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Eleftheriadou N, Lubanga UK, Lefoe GK, Seehausen ML, Kenis M, Kavallieratos NG, Avtzis DN. Uncovering the Male Presence in Parthenogenetic Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae): Insights into Its mtDNA Divergence and Reproduction Strategy. INSECTS 2023; 14:256. [PMID: 36975941 PMCID: PMC10059969 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), an endemic species in Greece and Turkey, is a major contributor to the annual honey production in its native range. However, in the areas that it invades, lacking natural enemies, it has detrimental effects on pine trees and potentially contributes to tree mortality. Although it was originally reported as thelytokous, males were later reported in Turkey and on several of the islands of Greece. To further disambiguate the exact parthenogenetic reproduction strategy of M. hellenica, we studied the emergence pattern of male individuals in Greece for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022). Furthermore, we examined the genetic variation among 15 geographically distant populations of M. hellenica in Greece using a mitochondrial DNA marker and compared the results with data from Turkey. The findings of this study document the existence of an additional M. hellenica population in its native range that repeatedly produces males, apart from the areas of Greece and Turkey in which they were initially reported, suggesting that males play a major, so far unknown role in the reproduction of this species. The populations in Greece and Turkey exhibited a strong genetic affinity, while human-aided dispersal seems to have obscured the genetic pattern acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Umar K. Lubanga
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Greg K. Lefoe
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - M. Lukas Seehausen
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Marc Kenis
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N. Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute—Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Vassilika, 57006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dalziel AC, Tirbhowan S, Drapeau HF, Power C, Jonah LS, Gbotsyo YA, Dion‐Côté A. Using asexual vertebrates to study genome evolution and animal physiology: Banded ( Fundulus diaphanus) x Common Killifish ( F. heteroclitus) hybrid lineages as a model system. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1214-1239. [PMID: 32684956 PMCID: PMC7359844 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild, asexual, vertebrate hybrids have many characteristics that make them good model systems for studying how genomes evolve and epigenetic modifications influence animal physiology. In particular, the formation of asexual hybrid lineages is a form of reproductive incompatibility, but we know little about the genetic and genomic mechanisms by which this mode of reproductive isolation proceeds in animals. Asexual lineages also provide researchers with the ability to produce genetically identical individuals, enabling the study of autonomous epigenetic modifications without the confounds of genetic variation. Here, we briefly review the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to asexual reproduction in vertebrates and the known genetic and epigenetic consequences of the loss of sex. We then specifically discuss what is known about asexual lineages of Fundulus diaphanus x F. heteroclitus to highlight gaps in our knowledge of the biology of these clones. Our preliminary studies of F. diaphanus and F. heteroclitus karyotypes from Porter's Lake (Nova Scotia, Canada) agree with data from other populations, suggesting a conserved interspecific chromosomal arrangement. In addition, genetic analyses suggest that: (a) the same major clonal lineage (Clone A) of F. diaphanus x F. heteroclitus has remained dominant over the past decade, (b) some minor clones have also persisted, (c) new clones may have recently formed, and iv) wild clones still mainly descend from F. diaphanus ♀ x F. heteroclitus ♂ crosses (96% in 2017-2018). These data suggest that clone formation may be a relatively rare, but continuous process, and there are persistent environmental or genetic factors causing a bias in cross direction. We end by describing our current research on the genomic causes and consequences of a transition to asexuality and the potential physiological consequences of epigenetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Tirbhowan
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
- Département de biologieUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
| | | | - Claude Power
- Département de biologieUniversité de MonctonMonctonNBCanada
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Vogt G, Dorn NJ, Pfeiffer M, Lukhaup C, Williams BW, Schulz R, Schrimpf A. The dimension of biological change caused by autotriploidy: A meta-analysis with triploid crayfish Procambarus virginalis and its diploid parent Procambarus fallax. ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kamiya M, Saba E, West JA. Marginal distribution and high heterozygosity of asexual Caloglossa vieillardii (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) along the Australian coasts. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:1283-1293. [PMID: 28833125 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In animals and land plants, many asexual species originate through inter- or intraspecific crosses, and such heterozygous asexuals frequently are more abundant than their sexual relatives in marginal habitats. Although asexual species have been reported in various macroalgal taxa, detailed information regarding their distribution, heterozygosity, and origin is limited. Because many asexual tetrasporophyte strains of Caloglossa vieillardii have been isolated from South Australia, far from their core tropical habitats, we re-examined the distribution range of asexual C. vieillardii and genotyped these and other western Pacific strains using an actin gene marker. We confirmed the marginal distribution of the asexuals; however, a small patch of sexual thalli was newly discovered 450 km further west from asexual populations in South Australia. Three heterozygous genotypes and one homozygous genotypes were detected from nine asexual populations; 21 heterozygous strains were obligately asexual, but one homozygous strain suddenly produced sexual gametophytes after several years of culture. We hypothesized that the most abundant heterozygous genotype (defined as type 3/4) in asexual populations occurred by a cross between type 3 and type 4 allele gametophytes, both of which were isolated from the Australian coasts. In the crossing experiments, certain combinations between type 3 females and type 4 males produced tetrasporophytes, which recycled successive tetrasporophytes. In the culture experiments, whereas both sexual and asexual strains successfully produced tetraspores at 12°C, no sexual strains released carpospores below 14°C. However, it is uncertain whether this slight difference of maturation temperature was related to the marginal distribution of asexual C. vieillardii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunobu Kamiya
