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LeVine DN, Goggs R, Kohn B, Mackin AJ, Kidd L, Garden OA, Brooks MB, Eldermire ERB, Abrams-Ogg A, Appleman EH, Archer TM, Bianco D, Blois SL, Brainard BM, Callan MB, Fellman CL, Haines JM, Hale AS, Huang AA, Lucy JM, O'Marra SK, Rozanski EA, Thomason JM, Walton JE, Wilson HE. ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2024. [PMID: 38779941 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Management of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs and cats is evolving, but there are no evidence-based guidelines to assist clinicians with treatment decisions. Likewise, the overall goals for treatment of ITP have not been established. Immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids are the first line treatment, but optimal treatment regimens beyond glucocorticoids remain uncertain. Additional options include secondary immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, modified cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil, usually selected based on clinician preference. Vincristine, human IV immunoglobulin (hIVIg), and transfusion of platelet or red blood cell-containing products are often used in more severe cases. Splenectomy and thrombopoietin receptor agonists are usually reserved for refractory cases, but when and in which patient these modalities should be employed is under debate. To develop evidence-based guidelines for individualized treatment of ITP patients, we asked 20 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICO) format questions. These were addressed by 17 evidence evaluators using a literature pool of 288 articles identified by a structured search strategy. Evidence evaluators, using panel-designed templates and data extraction tools, summarized evidence and created guideline recommendations. These were integrated by treatment domain chairs and then refined by iterative Delphi survey review to reach consensus on the final guidelines. In addition, 19 non-PICO questions covering scenarios in which evidence was lacking or of low quality were answered by expert opinion using iterative Delphi surveys with panelist integration and refinement. Commentary was solicited from multiple relevant professional organizations before finalizing the consensus. The rigorous consensus process identified few comparative treatment studies, highlighting many areas of ITP treatment requiring additional studies. This statement is a companion manuscript to the ACVIM Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana N LeVine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Linda Kidd
- Linda Kidd Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Oliver A Garden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Erin R B Eldermire
- Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Abrams-Ogg
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth H Appleman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Todd M Archer
- Bluff City Veterinary Specialists, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Domenico Bianco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Shauna L Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claire L Fellman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jillian M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anne S Hale
- Zia Pet Hospital, Rio Rancho, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - John M Lucy
- Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shana K O'Marra
- Northwest Veterinary Critical Care Services, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jenny E Walton
- Veterinary Apheresis Service UK, Washington, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Wilson
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, Somerset, United Kingdom
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2
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Stikeman E, Bianco D. Use of human intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of 12 dogs with newly diagnosed malignant disease and presumed secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:338-345. [PMID: 38239177 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safety and efficacy of human intravenous immunoglobulin in dogs with newly diagnosed malignancy and presumed secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve client-owned dogs with newly diagnosed malignant disease and presumed secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia were prospectively enrolled to receive a single infusion of human intravenous immunoglobulin at a dose of 0.5 to 1 mg/kg intravenous over 8 hours. A complete treatment response was defined as a platelet estimation of ≥40,000 platelets/μL within 24 hours and a partial response within 48 hours from the completion of human intravenous immunoglobulin infusion. No treatment response was defined as a platelet estimation remaining <40,000 platelets/μL over 48 hours from the completion of the human intravenous immunoglobulin infusion. This pilot study had a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled design. RESULTS Out of the 12 enrolled dogs, seven completed the study. A complete treatment response to human intravenous immunoglobulin was identified in one lymphoma dog and a partial response was noted in another lymphoma dog. The remaining 10 dogs had no response to human intravenous immunoglobulin. No clinically relevant adverse reactions to human intravenous immunoglobulin occurred in any of the 12 initially enrolled dogs during the infusion and over a 3-month follow-up period for the seven surviving dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study suggest that the use of human intravenous immunoglobulin in dogs with newly diagnosed malignant disease and presumed secondary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia appears safe, but not effective for the treatment of thrombocytopenia. Larger multi-centre, prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, outcome-based, malignancy-specific studies are needed to further evaluate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stikeman
- Internal Medicine Department, Metropolitan Animal Specialty Hospital, 6565 Santa Monica Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90038, USA
| | - D Bianco
- Internal Medicine Department, Metropolitan Animal Specialty Hospital, 6565 Santa Monica Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90038, USA
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3
