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Putra A, Plowgian C. Uncommon dermatologic manifestation (paronychia) in a cat with diabetes mellitus. Top Companion Anim Med 2024; 60:100874. [PMID: 38616020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2024.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A 3.5-year-old male intact domestic short hair cat presented for a chronic wound and crusts over the claw and claw folds over several months. The cat was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus based on the presence of persistent hyperglycemia, glucosuria, and compatible clinical signs which consist of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss. Glipizide (Glucotrol XL, Pfizer, Indonesia) 2.5 mg orally twice daily was prescribed. By the seventeenth day, the patient's claws and skin around the paw had normalized and the abnormal claw sloughed off, revealing a normal claw underneath. Blood glucose, urinalysis and serum fructosamine were also normalized by the thirtieth day. The patient underwent diabetic remission, and the skin and claw lesions have remained in remission and not recurred since the treatment of the diabetes mellitus. This is the first report of a diabetic cat with dermatologic changes to the skin and claw regions. As the diabetes mellitus went into clinical remission, so too did the dermatologic manifestations, even without any specific dermatologic treatment.
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Gottlieb S, Rand JS, Anderson ST. Frequency of diabetic remission, predictors of remission and survival in cats using a low-cost, moderate-intensity, home-monitoring protocol and twice-daily glargine. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241232546. [PMID: 38661475 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241232546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to retrospectively assess remission rates and survival in diabetic cats managed using a moderate-intensity, low-cost protocol of home blood glucose measurements and insulin adjustment by clients of a cat-only practice, and to determine if predictors of remission, relapse or survival could be identified. METHODS The records of a cat-only practice were used to identify 174 cats with newly diagnosed diabetes managed using only pre-insulin home blood glucose measurements for insulin dose adjustments based on a protocol provided to clients aimed at maintaining pre-insulin blood glucose in the range of 6.5-11.9 mmol/l (117-214 mg/dl). Cats were excluded for the following reasons: insufficient follow-up in the records; a lack of owner compliance was recorded; they were receiving ongoing corticosteroids for the management of other conditions; they were euthanased at the time of diagnosis; or they were diagnosed with acromegaly or hyperadrenocorticism. RESULTS Using only pre-insulin blood glucose measurements at home to adjust the insulin dose to maintain glucose in the range of 6.5-11.9 mmol/l, 47% of cats achieved remission, but 40% of those cats relapsed. A minority (16%) of cats were hospitalised for hypoglycaemia. The survival time was significantly longer in cats in remission and Burmese cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The cost and time burden of treating diabetic cats may cause some clients to choose euthanasia over treatment. While the highest rates of diabetic remission have been reported in studies of newly diagnosed cats treated with intensive long-acting insulin protocols and low carbohydrate diets, these protocols may not be suitable for all clients. Nearly 50% of cats with newly diagnosed diabetes achieved remission with this low-cost, moderate-intensity, insulin dosing protocol. As remission was significantly associated with survival time, discussing factors in treatment to optimise remission is important, but it is also important to offer clients a spectrum of options. No cats that started treatment in this study were euthanased because the owner did not wish to continue the diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gottlieb
- The Cat Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacquie S Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen T Anderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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3
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Rak MB, Gilor C, Niessen SJM, Furrow E. Spontaneous remission and relapse of diabetes mellitus in a male dog. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1152-1156. [PMID: 38240130 PMCID: PMC10937483 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old male neutered Miniature Schnauzer was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus based on fasting hyperglycemia and glucosuria after a 2-week history of polydipsia and periuria, in line with the Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology consensus definition. Treatment of insulin and dietary management was initiated. The insulin dose was gradually reduced and eventually discontinued over the next year based on spot blood glucose concentrations that revealed euglycemia or hypoglycemia. After discontinuation, the dog remained free of clinical signs for 1 year until it was again presented for polyuria/polydipsia with fasting hyperglycemia and glucosuria. Insulin therapy was resumed and continued for the remainder of the dog's life. Although diabetic remission often occurs in cats and humans, the presumed etiopathogenesis of pancreatic beta cell loss makes remission rare in dogs, except for cases occurring with diestrus or pregnancy. This case demonstrates that diabetic remission is possible in dogs, even in cases without an identifiable reversible trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola B. Rak
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences at the College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Stijn J. M. Niessen
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College, University of LondonHertfordshireUK
- Veterinary Specialist Consultations & VIN EuropeHilversumThe Netherlands
| | - Eva Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, University of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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4
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Pathophysiology of Prediabetes, Diabetes, and Diabetic Remission in Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:511-529. [PMID: 36898862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a heterogenous cause, and the exact pathogenesis differs between patients. Most diabetic cats have a cause similar to human type 2 DM but, in some, DM is associated with underlying conditions, such as hypersomatotropism, hyperadrenocorticism, or administration of diabetogenic drugs. Predisposing factors for feline DM include obesity, reduced physical activity, male sex, and increasing age. Gluco(lipo)toxicity and genetic predisposition also likely play roles in pathogenesis. Prediabetes cannot be accurately diagnosed in cats at the current time. Diabetic cats can enter remission, but relapses are common, as these cats might have ongoing, abnormal glucose homeostasis.
