1
|
Seoke L, Fosgate GT, Opperman PA, Malesa RP, Lazarus DD, Sirdar MM, Heath L. Optimization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus Southern African Territories-specific solid-phase competitive ELISA for small ruminant serum samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:192-204. [PMID: 38111309 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231218202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We optimized and verified a single-spot solid-phase competitive ELISA (ss-SPCE) to detect antibodies against structural proteins of Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in small ruminants. Sera from goats vaccinated and experimentally challenged with a SAT1 FMDV pool were tested in duplicate at 4 dilutions (1:10, 1:15, 1:22.5, 1:33.8) to optimize the assay. To assess the performance of the assay in naturally infected animals, we evaluated 316 goat and sheep field sera collected during active SAT2 outbreaks. Relative to results of the virus neutralization test, the optimal serum dilution and cutoff percentage inhibition (PI) were 1:15 and 50%, respectively. At these values, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.85 (p < 0.001), and the sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 80.3% (72.6, 87.2) and 91.1% (84.1, 95.9), respectively. Relative to the liquid-phase blocking ELISA and the nonstructural protein ELISA, the ss-SPCE exhibited divergent performance characteristics between the goat and sheep field sera. Repeatability was better for goats, but the correlation and agreement among all 3 assays were better for the sheep sera. The prevalence of SAT2 FMDV infection in the sampled sheep was 23.6%; sampled goats were seemingly FMDV-free. The ss-SPCE is an appropriate FMDV detection tool to investigate the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of FMD in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LaToya Seoke
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Pamela A Opperman
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Refiloe P Malesa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David D Lazarus
- Epidemiology and Training Program of Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Mohamed M Sirdar
- World Organisation for Animal Health Sub-Regional Representative for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lewis RA, Kashongwe OB, Bebe BO. Quantifying production losses associated with foot and mouth disease outbreaks on large-scale dairy farms in Rift valley, Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:293. [PMID: 37608201 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease to which dairy cattle are highly susceptible. An outbreak of FMD in a dairy herds can cause a drop in milk yield, increase mastitis infections, and force culling. These production losses can be substantial, but farmers undervalue the magnitude of the loss that they incur. The study quantified the association of FMD outbreaks with milk yield, mastitis incidences, and culling rates. The data was from three large-scale dairy farms with a recent history (2008 to 2018) of FMD outbreaks in a region endemic for the prevalence of serotype C of the FMD virus since the mid-1980s in the Rift valley of Kenya. A total of 507 cows were monitored for three consecutive periods of six weeks before, during, and after FMD outbreaks. Relative to the period before and after the disease outbreak, production losses were marked during the outbreak. A disease outbreak was associated with up to 4.7% of the cows drying off (n = 24) and milk production dropped by 16.1%. The incidence of mastitis increased from 5.4% to 21.5% (OR = 3.31, CI = 2.27, 4.83) and culling rates increased from 0.59% to 3.8% (OR = 6.71, CI = 1.99, 22.58).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Lewis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Egerton, Njoro, Kenya.
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan.
| | - O B Kashongwe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
| | - B O Bebe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aslam M, Alkheraije KA. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201578. [PMID: 37456961 PMCID: PMC10347409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is listed among the highly contagious diseases in animals and is endemic throughout the Asian continent. The disease is caused by the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and affects a wide variety of domesticated animals as well as wild ungulates. Clinically, the disease is described as a vesicular lesion on the tongue, muzzle, lips, gum, dental pad, interdigital cleft, coronary band, and heel of the foot. Sometimes these lesions give rise to lameness. Mastitis is also caused due to teat lesions. A biochemical test reveals that during FMD infection, there are elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6, serum amyloid A protein, lactoferrin, mannose-binding lectin, and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 in the serum of infected animals. There is no specific treatment for FMD although some antivirals are given as prophylaxis and antibiotics are given to prevent secondary bacterial infection. This review presents comprehensive data on the prevalence of FMD and serotypes of FMDV that are attributable to the cause of FMD from a regional point of view. It also explains the worldwide dynamics of the seven serotypes of FMD and tries to identify epidemiological clusters of FMD in various geographical areas. Furthermore, the pathology associated with the foot and mouth disease virus along with the pathophysiology is discussed. The continent-wide prevalence and diversity patterns of FMD suggest that there is a need for stringent policies and legislation implementation regarding research and development aimed at manufacturing strain-specific vaccination, infection prevention, and control of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Increased Ruminoreticular Temperature and Body Activity after Foot-and-Mouth Vaccination in Pregnant Hanwoo ( Bos taurus coreanae) Cows. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111227. [PMID: 34835159 PMCID: PMC8624786 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How does vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affect pregnant cows? Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing the spread of FMD, but it is linked to sporadic side effects, such as abortion and premature birth, which result in economic loss. In this study, ruminoreticular temperature and body activity were measured before and after FMD vaccination using a ruminoreticular biocapsule sensor in Hanwoo cows at different stages of pregnancy. Compared to the unvaccinated groups, the ruminoreticular temperature increased 12 h after vaccination in the vaccinated groups. This increase in temperature is significantly correlated to vaccination. Compared to the nonpregnant and early pregnancy groups, the ruminoreticular temperature of the late pregnancy group increased sharply by more than 40 °C. Moreover, in nonpregnant and early pregnancy groups, a rapid increase in body activity was observed after FMD vaccinations. Of the 73 pregnant vaccinated cows in the study, a total of five cases had side effects (four abortions and one premature birth). Therefore, changes in the ruminoreticular temperature and activity in pregnant cows can be used as raw data to further clarify the association of FMD vaccination with the loss of a fetus and possibly predict abortion, miscarriage, and premature birth following FMD vaccination.
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo M, Li J, Teng Z, Ren M, Dong H, Zhang Y, Ru J, Du P, Sun S, Guo H. Four Simple Biomimetic Mineralization Methods to Improve the Thermostability and Immunogenicity of Virus-like Particles as a Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080891. [PMID: 34452016 PMCID: PMC8402440 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for a cold chain system during storage and transport substantially increases the cost of vaccines. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are among the best countermeasures against foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). However, VLPs are composed of pure proteins, and thus, are susceptible to heat. To address this problem, four simple biomimetic mineralization methods with the use of calcium phosphate were developed to improve heat tolerance via biomineralization. The results showed that biomineralization can significantly improve the heat resistance of VLPs. The biomineralized VLPs can be stored at low as 25 °C for eight days, and 37 °C for four days. Animal experiments showed that biomineralization had no effect on the immunogenicity of VLPs or the expression of specific antibodies (Abs) and neutralizing Abs. Even after heat treatment at 37 °C for four days, the biomineralized VLPs remained immunogenic and produced highly specific and neutralizing Abs with a high rate of protection. These results suggest that these biomineralization approaches can promote the thermal stability of VLPs against and significantly reduce dependence on cold storage and delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Jiajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Zhidong Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Mei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Jiaxi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Ping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (M.G.); (J.L.); (Z.T.); (M.R.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (J.R.); (P.D.); (S.S.)
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650000, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee I, Yoon H, Hong SK, Lim J, Yoo D, Lee E, Wee SH. Epidemiological Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Republic of Korea, 2014-2019. Prev Vet Med 2021; 188:105284. [PMID: 33607422 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of six epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Republic of Korea between 2014 and 2019. A total of 223 outbreaks had been confirmed in 40 municipalities across nine provinces. Most farms with FMD (194, 87%) were located in three densely populated livestock areas (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Chungcheongbuk-do). More cases of FMD were found in farms with more than 1,000 pigs or 50 cattle (risk ratios = 1.27 for pigs; 9.46 for Korean native cattle) and fattening pigs. In farms affected by FMD, the proportion of animals with vaccine antibodies was low (5%-50% for Korean native beef cattle farms with FMD in 2017 vs. 97.5% in the surveillance in 2016). Effective control of FMD can be achieved through strict biosecurity measures, proper vaccination, regionalized management, and instilling awareness of FMD prevention in farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilseob Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hachung Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsik Lim
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesung Yoo
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Euneseub Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee JH, Yun W, Oh HJ, An JS, Kim YG, Lee CG, Cho JH. Effects of dietary silicate levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, odorous gas emissions, blood characteristics, and foot and mouth disease antibodies in weaning to finishing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate effects of different levels of silicate supplementation in weaning to finishing pigs. A total of 96 piglets [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with initial body weight of 11.30 ± 0.02 kg were used for 16 wk (six replicate pens with four pigs per pen). Dietary treatment consisted of 0% (CON), 0.1% (T1), 0.5% (T2), and 1.0% (T3) silicate in the basal diet. Inclusion of 0.1% dietary silicate increased (P < 0.05) body weight, average daily gain, and gain-to-feed ratio in 0–16 wk. In addition, inclusion of 0.1% dietary silicate increased (P < 0.05) crude protein digestibility in 8 and 16 wk, whereas it decreased (P < 0.05) Escherichia coli count and ammonia emissions throughout the study period. Additionally, inclusion of dietary silicate increased (linear, P < 0.05) white blood cell in 4 wk, whereas it increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) white blood cell counts in 8 and 16 wk. Blood urea nitrogen decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05), and lymphocyte and foot and mouth antibodies increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) when silicate level increased. In conclusion, supplementation of 0.1% silicate in the diet showed positive effects in weaning to finishing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Yun