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Brooks MB, Goggs R, Frye AH, Armato J, Forman M, Hertl J, Koch M, Loftus JP, Lucy J, Mattison B, Merriam J, Shropshire S, Van Vertloo L, Viall A, LeVine DN. A prospective cohort study to identify clinical diagnostic and prognostic markers of primary immune thrombocytopenia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1022-1034. [PMID: 38205735 PMCID: PMC10937499 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) in dogs presents a diagnostic challenge, and clinical markers of severity are lacking. OBJECTIVES Identify clinicopathologic features that differentiate pITP from secondary ITP (sITP) and markers related to bleeding severity, transfusion, and survival of dogs with pITP. ANIMALS Ninety-eight thrombocytopenic dogs (58 pITP and 40 sITP). METHODS Client-owned dogs with platelet counts <50 000/μL were enrolled in a prospective, multi-institution cohort study. History and treatment information, through a maximum of 7 days, was recorded on standard data forms. Bleeding severity was scored daily using a bleeding assessment tool (DOGiBAT). At-admission blood samples were collected for CBC, biochemistry, C-reactive protein concentration, and coagulation panels, and to measure platelet surface-associated immunoglobulin G (PSAIg) and expression of platelet membrane proteins and phospholipids. Dogs with evidence of coincident disease were classified as sITP. RESULTS No definitive pITP diagnostic test was found. However, pITP cases were characterized by lower platelet counts, D dimer concentrations, and platelet membrane protein expression than sITP cases. Differentiation between pITP and sITP was further enhanced using logistic regression modeling combining patient sex, coagulation profile, platelet count, D dimer, and PSAIg. A second model of pITP severity indicated that low hematocrit and high BUN concentration were associated with non-survival. Low hematocrit at admission, but not platelet count or DOGiBAT score, was associated with transfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pending validation studies, models constructed from at-admission clinicopathologic findings may improve differentiation of pITP from sITP and identify the most severe pITP cases at the time of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory B. Brooks
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Clinical Sciences, C3‐502D Clinical Programs CenterCornell University, 930 Campus RoadIthaca, New York 14853‐0001USA
| | - Amelia H. Frye
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Jessica Armato
- Internal MedicineCornell University Veterinary SpecialistsStamfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Marnin Forman
- Internal MedicineCornell University Veterinary SpecialistsStamfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Julia Hertl
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Michael Koch
- Veterinary Internal Medicine ConsultingRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - John P. Loftus
- Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - John Lucy
- Internal Medicine, Oradell Animal HospitalParamusNew JerseyUSA
| | - Brandi Mattison
- Arizona Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care CenterPeoriaArizonaUSA
| | - Julia Merriam
- Blue Pearl Pet Hospital NorthfieldNorthfieldIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Laura Van Vertloo
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dana N. LeVine
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1600 S 16th StAuburn, Alabama 36849USA
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Olivares G, Sharman M, Miller R, Kisielewicz C, Seth M. Use of tranexamic acid in dogs with primary immune thrombocytopenia: A feasibility study. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:946127. [PMID: 37035812 PMCID: PMC10073717 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.946127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this feasibility study is to evaluate the use of tranexamic acid and its safe use alongside standard therapy in dogs with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Design This is a cohort feasibility study involving 10 dogs diagnosed with primary ITP that received standard therapy for ITP including corticosteroids, a single dose of vincristine, and omeprazole. Dogs were randomly divided into either the control group (n = 6) or the group receiving tranexamic acid (TXA group, n = 4). Key findings The mean time from the start of treatment until remission was 5 days in the TXA group and 6 days in the control group (P = 0.69). Two dogs, one in each group, did not achieve remission. Clinical bleeding scores were not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.43), and the median blood volume administered was 37.5 ml/kg for the TXA group and 9.72 ml/kg for the control group (p = 0.084). Three out of the four dogs receiving TXA of 20 mg/kg IV started vomiting within 15 min of administration and were given a reduced dose of 15 or 10 mg/kg IV. Conclusion Tranexamic acid did not confer a clinical benefit in this small cohort study and was associated with a high incidence of vomiting. This study provides useful information for the design of future trials in dogs with ITP receiving tranexamic acid including outcome measures and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Olivares
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Eastcott Veterinary Referrals, Part or Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Swindon, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Gerard Olivares
| | - Mellora Sharman
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Miller
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Kisielewicz
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Mayank Seth
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
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Christodoulou V, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Theodorou K, Saridomichelakis EN, Koutinas C, Mylonakis ME. Clinical and Clinicopathologic Discriminators Between Canine Acute Monocytic Ehrlichiosis and Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia. Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 52:100750. [PMID: 36574587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis due to Ehrlichia canis (aCME), and primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) are major differentials for dogs presented with thrombocytopenia, and the two diseases may clinically overlap. The aim of this study was to compare dogs diagnosed with naturally occurring aCME and pITP, to establish potentially useful clinical and clinicopathologic discriminators. A clinical record-based retrospective study was performed in 35 dogs diagnosed with aCME and 29 dogs with pITP. Dogs with aCME were significantly younger, and were more likely to experience depression or lethargy, anorexia, body weight loss, fever, lymphadenomegaly, tick infestation, and ocular discharge on admission, compared to dogs with pITP. In contrast, dogs with pITP presented more frequently with overt bleeding and had a significantly higher bleeding score compared to dogs with aCME. Dogs with aCME were more likely to be anemic and hypoalbuminemic on presentation compared to dogs with pITP. Dogs with pITP had higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts as well as lower platelet counts than dogs with aCME and were more likely to present with leukocytosis, neutrophilia and monocytosis. These clinical, hematological, and biochemical findings may be helpful discriminators between aCME and pITP, on the understanding that they will be interpreted in the context of disease-specific testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Christodoulou