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Rothlin‐Zachrisson N, Öhlund M, Röcklinsberg H, Ström Holst B. Survival, remission, and quality of life in diabetic cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:58-69. [PMID: 36637031 PMCID: PMC9889602 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remission is documented in a substantial proportion of cats with diabetes. The effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the lives of cats and their owners should be considered when evaluating treatment success. OBJECTIVES To study outcome in cats with DM and the impact DM has on the life situation of cat and owner. ANIMALS Domestic and pedigree cats with a diagnosis of DM (n = 477) insured by a Swedish insurance company during 2009 to 2013. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was sent to 1369 owners of cats diagnosed with DM. The questions concerned the cat, treatment, owner perceptions of the disease and treatment and disease outcome. Data were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regression, with outcomes set as survival for more than 4 weeks after diagnosis, survival time, achieving remission, remission without relapse and quality of life (QoL) for the cat. RESULTS The response rate was 35%, leaving 477 questionnaires for analysis. The remission rate among treated cats was 29% (118/405). Feeding a commercially available wet diet was associated with both remission (OR 3.16, 95% confidence interval 1.27-8.12) and remission without relapse (OR 14.8, 95% confidence interval 2.25-153.8). Remission was associated with a better QoL for the cat. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The association between feeding a commercially available wet diet and remission is important and strengthens the role of diet in treatment of DM in cats. Linking remission and a better QoL for the cat emphasizes remission as a goal in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helena Röcklinsberg
- Department of Animal Environment and HealthSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Bodil Ström Holst
- Department of Clinical SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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6
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Berman CF, Lobetti RG, Zini E, Fosgate GT, Schoeman JP. Influence of high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets on serum lipid and fructosamine concentrations in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:759-769. [PMID: 34605307 PMCID: PMC10812288 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211047062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets exert differential effects on serum cholesterol, triglyceride and fructosamine concentrations in healthy cats. METHODS A randomised, crossover diet trial was performed in 35 healthy shelter cats. Following baseline health assessments, cats were randomised into groups receiving either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet for 4 weeks. The cats were then fed a washout diet for 4 weeks before being transitioned to whichever of the two studied diets they had not yet received. Fasting serum cholesterol, triglyceride and fructosamine concentrations were determined at the end of each 4-week diet period. RESULTS Cats on the high-carbohydrate diet had significantly lower serum cholesterol (P <0.001) concentrations compared with baseline measurements. Cats on the high-protein diet had significantly higher serum cholesterol (P <0.001) and triglyceride (P <0.001) concentrations, yet lower fructosamine (P <0.001) concentrations compared with baseline measurements. In contrast, overweight cats (body condition score [BCS] >5) had lower cholesterol (P = 0.007) and triglyceride (P = 0.032) concentrations on the high-protein diet than cats within other BCS groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Diets higher in protein and lower in carbohydrates appear beneficial for short-term glucose control in healthy cats. A high-protein diet was associated with significantly elevated cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy cats, even though the increase was significantly less pronounced in cats with a BCS >5. This finding suggests that overweight cats process high-protein diets, cholesterol and triglycerides differently than leaner cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad F Berman
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Remo G Lobetti
- Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, Bryanston, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Knies M, Teske E, Kooistra H. Evaluation of the FreeStyle Libre, a flash glucose monitoring system, in client-owned cats with diabetes mellitus. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e223-e231. [PMID: 35762266 PMCID: PMC9315169 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Home blood glucose monitoring using a portable blood glucose meter is
important in the management of feline diabetes mellitus, but taking blood
samples may be stressful for owners and cats. A flash glucose monitoring
system measuring interstitial glucose, such as the FreeStyle Libre,
overcomes some of these drawbacks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
practical use and analytical and clinical accuracy of the FreeStyle Libre in
41 client-owned diabetic cats. Methods In this prospective study, interstitial glucose concentrations were measured
with the FreeStyle Libre and compared with blood glucose concentrations
measured with a portable blood glucose meter (AlphaTRAK) on days 1, 7 or 8
and 14 after application of the device. Cat behaviour during application,
location, skin reaction at the attachment site and owner satisfaction were
assessed. Accuracy was determined by fulfilment of ISO 15197:2013 criteria,
including Bland–Altman plotting and error grid analysis. Results Placing the device was easy, with 70% of cats showing no reaction. Most
sensors were placed on the thoracic wall. Skin reactions at the attachment
site were not present or mild in almost all cats. Owners were very satisfied
with the use of the FreeStyle Libre. Median functional life of the sensor
was 10 days (range 1–14). Good correlation was found between interstitial
and blood glucose measurements (rho[r] = 0.88, P
<0.0001). Fifty-three percent of interstitial glucose concentrations were
within a maximum deviation of 15% from blood glucose concentrations and
92.7% were within the safe risk zones 0 and 1 of the surveillance error
grid. Conclusions and relevance The flash glucose monitoring system was easy to use and owners of diabetic
cats were satisfied with its use. Although the device did not completely
fulfil ISO requirements, it is sufficiently accurate for glucose monitoring
in diabetic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Knies