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Seon An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gwang Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 361-763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hunnam JC, Jerrett IV, Mee PT, Moore K, Lynch SE, Rawlin GT, Salmon SE. An idiopathic upper alimentary tract ulcerative syndrome in weaned dairy calves in Victoria, Australia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3277-3287. [PMID: 33207044 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An idiopathic clinical syndrome had been described in weaned dairy calves in the state of Victoria, Australia, where affected animals presented with diarrhoea, ill-thrift, enteritis and ulceration of the upper alimentary tract, with occasional oral/nasal ulcers. Between 7 November 2016 and 31 March 2019, 34 Victorian cattle herds were investigated, after each reported five or more weaned calves with diarrhoea and/or ill-thrift, or at least one calf with oral/nasal ulceration. Primary study objectives included the development of a detailed case definition for the clinical syndrome, termed upper alimentary tract ulcerative syndrome (UAUS) and the identification of potential causative virus(es) using metagenomics. A diagnosis of UAUS could not be made based solely on clinical signs and required histopathological assessment of post-mortem samples. Specifically, this included the identification of multifocal to coalescing areas of mucosal epithelial necrosis at all depths of the stratified squamous epithelium of the oesophagus, along with exclusion of bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Based on this case definition, twelve herds were diagnosed with clinical UAUS across the three dairying regions of Victoria, while thirteen were ruled UAUS-negative. The status of the nine remaining herds was unresolved due to a lack of required post-mortem samples. Metatranscriptomic analysis on oral swabs and oesopharyngeal samples from confirmed UAUS cases did not detect a virus common to the cross-sectional sample collection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Vincent Jerrett
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Peter Thomas Mee
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Karen Moore
- Agriculture Victoria, Attwood, Vic, Australia
| | - Stacey Emma Lynch
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | - Grant Thomas Rawlin
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, Vic, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Development of a New RT-PCR with Multiple Primers for Detecting Southern African Territories Foot-and-mouth Disease Viruses. J Vet Res 2018; 62:431-437. [PMID: 30729199 PMCID: PMC6364153 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The extremely high genetic variation and the continuously emerging variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of Southern African Territory (SAT) serotypes including SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 make it necessary to develop a new RT-PCR for general use for monitoring viruses based on the updated genome information. Material and Methods A FMDV SAT-D8 one-step RT-PCR was established based on the 1D2A2B genes of the SAT serotype viruses with a multiplex primer set. FMDV A, O, C, and Asia 1 serotypes, other vesicular disease viruses, inactivated SAT viruses, and 125 bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine tissue samples collected from the Chinese mainland were included for evaluating the assay. Results The new RT-PCR was proven to be specific without cross-reactions with Eurasian FMDV, swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), Seneca valley virus (SVV), or other common viral pathogens of cattle, sheep, goat, and pig. An around 257 bp-sized amplicon clearly appeared when the inactivated SAT viruses were detected. However, all 125 samples collected from FMDV-susceptible animals from the Chinese mainland which has not known SAT epidemics showed negative results. Conclusions A FMDV SAT-D8 one-step RT-PCR is a promising method for primary screening for FMDV SAT serotypes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cabezas AH, Sanderson MW, Jaberi-Douraki M, Volkova VV. Clinical and infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease in beef feedlot cattle: An expert survey. Prev Vet Med 2018; 158:160-168. [PMID: 30220390 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Parameterizing mathematical models of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDv) transmission is challenging due to knowledge gaps on the variable dynamics in susceptible populations. Expert opinion surveys are an approach to gather data on topics where no data have been reported. The objective of this study was to collect-via an expert-opinion survey-key parameter values of the potential FMD natural history and transmissibility in beef feedlot cattle in the U.S. Experts with experience working with FMD in endemic and non-endemic settings were targeted. Parameters surveyed were: duration of infection and disease stages, proportions of animals with specific clinical manifestations, duration and extent of the reduction in feed