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, School of Public and One (Integrated) Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, School of Public and One (Integrated) Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | | | - Christos Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (CAC-AUTh), Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Bestwick JP, Skelly BJ, Swann JW, Glanemann B, Bexfield N, Gkoka Z, Walker DJ, Silvestrini P, Adamantos S, Seth M, Warland J. Splenectomy in the management of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1267-1280. [PMID: 35801263 PMCID: PMC9308443 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current reports about the use of splenectomy for the management of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) or immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) or both in dogs are limited. Objectives To retrospectively describe the use of splenectomy as part of the management for IMHA, ITP, and concurrent IMHA and severe thrombocytopenia (CIST) in dogs. It was hypothesized that splenectomy would be beneficial in allowing for reduction of dose of immunosuppressive drugs or discontinuation in 1 or more of these groups. Animals Seventeen client‐owned dogs (7 with IMHA, 7 with ITP, and 3 with CIST) were identified across 7 UK‐based referral hospitals from a study period of 2005 to 2016. Methods Data were collected retrospectively via questionnaires and included information about diagnosis, management and treatment response before and after splenectomy. Based on clinical outcome, treatment with splenectomy as part of the management protocol was classified as either successful or unsuccessful. Results Six of 7 dogs with ITP were managed successfully with splenectomy as part of their management protocol (3 complete and 3 partial responses), although 1 subsequently developed suspected IMHA. Of the 7 dogs with IMHA, splenectomy was part of a successful management protocol in 4 dogs (2 complete and 2 partial responses). In the CIST group, 1 case (1/3) responded completely to management with splenectomy as part of the management protocol. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Splenectomy was considered successful and well tolerated in most cases of isolated ITP. Whether there is a benefit of splenectomy in cases of IMHA and CIST could not be determined in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Bestwick
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Skelly
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James W Swann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Glanemann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bexfield
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Pride Veterinary Centre, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
| | - Zeta Gkoka
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, United Kingdom
| | - David J Walker
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Silvestrini
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Adamantos
- Langford Vets/University of Bristol, Bristol, North Somerset, United Kingdom.,Paragon Veterinary Referrals, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mayank Seth
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom.,Dick White Referrals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Warland
- Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom.,Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Laindon, Essex, United Kingdom.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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7
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Bestwick JP, Sharman M, Whitley NT, Kisielewicz C, Skelly BJ, Tappin S, Kellett‐Gregory L, Seth M. The use of high-dose immunoglobulin M-enriched human immunoglobulin in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:78-85. [PMID: 34779044 PMCID: PMC8783326 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IV use of human immunoglobulin (hIVIG) in dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) has been described previously, but herein we describe the use of high-dose IgM-enriched hIVIG (Pentaglobin). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Dogs treated with high-dose Pentaglobin will experience shorter time to remission and hospital discharge and have decreased transfusion requirements compared to dogs receiving standard treatment alone. ANIMALS Fourteen client-owned dogs diagnosed with primary IMHA at specialist referral hospitals in the United Kingdom. METHODS All prospectively enrolled dogs received prednisolone, dexamethasone or both along with clopidogrel. Patients were randomized to receive Pentaglobin at 1 g/kg on up to 2 occasions, or to serve as controls. No additional immunosuppressive drugs were allowed within the first 7 days of treatment. Remission was defined as stable PCV for 24 hours followed by an increase in PCV. RESULTS Ten of 11 dogs from the treatment group and 2 of 3 dogs from the control group achieved remission and survived until hospital discharge. Survival and time to remission were not significantly different between groups. The volume of packed red blood cells transfused, normalized for body weight, was not significantly different between groups. Potential adverse reactions to Pentaglobin occurred in 2 dogs, but their clinical signs may have been related to the underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Treatment with high-dose Pentaglobin was well tolerated by dogs with primary IMHA but no significant advantage was found in this small study. Additional studies examining larger groups and subpopulations of dogs with primary IMHA associated with a poorer prognosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P. Bestwick
- Animal Health TrustSuffolkUnited Kingdom
- Present address:
Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeMadingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ESUnited Kingdom
| | - Mellora Sharman
- Animal Health TrustSuffolkUnited Kingdom
- Present address:
VetCT, St John's Innovation CentreCowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WSUnited Kingdom
| | - Nat T. Whitley
- Davies Veterinary SpecialistsHertfordshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Caroline Kisielewicz
- Pride Veterinary CentreDerbyUnited Kingdom
- Present address:
Vet Oracle Telemedicine, CVS GroupOwen Road, Diss, Norfolk, IP22 4ERUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Simon Tappin
- Dick White Referrals, Station FarmCambridgeshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Lindsay Kellett‐Gregory
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, The Royal Veterinary CollegeHertfordshireUnited Kingdom
- Present address:
Dick White Referrals, Station FarmLondon Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UHUnited Kingdom
| | - Mayank Seth
- Animal Health TrustSuffolkUnited Kingdom
- Present address:
Dick White Referrals, Station FarmLondon Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UHUnited Kingdom
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8