- Faculty of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Erika Saba
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - John A West
- School of Biosciences 2, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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5
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Wickell DA, Windham MD, Wang X, Macdonald SJ, Beck JB. Can asexuality confer a short-term advantage? Investigating apparent biogeographic success in the apomictic triploid fern Myriopteris gracilis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1254-1265. [PMID: 28814405 PMCID: PMC6013364 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Although asexual taxa are generally seen as evolutionary dead ends, asexuality appears to provide a short-term benefit in some taxa, including a wider geographic distribution compared to sexual relatives. However, this may be an illusion created by multiple, morphologically cryptic, asexual lineages, each occupying a relatively small area. In this study we investigate the role of multiple lineages in the biogeography of Myriopteris gracilis Fée (Pteridaceae), a North American apomictic triploid fern species with a particularly large range. METHODS Range-wide asexuality was assessed by counting spores/sporangium in 606 Myriopteris gracilis specimens from across the species range, and lineage structure was assessed with both plastid DNA sequence and Genotyping By Sequencing (GBS) SNP datasets. KEY RESULTS Spore counting of >600 specimens identified no sexual populations, establishing that Myriopteris gracilis is exclusively asexual. The plastid data estimated the crown age of M. gracilis at ca. 2.5 mya and identified two lineages, each largely confined to the eastern or western portions of the range. These groups were further subdivided by the GBS data, revealing at least seven asexual lineages of varying geographic distributions, each occupying a relatively small portion of the total range of M. gracilis. CONCLUSIONS Although maintained exclusively through asexual reproduction, the broad distribution of Myriopteris gracilis is a compilation of numerous, independently formed asexual lineages. Since no single asexual lineage occupies the full extent of the species distribution, recurrent lineage formation should be considered when evaluating the short-term benefit of asexuality in this taxon and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Wickell
- Department of Biological Science, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260 USA
| | - Michael D. Windham
- Department of Biological Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - Stuart J. Macdonald
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - James B. Beck
- Department of Biological Science, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260 USA
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
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Lombardo JA, Elkinton JS. Environmental adaptation in an asexual invasive insect. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5123-5130. [PMID: 28770052 PMCID: PMC5528223 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenetic reproduction is generally associated with low genetic variance and therefore reduced ability for environmental adaptation, and this could limit the potential invasiveness of introduced species that reproduce asexually. However, the hemlock woolly adelgid is an asexual invasive insect that has spread across a large geographic temperature gradient in its introduced range. Consequently, this insect has shown significant variation in cold hardiness among populations. We hypothesized that the increased cold hardiness of northern populations represents an adaptation to the colder temperatures. To test this, we collected individual adelgid from populations spanning their invaded range and inoculated them into a common thermal environment. We then experimentally sampled the supercooling point of the progeny of these adelgids and compared these results with tests of the supercooling point of adelgid sampled directly from their source populations. The results showed that the same significant differences in supercooling that was found among geographically distinct populations existed even when the adelgid was reared in a common environment, indicating a genetic basis for the variation in cold hardiness. These findings support the hypothesis that the adelgid has adapted to the colder environment as it has expanded its distribution in its invaded range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Lombardo
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | - Joseph S. Elkinton
- Department of Environmental ConservationUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
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Ginn BR. The thermodynamics of protein aggregation reactions may underpin the enhanced metabolic efficiency associated with heterosis, some balancing selection, and the evolution of ploidy levels. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 126:1-21. [PMID: 28185903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the physical basis of heterosis (or "hybrid vigor") has remained elusive despite over a hundred years of research on the subject. The three main theories of heterosis are dominance theory, overdominance theory, and epistasis theory. Kacser and Burns (1981) identified the molecular basis of dominance, which has greatly enhanced our understanding of its importance to heterosis. This paper aims to explain how overdominance, and some features of epistasis, can similarly emerge from the molecular dynamics of proteins. Possessing multiple alleles at a gene locus results in the synthesis of different allozymes at reduced concentrations. This in turn reduces the rate at which each allozyme forms soluble oligomers, which are toxic and must be degraded, because allozymes co-aggregate at low efficiencies. The model developed in this paper can explain how heterozygosity impacts the metabolic efficiency of an organism. It can also explain why the viabilities of some inbred lines seem to decline rapidly at high inbreeding coefficients (F > 0.5), which may provide a physical basis for truncation selection for heterozygosity. Finally, the model has implications for the ploidy level of organisms. It can explain why polyploids are frequently found in environments where severe physical stresses promote the formation of soluble oligomers. The model can also explain why complex organisms, which need to synthesize aggregation-prone proteins that contain intrinsically unstructured regions (IURs) and multiple domains because they facilitate complex protein interaction networks (PINs), tend to be diploid while haploidy tends to be restricted to relatively simple organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ginn
- University of Georgia, GA 30602, United States.
