNFα release from human melanocyte and melanoma cells is mediated by p38 MAPK. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17029-54. [PMID: 23965971 PMCID: PMC3759950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140817029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation activates cell signaling pathways in melanocytes. As a result of altered signaling pathways and UV-induced cellular damage, melanocytes can undergo oncogenesis and develop into melanomas. In this study, we investigated the effect of UV-radiation on p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), JNK and NFκB pathways to determine which plays a major role in stimulating TNFα secretion in human HEM (melanocytes) and MM96L (melanoma) cells. MM96L cells exhibited 3.5-fold higher p38 activity than HEM cells at 5 min following UVA + B radiation and 1.6-fold higher JNK activity at 15–30 min following UVB+A radiation, while NFκB was minimally activated in both cells. Irradiated HEM cells had the greatest fold of TNFα secretion (UVB: 109-fold, UVA + B: 103-fold & UVB+A: 130-fold) when co-exposed to IL1α. The p38 inhibitor, SB202190, inhibited TNFα release by 93% from UVB-irradiated HEM cells. In the UVB-irradiated MM96L cells, both SB202190 and sulfasalazine (NFκB inhibitor) inhibited TNFα release by 52%. Although, anisomycin was a p38 MAPK activator, it inhibited TNFα release in UV-irradiated cells. This suggests that UV-mediated TNFα release may occur via different p38 pathway intermediates compared to those stimulated by anisomycin. As such, further studies into the functional role p38 MAPK plays in regulating TNFα release in UV-irradiated melanocyte-derived cells are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visalini Muthusamy
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora VIC 3083, Australia.
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21
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Kamato D, Burch ML, Piva TJ, Rezaei HB, Rostam MA, Xu S, Zheng W, Little PJ, Osman N. Transforming growth factor-β signalling: role and consequences of Smad linker region phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2017-24. [PMID: 23770288 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a secreted homodimeric protein that plays an important role in regulating various cellular responses including cell proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix production, embryonic development and apoptosis. Disruption of the TGF-β signalling pathway is associated with diverse disease states including cancer, renal and cardiac fibrosis and atherosclerosis. At the cell surface TGF-β complex consists of two type I and two type II transmembrane receptors (TβRI and TβRII respectively) which have serine/threonine kinase activity. Upon TGF-β engagement TβRII phosphorylates TβRI which in turn phosphorylates Smad2/3 on two serine residues at their C-terminus which enables binding to Smad4 to form heteromeric Smad complexes that enter the nucleus to initiate gene transcription including for extracellular matrix proteins. TGF-β signalling is also known to activate other serine/threonine kinase signalling that results in the phosphorylation of the linker region of Smad2. The Smad linker region is defined as the domain which lies between the MH1 and MH2 domains of a Smad protein. Serine/threonine kinases that are known to phosphorylate the Smad linker region include mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular-signal regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase, the tyrosine kinase Src, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, cyclin-dependent kinases, rho-associated protein kinase, calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3. This review will cover the role of Smad linker region phosphorylation downstream of TGF-β signalling in vascular cells. Key factors including the identification of the kinases that phosphorylate individual Smad residues, the upstream agents that activate these kinases, the cellular location of the phosphorylation event and the importance of the linker region in regulation and expression of genes induced by TGF-β are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia.
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22
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Little PJ, Rostam MA, Piva TJ, Getachew R, Kamato D, Guidone D, Ballinger ML, Zheng W, Osman N. Suramin inhibits PDGF-stimulated receptor phosphorylation, proteoglycan synthesis and glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1055-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Suramin is a polysulfonated naphthylurea with antiparasitic and potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin's pharmacological actions, which have not yet been fully elucidated, include antagonism of the action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) at its receptor. We investigated the effects of suramin on PDGF-stimulated proteoglycan synthesis.
Methods
Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were incubated in the presence and absence of PDGF and suramin with [3H]thymidine or 35SO4 as radiolabels. Mitogenic response was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation was assessed by western blotting. Proteoglycan size and glycosaminoglycan chain synthesis and size were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Alphascreen phosphotyrosine assay kit was used to investigate PDGFβ receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition by suramin.
