1
|
Kinoshita K, Nishida H, Kanegi R, Nakamoto Y, Tanaka T, Fumimoto T, Kuwamura M, Ogawa Y, Akiyoshi H. Spinal epidural empyema concurrent with sequestrum in a cat: a case report. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1368-1372. [PMID: 35989304 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-month-old intact female mixed cat presented with repetitive paraplegia and drainage of pus from the back despite continuous antibiotic medication. Neurologic examination was consistent with below T3-L3 myelopathy. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a contrast-enhanced mass in the L1-3 spinal canal, and bone fragments in the T13 and L1 spinal canal. Spinal epidural empyema was suspected, and hemilaminectomy was performed for T12-L2 on the right side and T11-12 on the left side. Bone fragments were diagnosed as sequestrum infected with Bacteroides.sp. The cat recovered enough to ambulate next day. One month after surgery, there was no deficit in neurological function. This is the first report of spinal epidural empyema concurrent with sequestrum in a cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | - Ryoji Kanegi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | - Yuya Nakamoto
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Neuro Vets Animal Neurology Clinic
| | | | | | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University
| | | | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Metropolitan University.,Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rylander H, Djani DM, Cameron S. Case Report: Bordetella bronchiseptica Meningoencephalomyelitis in a Dog. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:852982. [PMID: 35450135 PMCID: PMC9016330 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.852982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A 15-month-old male neutered Wirehaired Pointer mixed-breed dog presented with fever and cervical pain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed neutrophilic pleocytosis with intracellular bacteria, and culture of CSF grew Bordetella bronchiseptica. The patient became non-ambulatory 3 days after CSF collection. He was treated with low-dose prednisone for 3.5 months and doxycycline for 1 year. Recheck CSF analysis 1 month after diagnosis showed reduction of inflammation and 3 months after diagnosis revealed only increased protein. The patient improved neurologically over several months and was weakly ambulatory 5 months and fully ambulatory 7 months after diagnosis. Whole genome sequencing of the bacterial isolate and a live modified intranasal vaccine similar to the one the dog had been vaccinated with 7 weeks before diagnosis was similar but not an exact match. Bacterial meningitis should be considered, and culture of CSF is recommended, in cases of neutrophilic pleocytosis of CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dylan M Djani
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Starr Cameron
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hertzsch R, Richter A. Systematic Review of the Pharmacological Evidence for the Selection of Antimicrobials in Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System in Dogs and Cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:769588. [PMID: 35118150 PMCID: PMC8803749 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.769588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis in dogs and cats is a rare disease associated with a high lethality rate. The spectrum of causative bacteria includes a diverse set of gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic species. Currently, no veterinary medicinal product is approved for this indication in these species in Europe. The objective of this review was to collect the available pharmacokinetic data for antibiotics approved in dogs and cats to enable a preliminary analysis of their potential effectiveness for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. This analysis yielded data for 13 different antibiotics in dogs and two in cats. Additionally, data about frequently recommended cephalosporines not approved in dogs and cats were included. The collected data was used to assess the potential of the respective antibiotics to attain certain simple pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) indexes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A more sophisticated investigation using modern methods was not possible due to the limited data available. For this purpose, data about the sensitivity of four bacterial species commonly associated with meningitis in dogs and cats to these antibiotics were included. The analysis provided evidence for the potential effectiveness of ampicillin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefoxitin against bacteria frequently detected in bacterial meningitis in dogs. Data were not available or insufficient for the assessment of several antibiotics, including frequently recommended substances like metronidazole and trimethoprim-sulphonamide. Little evidence is available for the use of antibiotics in cats afflicted with this disease, highlighting the need for further research to obtain data for evidence based therapeutic recommendations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ryu B, Khatri D, Zlochower A, Maslak S, D'Amico RS. Erosion of the sella turcica and pituitary expansion secondary to polymicrobial brain abscesses: a case report. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000270. [PMID: 34816090 PMCID: PMC8604177 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain abscesses can lead to a diverse array of complications, especially when they are polymicrobial in nature. Multiple underlying pathogens may present with a unique set of clinical symptoms which require an early identification and treatment. Skull base osteomyelitis with sellar floor erosion and pituitary involvement with SIADH are such rare complications of brain abscesses which have never been reported previously in the literature. Case Presentation We report the case of an immunocompetent 38-year-old male with altered mental sensorium and left hemiparesis due to polymicrobial brain abscess which required surgical evacuation. The post-operative recovery was complicated by severe hyponatremia secondary to SIADH which was treated uneventfully. Radiological imaging demonstrated pituitary enlargement with herniation through an eroded sella turcica without active CSF leak. Patient responded well to the antibiotic therapy based on microbiological susceptibility testing with a complete resolution of the pituitary enlargement on radiological follow-up. Conclusion Conservative treatment with targeted antibiotics can lead to the resolution of pituitary enlargement secondary to a brain abscess. However, a close clinical follow-up is required to look for a CSF leak considering the sellar floor erosion due to osteomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Ryu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepak Khatri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avraham Zlochower
- Department of Radiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Maslak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy S D'Amico
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lenox Hill Hospital, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harvey B, Tarrant J, McClosky M, Nathanson O, Cole S. Enterococcus spp. Meningoencephalitis, Ventriculitis, and Hypophysitis in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021; 57:290-293. [PMID: 34606588 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 13 yr old spayed female Yorkshire terrier was hospitalized for a dull mentation, anorexia, presumptive gastroenterocolitis, and a suspected gastrointestinal bleed with melena. Despite supportive therapy, the patient's clinical signs persisted. Throughout hospitalization, the patient became progressively dull to stuporous with a progressive hypernatremia. On day 3 of hospitalization, the patient acutely developed neurological signs with a neuroanatomical localization consistent with a process at the caudal cranial fossa. Per the owner's wishes, the patient was euthanized with necropsy performed. Histopathology revealed a suppurative meningoencephalitis, ventriculitis, hypophysitis, otitis interna, and an ulcerative pharyngitis. Aerobic culture collected from the area of the pituitary gland grew an Enterococcus spp. Enterococcal meningoencephalitis is rare in humans but has not been reported in veterinary medicine. In future cases of canine bacterial meningitis, Enterococcus spp. should be considered. Because of the inherent resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp., targeted antibiotic selection would be required for treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tsuyuki Y, Nakazawa S, Kubo S, Goto M, Takahashi T. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of anaerobic bacteria identified from clinical specimens of diseased dogs and cats. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1316-1320. [PMID: 32713891 PMCID: PMC7538322 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to clarify antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of anaerobes from diseased companion animals. Bacterial identification was based on the Japanese 2012
guidelines for the testing of anaerobic bacteria. AST was performed using the broth microdilution method. The anaerobe-containing samples collected from 2014 to
2018 included blood (anaerobe recovery rate, 5.0%), bile (9.4%), joint fluids (0.6%), pleural effusions (42.6%), ascites (64.1%), cerebrospinal fluids (3.0%),
and punctures (75.0%). The anaerobes identified included Bacteroides spp. (33.2%), Peptostreptococcus spp. (19.6%),
Prevotella spp. (13.6%), Propionibacterium spp. (10.3%), Clostridium spp. (9.3%), and
Fusobacterium spp. (7.5%). Bacteroides fragilis group isolates were resistant to penicillin G (100%), ampicillin (100%),
cefmetazole (63.6%), ceftizoxime (90.0%), and clindamycin (40.0%). Our observations demonstrated antimicrobial susceptibility in anaerobes isolated from
Japanese companion animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Tsuyuki
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 3-5-5 Ogibashi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0011, Japan.,Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Laboratory, 1353-25 Kamitakano, Yachio, Chiba 276-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nakazawa
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Zelkova Veterinary Laboratory, 3-5-5 Ogibashi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0011, Japan
| | - Setsuko Kubo
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Sanritsu Laboratory, 1353-25 Kamitakano, Yachio, Chiba 276-0022, Japan
| | - Mieko Goto