consumption, and probabilities of severe clinical disease and FMDv transmission. We surveyed the parameter values for infections by strains of different virulence, different infection doses, and routes of transmission. Twenty-seven experts from around the world agreed to participate and 16 (59%) completed the survey. The expert responses to individual questions were resampled via Monte Carlo simulations; to the resulting distributions, candidate theoretical distributions were fitted using the maximum likelihood method and the sought parameter values estimated based on the best-fit distributions. Of the infection stages, the estimates of the expected FMD latent period in beef feedlot ranged from 1.7 to 5.3 days and the infectious period from 5.6 to 10.9 days. Of the disease stages, the estimated incubation period ranged from 2.9 to 6.1 days, subclinical period from 1.2 to 2.8 days, and clinical period from 4.2 to 7.5 days. Probability of developing clinical disease after infection varied from 82% (IQ range 90-70%) with high-virulent to 63% (IQ range 89-60%) with low-virulent strains. Reduction in feed consumption was estimated to last 5 (SD ± 2) days in cattle infected by a low-virulent FMDv strain and 7 (SD ± 2) days for high virulent strains. The study results can be used in combination with experimental and outbreak investigation data to parameterize FMDv-transmission models to evaluate intervention responses during hypothetical FMD epidemics in beef feedlot populations in the U.S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio H Cabezas
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States; Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ki BM, Ryu HW, Cho KS. Extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) reveals unique associations between bacterial community structure and odor emission during pig carcasses decomposition. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:718-727. [PMID: 29469603 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1439856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil burial and composting methods have been widely used for the disposal of pig carcasses. The relationship between bacterial community structure and odor emission was examined using extended local similarity analysis (eLSA) during the degradation of pig carcasses in soil and compost. In soil, Hyphomicrobium, Niastella, Rhodanobacter, Polaromonas, Dokdonella and Mesorhizobium were associated with the emission of sulfur-containing odors such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl disulfide. Sphingomonas, Rhodanobacter, Mesorhizobium, Dokdonella, Leucobacter and Truepera were associated with the emission of nitrogen-containing odors including ammonia and trimetylamine. In compost, however, Carnobacteriaceae, Lachnospiaceae and Clostridiales were highly correlated with the emission of sulfur-containing odors, while Rumincoccaceae was associated with the emission of nitrogen-containing odors. The emission of organic acids was closely related to Massilia, Sphaerobacter and Bradyrhizobiaceae in soil, but to Actinobacteria, Sporacetigenium, Micromonosporaceae and Solirubrobacteriales in compost. This study suggests that network analysis using eLSA is a useful strategy for exploring the mechanisms of odor emission during biodegradation of pig carcasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Min Ki
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Wook Ryu
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , Soongsil University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Cho
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee JH, Kang IJ, Kim AR, Noh YS, Chung HC, Park BK. Increased humoral antibody response of foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in growing pigs pre-treated with poly-γ-glutamic acid. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:253-6. [PMID: 26645341 PMCID: PMC4921674 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if humoral antibody response of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine improved in 8-week-old growing pigs born to well-vaccinated sows pre-treated with 60 mg of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) three days before vaccination. Antibody against FMD virus serotype O was measured 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-vaccination, using a PrioCHECK FMDV type O ELISA kit. The results showed that positive antibody reactions against FMDV serotype O antigen among a component of the vaccine significantly increased in response to pre-injection with γ-PGA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hoon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Koreaiversity, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ik-Jae Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Koreaiversity, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - A-Reum Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Koreaiversity, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - You-Sun Noh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Koreaiversity, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Koreaiversity, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Koreaiversity, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Constitutively Active IRF7/IRF3 Fusion Protein Completely Protects Swine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease. J Virol 2016; 90:8809-21. [PMID: 27466421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00800-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most devastating livestock diseases around the world. Several serotype-specific vaccine formulations exist, but they require about 5 to 7 days to induce protective immunity. Our previous studies have shown that a constitutively active fusion protein of porcine interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) 7 and 3 [IRF7/3(5D)] strongly induced type I IFN and antiviral genes in vitro and prevented mortality in an FMD mouse