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Kristiansen PS, Nielsen LN. Immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive drug protocols in the treatment of canine primary immune thrombocytopenia, a scoping review. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:54. [PMID: 34961516 PMCID: PMC8721564 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a cause of severe thrombocytopenia in dogs. Immunosuppressive corticosteroid drugs are frequently used in the management of ITP, but treatment failure may occur. Immunomodulatory and non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive drugs might improve outcomes from therapy either alone or in combination with corticosteroids. The objectives of this scoping review were (1) to evaluate the current evidence relating to immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive drug protocols in the treatment of canine ITP, and (2) to answer the clinical question, whether or not therapy with immunomodulatory or non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive drugs alone or in combination with corticosteroids could improve outcome, compared to therapy with corticosteroids alone. A literature search was performed in the electronic databases of Agricola, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Medline and Web of Science for publications in November 2019 and again February 1, 2021. Selection criteria were relatively strict and included peer-reviewed research papers reporting outcome measures from immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive drug protocols in the treatment of canine ITP with a pre-therapeutic mean or median platelet count < 50,000/µL as a strict criterion for inclusion. Studies were evaluated if they had an appropriate diagnostic work up to exclude underlying conditions. Outcome measures and adverse events were compared between drug protocols both within studies and between studies. The search identified 456 studies, with six studies being eligible for inclusion. The studies were mostly case series while two were randomized controlled trials. Level of evidence varied with an overall uncertain subject enrollment, small groups, inadequate description and variable use of drug protocols or outcome measures. For outcomes such as platelet recovery time and duration of hospitalization, an improvement was observed using adjunctive therapy (human intravenous immunoglobulin) compared to therapy with corticosteroids alone. For outcomes of complete platelet recovery time, survival (6-month), mortality and relapse, no improvement was observed using adjunctive drugs compared to corticosteroids alone. Specifically, therapy with mycophenolate mofetil alone and adjunctive azathioprine were associated with more severe adverse events compared to other drug protocols. Evidence relating to immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive drug protocols in the treatment of canine ITP was of variable quality. Future larger case-controlled trials are required for determination of optimal treatment protocols in canine ITP.
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9
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Koo Y, Yun T, Chae Y, Lee D, Choi D, Oh J, Kim J, Kim H, Yang MP, Kang BT. Suspected human intravenous immunoglobulin-induced acute haemolytic anaemia in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:482-485. [PMID: 34874062 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-year-old mixed breed dog presented with a 1-year history of crust and erosion on the nasal planum. Because histopathological examination revealed ruptured intraepidermal pustules and superficial dermal inflammation, the dog was diagnosed with pemphigus foliaceus. Human intravenous immunoglobulin was administered in two consecutive doses of 0.5 g/kg/day due to poor therapeutic response to previous immunosuppressive therapy. From Day 3 after the first dose of human intravenous immunoglobulin, tachypnoea, pale mucous membrane, haemoglobinuria and haemoglobinemia were observed, thus confirming haemolytic anaemia. Other drug-induced haemolytic anaemias were excluded because no additional drugs had been administered before the haemolysis occurred. Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia was also excluded because the direct antiglobulin test was negative. Two transfusions were performed, and haemolysis was not observed from Day 4 of haemolytic anaemia onset. In conclusion, human intravenous immunoglobulin-induced haemolytic anaemia should be considered in dogs that develop haemolysis following the administration of human intravenous immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Koo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - T Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - D Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - D Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - J Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - J Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - M P Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - B T Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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10
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Spurlock N, Prittie J. Use of Human Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Veterinary Clinical Practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 50:1371-1383. [PMID: 32896436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Therapy with human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) as an immunomodulator in veterinary patients results in effective but transient immunosuppression, and may be viable as part of a multidrug strategy against immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and autoimmune cutaneous disease. Efficacy of hIVIG against other veterinary autoimmune diseases is questionable. Veterinary patients tolerate hIVIG therapy well, with few infusion reactions documented. Veterinary clinical trials of hIVIG are limited, and more work is needed to determine the true efficacy and risk of hIVIG administration in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Spurlock
- Animal Specialty Emergency Center, 1535 South Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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11
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Polydoros T, Ioannidi OM, Korsavvidis I, Stefanidis S, Antoniadis T, Mylonakis ME. Romiplostim as Adjunctive Treatment of Refractory Amegakaryocytic Immune Thrombocytopenia in a Dog. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 42:100488. [PMID: 33115689 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old, intact male, mixed-breed dog was admitted with a 3-day history of severe thrombocytopenia and bleeding diathesis. Physical examination revealed mucosal and cutaneous petechiae and ecchymoses, melena, and gross hematuria. Clinicopathologic evaluation indicated severe thrombocytopenia, anemia, and panhypoproteinemia. Serology for common endemic vector-borne pathogens was negative and thoracic and abdominal imaging was unremarkable. Bone marrow aspiration cytology revealed aplasia of the megakaryocytic lineage, in the context of a mildly hypoplastic myeloid and a normal erythroid series. A diagnosis of presumptive primary amegakaryocytic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) was established. Treatment with vincristine, prednisolone, and mycophenolate mofetil along with several whole blood transfusions failed to achieve clinical and clinicopathologic remission. As an adjunct treatment, romiplostim was administered at a cumulative dose of 15 μg/kg, subcutaneously, in 2 sessions, 1 week apart, and complete clinical and hematological remission was noted 8 days postinitiation of romiplostim. Thirty-eight months later, the dog remains clinically healthy with no evidence of hematological relapse. Romiplostim could be a promising adjunctive treatment option in dogs with refractory ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Polydoros