- AniCura Veterinary Referral Centre Haaglanden, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kooistra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Linari G, Fleeman L, Gilor C, Giacomelli L, Fracassi F. Insulin glargine 300 U/ml for the treatment of feline diabetes mellitus. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:168-176. [PMID: 34009061 PMCID: PMC10812176 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211013018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/ml (IGla-U300) in cats with variable duration of diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS Thirteen client-owned cats with DM completed a prospective clinical trial. Four cats were highly suspected of hypersomatotropism and excluded from the insulin efficacy evaluation. All cats were treated with IGla-U300 SC at a starting dosage of 0.5 U/kg q12h and fed with a low carbohydrate diet. Cats were monitored for 8 weeks with a once-weekly at-home 16 h blood glucose curve (BGC) and a questionnaire evaluating the presence of DM-related clinical signs. In-clinic evaluations, including serum fructosamine measurement, were scheduled within 3 days of the first, third, sixth and eighth BGC. Glycemic variability was assessed by calculating the SD of each BGC. RESULTS Excluding four cats suspected of hypersomatotropism, at the time of the eighth BGC, improved or absent polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, lethargy and improved or normal general demeanor were reported in 8/9 (88%), 8/9 (88%), 7/9 (77%), 7/9 (77%), 7/9 (77%) and 8/9 (88%) cats, respectively. Two cats achieved remission after 29 and 53 days. Another two cats went into remission after the end of the study (days 82 and 96). All cats that achieved remission were newly diagnosed diabetics. Median (range) serum fructosamine concentration significantly decreased when comparing the time of enrollment (604 [457-683] µmol/l) with the eighth week of treatment (366 [220-738] µmol/l) (P = 0.02). In all 13 cats, biochemical hypoglycemia (blood glucose <60 mg/dl; <3.3 mmol/l) was detected in 13/104 (12.5%) BGCs, while clinical signs suggesting hypoglycemic episodes were not reported. Glycemic variability was significantly lower at the fifth BGC when comparing cats that achieved remission with cats that did not achieve remission (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE IGla-U300 seems effective and safe for the treatment of feline diabetes, but more long- term and comparative clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Linari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Chen Gilor
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lucia Giacomelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Mapping of Diabetes Susceptibility Loci in a Domestic Cat Breed with an Unusually High Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111369. [PMID: 33228033 PMCID: PMC7699364 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants that are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D) are important for identification of individuals at risk and can provide insights into the molecular basis of disease. Analysis of T2D in domestic animals provides both the opportunity to improve veterinary management and breeding programs as well as to identify novel T2D risk genes. Australian-bred Burmese (ABB) cats have a 4-fold increased incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to Burmese cats bred in the United States. This is likely attributable to a genetic founder effect. We investigated this by performing a genome-wide association scan on ABB cats. Four SNPs were associated with the ABB T2D phenotype with p values <0.005. All exons and splice junctions of candidate genes near significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were sequenced, including the genes DGKG, IFG2BP2, SLC8A1, E2F6, ETV5, TRA2B and LIPH. Six candidate polymorphisms were followed up in a larger cohort of ABB cats with or without T2D and also in Burmese cats bred in America, which exhibit low T2D incidence. The original SNPs were confirmed in this cohort as associated with the T2D phenotype, although no novel coding SNPs in any of the seven candidate genes showed association with T2D. The identification of genetic markers associated with T2D susceptibility in ABB cats will enable preventative health strategies and guide breeding programs to reduce the prevalence of T2D in these cats.
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Laflamme DP. Understanding the Nutritional Needs of Healthy Cats and Those with Diet-Sensitive Conditions. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:905-924. [PMID: 32646606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diets for cats must provide complete nutrition and meet the needs of the individual patient. There is no single diet that is perfect for all cats, and veterinarians must consider the needs of the cat as well as the preferences of the owners when making dietary recommendations. This article focuses on the interface between animal factors and nutritional needs in cats and is divided into 3 sections. Section 1 addresses the dietary needs of healthy cats, including differences among life stages. Section 2 addresses common myths regarding feline nutrition. Section 3 addresses common nutrient-sensitive conditions in cats, including sarcopenia of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dottie P Laflamme
- Veterinary Communications, 473 Grandma's Place, Floyd, VA 24091, USA.
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11
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Gottlieb S, Rand J, Anderson ST, Morton JM, Dias DA, Boughton BA, Roessner U, Ramadan Z. Metabolic Profiling of Diabetic Cats in Remission. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:218. [PMID: 32500084 PMCID: PMC7242727 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The majority of diabetic cats in remission have abnormal glucose tolerance, and approximately one third relapse within 1 year. Greater understanding of the metabolic characteristics of diabetic cats in remission, and predictors of relapse is required to effectively monitor and manage these cats. Objectives: To identify and compare differences in plasma metabolites between diabetic cats in remission and healthy control cats using a metabolomics approach. Secondly, to assess whether identified metabolites are predictors of diabetic relapse. Animals: Twenty cats in diabetic remission for a median of 101 days, and 22 healthy matched control cats. Methods: Cats were admitted to a clinic, and casual blood glucose was recorded. After a 24 h fast, blood glucose concentration was measured, then a blood sample was taken for metabolomic (GCMS and LCMS) analyses. Three hours later, a simplified intravenous glucose tolerance test (1 g glucose/kg) was performed. Cats were monitored for diabetes relapse for at least 9 months (270 days) after baseline testing. Results: Most cats in remission continued to display impaired glucose tolerance. Concentrations of 16 identified metabolites differed (P ≤ 0.05) between remission and control cats: 10 amino acids and stearic acid (all lower in remission cats), and glucose, glycine, xylitol, urea and carnitine (all higher in remission cats). Moderately close correlations were found between these 16 metabolites and variables assessing glycaemic responses (most |r| = 0.31 to 0.69). Five cats in remission relapsed during the study period. No metabolite was identified as a predictor of relapse. Conclusion and clinical importance: This study shows that cats in diabetic remission have abnormal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gottlieb
- The Cat Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacquie Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Australian Pet Welfare Foundation, Kenmore, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen T Anderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John Murray Morton
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia.,Jemora Pty Ltd, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Discipline of Laboratory Medicine, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Berin A Boughton
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziad Ramadan
- Nestlé Purina Research, St. Louis, MO, United States
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12