model when delivered with a replication-defective adenoviral vector [Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D)]. Here, we demonstrate that pigs treated with 10(8), 10(9), or 10(10) PFU of Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) 24 h before FMDV challenge were fully protected from FMD clinical signs and did not develop viremia, virus shedding or antibodies against FMDV nonstructural proteins. Pigs treated with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) had higher levels of IFN and antiviral activity in serum, and upregulated expression of several IFN-stimulated genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, compared to pigs treated with Ad5-Blue vector control. Importantly, treatment of porcine cultured cells with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) inhibited the replication of all 7 FMDV serotypes. In vitro experiments using cultured embryonic fibroblasts derived from IFN receptor knockout mice suggested that the antiviral response induced by Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) was dependent on type I and III IFN pathways; however, experiments with mice demonstrated that a functional type I IFN pathway mediates Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) protection conferred in vivo Our studies demonstrate that inoculation with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) completely protects swine against FMD by inducing a strong type I IFN response and highlights its potential application to rapidly and effectively prevent FMDV replication and dissemination. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a fast-spreading disease that affects farm animals, with economically and socially devastating consequences. Our study shows that inoculation with a constitutively active transcription factor, namely, a fusion protein of porcine interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) 7 and 3 delivered by an adenovirus vector [Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D)], is a new effective treatment to prevent FMD in swine. Animals pretreated with Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) 1 day before being exposed to FMDV were completely protected from viral replication and clinical disease. It is noteworthy that the doses of Ad5-poIRF7/3(5D) required for protection are lower than those previously reported for similar approaches using Ad5 vectors delivering type I, II, or III IFN, suggesting that this novel strategy would be economically appealing to counteract FMD. Our results also indicate that a dynamic interplay among different components of pigs' innate immune defenses allows potent antiviral effects after Ad5-poIF7/3(5D) administration.
Collapse
|
14
|
Evaluation of Infectivity, Virulence and Transmission of FDMV Field Strains of Serotypes O and A Isolated In 2010 from Outbreaks in the Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146445. [PMID: 26735130 PMCID: PMC4703371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 2000s outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have been described in several previously FMD-free Asian nations, including the Republic of Korea (South Korea). One outbreak with FMD virus (FDMV) serotype A and two with serotype O occurred in South Korea in 2010/2011. The causative viruses belonged to lineages that had been spreading in South East Asia, far East and East Asia since 2009 and presented a great threat to the countries in that region. Most FMDV strains infect ruminants and pigs, as it happened during the outbreaks of FMDV serotype O in South Korea. Contrastingly, the strain of serotype A affected only ruminants. Based upon these findings, the intention of the work described in the current report was to characterize and compare the infectivity, virulence and transmission of both strains under laboratory conditions in cattle and pigs, by direct inoculation and contact exposure. As expected, FMDV serotype O was highly virulent in both cattle and swine by contact exposure and direct inoculation. Surprisingly, FMDV serotype A was highly virulent in swine, but was less infectious in cattle by contact exposure to infected swine or cattle. Interestingly, similar quantities of aerosolized FMDV RNA were detected during experiments with viruses of serotypes O and A. Specific virus-host interaction of A/SKR/2010 could affect the transmission of this strain to cattle, and this may explain in part the limited spread of the serotype A epizootic.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim HB, Kim SC, Lee SI, Kim IH. Attenuation of the adverse effects caused by the foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in pigs. Vet Rec 2015; 177:494. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. B. Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - S. C. Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - S. I. Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - I. H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fu N, Wu J, Lv L, He J, Jiang S. Anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus effects of Chinese herbal kombucha in vivo. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1245-55. [PMID: 26691487 PMCID: PMC4704643 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is sensitive to acids and can be inactivated
by exposure to low pH conditions. Spraying animals at risk of infection with
suspensions of acid-forming microorganisms has been identified as a potential
strategy for preventing FMD. Kombucha is one of the most strongly acid-forming
symbiotic probiotics and could thus be an effective agent with which to implement
this strategy. Moreover, certain Chinese herbal extracts are known to have
broad-spectrum antiviral effects. Chinese herbal kombucha can be prepared by
fermenting Chinese herbal extracts with a kombucha culture. Previous studies
demonstrated that Chinese herbal kombucha prepared in this way efficiently inhibits
FMDV replication in vitro. To assess the inhibitory effects of