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olympia M Ioannidi
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Theocharis Antoniadis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathios E Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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12
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Kopecny L, Palm CA, Naylor S, Kirby J, Cowgill LD. Application of therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1576-1581. [PMID: 32557826 PMCID: PMC7379011 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is an emerging treatment for dogs with immune-mediated diseases, but reports for treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) are lacking. These case reports illustrate the application of centrifugal TPE in 4 dogs with IMT. All dogs presented with severe hemorrhage requiring ≥1 blood transfusions, were unresponsive to conventional treatment or both. Dogs were treated with 3 sequential centrifugal TPE sessions, totaling 4.0 to 4.9 total plasma volumes exchanged per dog. In 3 dogs, TPE was associated with improvement in clinical manifestations of bleeding and platelet count in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. One dog was euthanized after 3 treatments because of persistent severe thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage. Preliminary observations indicate that TPE is safe and may be a useful adjunct in the management of IMT that is severe or refractory to traditional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kopecny
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Carrie A Palm
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sean Naylor
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - John Kirby
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Larry D Cowgill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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13
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Whitley N. Dealing with immune‐mediated haematological diseases in dogs and cats 2. Thrombocytopenia and Evan's syndrome. IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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LeVine DN, Brooks MB. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): Pathophysiology update and diagnostic dilemmas. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48 Suppl 1:17-28. [PMID: 31538353 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common autoimmune bleeding disorder. The understanding of ITP pathogenesis is rapidly evolving. We now recognize ITP as a complex and heterogeneous syndrome that results from a combination of humoral and cell-mediated attacks on platelets peripherally and megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Autoantibody-mediated ITP also varies in the pathway used to clear platelets, which depends on the platelet glycoprotein being targeted. Moreover, ITP patients present with variable bleeding severities and treatment responses that do not closely correlate with platelet count. A gold standard diagnostic test for ITP is lacking, and biomarkers to assess disease severity are in their infancy. This review provides an update on the immunopathogenesis of ITP and summarizes currently available tests for ITP diagnosis, prediction of disease severity, and treatment responses. Given the heterogeneous pathogenesis and clinical presentation of ITP, we highlight the need for the development of diagnostic and prognostic tests that would allow for the individualized management of a complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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15
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Simpson K, Chapman P, Klag A. Long-term outcome of primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:674-680. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Simpson
- Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19056 USA
- Premier Veterinary Group by ETHOS; Chicago Illinois 60618 USA
| | - P. Chapman
- Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19056 USA
| | - A. Klag
- Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center; Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19056 USA
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16
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Makielski KM, Brooks MB, Wang C, Cullen JN, O'Connor AM, LeVine DN. Development and implementation of a novel immune thrombocytopenia bleeding score for dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1041-1050. [PMID: 29681130 PMCID: PMC5980571 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A method of quantifying clinical bleeding in dogs with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is needed because ITP patients have variable bleeding tendencies that inconsistently correlate with platelet count. A scoring system will facilitate patient comparisons and allow stratification based on bleeding severity in clinical trials. Hypothesis/Objectives To develop and evaluate a bleeding assessment tool for dogs, and a training course for improving its consistent implementation. Animals Client‐owned dogs (n = 61) with platelet counts <50,000/μL; 34 classified as primary ITP, 17 as secondary ITP, and 10 as non‐ITP. Methods A novel bleeding assessment tool, DOGiBAT, comprising bleeding grades from 0 (none) to 2 (severe) at 9 anatomic sites, was developed. Clinicians and technicians completed a training course and quiz before scoring thrombocytopenic patients. The training course was assessed by randomizing student volunteers to take the quiz with or without prior training. A logistic regression model assessed the association between training and quiz performance. The correlation of DOGiBAT score with platelet count and outcome measures was assessed in the thrombocytopenic dogs. Results Clinicians and technicians consistently applied the DOGiBAT, correctly scoring all quiz cases. The odds of trained students answering correctly were higher than those of untrained students (P < .0001). In clinical cases, DOGiBAT score and platelet count were inversely correlated (rs = −0.527, P < .0001), and DOGiBAT directly correlated with transfusion requirements (rs = 0.512, P < .0001) and hospitalization duration (rs = 0.35, P = .006). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The DOGiBAT and assessment quiz are simple tools to standardize evaluation of bleeding severity. With further validation, the DOGiBAT may provide a clinically relevant metric to characterize ITP severity and monitor response in treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Makielski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Department of Statistics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jonah N Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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17