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Zini E, Gabai G, Salesov E, Gerardi G, Da Dalt L, Lutz TA, Reusch CE. Oxidative status of erythrocytes, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia in diabetic cats. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:616-625. [PMID: 32064685 PMCID: PMC7096612 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythrocytes of diabetic cats have decreased superoxide dismutase activity, possibly indicative of oxidative stress. Hypothesis Erythrocytes of diabetic cats undergo oxidative stress, which is caused by hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, and improves with treatment. Animals Twenty‐seven client‐owned cats with diabetes mellitus, 11 matched healthy cats, and 21 purpose‐bred healthy cats. Methods Prospective study. Advanced oxidized protein products, carbonyls (protein oxidation by‐products), and thiols (antioxidants) were quantified in erythrocyte membrane, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBAR, lipid peroxidation by‐products), and thiols in erythrocyte cytoplasm of all cats. Comparison were performed between diabetic and matched healthy cats, between diabetic cats achieving remission or not, and among purpose‐bred cats after 10 days of hyperglycemia (n = 5) or hyperlipidemia (n = 6) versus controls treated with saline (n = 5) or untreated (n = 5). Results Compared with controls, erythrocytes of diabetic cats initially had higher median membrane carbonyls (4.6 nmol/mg total protein [range: 0.1‐37.7] versus 0.7 [0.1‐4.7], P < .001) and lower cytoplasmic TBAR (1.9 nmol/mg [0.5‐2.4] versus 2.4 [1.4‐3.5] P < .001), and thiols (419 nmol/mg [165‐621] versus 633 [353‐824], P < 0.001). After 12‐16 weeks of treatment in diabetic cats, carbonyls decreased by 13% (P < .001), but remained higher (P < .001) and TBAR and thiols lower (P = .02, P < .001) than those in controls. No differences were observed between diabetic cats achieving remission or not, and among purpose‐bred cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased protein oxidation and reduced antioxidant defenses, which persist during treatment and remission, although mild improvement in protein oxidation occurs. Short‐term hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia does not cause oxidative stress. The reason for decreased TBAR remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gabai
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Salesov
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gerardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Da Dalt
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Gottlieb S, Rand J. Managing feline diabetes: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2018; 9:33-42. [PMID: 30050865 PMCID: PMC6053045 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s125619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease in cats. While type 2 diabetes is the most common form seen in cats, other underlying causes may contribute to insulin resistance. Guidelines for diagnosis vary and often do not take into account prediabetic cats. The goals of treatment are to maximize the chance of remission, while minimizing the risks of hypoglycemia. This article presents a further overview of current treatment and monitoring recommendations for diabetic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Gottlieb
- The Cat Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia,
| | - Jacquie Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia,
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14
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Zini E, Salesov E, Dupont P, Moretto L, Contiero B, Lutz TA, Reusch CE. Glucose concentrations after insulin-induced hypoglycemia and glycemic variability in healthy and diabetic cats. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:978-985. [PMID: 29603806 PMCID: PMC5980264 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little information is available about posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia (PHH) in diabetic cats, and a causal link between hypoglycemia and subsequent hyperglycemia is not clear. Fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations might only represent high glycemic variability. Hypothesis Insulin induces PHH in healthy cats, and PHH is associated with poorly regulated diabetes and increased glycemic variability in diabetic cats. Animals Six healthy cats, 133 diabetic cats. Methods Insulin (protamine‐zinc and degludec; 0.1‐0.3 IU/kg) administered to healthy cats. Blood glucose curves were generated with portable glucose meter to determine the percentage of curves with PHH. Data from insulin‐treated diabetic cats with blood glucose curves showing hypoglycemia included data of cats with and without PHH. Post‐hypoglycemic hyperglycemia was defined as blood glucose concentrations <4 mmol/L followed by blood glucose concentrations >15 mmol/L within 12 hours. Glycemic variability was calculated as the standard deviation of the blood glucose concentrations. Results In healthy cats, all insulin doses caused hypoglycemia but PHH was not observed; glycemic variability did not differ between insulin preparations. Among diabetic cats with hypoglycemia, 33 (25%) had PHH. Compared with cats without PHH, their daily insulin dose was higher (1.09 ± 0.55 versus 0.65 ± 0.56 IU/kg; P < .001), serum fructosamine concentration was higher (565 ± 113 versus 430 ± 112 µmol/L; P < .001), remission was less frequent (10% versus 56%; P < .001), and glycemic variability was larger (8.1 ± 2.4 mmol/L versus 2.9 ± 2.2 mmol/L; P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Insulin‐induced hypoglycemia did not cause PHH in healthy cats but it occurred in 25% of diabetic cats with hypoglycemia, particularly when diabetes was poorly controlled. Glycemic variability was increased in cats with PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), University of Padova, Italy.,Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, Zini, Granozzo con Monticello (NO), Italy
| | - Elena Salesov
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Perrine Dupont
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Moretto
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), University of Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Pereira N, Novo Matos J, Baron Toaldo M, Bartoszuk U, Summerfield N, Riederer A, Reusch C, Glaus T. Cats with diabetes mellitus have diastolic dysfunction in the absence of structural heart disease. Vet J 2017; 225:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Zapata RC, Meachem MD, Cardoso NC, Mehain SO, McMillan CJ, Snead ER, Chelikani PK. Differential circulating concentrations of adipokines, glucagon and adropin in a clinical population of lean, overweight and diabetic cats. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:85. [PMID: 28376869 PMCID: PMC5379571 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia, dysregulated adipokine secretion and alteration in glucagon and adropin concentrations are important obesity-related factors in the pathophysiology of human Type 2 diabetes; however, their roles in the pathophysiology of feline diabetes mellitus are relatively unknown. Here, we determined the concentrations of circulating leptin, adiponectin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, glucagon, adropin, triglycerides, and cholesterol, in non-diabetic lean and overweight cats and newly diagnosed diabetic cats. Client-owned cats were recruited and assigned into 3 study groups: lean, overweight and diabetic. Fasting blood samples were analyzed in lean, overweight and diabetic cats at baseline and 4 weeks after consumption of high protein/low carbohydrate standardized diet. RESULTS Serum concentrations of triglycerides were greater in diabetics at baseline and were increased in both diabetic and overweight cats at 4 weeks. Plasma leptin concentrations were greater in diabetic and overweight at baseline and 4 weeks, whereas adiponectin was lower in diabetics compared to lean and overweight cats at baseline and 4 weeks. Diabetics had greater baseline plasma glucagon concentrations compared to lean, lower adropin than overweight at 4 weeks, and lower IL-12 concentrations at 4 weeks than baseline. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that feline obesity and diabetes mellitus are characterized by hypertriglyceridemia and hyperleptinemia; however, diabetic cats have significantly lower adiponectin and adropin compared to overweight cats. Thus, despite having similar body condition, overweight and diabetic cats have differential circulating concentrations of adiponectin and adropin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada.