Chinese herbal kombucha against FMDV in vitro, swine challenged by
intramuscular injection with 1000 SID50 of swine FMDV serotype O strain
O/China/99 after treatment with Chinese herbal kombucha were partially protected
against infection, as demonstrated by a lack of clinical symptoms and qRT-PCR
analysis. In a large scale field trial, spraying cattle in an FMD outbreak zone with
kombucha protected against infection. Chinese herbal kombucha may be a useful
probiotic agent for managing FMD outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naifang Fu
- National Research Center for Cassava Processing and Development, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Juncai Wu
- National Research Center for Cassava Processing and Development, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Lv Lv
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Jijun He
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjun Jiang
- National Research Center for Cassava Processing and Development, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hayama Y, Kimura Y, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi S, Tsutsui T. Potential risk associated with animal culling and disposal during the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in Japan in 2010. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:228-30. [PMID: 26412549 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale foot-and-mouth (FMD) outbreak in 2010 in Japan presented logistical challenges in conducting animal culling and disposal. During the epidemic, culling of animals on infected farms was delayed owing to the difficulties in finding suitable burial sites. In this study, a retrospective matched case-control study was conducted to investigate the potential transmission risk associated with carcass disposal by considering the geographical relationship between farms and burial sites. The results showed that burial sites and transportation routes used for carcass disposal were not significant infection sources to the neighboring farms. However, infectious farms within 500 m, particularly, pig infected farms, posed a significant transmission risk to the neighboring farms. Implementation of strict bio-security measures during carcass disposal operation is essential to reduce the risk of disease transmission to neighboring farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Yoshinari Kimura
- Department of Geography, Graduate School of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Tsutsui
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hayama Y, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi S, Muroga N, Tsutsui T. Potential impact of species and livestock density on the epidemic size and effectiveness of control measures for foot-and-mouth disease in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:13-22. [PMID: 26256043 PMCID: PMC4751111 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of a livestock area, including farm density and animal species,
influence the spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). In this study, the impact of
livestock area on FMD epidemics was examined using an FMD transmission model. For this
simulation, three major livestock areas were selected: the 2010 FMD epidemic area in Japan
as the baseline area (BS), a cattle and pig mixed production area (CP) and a cattle
production area (C). Simulation results demonstrated that under the 24-hr culling policy,
only 12% of epidemics among 1,000 simulations were abated within 100 days in the CP area,
whereas 90% of the epidemics ceased in the BS area. In the C area, all epidemics were
successfully contained within 100 days. Evaluation of additional control measures in the
CP area showed that the 0.5-km pre-emptive culling, even when only targeting pig farms,
raised the potential for successful containment to 94%. A 10-km vaccination on day 7 or 14
after initial detection was also effective in halting the epidemics (80%), but accompanied
a large number of culled or vaccinated farms. The combined strategy of 10-km vaccination
and 0.5-km pre-emptive culling targeting pig farms succeeded in containing all epidemics
within 100 days. The present study suggests the importance of preparedness for the 24-hr
culling policy and additional control measures when an FMD outbreak occurs in a densely
populated area. Considering the characteristics of the livestock area is important in
planning FMD control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brito BP, Rodriguez LL, Hammond JM, Pinto J, Perez AM. Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:316-332. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Brito
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - J. M. Hammond
- Centre for Animal & Plant Biosecurity; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Menangle NSW Australia
| | - J. Pinto
- Animal Health Service; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | - A. M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee SY, Park ME, Kim RH, Ko MK, Lee KN, Kim SM, Shim HS, Kim B, Lee JS, Park JH. Genetic and immunologic relationships between vaccine and field strains for vaccine selection of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in East Asia. Vaccine 2014; 33:664-9. [PMID: 25528521 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Of the seven known serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), type A has the most diverse variations. Genetic variations also occur frequently at VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4 because these proteins constitute the viral capsid. The structural proteins of FMDV, which are closely related to immunologic correlations, are the most easily analyzed because they have highly accessible information. In this study we analyzed the type A vaccine viruses by alignment of available sequences in order to find appropriate vaccine strains. The matching rate of ASIA topotype-specific sites (20 amino acids) located on the viral surface, which are mainly VP1 and VP2, was highly related to immunologic reactivity. Among the available vaccines analyzed in this study, we suggest that A Malaysia 97 could be used as a vaccine virus as it has the highest genetic similarity and immunologic aspects to field strains originating in East Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea; Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Eun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea; Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae-Hyung Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Sub Shim