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Cuq B, Blois SL, Mathews KA. Anti-thymocyte serum as part of an immunosuppressive regimen in treating haematological immune-mediated diseases in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:348-354. [PMID: 28369956 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the outcomes associated with the use of rabbit anti-dog thymocyte serum in dogs with haematological immune-mediated diseases. METHODS Medical records from 2000 to 2016 of patients diagnosed with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia and myelofibrosis were reviewed. All dogs had a severe or refractory disease and received rabbit anti-dog thymocyte serum. Lymphocyte counts were used to monitor the immediate anti-thymocyte effect of therapy; long-term patient outcome was recorded. RESULTS A total of 10 dogs were included. All dogs except one had a notable decrease in their lymphocyte count after rabbit anti-dog thymocyte serum; four of nine had a decrease to less than 10% of the initial lymphocyte count and one dog reached 10·8%. All dogs were discharged from the hospital following their treatment. The dog with no alteration of lymphocyte count following therapy with rabbit anti-dog thymocyte serum had refractory immune mediated haemolytic anemia and was euthanised within two weeks. All other cases achieved clinical remission with immunosuppressive therapy eventually being tapered (3 of 10) or discontinued (6 of 10). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Rabbit anti-dog thymocyte serum therapy might be of interest as an adjunctive therapy in refractory immune-mediated diseases and suppressed lymphocyte counts in most dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cuq
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S L Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - K A Mathews
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Ng ZY, Stokes JE, Alvarez L, Bartges JW. Cryopreserved platelet concentrate transfusions in 43 dogs: a retrospective study (2007-2013). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:720-8. [PMID: 27376965 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clinically characterize a group of thrombocytopenic dogs that received cryopreserved platelet concentrate (cPC) transfusion, assess efficacy of cPC treatment in improving patient outcome, and compare treated dogs to a control population of thrombocytopenic dogs that did not receive cPC transfusions. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eighty-six client-owned dogs (43 in treatment group, 43 in control group). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Medical records of thrombocytopenic dogs that received cPC transfusions and those of thrombocytopenic dogs that did not receive cPC (control population) from January 2007 through March 2013 were reviewed. Dogs receiving cPC were statistically more likely than controls to have a platelet trigger for cPC transfusion (P = 0.01), lower platelet count (P = 0.009) and hematocrit at presentation (P = 0.001), and lower hematocrit after cPC (P = 0.02). Although there was a statistically significant increase in platelet count from pre- to post-cPC transfusion (P = 0.002), cPC was not found to be effective in improving clinical bleeding or increasing survival compared to the control group. No other characteristics were statistically different between groups. No dogs receiving cPC had an acute transfusion reaction during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS In the population described in this study, cPC was not found to increase survival, but was well tolerated. Controlled, prospective studies are necessary to determine indications for and efficacy of cPC transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenithson Y Ng
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4544.
| | - Jennifer E Stokes
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4544
| | - Lucia Alvarez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4544
| | - Joe W Bartges
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4544
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19
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Kohn B, Bal G, Chirek A, Rehbein S, Salama A. Treatment of 5 dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia using Romiplostim. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:96. [PMID: 27283401 PMCID: PMC4901510 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs is analogous to that in humans. Romiplostim, a novel thrombopoietin receptor (TPO-R) agonist, is currently used for the treatment of refractory ITP in humans, but not in dogs. Here, we describe the response to romiplostim in five dogs with refractory ITP. Five dogs with severe and refractory ITP (three primary and two secondary) received romiplostim subcutaneously. Four dogs were administered 3–5 μg/kg and one dog received 10–13 μg/kg body weight once weekly. Results Romiplostim was well-tolerated and administration was associated with an increase in platelet counts in all five dogs. Four of the five dogs entered remission and relapses were not observed over a follow-up period of 3–10 months. Conclusions Romiplostim is effective in the treatment of ITP in dogs at least as well as in humans. This finding may help to develop and use new therapeutics for ITP in dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kohn
- FB Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Kleine Haustiere, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité - Universitätsklinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Chirek
- FB Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Kleine Haustiere, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sina Rehbein
- FB Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Kleine Haustiere, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdulgabar Salama
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Charité - Universitätsklinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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Sykes JE, Papich MG. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Drugs. CANINE AND FELINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152038 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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21
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Nakamura RK, Fenty RK, Bianco D. Presumptive immune-mediated thrombocytopenia secondary to massive Africanized bee envenomation in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23:652-6. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reid K. Nakamura
- Advanced Veterinary Care Center; 15926 Hawthorne Blvd Lawndale CA 90260
| | - Renee K. Fenty
- Internal Medicine Department; Veterinary Specialists of the Valley; Woodland Hills, 22123 Ventura Boulevard CA 91364
| | - Domenico Bianco