Key findings
Suramin decreased PDGF-stimulated proliferation, proteoglycan synthesis and GAG chain hyperelongation. Suramin also directly inhibited PDGFβ receptor kinase activity as well as PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation in intact VSMCs.
Conclusions
These data show that inhibition of PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation in intact cells is necessary to define a fully active PDGF antagonist. They also confirm that PDGFβ receptor kinase activity is necessary for PDGF-mediated atherogenic changes in proteoglycan synthesis and support efforts to develop PDGFβ receptor antagonists as potential anti-atherosclerotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Muhamad Ashraf Rostam
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terrence J Piva
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robel Getachew
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Guidone
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mandy L Ballinger
- Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narin Osman
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Discipline of Cell Biology, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
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23
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Turney TW, Duriska MB, Jayaratne V, Elbaz A, O’Keefe SJ, Hastings AS, Piva TJ, Wright PFA, Feltis BN. Formation of Zinc-Containing Nanoparticles from Zn2+ Ions in Cell Culture Media: Implications for the Nanotoxicology of ZnO. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2057-66. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300241q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence W. Turney
- Centre for Green Chemistry and
Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin B. Duriska
- Centre for Green Chemistry and
Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vidura Jayaratne
- Centre for Green Chemistry and
Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Abdulkareem Elbaz
- School of Medical Sciences,
and NanoSafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Sean J. O’Keefe
- School of Medical Sciences,
and NanoSafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Hastings
- School of Medical Sciences,
and NanoSafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- School of Medical Sciences,
and NanoSafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Paul F. A. Wright
- School of Medical Sciences,
and NanoSafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Bryce N. Feltis
- Centre for Green Chemistry and
Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences,
and NanoSafe Australia, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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24
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Feltis BN, O'Keefe SJ, Harford AJ, Piva TJ, Turney TW, Wright PFA. Independent cytotoxic and inflammatory responses to zinc oxide nanoparticles in human monocytes and macrophages. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:757-65. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.620718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Burchall G, Linden MD, Teede H, Piva TJ. Hemostatic Abnormalities and Relationships to Metabolic and Hormonal Status in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2011; 21:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Muthusamy V, Piva TJ. The UV response of the skin: a review of the MAPK, NFkappaB and TNFalpha signal transduction pathways. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 302:5-17. [PMID: 19756672 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-0994-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The sun emits different types of ultraviolet (UV) light. Our skin is a natural target of UV radiation which is involved in vitamin D3 production in our body. UV radiation at high doses is an environmental carcinogen which can elicit skin damage as well as inducing skin cancer. It can mediate inflammatory and immunological reactions through activation of receptors, DNA/RNA damage and production of reactive oxygen species. It is also involved in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, of which TNFalpha has been implicated in tumorigenic activities. In order to mediate its effects, UV radiation is known to activate multiple signalling cascades such as the p38 MAPK, Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and NFkappaB pathways in skin cells. The role each of these pathways plays in mediating the release of cytokines such as TNFalpha remains to be fully characterized. Once the function of these pathways is known, this information may provide for the formulation of therapy which will prevent the release of immunosuppressive cytokines resulting in a reduction in skin cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visalini Muthusamy
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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Huynh TT, Chan KS, Piva TJ. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the expression of pp38MAPK and furin in human keratinocyte-derived cell lines. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2009; 25:20-9. [PMID: 19152512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to induce the activation of stress-inflammation signal transduction pathways, and to induce the activity of many proteases in skin cells. It is unknown whether the activation of proteases such as furin is related to changes in the phosphorylation status of p38MAPK. METHODS The effect of UVR on immortalized keratinocyte (HaCaT) and squamous cell carcinoma (Colo16) cells was investigated with respect to cell survival, phosphorylation of p38MAPK, and the proprotein convertase, furin. The cells were exposed to either a low or a high dose of UVA and/or UVB and the viability was monitored over 48 h, along with changes in the intracellular expression of p38MAPK and furin. RESULTS Low-dose UVA (2 kJ/m(2)) and/or UVB (0.2 kJ/m(2)) radiation had no effect on cell viability, except in UVA-irradiated Colo16 cells. High UVA (20 kJ/m(2)) caused a loss of cell viability in HaCaT cells, but not in Colo16 cells. The opposite effect was seen in cells exposed to a high UVB dose (2 kJ/m(2)). The viability of both cell cultures decreased when exposed to high-dose UVA+B radiation. UV irradiation downregulated the expression of phosphorylated p38 (pp38) in HaCaT cells irrespective of the UV dose and type. In Colo16 cells, UV radiation induced pp38 expression in the cells following exposure, with the highest increase in cells exposed to high-dose UVA. The expression of furin in UV-irradiated HaCaT cells was similar to that seen for pp38 expression. In Colo16 cells, UV radiation induced furin expression, with the highest increase seen in cells 24 h after exposure to both high-dose UVB and UVA+B radiation. CONCLUSION The results show that there are differences between the effect of UV types and doses on cell function in the keratinocyte-derived cell lines examined in this study. The level of furin expression in Colo16 cells correlated to changes in pp38 levels in the cells following exposure to UV radiation, but not in HaCaT cells. From an improved understanding of the signalling pathways and their downstream events and how these may differ as a result of tumorigenesis, it may enable the development of inhibitors, which may have therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien T Huynh
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Coutts A, Reaburn P, Piva TJ, Murphy A. Changes in Selected Biochemical, Muscular Strength, Power, and Endurance Measures during Deliberate Overreaching and Tapering in Rugby League Players. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28:116-24. [PMID: 16835824 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-924145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of overreaching on muscle strength, power, endurance and selected biochemical responses in rugby league players. Seven semi-professional rugby league players (.VO(2max) = 56.1 +/- 1.7 mL . kg (-1) . min (-1); age = 25.7 +/- 2.6 yr; BMI = 27.6 +/- 2.0) completed 6 weeks of progressive overload training with limited recovery periods. A short 7-day stepwise reduction taper immediately followed the overload period. Measures of muscular strength, power and endurance and selected biochemical parameters were taken before and after overload training and taper. Multistage fitness test running performance was significantly reduced (12.3 %) following the overload period. Although most other performance measures tended to decrease following the overload period, only peak hamstring torque at 1.05 rad . s (-1) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Following the taper, a significant increase in peak hamstring torque and isokinetic work at both slow (1.05 rad . s (-1)) and fast (5.25 rad . s (-1)) movement velocities were observed. Minimum clinically important performance decreases were measured in a multistage fitness test, vertical jump, 3-RM squat and 3-RM bench press and chin-up (max) following the overload period. Following the taper, minimum clinically important increases in the multistage fitness test, vertical jump, 3-RM squat and 3-RM bench press and chin-up (max) and 10-m sprint performance were observed. Compared to resting measures, the plasma testosterone to cortisol ratio, plasma glutamate, plasma glutamine to glutamate ratio and plasma creatine kinase activity demonstrated significant changes at the end of the overload training period (p < 0.05). These results suggest that muscular strength, power and endurance were reduced following the overload training, indicating a state of overreaching. The most likely explanation for the decreased performance is increased muscle damage via a decrease in the anabolic-catabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coutts
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Kuring-gai Campus, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify indicators of non-functional overreaching (NFOR) in team sport athletes undertaking intensive training loads. Eighteen semi-professional rugby league players were randomly assigned into two pair matched groups. One group completed 6 weeks of normal training (NT) whilst the other group was deliberately overreached through intensified training (IT). Both groups then completed the same 7-day stepwise training load reduction taper. Multistage fitness test (MSFT) performance, VO2 (max), peak aerobic running velocity (V (max)), maximal heart rate, vertical jump, 10-s cycle sprint performance and body mass were measured pre- and post-training period and following the taper. Hormonal, haematological and immunological parameters were also measured pre-training and following weeks 2, 4 and 6 of training and post-taper. MANOVA for repeated measures with contrast analysis indicated that MSFT performance and VO2 (max) were significantly reduced in the IT group over time and condition, indicating that a state of overreaching was attained. However, the only biochemical measure that was significantly different between the IT and NT group was the glutamine to glutamate (Gln/Glu) ratio even though testosterone, testosterone to cortisol (T/C) ratio, plasma glutamate, and CK activity were significantly changed after training in both groups. Positive endurance and power performance changes were observed post-taper in the IT group confirming NFOR. These changes were associated with increases in the T/C ratio and the Gln/Glu ratio and decreases in plasma glutamate and CK activity. These results indicate that although there was no single reliable biochemical marker of NFOR in these athletes, the Gln/Glu ratio and MSFT test may be useful measures for monitoring responses to IT in team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Coutts
- School of Leisure, Sport and Tourism, University of Technology, Sydney, Kuring-gai Campus, Lindfield, NSW, Australia.