| | - Melissa D Meachem
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Natalia Cavalca Cardoso
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Susan O Mehain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, 205 Ott Rd, Pullman, WA, 99164-7060, USA
| | - Chantal J McMillan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elisabeth R Snead
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N4N1, Canada
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17
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Gilor C, Niessen S, Furrow E, DiBartola S. What's in a Name? Classification of Diabetes Mellitus in Veterinary Medicine and Why It Matters. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:927-40. [PMID: 27461721 PMCID: PMC5108445 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a syndrome caused by various etiologies. The clinical manifestations of DM are not indicative of the cause of the disease, but might be indicative of the stage and severity of the disease process. Accurately diagnosing and classifying diabetic dogs and cats by the underlying disease process is essential for current and future studies on early detection, prevention, and treatment of underlying disease. Here, we review the current etiology-based classification of DM and definitions of DM types in human medicine and discuss key points on the pathogenesis of each DM type and prediabetes. We then review current evidence for application of this etiology-based classification scheme in dogs and cats. In dogs, we emphasize the lack of consistent evidence for autoimmune DM (Type 1) and the possible importance of other DM types such as DM associated with exocrine pancreatic disease. While most dogs are first examined because of DM in an insulin-dependent state, early and accurate diagnosis of the underlying disease process could change the long-term outcome and allow some degree of insulin independence. In cats, we review the appropriateness of using the umbrella term of Type 2 DM and differentiating it from DM secondary to other endocrine disease like hypersomatotropism. This differentiation could have crucial implications on treatment and prognosis. We also discuss the challenges in defining and diagnosing prediabetes in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gilor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
| | - S.J.M. Niessen
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonNorth MymmsHertfordshireUK
| | - E. Furrow
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMN
| | - S.P. DiBartola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
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18
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Riederer A, Zini E, Salesov E, Fracassi F, Padrutt I, Macha K, Stöckle TM, Lutz TA, Reusch CE. Effect of the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogue Exenatide Extended Release in Cats with Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:92-100. [PMID: 26700409 PMCID: PMC4913624 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exenatide extended release (ER) is a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogue that increases insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon secretion and induces satiation in humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The use of exenatide ER is safe and stimulates insulin secretion in healthy cats. Objectives The objective of this study is to assess the safety of exenatide ER and its effect on body weight, remission and metabolic control in newly diagnosed diabetic cats receiving insulin and a low‐carbohydrate diet. Animals Thirty client‐owned cats. Methods Prospective placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Cats were treated with exenatide ER or 0.9% saline, administered SC, once weekly. Both groups received insulin glargine and a low‐carbohydrate diet. Exenatide ER was administered for 16 weeks, or in cats that achieved remission it was given for 4 weeks after discontinuing insulin treatment. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Cats in the exenatide ER and placebo groups had transient adverse signs including decreased appetite (60% vs. 20%, respectively, P = .06) and vomiting (53% vs. 40%, respectively, P = .715). Body weight increased significantly in the placebo group (P = .002), but not in cats receiving exenatide ER. Cats on exenatide ER achieved remission or good metabolic control in 40% or 89%, respectively, whereas in control cats percentages were 20% or 58% (P = .427 and P = .178, respectively). Conclusion and clinical importance Exenatide ER is safe in diabetic cats and does not result in weight gain. Our pilot study suggests that, should there be an additional clinically relevant beneficial effect of exenatide ER in insulin‐treated cats on rate of remission and good metabolic control, it would likely approximate 20% and 30%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Riederer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Healthy, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy.,The Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
| | - E Salesov
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - I Padrutt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Macha
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T M Stöckle
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - T A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C E Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Zini E, Hafner M, Kook P, Lutz TA, Ohlerth S, Reusch CE. Longitudinal evaluation of serum pancreatic enzymes and ultrasonographic findings in diabetic cats without clinically relevant pancreatitis at diagnosis. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:589-96. [PMID: 25818213 PMCID: PMC4895493 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cats with diabetes mellitus can have subclinical pancreatitis but prospective studies to confirm this are lacking. Metabolic control of diabetic cats with pancreatitis is difficult. Hypothesis Subclinical pancreatitis occurs in diabetic cats at the time diabetes is diagnosed or might develop during the follow‐up period, hampering diabetic remission. Animals Thirty cats with newly diagnosed diabetes without clinical signs of pancreatitis on admission. Methods Prospective study. On admission and 2 and 6 months later, serum Spec fPL and DGGR‐lipase were measured and the pancreas underwent ultrasonographic examination. Pancreatitis was suspected if serum markers were increased or ≥2 ultrasonographic abnormalities were detected. Cats were treated with insulin glargine and diabetic remission was defined as euglycemia ≥4 weeks after discontinuation of insulin. Nonparametric statistical tests were used for analysis. Results Subclinical pancreatitis at the time of diagnosis was suspected in 33, 50, and 31% of cats based on Spec fPL, DGGR‐lipase and ultrasonography, respectively; and in 60% when diagnostic criteria were combined. During the follow‐up period, suspected pancreatitis developed in additional 17–30% cats. Only 1 cat had transient clinical signs compatible with pancreatitis. Seventeen of the 30 cats (57%) achieved remission. Frequency of abnormal Spec fPL and DGGR‐lipase and abnormal ultrasonographic findings did not differ in cats achieving remission and those who did not. Cats achieving remission had significantly lower Spec fPL at 2 months (P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Based on laboratory and ultrasonographic measurements, many cats with diabetes might have pancreatitis, although without clinical signs. Cats with high Spec fPL might have a reduced chance of diabetic remission; however, this topic needs further studies in large cohorts of diabetic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy; Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, NO, Italy
