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Brown JE, Russell EB, Moore AR, Oscos-Snowball A, Stent A, Courtman NF. Hypoglobulinemia in a dog with disseminated plasma cell neoplasia: Case report and review of the diagnostic criteria. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:227-235. [PMID: 33913178 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This is the first reported case of hypoglobulinemia in a dog with disseminated plasma cell neoplasia. A 6-year-old male intact Rottweiler was referred to the U-Vet Animal Hospital (Werribee, Vic, Australia) for weight loss, hyporexia, lethargy, vomiting, and soft stools. Examination of a buffy coat preparation and splenic and liver aspirates revealed a monomorphic population of plasmacytoid cells, and the same cells comprised approximately 90% of bone marrow samples submitted for cytologic and histologic evaluation. Biochemistry revealed a hypoglobulinemia, and the presence of an M-protein was not supported by serum and urine protein electrophoresis or serum immunofixation. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated strong nuclear labeling for MUM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet E Brown
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Elise B Russell
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Oscos-Snowball
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
| | - Natalie F Courtman
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic., Australia
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2
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Lee WS, Lee JJ, Liao AT, Kao CL, Wang SL. Association between weight change during initial chemotherapy and clinical outcome in dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:53-60. [PMID: 32654343 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the known prognostic factors in dogs with lymphoma have been evaluated before treatment commences or at the time of diagnosis. Prognostic factors evaluated during the initial phase of treatment are less described but may provide important clinical information. In this retrospective study, 82 canine lymphoma patients were categorized according to the weight change between diagnosis and after 5 weeks of chemotherapy. Dogs that gained greater than 5% or lost greater than 5% of initial body weight were categorized as increased- or decreased-weight groups, respectively. Those in which weight changed less than 5% were categorized as the maintained-weight group. The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the increased-weight group, maintained-weight group and decreased-weight group was 226, 256 and 129 days, respectively. The decreased-weight group had significantly shorter PFS than the increased and maintained groups (P = .023, P = .003, respectively). The median survival time (ST) in the increased-weight group, maintained-weight group and decreased-weight group was 320, 339 and 222 days, respectively. There was no significant difference in ST among the three groups (P = .128). In Cox-regression results, weight change group and initial body weight were significant risk factors associated to PFS (P = .007, P = .001, respectively) while only patient's initial body weight was a significant risk factor to ST (P = .013). In conclusion, evaluation of initial body weight and weight changes over time can provide valuable information regarding PFS and ST in dogs with multicentric lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shan Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Animal Cancer Center, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Albert Taiching Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Animal Cancer Center, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Lien Kao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Lin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Animal Cancer Center, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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3
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Leeper H, Viall A, Ruaux C, Bracha S. Preliminary evaluation of serum total cholesterol concentrations in dogs with osteosarcoma. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:562-569. [PMID: 28660727 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if total serum cholesterol concentrations were altered in dogs with osteosarcoma. To evaluate association of total serum cholesterol concentration with clinical outcomes in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective, multi-institutional study on 64 dogs with osteosarcoma. Control population consisted of dogs with traumatic bone fractures (n=30) and healthy patients of similar age and weight as those of the osteosarcoma cases (n=31). Survival analysis was done on 35 appendicular osteosarcoma patients that received the current standard of care. Statistical associations were assessed by univariable and multi-variable analysis. Information about age, sex, primary tumour location, total cholesterol concentration, monocytes and lymphocyte counts and alkaline phosphatase were also included. RESULTS Total cholesterol was elevated above the reference interval (3·89 to 7·12 mmol/L) (150 to 275 mg/dL) in 29 of 64 (45·3%) osteosarcoma-bearing dogs, whereas similar elevations were found in only 3 of 30 (10%) fracture controls (P<0·0001) and 2 of 31 (6·5%) similar age/weight controls (P=0·0002). Elevated total cholesterol was significantly associated with a reduced hazard ratio (0·27, P=0·008) for overall mortality in dogs with osteosarcoma. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that elevated total cholesterol is associated with canine osteosarcoma and may have prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leeper
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4801, USA
| | - A Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50011-1134, USA
| | - C Ruaux
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4801, USA
| | - S Bracha
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4801, USA
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4
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Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Canine hyperlipidaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:595-605. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessally; Trikalon 224, Karditsa 43100, Greece and Animal Medical Center of Athens, Mesogeion 267 15451 Athens Greece
| | - J. M. Steiner
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessally; Trikalon 224, Karditsa 43100, Greece and Animal Medical Center of Athens, Mesogeion 267 15451 Athens Greece
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
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5