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Moertel L, McManus DP, Piva TJ, Young L, McInnes RL, Gobert GN. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of strain- and gender-associated gene expression in the human blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum. Mol Cell Probes 2006; 20:280-9. [PMID: 16647836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic and debilitating disease caused by blood flukes (digenetic trematodes) of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomiasis japonica, a zoonosis caused by Schistosoma japonicum, is endemic to the Philippines and China. We utilised a 22,575 feature custom oligonucleotide DNA microarray designed from public domain databases of schistosome-expressed sequence tags to explore differential gene expression between the Philippine (SJP) and Chinese (SJC) strains of S. japonicum, and between male and female S. japonicum. We found that 593, 664 and 426 probes were differentially expressed between the two geographical strains when we compared mix sexed adults, male worms and female worms. Additionally, the study revealed that 1163 male- and 1016 female-associated probes were differentially expressed in SJP whereas 1047 male- and 897 female-associated probes were differentially expressed in SJC. The study greatly expands previously published data of strain and gender-associated differential expression in S. japonicum. Further, these new data provide a stepping stone for understanding the complexities of the biology, sexual differentiation, maturation, and development of human schistosomes, signaling new approaches for identifying novel intervention and diagnostic targets against schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Moertel
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Australian Centre for International Health and Nutrition, Brisbane, Australia
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Skiba B, Neill B, Piva TJ. Gene expression profiles of TNF-alpha, TACE, furin, IL-1beta and matrilysin in UVA- and UVB-irradiated HaCat cells. Photoderm Photoimm Photomed 2005; 21:173-82. [PMID: 15998365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE It is known that solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation exerts multiple effects on mammalian skin tissues, one of which is the induction of local and systemic immunosuppression as well as inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and other cytokines are suggested to play a role in these responses. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan RTPCR) was used to elucidate the effect of UVA and UVB irradiation on the expression of genes coding for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-10, FasL, matrilysin, TACE and furin in HaCaT cells over a 48 h period (IL-1beta, interleukin-1beta; FasL, Fas ligand). METHODS Cultured HaCaT cells were either sham irradiated (control) or exposed to UVA (2000 and 8000 J/m2) or UVB (200 and 2000 J/m2) radiation. RNA was extracted from cells at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 h post-irradiation and reverse transcribed to generate cDNA for subsequent real-time PCR amplification. RESULTS Significant increases in the mRNA levels for all genes tested were detected in both UVA- and UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells compared with control (sham-irradiated) cells. TNF-alpha mRNA levels were immediately up-regulated (0 h) after irradiation, with maximal induction at 8 h post 2000 J/m2 UVA and 200 J/m2 UVB irradiation, at 4 h post 8000 J UVA irradiation and at 48 h post 2000 J/m2 UVB irradiation. No correlation was observed between TNF-alpha, TACE and furin mRNA induction in the different irradiated cohorts. CONCLUSION Results suggest that time-distinct gene induction of TNF-alpha, furin, IL-1beta and matrilysin may be involved in UV-induced cellular responses, but not for TACE. In general, mRNA induction was dose dependent at some time points post-irradiation, but not throughout the whole time course tested. Our results show that quantitative real-time PCR is a useful tool in the analysis of quantitative changes of mRNA levels in cultured HaCaT cells after UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Skiba
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Vic., Australia.