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20
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Thompson A, Lathan P, Fleeman L. Update on insulin treatment for dogs and cats: insulin dosing pens and more. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:129-142. [PMID: 30101100 PMCID: PMC6067590 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s39984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin therapy is still the primary therapy for all diabetic dogs and cats. Several insulin options are available for each species, including veterinary registered products and human insulin preparations. The insulin chosen depends on the individual patient’s requirements. Intermediate-acting insulin is usually the first choice for dogs, and longer-acting insulin is the first choice for cats. Once the insulin type is chosen, the best method of insulin administration should be considered. Traditionally, insulin vials and syringes have been used, but insulin pen devices have recently entered the veterinary market. Pens have different handling requirements when compared with standard insulin vials including: storage out of the refrigerator for some insulin preparations once pen cartridges are in use; priming of the pen to ensure a full dose of insulin is administered; and holding the pen device in place for several seconds during the injection. Many different types of pen devices are available, with features such as half-unit dosing, large dials for visually impaired people, and memory that can display the last time and dose of insulin administered. Insulin pens come in both reusable and disposable options. Pens have several benefits over syringes, including improved dose accuracy, especially for low insulin doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Thompson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Patty Lathan
- College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Linda Fleeman
- Animal Diabetes Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,
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21
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Davison LJ. Diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis - cause or effect? J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:50-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Davison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES and Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford OX3 7BN
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22
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Gottlieb S, Rand JS, Marshall R, Morton J. Glycemic status and predictors of relapse for diabetic cats in remission. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:184-92. [PMID: 25418027 PMCID: PMC4858081 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is unknown if diabetic cats in remission have persistent abnormalities of glucose metabolism and should be considered prediabetic, or have normal glucose tolerance. Objective To characterize glycemic status of diabetic cats in remission and to determine predictors of relapse. Animals A total of 21 cats in diabetic remission and 28 healthy control cats. Methods At a median of 107 days after remission, screening blood glucose concentration was measured on entry to the clinic. After a 24‐hour fast in hospital, fasting blood glucose, fructosamine and feline pancreatic lipase concentrations were measured, and 3 hours later, a simplified IV glucose tolerance test (1 g glucose/kg) performed. Twenty cats were monitored for relapse for at least 9 months. Results Of the 21 cats in remission, 19% (4/21) had impaired fasting glucose concentration and 76% (16/21) had impaired glucose tolerance. Of cats followed up for 9 months after testing, 30% (6/20) had relapsed and required insulin treatment. Fasting blood glucose concentration ≥7.5 mmol/L (≥135 mg/dL) (odds ratio [OR] = 12.8) and severely impaired glucose tolerance (≥5 hours to return to <6.5 mmol/L or <117 mg/dL; OR = 15.2) were significantly associated with relapse. Blood glucose concentration >14 mmol/L; 252 mg/dL at 3 hours was significantly associated with relapse (OR = 10.1). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Most cats in diabetic remission have impaired glucose tolerance and a minority have impaired fasting glucose concentration and should be considered prediabetic. More severe glucose intolerance and impaired fasting glucose concentration are predictors of relapse. Ongoing glucose monitoring of diabetic cats in remission is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gottlieb
- The Cat Clinic, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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23
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Bloom CA, Rand J. Feline diabetes mellitus: clinical use of long-acting glargine and detemir. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:205-15. [PMID: 24563492 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14523187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder in feline practice, affecting approximately 1 in 200 cats. The majority of diabetic cats have type 2 diabetes mellitus, which results from a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and a progressive reduction in insulin production. CLINICAL CHALLENGES While usually easy to diagnose, management of diabetes mellitus presents a number of challenges for practitioners and clients alike. Practitioners must decide on diet, insulin type and dose, monitoring method and intensity, and concomitant therapy, which will vary based on individual patient and client needs, and geographic location. Practitioners may also encounter patients with diabetic ketoacidosis or other diabetic complications, and patients with multiple concurrent diseases. Clients may be challenged by the substantial time and financial commitment involved in owning a diabetic cat. AUDIENCE Understanding the pathophysiology, optimal treatment protocols and current goals of diabetes management will benefit practitioners managing diabetic cats. This article reviews the most current management plans for feline diabetics. It places particular emphasis on best practice for achieving diabetic remission, which is an attainable goal in the majority of newly diagnosed diabetic cats. EVIDENCE BASE The information in this article is drawn from the recent human and veterinary literature, including prospective and retrospective studies. The body of prospective clinical data on the use of newer, long-acting insulins (glargine and especially detemir) in cats is limited, but growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Anne Bloom
- The Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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24