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hecht S, Hamlin AN, Michaels JR. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 254:919-922. [PMID: 30938611 DOI: 10.2460/javma.254.8.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Guo S, Lu D. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of spinal epidural empyema in four cats (2010 to 2016). J Small Anim Pract 2018; 61:381-388. [PMID: 30387154 PMCID: PMC7228219 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This case series reviews previous publications and reports four feline spinal epidural empyema cases that presented with non-ambulatory thoracolumbar myelopathy. Two cats underwent myelography and two MRI. Bacteria were obtained in three cases, in two from epidural abscesses and from a tail base wound in one; histopathological examination of epidural tissue showed pyogranulomatous changes in the remaining cat. Three cats were treated by surgical decompression plus antimicrobial therapy and one cat was treated medically. All cats showed satisfactory improvement following treatment over a follow-up period of 3 months. Spinal epidural empyema is a rare condition but all cats in this series had favourable outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Guo
- CityU Peace Avenue Veterinary Clinic, Hong Kong, China
| | - D Lu
- CityU Peace Avenue Veterinary Clinic, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martin S, Drees R, Szladovits B, Beltran E. Comparison of medical and/or surgical management of 23 cats with intracranial empyema or abscessation. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:566-574. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18792657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Feline intracranial abscessation or empyema is infrequently reported in the veterinary literature. To date, the largest study is based on a population of 19 cats with otogenic infection. The aim of this study was to review a larger population of cats with intracranial empyema from multiple aetiologies and document their signalment, imaging findings, treatment protocols (including medical and/or surgical management) and to compare outcomes. Methods Cases presenting to a single referral centre over a 10 year period with compatible history, neurological signs and imaging findings consistent with intracranial abscessation and empyema were reviewed retrospectively. Results Twenty-three cats met the inclusion criteria. Advanced imaging (CT and/or MRI) was performed in 22/23 cats; one case was diagnosed via ultrasound. Ten cases underwent medical and surgical management combined, 10 underwent solely medical management and three were euthanased at the time of diagnosis. Short-term outcome showed that 90% of surgically managed and 80% of medically managed cats were alive at 48 h post-diagnosis. Long-term survival showed that surgically managed cases and medically managed cases had a median survival time of 730 days (range 1–3802 days) and 183 days (range 1–1216 days), respectively. No statistical significance in short- or long-term survival ( P >0.05) was found between medically and surgically managed groups. Conclusions and relevance Feline intracranial abscessation and empyema are uncommon conditions that have historically been treated with combined surgical and medical management. This study documents that, in some cases, intracranial abscessation and empyema can also be successfully treated with medical management alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Martin
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Balazs Szladovits
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roura X, Santamarina G, Tabar MD, Francino O, Altet L. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Bartonella spp. in dogs from Spain with blood culture-negative infectious endocarditis. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:267-275. [PMID: 29807750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of Bartonella spp. was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in dogs from Spain with blood culture-negative endocarditis. The aim of this study is to add information about canine infectious endocarditis in Europe. ANIMALS Thirty dogs with naturally occurring blood culture-negative endocarditis were examined from 2010 to 2017 at three veterinary referral hospitals, located in northwest, northeast, and southeast of Spain. METHODS It is a retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed to extract relevant data. Frozen or paraffin-embedded cardiac valve tissue and/or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid blood samples were evaluated by PCR for the presence of Bartonella DNA. Positive results were sequenced to confirm the species. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction was positive for eight out of 30 dogs included (26.6%). Bartonella rochalimae, Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, and Bartonella koehlerae were detected in valve tissue or blood. CONCLUSIONS Bartonella could be an important cause of blood culture-negative infectious endocarditis in dogs from Spain. The outcome for those dogs affected with Bartonella spp. was grave. Prompt empirical treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate plus fluoroquinolones could be of value in cases of blood culture-negative endocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Santamarina
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - M-D Tabar
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente, Calle Del Veterinario Manuel Isidro Rodríguez García N°17, San Vicente Del Raspeig, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - O Francino
- Molecular Genetics Veterinary Service, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Altet