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Burgess AJ, Pavey S, Warrener R, Hunter LJ, Piva TJ, Musgrove EA, Saunders N, Parsons PG, Gabrielli BG. Up-regulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) by histone deacetylase inhibitors reduces their cytotoxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:828-37. [PMID: 11562446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors show promise as chemotherapeutic agents and have been demonstrated to block proliferation in a wide range of tumor cell lines. Much of this antiproliferative effect has been ascribed to the up-regulated expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1). In this article, we report that p21 expression was up-regulated by relatively low doses of the histone deacetylase inhibitor azelaic bishydroxamic acid (ABHA) and correlated with a proliferative arrest. Higher doses of ABHA were cytotoxic. Cells that did not up-regulate p21 expression were hypersensitive to killing by ABHA and died via apoptosis, whereas up-regulation of p21 correlated with reduced sensitivity and a block in the apoptotic mechanism, and these cells seemed to die by necrosis. Using isogenic p21(+/+) and p21(-/-) cell lines and direct inhibition of caspase activity, we demonstrate that the reduced sensitivity to killing by ABHA is a consequence of inhibition of apoptosis by up-regulated p21 expression. These data indicate the enormous potential of therapeutic strategies that bypass the cytoprotective effect of p21 and act on the same molecular targets as the histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Burgess
- Joint Experimental Oncology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Piva TJ, Davern CM, Winterford CM, Ellem KA. Increased cell surface protease activity in UV-irradiated cells undergoing apoptosis. Redox Rep 2001; 5:133-6. [PMID: 10939294 DOI: 10.1179/135100000101535474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UVB-irradiated HeLa cells undergoing apoptosis have increased cell surface protease (CSP) activity compared to viable or necrotic cells. In order to elucidate whether caspase 3 plays a role in the activation of CSP in cells undergoing apoptosis, HeLa cell cultures were pre-treated with the caspase inhibitor, DEVD, prior to being exposed to 500 Jm(-2) UVB. DEVD significantly inhibited caspase 3 activity in cells undergoing apoptosis, but did not affect the activation of CSP in these cells. The findings suggest that the activation of CSP in apoptotic cells is unrelated to caspase 3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- Cancer Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
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Abstract
Release from the cell surface of a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and proteases follows exposure to genetically stressful agents capable of inducing apoptosis and necrosis. Increased ectoprotease activity is responsible for their release. We show that increased activity of several metalloproteases on the HeLa cell surface occurs after stresses due to UVC, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and cisplatinum, which induce the release of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha) and other bioactive molecules. The ectoprotease activities increase preferentially on apoptotic cells, while little change occurs in viable cells. Gross decreases, except for the putative TGFalphaase activity, accompany necrosis. These changes may contribute to tissue repair and the absence of an inflammatory reaction to apoptotic cell death. They appear to be due to preferential enzyme activation or to retention by cells undergoing significant categorical decreases in protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- QCF Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Joint Experimental Oncology Program, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4702, Australia.
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Abstract
The surface of most cells includes a coterie of resident proteins which act as receptors for a wide variety of ligands and other proteins which are potentially bioactive on cell-cell contact (juxtacrine effects), or else are released by enzyme activity to influence cell behaviour by autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. We previously found that UVC irradiation stimulates the release of TGFalpha from its membrane-bound preprocursor form whereby it acts as a stimulus to rapid, reparative cell multiplication; clearly this runs the risk hastening mitosis before UV-induced DNA damage is fully corrected, which in turn may increase the likelihood of residual lesions persisting and hence of new mutations being generated. We found that sublethal UVC irradiation (10 J m(-2)) of HeLa cell cultures also resulted in activation of ecto-aminopeptidase and ecto-endopeptidases which were maximal 16 and 20-24 h after irradiation, respectively. Both of these classes of protease were shown to be metalloproteases using a nonapeptide substrate (called P9) which is cognate to the N-terminal cleavage site of preproTGFalpha except for a reporter 125I-tyrosine [Piva et al., J. Cell. Biochem. 64 (1997) 353-368]. We now show that the N-terminal tyrosine cleaved from P9 by cell surface aminopeptidase activity, was found to be taken up by the cell resulting in its 10-25-fold concentration intracellularly, some two- to threefold higher than from a reservoir source, and may represent a novel salvage pathway for recovery of essential amino acids. Aminopeptidase activity was found to be both temperature- and FBS-dependent but was not reliant on ATP for its activity. Tyrosine transport across the cell membrane was also temperature and FBS-dependent but required ATP for maximal activity. UVC irradiation enhanced aminopeptidase activity but not tyrosine uptake by the cultures. The fraction of HeLa cells undergoing apoptosis increased in those cultures which were exposed to higher doses of UVC. The levels of ecto-aminopeptidase and ecto-endopeptidase activity in apoptotic cells were elevated compared to viable cells receiving the same dose of UVC. These results suggest that increased levels of cell surface protease activity in apoptotic cells would increase the amounts of free amino acids and growth factors in the extracellular medium and hence stimulate the proliferation of surrounding cells to replace those killed by UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- QCF Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia.