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Hafner M, Dietiker-Moretti S, Kaufmann K, Mueller C, Lutz TA, Reusch CE, Zini E. Intensive intravenous infusion of insulin in diabetic cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1753-9. [PMID: 25312554 PMCID: PMC4895636 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Remission occurs in 10–50% of cats with diabetes mellitus (DM). It is assumed that intensive treatment improves β‐cell function and increases remission rates. Hypothesis Initial intravenous infusion of insulin that achieves tight glycemic control decreases subsequent insulin requirements and increases remission rate in diabetic cats. Animals Thirty cats with newly diagnosed DM. Methods Prospective study. Cats were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Cats in group 1 (n = 15) received intravenous infusion of insulin with the goal of maintaining blood glucose concentrations at 90–180 mg/dL, for 6 days. Cats in group 2 (n = 15) received subcutaneous injections of insulin glargine (cats ≤4 kg: 0.5–1.0 IU, q12h; >4 kg 1.5–2.0 IU, q12h), for 6 days. Thereafter, all cats were treated with subcutaneous injections of insulin glargine and followed up for 6 months. Cats were considered in remission when euglycemia occurred for ≥4 weeks without the administration of insulin. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Results In groups 1 and 2, remission was achieved in 10/15 and in 7/14 cats (P = .46), and good metabolic control was achieved in 3/5 and in 1/7 cats (P = .22), respectively. Overall, good metabolic control or remission occurred in 13/15 cats of group 1 and in 8/14 cats of group 2. In group 1, the median insulin dosage given during the 6‐month follow‐up was significantly lower than in group 2 (group 1: 0.32 IU/kg/day, group 2: 0.51 IU/kg/day; P = .013). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Initial intravenous infusion of insulin for tight glycemic control in cats with DM decreases insulin requirements during the subsequent 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hafner
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Clark M, Thomaseth K, Dirikolu L, Ferguson DC, Hoenig M. Effects of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids in obese cats. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:166-74. [PMID: 24592408 PMCID: PMC4895531 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) insulin sensitizer approved for use in human type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic options for diabetes in cats are limited. Objective To evaluate the effects of pioglitazone in obese cats, which are predisposed to insulin resistance, to assess its potential for future use in feline diabetes mellitus. Animals A total of 12 obese purpose‐bred research cats (6 neutered males and 6 spayed females, 5–7 years of age, weighing 5.4–9.8 kg). Methods Randomized, placebo‐controlled 3‐way crossover study. Oral placebo or pioglitazone (Actos™; 1 or 3 mg/kg) was administered daily for 7‐week periods, with IV glucose tolerance testing before and after each period. Results Three mg/kg pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity (geometric mean [95% CI] 0.90 [0.64–1.28] to 2.03 [1.49–2.78] min −1pmol−1L; P = .0014 versus change with placebo), reduced insulin area under the curve during IVGTT (geometric mean [range] 27 [9–64] to 18 [6–54] min∙nmol/L; P = .0031 versus change with placebo), and lowered serum triglyceride (geometric mean [range] 71 [29–271] to 48 [27–75] mg/dL; P = .047 versus change with placebo) and cholesterol (geometric mean [range] 187 [133–294] to 162 [107–249] mg/dL; P = .0042 versus change with placebo) concentrations in the obese cats. No adverse effects attributable to pioglitazone were evident in the otherwise healthy obese cats at this dosage and duration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results of this study support a positive effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in obese cats, and suggest that further evaluation of the drug in cats with diabetes mellitus or other metabolic disorders might be warranted.
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Systematic review of feline diabetic remission: separating fact from opinion. Vet J 2014; 202:208-21. [PMID: 25312717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognised that diabetic remission is possible in the cat. This systematic review, following Cochrane Collaboration (CC) guidelines, critically appraises the level of evidence on factors influencing remission rate and factors predicting remission. A systematic online, bibliographic search and reference list examination was conducted. A level of evidence was assigned to each identified article by five internists using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for follow-up, cohort, case-series and case-control studies, the CC's risk of bias tool for trials and the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group risk of bias criteria for before and after trials. Twenty-two studies were included in the review, assessing influence of pharmaceutical intervention (n = 14) and diet (n = 4), as well as diagnostic tests (n = 9) and feline patient characteristics (n = 5) as predictors of remission. The current level of evidence was found to be moderate to poor. Common sources of bias included lack of randomisation and blinding among trials, and many studies were affected by small sample size. Failure to provide criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes, or diabetic remission, and poor control of confounding factors were frequent causes of poor study design. Addressing these factors would significantly strengthen future research and ultimately allow meta-analyses to provide an excellent level of evidence. No single factor predicts remission and successful remission has been documented with a variety of insulin types and protocols. Dietary carbohydrate reduction might be beneficial, but requires further study. A lack of well-designed trials prevents reliable remission rate comparison. Factors associated with remission resemble those in human medicine and support the hypothesis that reversal of glucotoxicity is a major underlying mechanism for feline diabetic remission.
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27
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Aptekmann KP, Armstrong J, Coradini M, Rand J. Owner Experiences in Treating Dogs and Cats Diagnosed With Diabetes Mellitus in the United StatesS. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 50:247-53. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to report owner experiences and satisfaction in treating a pet with diabetes mellitus using a descriptive report from an Internet-based survey. Descriptive analysis of results was performed, χ2 tests were used to detect differences in responses between dog and cat owners, and correlations were assessed using the nonparametric Spearman rank correlation. A total of 834 owners participated in the survey. More diabetic dogs (97%) than cats (82%) were treated with insulin injections. Insulin was administered twice daily in 87% of dogs and 73% of cats. Porcine lente and neutral protamine Hagedorn were the most commonly administered insulins in dogs. In cats, glargine and protamine zinc insulin were the most commonly used insulins. Most pets were not fed a prescribed diabetes diet. More cat (66%) than dog (50%) owners were satisfied with the diabetic control achieved. Cat owners were more likely to use home blood glucose monitoring. Treatment was considered expensive by the majority of owners. Few published reports follow diabetic pets after diagnosis or report owner satisfaction. The results of this study provide useful information that may help veterinarians better educate owners and set expectations regarding diabetes treatment and quality of life for diabetic pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina P. Aptekmann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil (K.A.); Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (J.A.); and Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (M.C., J.R.)
| | - Jane Armstrong
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil (K.A.); Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (J.A.); and Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (M.C., J.R.)
| | - Marcia Coradini
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil (K.A.); Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (J.A.); and Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (M.C., J.R.)
| | - Jacquie Rand
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil (K.A.); Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (J.A.); and Centre for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (M.C., J.R.)