- Vetgenomics, Edifici Eureka, Parc de Recerca de La UAB, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardy TJ, Lam R, Peters LM, McLaren PJ, Matas Riera M, De Decker S. Successful medical management of a domestic longhair cat with subdural intracranial empyema and multifocal pneumonia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:238-242. [PMID: 28079960 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J.A. Cardy
- Departments of Clinical Science and Services
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Richard Lam
- Departments of Clinical Science and Services
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Laureen M. Peters
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Philippa J. McLaren
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Màrian Matas Riera
- Departments of Clinical Science and Services
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Steven De Decker
- Departments of Clinical Science and Services
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London; Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mickelson M, Olby N, Schwartz M. Bacterial meningitis and subdural empyema caused by
Actinomyces canis
in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Mickelson
- Department of Clinical SciencesNCSU College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNCUSA
- School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of WisconsinMadison, 2015 Linden DriveMadisonWIUSA
| | - Natasha Olby
- Department of Clinical SciencesNCSU College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNCUSA
| | - Malte Schwartz
- Department of Clinical SciencesNCSU College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNCUSA
- Sage Centers for Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care7121 Amador Plaza RdDublinCA94568
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Espino L, Barreiro JD, Gonzalez A, Santamarina G, Miño N, Vazquez S. Intracranial epidural empyema due toCryptococcus neoformansin a 5-year-old neutered male European short hair cat. Vet Q 2014; 35:51-5. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.993094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
14
|
Abstract
A 13 mo old mixed-breed dog was referred for acute lateralized forebrain signs. MRI of the brain demonstrated abnormalities consistent with severe meningitis and subdural empyema secondary to a retrobulbar abscess. The dog’s clinical signs improved with antibiotic therapy, and repeat imaging showed resolution of subdural fluid accumulation presumed to be empyema with mild residual meningeal enhancement. Subdural empyema is an infrequent cause of encephalopathy in small animals and usually develops through direct extension of a pericranial infection. This report presents a case of presumptive subdural empyema in a dog that was successfully treated without surgical intervention. MRI is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosis of subdural empyema, and the characteristic imaging features are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taemi Horikawa
- Animal Eye Center, Rocklin, CA (T.H.); Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Pittsburgh, PA (E.M.); and PetRays Veterinary Radiology Consultants, The Woodlands, TX (A.B.)
| | - Edward MacKillop
- Animal Eye Center, Rocklin, CA (T.H.); Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Pittsburgh, PA (E.M.); and PetRays Veterinary Radiology Consultants, The Woodlands, TX (A.B.)
| | - Anne Bahr
- Animal Eye Center, Rocklin, CA (T.H.); Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Pittsburgh, PA (E.M.); and PetRays Veterinary Radiology Consultants, The Woodlands, TX (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Correction: Evaluation of recipes of home-prepared maintenance diets for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
16
|
Williams JM, Riedesel EA, Jeffery ND, Alcott CJ. What is your diagnosis? Subdural empyema. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:175-7. [PMID: 24984124 DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackie M Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Oliver JAC, Llabrés-Diaz FJ, Gould DJ, Powell RM. Central nervous system infection withStaphylococcus intermediussecondary to retrobulbar abscessation in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12:333-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Di Terlizzi R, Platt SR. The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: Part II – Analysis. Vet J 2009; 180:15-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
This chapter discusses the anatomy, functions, and biochemistry of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF has four major functions: physical support of neural structures, excretion and “sink” action, intracerebral transport, and control of the chemical environment of the central nervous system. CSF provides a “water jacket” of physical support and buoyancy. The CSF is protective because its volume changes reciprocally with changes in the volume of intracranial contents, particularly blood. Thus, the CSF protects the brain from changes in arterial and central venous pressure associated with posture, respiration, and exertion. Acute or chronic pathological changes in intracranial contents can be accommodated, to a point, by changes in the CSF volume. The direct transfer of brain metabolites into the CSF provides excretory function. This capacity is important because the brain lacks a lymphatic system. The lymphatic function of the CSF is also manifested in the removal of large proteins and cells, such as bacteria or blood cells, by bulk CSF absorption. The “sink” action of the CSF arises from the restricted access of water-soluble substances to the CSF and the low concentration of these solutes in the CSF.