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Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Lipid metabolism and hyperlipidemia in dogs. Vet J 2010; 183:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Xenoulis PG, Suchodolski JS, Levinski MD, Steiner JM. Investigation of Hypertriglyceridemia in Healthy Miniature Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Baez JL, Michel KE, Sorenmo K, Shofer FS. A prospective investigation of the prevalence and prognostic significance of weight loss and changes in body condition in feline cancer patients. J Feline Med Surg 2007; 9:411-7. [PMID: 17451991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to prospectively identify and characterize weight loss and changes in body condition in feline cancer patients and to investigate the prognostic significance of these findings. Fifty-seven cats with neoplasia were evaluated. Body condition was assessed with a nine-point scoring system (BCS) and multiple sites were assessed for muscle and fat mass using four-point scoring systems. Feline cancer patients had a mean BCS of 4.4±2.1 kg (1=cachectic, 5=optimal, 9=obese). Fat mass was reduced in both sites assessed in 60% of the patients. Muscle mass was reduced at all three sites assessed in 91% of the patients. Feline cancer patients having a BCS <5 had a median survival time (MST) of 3.3 months compared to that of 16.7 months for cats with a BCS of ≥5 ( P=0.008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Baez
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA
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Washizu T, Azakami D, Bonkobara M, Washizu M, Arai T. Changes in activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in canine lymphoma cells. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:615-6. [PMID: 15997191 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the activities of enzymes related to energy metabolism in canine lymphoma cells were investigated. Cytosolic pyruvate kinase (PK) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities in lymphoma cells were significantly higher than those in lymphocytes obtained from lymph nodes of healthy dogs, whereas cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was significantly lower in lymphoma cells. The cytosolic M/L ratio (MDH activity/LDH activity), which is considered to be a good indicator of energy metabolism related to glucose utilization in animal tissues, was significantly higher in lymphoma cells than in the normal lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukimi Washizu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Michel KE, Sorenmo K, Shofer FS. Evaluation of Body Condition and Weight Loss in Dogs Presented to a Veterinary Oncology Service. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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10
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Roudebush P, Davenport DJ, Novotny BJ. The use of nutraceuticals in cancer therapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34:249-69, viii. [PMID: 15032131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of nutraceutical use among human patients with cancer suggests that the use of nutraceuticals in pet animals with cancer is probably common. Dogs with a wide variety of malignant diseases have significant alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. These metabolic alterations may be ameliorated by using functional foods relatively low in soluble carbohydrate, moderate amounts of protein that includes sources of arginine, and moderate amounts of fat supplemented with omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Well-controlled clinical studies in a variety of species with cancer, including rodents, people, and dogs, have documented that increased dietary and serum levels of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with a number of health benefits, including improved disease-free interval, survival time, and quality of life. Other nutraceuticals of interest in patients with cancer include antioxidant vitamins, trace minerals, glutamine, protease inhibitors, garlic, tea polyphenols, vitamin A, and shark cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Roudebush
- Technical Information Services, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. Hill's Science and Technology Center, PO Box 1658, Topeka, KS 66601, USA.
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Mazzaferro EM, Hackett TB, Stein TP, Ogilvie GK, Wingfield WE, Walton J, Turner AS, Fettman MJ. Metabolic alterations in dogs with osteosarcoma. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1234-9. [PMID: 11497444 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in resting energy expenditure (REE) as well as protein and carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA). ANIMALS 15 weight-stable dogs with OSA that did not have other concurrent metabolic or endocrine illness and twelve 1-year-old sexually intact female Beagles (control dogs). PROCEDURES Indirect calorimetry was performed on all dogs to determine REE and respiratory quotient (RQ). Stable isotope tracers (15N-glycine, 4.5 mg/kg of body weight, IV; 6,6-deuterium-glucose, 4.5 mg/kg, IV as a bolus, followed by continuous-rate infusion at 1.5 mg/kg/h for 3 hours) were used to determine rate of protein synthesis and glucose flux in all dogs. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were performed to determine total body composition. RESULTS Accounting for metabolic body size, REE in dogs with OSA was significantly higher before and after surgery, compared with REE of healthy control dogs. The RQ values did not differ significantly between groups. Dogs with OSA also had decreased rates of protein synthesis, increased urinary nitrogen loss, and increased glucose flux during the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Alterations in energy expenditure, protein synthesis, urinary nitrogen loss, and carbohydrate flux were evident in dogs with OSA, similar to results documented in humans with neoplasia. Changes were documented in REE as well as protein and carbohydrate metabolism in dogs with OSA. These changes were evident even in dogs that did not have clinical signs of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Mazzaferro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Ogilvie GK, Fettman MJ, Mallinckrodt CH, Walton JA, Hansen RA, Davenport DJ, Gross KL, Richardson KL, Rogers Q, Hand MS. Effect of fish oil, arginine, and doxorubicin chemotherapy on remission and survival time for dogs with lymphoma. Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000415)88:8<1916::aid-cncr22>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The importance of paraneoplastic syndromes is often underestimated in the horse. Clinically, paraneoplastic syndromes can cause greater morbidity than the actual physical presence of the malignant tumor. The appearance may be the first sign of a malignancy and may be so severe that appropriate therapy for the underlying cancer is not initiated. This article reviews some of the most common paraneoplastic syndromes that are likely to occur in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Ogilvie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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14