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Nack R, DeClue AE. In cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, use of a near-euglycemic management paradigm improves remission rate over a traditional paradigm. Vet Q 2014; 34:132-6. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.924057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Hoelmkjaer KM, Spodsberg EMH, Bjornvad CR. Insulin detemir treatment in diabetic cats in a practice setting. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:144-51. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14538642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin detemir is a long-acting insulin analogue and may represent a valuable treatment option for diabetic cats. So far, only one study addressing detemir treatment of diabetic cats has been published, and this was based on an intensive blood glucose monitoring protocol. The aim of the current, retrospective study was to evaluate the effect of detemir therapy in diabetic cats in a general clinical setting. Fourteen diabetic cats with a follow-up period of at least 3 months were included. Data were collected from medical records at the University Hospital for Companion Animals, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Thirteen of 14 cats achieved moderate or excellent control of clinical symptoms within the initial 3 months of detemir therapy, including five cats previously treated unsuccessfully with other types of insulin. Clinical improvements were noted after 1 month of therapy and continued over time. Three cats achieved remission within the initial 3 months and none experienced a diabetic relapse during the study period. One cat achieved remission after 13 months of therapy. Improvements in clinical symptoms were markedly better than indicated by blood glucose and serum fructosamine concentrations. The safety of detemir was very high, with only two reported episodes of clinical hypoglycaemia, neither of which required veterinary attention. Based on these results detemir can be recommended for the treatment of diabetic cats, including cats previously treated unsuccessfully with other types of insulin.
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Callegari C, Mercuriali E, Hafner M, Coppola LM, Guazzetti S, Lutz TA, Reusch CE, Zini E. Survival time and prognostic factors in cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus: 114 cases (2000-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:91-5. [PMID: 23786195 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine overall survival time and identify prognostic factors associated with survival time in cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 114 cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. PROCEDURES Data for analysis included history, signalment, physical examination findings, hematologic and serum biochemical data, presence of ketoacidosis, and diagnosis of concurrent diseases at initial evaluation. The effects of possible predictors on survival time were determined by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Median survival time of diabetic cats was 516 days (range, 1 to 3,468 days); 70%, 64%, and 46% lived longer than 3, 6, and 24 months, respectively. Survival time was significantly shorter for cats with higher creatinine concentrations, with a hazard of dying approximately 5% greater for each increase of 10 μg/dL in serum creatinine concentration (adjusted HR, 1.005; 95% CI, 1.003 to 1.007). Ketoacidosis was not significantly associated with survival time (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.590 to 1.78). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus had a fair to good prognosis. High serum creatinine concentration at diagnosis was associated with a poor outcome, likely because of the adverse effects of renal dysfunction. Ketoacidosis apparently was not associated with decreased survival time, suggesting that this complication should not necessarily be regarded as unfavorable.
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Hoenig M. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs and Cats. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:377-412. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Factors associated with clinical remission in cats with diabetes mellitus. ACTA VET BRNO 2013. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201281040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disease in cats. The aim of this study was to investigate factors that are associated with clinical remission in diabetic cats, and those that might influence survival time. Medical records of 29 cats with diabetes mellitus were evaluated retrospectively. Data collected from each record included breed, age, and sex, types of diet before and after admission, degree of weight loss, duration of clinical signs before admission, elevation of alanine aminotransferase activity and ketonuria at the time of admission, concurrent pancreatitis or renal failure, glipizide administration, insulin supplement, and survival time. The diet after establishing diagnosis (restriction to non-carbohydrate canned food) was the only factor that was significantly associated with achieving clinical remission (P < 0.001). Survival time of cats was positively associated (P = 0.004) with clinical remission status and the type of diet after admission (P = 0.04) and negatively associated with the presence of chronic renal failure (P = 0.04). This was the first report of feline diabetes mellitus from Taiwan.
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Bloom CA, Rand JS. Diabetes and the Kidney in Human and Veterinary Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:351-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zoran DL, Rand JS. The Role of Diet in the Prevention and Management of Feline Diabetes. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:233-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Reusch CE, Padrutt I. New incretin hormonal therapies in humans relevant to diabetic cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2013; 43:417-33. [PMID: 23522180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Incretins (gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1]) are hormones released from the gastrointestinal tract during food intake that potentiate insulin secretion. Native GLP-1 is quickly degraded by the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4), which has led to the development of GLP-1 agonists with resistance to degradation and to inhibitors of DPP-4 activity as therapeutic agents in humans with type 2 diabetes. In healthy cats, GLP-1 agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors have produced a substantial increase in insulin secretion. Although results of clinical studies are not yet available, incretin-based therapy promises to become an important new research area in feline diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Reusch
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Small Animals, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Osto M, Zini E, Reusch CE, Lutz TA. Diabetes from humans to cats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 182:48-53. [PMID: 23247272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrinopathy in humans and in cats. The general prevalence of diabetes mellitus, and in particular of type 2 diabetes, has risen dramatically in recent years. This increase has often been linked to the rise in the obesity pandemic because obesity and the ensuing metabolic consequences constitute major risk factors for human type 2 and for feline diabetes. Feline diabetes shares many features of human type 2 diabetes in respect to its pathophysiology, underlying risk factors and treatment strategies. This review will briefly summarize major characteristics in the human and the feline disease and where available, point out the current knowledge on similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Osto
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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