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Abstract
The oxidative metabolism of glutamine in HeLa cells was investigated using intact cells and isolated mitochondria. The concentrations of the cytoplasmic amino acids were found to be aspartate, 8.0 mM; glutamate, 22.2 mM; glutamine, 11.3 mM; glycine, 9.8 mM; taurine, 2.3 mM; and alanine, < 1 mM. Incubation of the cells with [14C]glutamine gave steady-state recoveries of 14C-label (estimated as exogenous glutamine) in the glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate pools, of 103%, 80%, and 25%, respectively, indicating that glutamine synthetase activity was absent and that a significant proportion of glutamate oxidation proceeded through aspartate aminotransferase. No label was detected in the alanine pool, suggesting that alanine aminotransferase activity was low in these cells. The clearance rate of [14C]glutamine through the cellular compartment was 65 nmol/min per mg protein. There was a 28 s delay after [14C]glutamine was added to the cell before 14C-label was incorporated into the cytoplasm, while the formation of glutamate commenced 10 s later. Aspartate was the major metabolite formed when the mitochondria were incubated in a medium containing either glutamine, glutamate, or glutamate plus malate. The transaminase inhibitor AOA inhibited both aspartate efflux from the mitochondria and respiration. The addition of 2-oxoglutarate failed to relieve glutamate plus malate respiration, indicating that 2-oxoglutarate is part of a well-coupled truncated cycle, of which aspartate aminotransferase has been shown to be a component [Parlo and Coleman (1984): J Biol Chem 259:9997-10003]. This was confirmed by the observation that, although it inhibited respiration, AOA did not affect the efflux of citrate from the mitochondria. Thus citrate does not appear to be a cycle component and is directly transported to the medium. Therefore, it was concluded that the truncated TCA cycle in HeLa cells is the result of both a low rate of citrate synthesis and an active citrate transporter. DNP (10 microM) induced a state III-like respiration only in the presence of succinate, which supports the evidence that NAD-linked dehydrogenases were not coupled to respiration, and suggests that these mitochondria may have a defect in complex I of the electron transport chain. Arising from the present results with HeLa cells and results extant in the literature, it has been proposed that a major regulating mechanism for the flux of glutamate carbon in tumour cells is the competitive inhibition exerted by 2-oxoglutarate on aspartate and alanine aminotransferases. This has been discussed and applied to the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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Krause DR, Piva TJ, Brown SB, Ellem KA. Characterization and localization of mitochondrial oligopeptidase (MOP) (EC 3.4.24.16) activity in the human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa. J Cell Biochem 1997; 66:297-308. [PMID: 9257187 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970901)66:3<297::aid-jcb3>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe the partial purification and characterization of the HeLa cell oligopeptidase M or endopeptidase 3.4.24.16. The HeLa enzyme was isolated initially by its ability to hydrolyse a nonapeptide substrate (P9) which was cognate to the N-terminal cleavage site of preproTGF alpha. The enzyme was shown to be a metalloprotease as it was inhibited by Zn(2+)-chelating agents and DTT, and had an approximate molecular weight of 55-63 kD determined by gel filtration. Neurotensin, dynorphin A1-17 and GnRH1-9 were rapidly degraded by the enzyme while GnRH1-10 and somatostatin were not. Neurotensin was cleaved at the Pro10-Tyr11 bond, leading to the formation of neurotensin (1-10) and neurotensin (11-13). The K(m) for neurotensin cleavage was 7 microM and the Ki for the specific 24.16 dipeptide inhibitor (Pro-ile) was 140 microM which were similar to those observed from the human brain enzyme [Vincent et al. (1996): Brain Res 709:51-58]. Through the use of specific antibodies, the purified HeLa enzyme was shown to be oligopeptidase M. This enzyme and its closely related family member thimet oligopeptidase were shown to co-elute during the isolation procedure but were finally separated using a MonoQ column. Oligopeptidase M is located mainly in mitochondria though it was detected on the plasma membrane in an inactive form. The results obtained demonstrate the first recorded instance of this enzyme in human tissue cultured cells, and raise the issue of its function therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Krause