- Gyeonggi Province Veterinary Service Center, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 456-823, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- Veterinary College, Chungnam National University, Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manangu, Anyang city, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith MT, Bennett AM, Grubman MJ, Bundy BC. Foot-and-mouth disease: technical and political challenges to eradication. Vaccine 2014; 32:3902-8. [PMID: 24785105 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly-contagious livestock disease with global socioeconomic ramifications. The disease negatively impacts both individual farmers through reduced herd viability and nations through trade restrictions of animals and animal derivatives. Vaccines for FMD prevention have existed for over 70 years, yet the disease remains enzootic in a large percentage of the globe. FMD persistence is due in part to technical limitations of historic and current vaccine technologies. There also exist many socioeconomic and political barriers to global FMD eradication. Here we highlight the barriers to eradication and discuss potential avenues toward FMD eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Anthony M Bennett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Bradley C Bundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lee JA, Jung BG, Jung M, Kim TH, Yoo HS, Lee BJ. Dietary germanium biotite supplementation enhances the induction of antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in pigs. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:443-7. [PMID: 24690605 PMCID: PMC4178148 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.3.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential ability of germanium biotite (GB) to stimulate the production of antibodies specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). To this aim, we measured the total FMDV-specific antibody responses and IgM production after vaccination against FMD both experimentally and in the field. GB supplementation with FMDV vaccination stimulated the production of anti-FMDV antibodies, and effectively increased IFN-γ and TNF-α levels. These results suggest that GB may be a novel alternative feed supplement that can serve as a boosting agent and an immunostimulator for increasing the efficacy of FMDV vaccination in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-A Lee
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wekesa SN, Namatovu A, Sangula AK, Dhikusooka MT, Muwanika VB, Tjørnehøj K. A serological survey for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in domestic pigs during outbreaks in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:575-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Park JH, Lee KN, Ko YJ, Kim SM, Lee HS, Shin YK, Sohn HJ, Park JY, Yeh JY, Lee YH, Kim MJ, Joo YS, Yoon H, Yoon SS, Cho IS, Kim B. Control of foot-and-mouth disease during 2010-2011 epidemic, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:655-9. [PMID: 23632094 PMCID: PMC3647416 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease caused by serotype O virus occurred in cattle and pigs in South Korea during November 2010–April 2011. The highest rates of case and virus detection were observed 44 days after the first case was detected. Detection rates declined rapidly after culling and completion of a national vaccination program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yoon H, Yoon SS, Kim YJ, Moon OK, Wee SH, Joo YS, Kim B. Epidemiology of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Serotype O Epidemic of November 2010 to April 2011 in the Republic Of Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:252-63. [PMID: 23731597 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The largest epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Korea since the first record in 1911 occurred between November 2010 and April 2011. The outbreak was confirmed in 153 farms, and more than three million animals were destroyed. This study presents the temporal and spatial distribution patterns, epidemiological investigation and the control measures for the 2010/2011 epidemic in Korea. The index case of this 2010/2011 FMD epidemic was reported in a pig-farming complex with five piggeries in Andong, GyeongBuk Province, on 28 November 2010, and the outbreak lasted 145 days. The largest number of new detection of the infected farms per day was recorded in mid-January. Epidemiological investigation revealed that the FMD virus had spread from farm to farm through routine movements associated with animal husbandry operations. In contrast to FMD epidemics in other countries in which movement of the infected animals largely contributed to the spread of the disease, human behaviours were major factors in the spread of the FMD virus in the Korean epidemic. The 2010/2011 epidemic was first confirmed in a local small and medium city where share of smallholder producers is higher than that of other provinces. Although Korea had a well-developed emergent response system with the experience of controlling infection and re-obtaining FMD-free status after the previous epidemics, Korea was prompted to revise their contingency plan by tailoring it to its unique livestock environment. Practical contingency plans tailored to Korea for control of FMD can be fully effective when farmers, livestock-related