Collapse
|
21
|
Barrs VR, Nicoll RG, Churcher RK, Beck JA, Beatty JA. Intracranial empyema: literature review and two novel cases in cats. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:449-54. [PMID: 17543019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the literature on intracranial empyema and report two new cases in cats. METHODS Literature review and case reports. RESULTS Intracranial empyema has been rarely reported in small animals. In two novel cases in cats, the route of infection was postulated to be local extension from a retrobulbar abscess of odontogenic origin in one case and direct inoculation from a penetrating bite wound to the skull, confirmed at post-mortem examination, in the other. On magnetic resonance imaging of the first case, there was a contrast-enhancing large extra-axial fluid collection overlying the right cerebral hemisphere, consistent with subdural empyema. Infection was caused by an Actinomyces spp. This is the first report of successful treatment of intracranial empyema by craniotomy, drainage and antibiotics. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Intracranial empyema is a neurosurgical emergency. Favourable outcomes may be achieved with surgical decompression, antimicrobial therapy and intensive care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V R Barrs
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Smith PM, Haughland SP, Jeffery ND. Brain abscess in a dog immunosuppressed using cyclosporin. Vet J 2007; 173:675-8. [PMID: 16690333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a dog that developed brain abscesses following prolonged immunosuppression with cyclosporin. Bacteria within the abscess were most likely Nocardia, an organism well recognised in immunosuppressed humans, and probably reached the brain through haematogenous spread from a more long-standing abscess in the mediastinum. Bacterial brain abscesses developing in this manner are very rare in dogs and this case highlights the wider range of possible diagnoses that need to be considered in immunosuppressed patients and the care with which potent drugs such as cyclosporin should be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Smith
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Espino L, Bérmudez R, Fidalgo LE, González A, Miño N, Quiroga MI. Meningoencephalitis associated with Staphylococcus warneri in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2006; 47:598-602. [PMID: 17004952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A case of meningoencephalitis in a dog caused by Staphylococcus warneri is reported here. The history and clinical signs were suggestive of possible central nervous system infection. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid documented a neutrophilic pleocytosis (890 cells/mul) and the presence of occasional intracellular cocci. Staphylococcus warneri was isolated from the microbiological culture of the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment consisted of intravenous antibiotics, supportive care and anticonvulsants for the generalised seizures that developed after admission. Histological assessment confirmed the location and extension of bacterial meningoencephalitis. Thrombotic meningoencephalitis associated with Staphylococcus warneri infection has not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously reported in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Espino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, HCV Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Messer JS, Kegge SJ, Cooper ES, Colitz CM, Abramson CJ. Meningoencephalomyelitis Caused byPasteurella multocidain a Cat. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
25
|
Sturges BK, Dickinson PJ, Kortz GD, Berry WL, Vernau KM, Wisner ER, LeCouteur RA. Clinical Signs, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features, and Outcome After Surgical and Medical Treatment of Otogenic Intracranial Infection in 11 Cats and 4 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
26
|
Abstract
Prevotella oralis, an obligate Gram-negative anaerobe, was shown to be the cause of meningitis in a two-year-old crossbreed dog. The dog had a six-week history of lethargy and neck pain. On presentation, the animal was reluctant to walk, had a stiff gait and neck pain on flexion. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid documented a neutrophilic pleocytosis (7488 cells/microl) and the presence of occasional intracellular bacterial coccobacilli. The aetiological diagnosis was confirmed by routine aerobic and anaerobic culture, and identification of the isolates. This report also reviews the literature of the documented cases of bacterial meningitis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Allan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cherrone KL, Eich CS, Bonzynski JJ. Suspected paraspinal abscess and spinal epidural empyema in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38:149-51. [PMID: 11908832 DOI: 10.5326/0380149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidural spinal cord compression was visualized myelographically in a dog presented for rapid development of paraparesis. A large, fluid-filled pocket in the epaxial musculature was found at surgery and appeared to communicate with the first lumbar vertebra. Unfortunately, cytopathological evaluation of the fluid was not performed. No etiological agents were isolated on aerobic culture. The dog responded well to decompressive surgery and medical therapy consisting of antibiotics, pain medication, and nursing care. In the veterinary literature, only two studies of spinal epidural empyema in the dog have been reported. Of these dogs, one had successful decompressive surgery performed. The other dogs in these two reports were euthanized. The dog presented in this report fully recovered. Spinal epidural empyema should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs presenting with a fever and a rapidly progressing myelopathy.