- QCF Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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Zhang L, Leggatt GR, Kalinna BH, Piva TJ, McManus DP. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a nonintegrin laminin-binding protein from Echinococcus granulosus with localization of the laminin-binding domain. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1997; 87:183-92. [PMID: 9247929 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(97)00066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA from the hydatid tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus, encoding a protein that binds laminin. This is the first report of a helminth parasite laminin-binding protein and the first description of a cDNA encoding a laminin-binding protein from a parasite. The cDNA clone (egmo3) was isolated from an E. granulosus protoscolex cDNA expression library, and identified on the basis of sequence homology to the nonintegrin mammalian metastasis-associated 67-kDa laminin receptor (67-LR). The amino acid sequence predicted from the cDNA sequence is 268 residues long with a calculated molecular mass of 29.9 kDa. Southern blot analysis suggested that many copies of the gene may occur in the E. granulosus genome. A Northern blot revealed that the gene is expressed as a single transcript of approximately 1 kb consistent with the size of the cDNA insert. Antibodies raised to the purified protein interacted with a 30 kDa protein in whole E. granulosus protoscoleces. A Western blot of the purified and refolded recombinant protein specifically bound 125I-labelled laminin, as did a synthetic peptide derived from the inferred amino acid sequence of egmo3 which is similar in homology to peptide G, the active ligand-binding site of 67-LR. We also isolated the 3' end of the cDNA encoding the homologous protein from the closely related species, E. multilocularis. The polypeptide encoded by egmo3 also shares substantial identity with the acidic class of ribosomal proteins which are involved in protein synthesis. As such, the egmo3 protein may be multifunctional in E. granulosus, acting as a laminin-binding molecule but also playing a role in cell division and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Bancroft Centre, Brisbane QLD, Australia
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Abstract
We have investigated the effect of UVC irradiation on "TGF alpha ase" activity using both intact HeLa cells and isolated membrane fragments with an assay based on the previously described nonapeptide substrate method [Brown et al. (1992): J Cell Biochem 48:411-423]. This method allows recognition of cleavage at the scissile bond cognate with that of the TGF alpha N-terminal cleavage site from its membrane-bound precursor. The level of ectoendopeptidase (including "TGF alpha ase") activity observed on intact cells was lower than that of ectoaminopeptidases. Addition of foetal bovine serum (FBS) enhanced aminopeptidase and dipeptidyl peptidase activity but inhibited "TGF alpha ase" activity, while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) had no significant effect on the ectopeptidases monitored, expect for "TGF alpha ase," which was also inhibited, in contradistinction to their effects in other cell systems. Sublethal UVC irradiation (10 Jm-2) of the cultures resulted in activation of the ectoaminopeptidase and ectoendopeptidases which was maximal 16 and 20-24 h after irradiation, respectively. The addition of FBS to these irradiated cells appeared to reduce the increase in endopeptidase products, due in part to increased aminopeptidase activity but also to the direct inhibitory effect of FBS on the "TGF alpha ase." The activation of these proteases by UVC, even at high fluences (500 Jm-2), was not observed within the first 30 min after the cells were irradiated. Purified plasma membrane fragments were prepared from suspension cultures of HeLa cells and displayed high levels of "TGF alpha ase" activity. The rate of "TGF alpha ase" activity using 140 nM peptide substrate (P9) was 5.6 pmol/min/mg membrane protein, which was elevated to 13.7 pmol/min/mg membrane protein, 20 h after the cells had been irradiated with 10 Jm-2 UVC. Inhibition studies indicate that the plasma membrane "TGF alpha ase is a metalloenzyme as it was inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, and 1,10-phenanthroline but not by elastase or serine protease inhibitors. "TGF alpha ase" activity on intact cells was shown to be inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, which further supports this suggestion. Treatment of the membranes with Triton X-100 resulted in a loss of "TGF alpha ase" activity, raising the possibility that this enzyme may require a cofactor to be fully functional. We show that in purified membrane preparations of HeLa cells there is evidence for the presence of a "TGF alpha ase" which can be activated by UV irradiation, which differs from the putative "TGF alpha ase" described in various other cell lines, and which does not seem dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- QCF Cancer Research Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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Piva TJ. Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in mouse L929 fibroblast cells. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994; 33:411-9. [PMID: 7524901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the fungal toxin gliotoxin on the adherence and viability of mouse L929 cultured cells was examined. Gliotoxin at concentrations below 2 microM had no effect on cell function. The initial effect of exposure (6 h) resulted in the loss of cell adherence, with the non-adhered cells retaining viability. However, prolonged exposure (24 h) did not significantly enhance gliotoxin's effect on cell adherence, though the majority of non-adhered cells were found to have died by apoptosis, as confirmed from (i) electron microscopic examination and (ii) agarose gel electrophoresis of isolated DNA. The addition of foetal bovine serum to the culture medium had no effect on gliotoxin's activity. Ethanol (gliotoxin's solvent) had no effect on the assayed cell functions suggesting that the observed effects are due to gliotoxin alone. These results demonstrate for the first time that gliotoxin can cause apoptosis in cells of non-haematopoietic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- Division of Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
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Piva TJ, McCabe MG, McEvoy-Bowe E. The kinetics of glutamine transport in bovine lymphocytes. Biochem Int 1992; 26:309-16. [PMID: 1558543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transport of glutamine was examined in bovine peripheral lymphocytes which had been cultured in the presence or absence of Concanavalin A (Con A). Glutamine transport was mediated by a triphasic transport system in both cell populations. The calculated kinetic parameters were: Km 1.0, 4.7 and 12.7 mM and Vmax 4.5, 6.0 and 9.0 nmol/min per mg protein respectively. Con A augmented the capacity rather than the affinity of the glutamine transport systems (Vmax rates being 8.0, 12.2 and 38.0 nmol/min per mg protein respectively). Transporter I displayed Michaelis-Menton kinetics, while transporters II and III were co-operative carriers possessing Hill coefficients of 2.3 and 9.5 respectively. Preliminary studies using amino acid and ion inhibition studies suggested that transporter I was a system ASC-type carrier, transporter III a system L carrier, while the nature of transporter II was unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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Piva TJ, McEvoy-Bowe E. The truncated TCA cycle in HeLa cell mitochondria. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 316:385-91. [PMID: 1363173 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3404-4_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia
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Piva TJ, Newsholme EA, Goldstein L. Inhibition by monochloramine of the transport of glutamine and glucose in HeLa cells and lymphocytes. Int J Biochem 1991; 23:1421-6. [PMID: 1761151 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(91)90285-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Chloramine was previously shown to inhibit glutamine uptake by human lymphoblast tumour cells. In the present study, the effect of monochloramine on the glutamine and glucose transport systems in HeLa cells and rat mesenteric lymphocytes was investigated. 2. Initial exposure to monochloramine slightly inhibited both the glutamine and glucose transport systems in HeLa cells. However, pre-exposing the cells to monochloramine increased its inhibitory action. 3. Similar results were obtained using rat mesenteric lymphocytes, which suggests that monochloramine's effects are not cell specific. 4. Only the Na(+)-independent (system L) component of glutamine transport activity in HeLa cells was inhibited by monochloramine. 5. Dithiothreitol protected both the glucose and glutamine transport carriers in HeLa cells against monochloramine inhibition. 6. Monochloramine did not inhibit HeLa cell metabolism, nor enhance cell lysis, which, in conjunction with other experimental data, suggests that monochloramine inhibits cellular transport activity by binding to thiol groups present on the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, England
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Piva TJ, McCabe M, McEvoy-Bowe E. Effects of calcium channel blockers on the respiration of HeLa cells and HeLa mitochondria and the generation of oxidising free radicals in tissues subject to calcium imbalance. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988; 222:735-40. [PMID: 2834922 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9510-6_90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Piva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia
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