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Ogilvie GK. Interventional nutrition for the cancer patient. CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 1998; 13:224-31. [PMID: 9842115 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-2867(98)80007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dogs and cats with cancer have significant alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, which can result in cancer cachexia and subsequently can decrease quality of life, reduce response to therapy, and shorten survival time. Nutritional modulation may be beneficial in the treatment of cancer patients to reverse these metabolic alterations. There is evidence that foods relatively low in simple carbohydrates with moderate amounts of high-quality protein, fiber, and fat (especially fats of the omega-3 fatty acid series) are beneficial for pets with cancer. In addition, certain supplemental nutrients may have potential to reduce the risk of developing cancer, or the growth and metastases of established malignant disease. Nutritional intervention can be a powerful tool for controlling malignant disease and for reducing toxicity associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Ogilvie
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins 80523, USA
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Borne AT, Wolfsheimer KJ, Truett AA, Kiene J, Wojciechowski T, Davenport DJ, Ford RB, West DB. Differential metabolic effects of energy restriction in dogs using diets varying in fat and fiber content. OBESITY RESEARCH 1996; 4:337-45. [PMID: 8822758 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of dietary fat and fiber in energy restriction for the management of obesity was examined. Twelve male castrated dogs were energy restricted for 7 weeks by feeding 60% of their calculated maintenance energy requirements (MER = 1500 kcal/m2/d) for ideal body weight. Six dogs were restricted on a high-fat (35.4 kcal% from fat), low-fiber (2.9% dry matter basis [DMB]) diet while the other six dogs were restricted on a low-fat (24.5 kcal% from fat), high-fiber (27% DMB) diet. Compared with the high-fat, low-fiber diet, energy restriction on the low-fat, high-fiber diet resulted in significantly greater decreases in body fat (1472 +/- 166 vs. 853 +/- 176 g; p < 0.05) and total serum cholesterol concentrations (108.7 +/- 11.3 vs. 51.5 +/- 13.9 mg/dL; p < 0.005). Reductions in body weight (2.86 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.14 +/- 0.3 kg; p < 0.09), and mean arterial blood pressure (17.4 +/- 6.1 vs. 6.7 +/- 2.9 mmHg; p < 0.12) were also greater on the low-fat diet; however, these diet effects did not reach statistical significance. These data suggest that the fat and fiber content of the diet during energy restriction are important factors in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Borne
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70808-4124, USA
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Walton RM, Modiano JF, Thrall MA, Wheeler SL. Bone marrow cytological findings in 4 dogs and a cat with hemophagocytic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 1996; 10:7-14. [PMID: 8965270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic syndrome or hemophagic histiocytosis was diagnosed in 4 dogs and 1 cat by evaluation of bone marrow aspirate smears. One of the dogs had a suspected infection with canine parvovirus and a confirmed infection with Salmonella spp, 2 dogs had presumptive diagnoses of myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disease, respectively, and 1 dog died without a diagnosis. The cat had hepatic lipidosis and lesions compatible with feline calicivirus infection. All animals had cytopenias involving 2 or more cell lines, and fragmented erythrocytes in the blood, along with mild to moderate increases in the number of macrophages in the bone marrow. Numerous marrow macrophages contained phagocytized hematopoietic cells. Other cytological features of the bone marrow were variable in each patient, but the degree of response in the blood was inadequate, even in those with bone marrow hyperplasia. The phagocytosis of hematopoietic elements did not appear to be caused by a primary immune disorder, but rather by the inappropriate activation of normal macrophages secondary to infectious, neoplastic, or metabolic diseases. These findings suggest that hemophagocytic syndrome may be an important factor in the development of cytopenias; the data also support the cytological evaluation of bone marrow aspirates as an aid in the diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Walton
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, USA
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17
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Holden RJ. The estrogen connection: the etiological relationship between diabetes, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and psychiatric disorders. Med Hypotheses 1995; 45:169-89. [PMID: 8531840 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(95)90066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
For some considerable time, there has been a growing awareness that defective essential fatty acid metabolism plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of both schizophrenia and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) but the influence of defective essential fatty acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and cancer is less well appreciated. An EFA deficiency, or defective EFA metabolism, negatively influences prostaglandin synthesis and glucose regulation and transport. Moreover, defective EFA metabolism negatively influences estrogen availability which contributes to the observed gender bias some of these illnesses manifest. While fluctuations of estrogen are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of these conditions, so also do fluctuations of IGF-II and there is some suggestion that IGF-II and insulin may well be inversely regulated. In addition, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), rheumatoid arthritis, and schizophrenia are thought to be autoimmune disorders, while cancer is associated with immune system failure. Consequently, this paper aims to examine the pathophysiological similarities and differences between mental illness, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer in respect of which the causal relationship that obtains between essential fatty acids, estrogen, IGF-II, glucose regulation and autoimmunity will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Holden
- Medical Research Unit, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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