Collapse
|
28
|
Seiler G, Cizinauskas S, Scheidegger J, Lang J. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging of a pyocephalus and a suspected brain abscess in a German Shepherd dog. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42:417-22. [PMID: 11678563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on an eight-year-old, neutered female German Shepherd dog with a history of acute depression, inappetence, and hyperthermia. A lesion in the cerebrum was suspected. Possible differential diagnoses were meningoencephalitis, neoplasia, and vascular lesion (infarction, bleeding). A ring enhancing lesion was found in the basal ganglia on the left side with edema of the surrounding brain tissue. A similar mass lesion was present in the right pterygoid musculature. With inversion recovery sequences an altered composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the left lateral ventricle could be detected. CSF analysis confirmed a pyocephalus, probably due to rupture of a brain abscess into the left lateral ventricle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Seiler
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cizinauskas S, Tipold A, Fatzer R, Burnens A, Jaggy A. Streptococcal Meningoencephalomyelitis in 3 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
30
|
Klopp LS, Hathcock JT, Sorjonen DC. Magnetic resonance imaging features of brain stem abscessation in two cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:300-7. [PMID: 10955490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb02077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Premortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in two cats with brain stem abscessation confirmed post mortem by histology and recovery of multiple bacterial species. The MRI features of the abscesses were distinctive and included a thick and marked enhancement of the abscess capsule and extension of the lesion from a tympanic bulla in one cat. A focal area of increased signal intensity was present on T2-weighted images. A circumscribed area of decreased signal intensity was surrounded by a ring of increased signal intensity on precontrast T1-weighted images. A center of decreased signal intensity with a thick, markedly enhanced abscess capsule was observed on post contrast T1-weighted images. These findings are compared to the current experimental and clinical literature of brain abscess. The underlying pathogenesis of MRI features is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Klopp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The neurologic patient is considered a neurosurgical emergency when delay of treatment may influence the patient's outcome. Diseases of the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nerves are presented in this article. Diagnostic tools (i.e., advanced imaging and electrophysiologic tests), differential diagnoses, treatment options (conventional and controversial), whether the patient requires surgery, and the optimal time for surgical intervention are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Kapatkin
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Tipold A. Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the central nervous system in dogs: a retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 1995; 9:304-14. [PMID: 8531175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The medical records of 220 dogs with inflammatory/infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) were retrospectively examined. The aims of the study were to determine if clinical and clinicopathologic data (not including biopsy or necropsy examination) could distinguish inflammatory CNS diseases from diseases of other types, and to search for criteria allowing differentiation of specific inflammatory diseases. The signalment, historical findings, extraneural and neurological signs, and the lesion site contributed marginally to a specific diagnosis. Multifocal signs were only noticed in one third of the dogs with inflammatory/infectious diseases. Particular neurological abnormalities were more frequent in certain diseases than in others (eg, myoclonus was frequent in dogs with distemper, but it was also found in those with other meningoencephalomyelitides). Hematologic findings contributed to the diagnosis in certain conditions (eg, canine distemper encephalitis, protozoal encephalomyelitis, steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis). Cerebrospinal fluid examinations, including immunoglobulin G index and cytology were useful to separate meningoencephalomyelitides from the other CNS diseases and to distinguish certain conditions from others. In most cases a specific diagnosis depended on a combination of clinical signs and ancillary diagnostic aids. Still, a specific diagnosis remained very difficult, if not impossible, in at least one third of the dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tipold
- Institute of Animal Neurology, University of Berne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Animals with meningomyelitis have clinical neurologic signs that typically range from paraspinal discomfort to tetraplegia; however, most affected animals also show evidence of multifocal CNS involvement with brain stem and cerebral cortical structures being affected most commonly. The cause, duration, and host response to the disease process will determine the clinical signs in individual animals. Confirmation of a specific causative agent is difficult, but CSF analysis and immunotesting of serum and CSF yield the most rewarding diagnostic results. Successful treatment is based on formulation of an appropriate and aggressive therapeutic regimen. In some diseases, no effective treatment is available, and some animals may develop permanent neurologic disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Sorjonen
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Accurate interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes can only be made in the context of the differential diagnosis for each case. The routine analysis of CSF cell number and type as well as CSF total protein can provide information that suggests a specific mechanism or disease, but is often inconclusive. Further information obtained from CSF protein electrophoresis and immunoglobulin determination and calculation of an albumin quota and IgG index can lend additional support for the suspected mechanism of disease. Paired serum and CSF antibody titers for specific organisms can be useful to confirm the presence of a systemic or nervous system infection. Current research on detecting antibodies against nervous tissue components in CSF should result in better diagnostic capabilities and understanding of the pathophysiology of certain disorders in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Chrisman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville
| |
Collapse
|