- Internal Medicine Department; Veterinary Specialists of the Valley; Woodland Hills, 22123 Ventura Boulevard CA 91364
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22
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Abstract
This article reviews the use of transfusion medicine in veterinary medicine and discusses current research regarding donor screening and component therapy. Typing and crossmatching methodologies are discussed. Available components, potential uses, and controversies in treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Davidow
- Animal Critical Care and Emergency Services, 11536 Lake City Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98125, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Treatment of immune-mediated disease in dogs and cats continues to evolve as new therapies are introduced or adapted from human medicine. Glucocorticoids remain the first-line therapy for many of the immune-mediated or inflammatory diseases of cats and dogs. The focus of this article is to provide an update on some of the common immunosuppressive therapies used in small animal veterinary medicine. The goals of therapy are to induce disease remission through the inhibition of inflammation and the modulation of lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Viviano
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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24
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Balog K, Huang AA, Sum SO, Moore GE, Thompson C, Scott-Moncrieff JC. A prospective randomized clinical trial of vincristine versus human intravenous immunoglobulin for acute adjunctive management of presumptive primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:536-41. [PMID: 23527952 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) are at risk of hemorrhage when platelet count is <50,000/μL. Treatment with vincristine (VINC) or human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) decreases platelet recovery time compared with treatment with corticosteroids alone. OBJECTIVES To compare the effect of hIVIG versus VINC on platelet recovery in dogs with ITP. METHODS Prospective, randomized study. Twenty dogs with idiopathic ITP (platelet count <16,000/μL) were enrolled. All dogs were treated with corticosteroids. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of hIVIG (0.5 g/kg) or VINC (0.02 mg/kg). Outcome measures were platelet recovery time, duration of hospitalization, and survival to discharge. RESULTS There was no significant difference in age, sex, weight, or initial platelet count between dogs treated with hIVIG (n = 10) and dogs treated with VINC (n = 10). Median platelet recovery time for both groups was 2.5 days (P = .51). Median hospitalization time for all dogs that survived to discharge was 4 days and not different between groups (P = .29). Seven of 10 dogs in the hIVIG group and 10 of 10 in the VINC group survived to discharge. Survival analysis did not identify any significant difference between the groups at discharge, 6 months, and 1 year after entry into the study. No adverse effects were reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Vincristine should be the first-line adjunctive treatment for the acute management of canine ITP because of lower cost and ease of administration compared with human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Balog
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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25
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Sibley TA, Miller MM, Fogle JE. Human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) inhibits anti-CD32 antibody binding to canine DH82 cells and canine monocytes in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 151:229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Spurlock NK, Prittie JE. A review of current indications, adverse effects, and administration recommendations for intravenous immunoglobulin. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 21:471-83. [PMID: 22316195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and summarize the body of literature regarding human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) therapy in veterinary medicine. Mechanism of action, usage in human medicine, adverse effects of therapy, implications for veterinary use, and administration recommendations are discussed. DATA SOURCES Current human and veterinary peer-reviewed medical literature including original research articles and scientific reviews. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS There are currently 6 labeled uses for hIVIG in human medicine, but preparations are used off-label to successfully treat multiple immune-mediated conditions. To maximize the potential of hIVIG use in animals and identify areas deficient in research, a review of the current literature is warranted. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Investigation of hIVIG therapy in veterinary patients has been limited to the subjects of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), Evan's syndrome, cutaneous disease, myasthenia gravis (MG), and sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARDS). Proponents of veterinary hIVIG use believe administration may reduce transfusion requirements and decrease hospitalization time. CONCLUSION Immunoglobulin (Ig) has not been shown to decrease transfusion requirements in IMHA patients, but shows great promise for treatment of ITP and dermatological diseases. Although serial transfusion of hIVIG is employed in human medicine, repeated transfusion is not recommended in animals due to risk of severe allergic reaction. Other potential adverse effects of transfusion include delayed hypersensitivity reactions, thromboembolism, renal failure, hypotension, and aseptic meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Spurlock
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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27
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Nakamura RK, Tompkins E, Bianco D. Therapeutic options for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:59-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Bianco
- Internal Medicine Department; Veterinary Specialists of the Valley; Woodland Hills; CA; 91364
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28