agencies, veterinary service providers and the general public work together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA), Anyang, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yoon H, Yoon SS, Kim H, Kim YJ, Kim B, Wee SH. Estimation of the Infection Window for the 2010/2011 Korean Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 4:127-32. [PMID: 24159543 PMCID: PMC3787534 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to develop a method for calculating infection time lines for disease outbreaks on farms was developed using the 2010/2011 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the Republic of Korea. Methods Data on farm demography, the detection date of FMD, the clinical history for the manifestation of lesions, the presence of antibodies against FMD virus (including antibodies against the structural and nonstructural proteins of serotype O), vaccination status (O1 Manisa strain), the number of reactors and information on the slaughter of infected animals were utilized in this method. Results Based on estimates of the most likely infection date, a cumulative detection probability that an infected farm would be identified on a specific day was determined. Peak infection was observed between late December and early January, but peak detection occurred in mid-January. The early detection probability was highest for pigs, followed by cattle (dairy, then beef) and small ruminants. Nearly 90% of the infected pig farms were detected by Day 11 post-infection while 13 days were required for detection for both dairy and beef cattle farms, and 21 days were necessary for small ruminant (goat and deer) farms. On average, 8.1 ± 3.1 days passed prior to detecting the presence of FMD virus on a farm. The interval between infection and detection of FMD was inversely associated with the intensity of farming. Conclusion The results of our study emphasize the importance of intensive clinical inspection, which is the quickest method of detecting FMD infection and minimizing the damage caused by an epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hachung Yoon
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee HS, Lee NH, Seo MG, Ko YJ, Kim B, Lee JB, Kim JS, Park S, Shin YK. Serological responses after vaccination of growing pigs with foot-and-mouth disease trivalent (type O, A and Asia1) vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:239-45. [PMID: 23490554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Korea experienced its fifth Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak (type O) since 1934 from November 2010 to April 2011. The Korean government initiated emergency vaccination for all FMD-susceptible domestic animals in December 2010 using type O FMD vaccines. Starting in September 2011, trivalent FMD vaccines (types O, A, and Asia1) were used for the vaccination of all animals. This study was performed to identify the appropriate time for FMD vaccination in growing pigs when vaccination is applied only once (at either 8 weeks or 12 weeks of age). Seroprevalences from growing pigs under different vaccination regimens (once or twice) were also studied. A total of 526 growing pigs on 7 farms were used in this study. This study showed that the vaccination of growing pigs at both 8 and 12 weeks of age resulted in higher seroprevalences (97.5% in type O, 92.3% in type A and 99.4% in type Asia1) than did a single vaccination at 8 weeks of age (86.7% in type O, 88.0% in type A and 93.0% in type Asia1) (P<0.05). Pigs vaccinated once at 8 weeks of age showed much higher seroprevalences than pigs vaccinated once at 12 weeks of age (60.9% in type O, 62.8% in type A and 77.6% in Asia1, respectively) (P<0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Sim Lee
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Park JH. Requirements for improved vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease epidemics. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013; 2:8-18. [PMID: 23596585 PMCID: PMC3623506 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2013.2.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are currently used worldwide. With the emergence of various FMD virus serotypes and subtypes, vaccines must become more suitable for field-based uses under the current circumstances in terms of the fast and proper selection of vaccine strains, an extended vaccine development period for new viruses, protecting against the risk of virus leakage during vaccine manufacture, counteracting the delayed onset of immune response, counteracting shorter durations of immunity, and the accurate serological differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals and multiple vaccination. The quality of vaccines should then be improved to effectively control FMD outbreaks and minimize the problems that can arise among livestock after vaccinations. Vaccine improvement should be based on using attenuated virus strains with high levels of safety. Moreover, when vaccines are urgently required for newly spread field strains, the seed viruses for new vaccines should be developed for only a short period. Improved vaccines should offer superior immunization to all susceptible animals including cattle and swine. In addition, they should have highly protective effects without persistent infection. In this way, if vaccines are developed using new methods such as reverse genetics or vector vaccine technology, in which live viruses can be easily made by replacing specific protective antigens, even a single vaccination is likely to generate highly protective effects with an extended duration of immunity, and the safety and stability of the vaccines will be assured. We therefore reviewed the current FMD vaccines and their adjuvants, and evaluated if they provide superior immunization to all susceptible animals including cattle and swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal, Plant, and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
| |
Collapse
|