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Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Clark SK, Jones DE, Fisher PG, Sponseller BA. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia and neonatal isoerythrolysis in a Thoroughbred colt. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:219-26. [PMID: 22362958 PMCID: PMC10619328 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3-day-old Thoroughbred colt was originally presented for treatment of neonatal isoerythrolysis, which was treated with a blood transfusion. However, persistent neutropenia was observed despite the absence of detectable infection. Subsequently, a granulocyte agglutination test was performed by incubating the colt's neutrophils with the mare's serum; results were positive, leading to a clinical diagnosis of alloimmune neonatal neutropenia. The diagnosis was further supported via flow cytometric analysis. The colt was hospitalized and treated prophylactically with antimicrobials and 4 separate doses of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF; 1.4-3.5 µg/kg, subcutaneously) in attempts to maintain the neutrophil count within reference intervals over a 4-week period. The colt's neutrophil count increased after administration of rhG-CSF and eventually stabilized within reference intervals by day 20. The colt maintained normal neutrophil counts after discharge and was reportedly healthy at 6 months of age. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia should be considered in foals with persistent neutropenia in the absence of infection. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia can be treated with prophylactic antimicrobials combined with rhG-CSF with a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Wong
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Cody J. Alcott
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sandra K. Clark
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Douglas E. Jones
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Phyllis G. Fisher
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Brett A. Sponseller
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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30
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Khorzad R, Whelan M, Sisson A, Shelton GD. Myasthenia gravis in dogs with an emphasis on treatment and critical care management. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2011; 21:193-208. [PMID: 21631705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the human and veterinary literature on the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis (MG) and describe treatment options for clinical use in people and animals. DATA SOURCES Human and veterinary clinical reports, studies and reviews, textbooks, and recent research findings in MG from 1996 present, with a focus on treatment and patient management. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS MG is a well-described condition in people with new research and treatment options available. Many of the newest therapeutic options available in veterinary medicine for MG are based on current strategies used in people with this condition. Seronegative MG is well described in people and provides insight to clinical cases encountered in veterinary medicine when the index of suspicion is high though serologic tests are negative. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Previous studies in veterinary medicine focused on the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as the main form of treatment in canine MG. Recent studies, mainly case series and case reports, emphasize the use of immunomodulatory treatments as an alternative for long-term treatment. However, there are no randomized, controlled studies on treatment with immunomodulatory therapy for MG in dogs available to assess the efficacy of this treatment strategy. CONCLUSIONS Although early recognition of clinical signs is most important in the outcome of patients with MG, further understanding the pathophysiology of MG may lead to earlier diagnosis and novel treatment strategies. The discovery of additional autoantibodies against striated muscle proteins in dogs, should enhance our understanding of diseases affecting the neuromuscular junction. In addition, clinical data for canine MG could be applied to other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna Khorzad
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA 02130, USA
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O'Marra SK, Delaforcade AM, Shaw SP. Treatment and predictors of outcome in dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:346-52. [PMID: 21281218 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical course of disease and identify prognostic indicators for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 73 dogs treated for immune-mediated thrombocytopenia at the Foster Hospital for Small Animals at the Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine and the Tufts Veterinary Emergency Treatment and Specialties Hospital. PROCEDURES Medical records from the period of January 2002 through June 2008 were reviewed to identify dogs with a diagnosis of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Data collected included signalment, clinical signs, results of initial diagnostic tests, treatment, complications, and survival duration. RESULTS Dog ages ranged from 5 months to 15 years (median, 8.1 years). Cocker Spaniels were overrepresented, compared with their distribution in the entire hospital population during the same period. Sixty-one of the 73 (84%) dogs survived to discharge. Seven (11 %) of those dogs were lost to follow-up. Five of the remaining 54 (9%) dogs had a relapse of the disease. The presence of melena or high BUN concentration at admission to the hospital was significantly correlated with a decreased probability of survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia is a serious yet treatable disease, which may have a lower rate of recurrence than previously reported. The presence of melena or high BUN concentration in the study suggested a poor prognosis for affected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana K O'Marra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a bleeding disorder in which both antibody and cell-mediated autoimmune responses are directed against an individual's own platelets and/or megakaryocytes, leading to either enhanced platelet destruction and/or reduced platelet production, respectively. The cause of this platelet-specific autoimmunity remains unknown, but there has been a constant stream of recent publications that suggest ITP is the result of T-cell dysregulation. RECENT FINDINGS In the last 18 months, a rich tapestry of studies has emerged that seems to clarify some immunopathologic issues in ITP while raising new questions related to ITP pathogenesis. The current view on the immunopathogenic mechanisms associated with ITP appears to particularly concentrate on how incompetent CD4+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs) allow autoimmune effector mechanisms to proceed and cause thrombocytopenia. There is a parallel body of recent literature focusing on molecular mimicry mechanisms, B-cell abnormalities, abnormal cytokine patterns and genetic studies in ITP. Of interest, one can recognize inter-relationships between these immune dysregulations. SUMMARY This article will discuss the literature from the past 18 months pertaining to these observations and will show that whereas many of the T-cell defects have been clarified, new questions have also come to light and more immunopathological research is warranted.
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Whitley NT, Day MJ. Immunomodulatory drugs and their application to the management of canine immune-mediated disease. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:70-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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