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8
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Mazur MA, Holecová M, Lachowska-Cierlik D, Lis A, Kubisz D, Kajtoch Ł. Selective sweep of Wolbachia and parthenogenetic host genomes - the example of the weevil Eusomus ovulum. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:701-711. [PMID: 27438898 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most parthenogenetic weevil species are postulated to have originated via hybridization, but Wolbachia has also been speculated to play a role via the induction of parthenogenesis. Here, we examine the molecular diversity of Wolbachia and parthenogenetic host genomes. The host species studied here, Eusomus ovulum, is known to be exclusively parthenogenetic and triploid. The E. ovulum populations that we examined had a low genetic diversity of mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I gene) and nuclear markers (internal transcribed spacer 2 and elongation factor 1-α gene), and they all were infected by only single bacteria strains (genotyped for five genes according to the multilocus sequence typing system). We found significant signs of linkage disequilibrium and a lack of recombination amongst all of the examined genomes (bacteria and host), which strongly indicates a selective sweep. The lack of heterozygosity in host nuclear genes, missing bisexual populations and selective sweep between the parthenogenetic host and bacteria genomes suggest that parthenogenesis in this species could have originated as a result of infection rather than hybridization. However, the finding that highly similar Wolbachia strains are also present in other parthenogenetic weevils from the same habitat suggests the opposite scenario: bacteria may have infected the already parthenogenetic lineage and taken advantage of the host's unisexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Mazur
- Center for Biodiversity Studies, Department of Biosystematics, Opole University, Opole, Poland
| | - M Holecová
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - A Lis
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - D Kubisz
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ł Kajtoch
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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9
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Tilquin A, Kokko H. What does the geography of parthenogenesis teach us about sex? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150538. [PMID: 27619701 PMCID: PMC5031622 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that sexual reproduction is difficult to maintain if asexuality is an option, yet sex is very common. To understand why, it is important to pay attention to repeatably occurring conditions that favour transitions to, or persistence of, asexuality. Geographic parthenogenesis is a term that has been applied to describe a large variety of patterns where sexual and related asexual forms differ in their geographic distribution. Often asexuality is stated to occur in a habitat that is, in some sense, marginal, but the interpretation differs across studies: parthenogens might not only predominate near the margin of the sexuals' distribution, but might also extend far beyond the sexual range; they may be disproportionately found in newly colonizable areas (e.g. areas previously glaciated), or in habitats where abiotic selection pressures are relatively stronger than biotic ones (e.g. cold, dry). Here, we review the various patterns proposed in the literature, the hypotheses put forward to explain them, and the assumptions they rely on. Surprisingly, few mathematical models consider geographic parthenogenesis as their focal question, but all models for the evolution of sex could be evaluated in this framework if the (often ecological) causal factors vary predictably with geography. We also recommend broadening the taxa studied beyond the traditional favourites.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Tilquin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Martin P, Thonagel S, Scholtz G. The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Cambaridae) is a triploid organism. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peer Martin
- Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Sven Thonagel
- Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Gerhard Scholtz
- Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Mau M, Lovell JT, Corral JM, Kiefer C, Koch MA, Aliyu OM, Sharbel TF. Hybrid apomicts trapped in the ecological niches of their sexual ancestors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2357-65. [PMID: 25902513 PMCID: PMC4426457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423447112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Asexual reproduction is expected to reduce the adaptive potential to novel or changing environmental conditions, restricting or altering the ecological niche of asexual lineages. Asexual lineages of plants and animals are typically polyploid, an attribute that may influence their genetic variation, plasticity, adaptive potential, and niche breadth. The genus Boechera (Brassicaceae) represents an ideal model to test the relative ecological and biogeographic impacts of reproductive mode and ploidy because it is composed of diploid sexual and both diploid and polyploid asexual (i.e., apomictic) lineages. Here, we demonstrate a strong association between a transcriptionally conserved allele and apomictic seed formation. We then use this allele as a proxy apomixis marker in 1,649 accessions to demonstrate that apomixis is likely to be a common feature across the Boechera phylogeny. Phylogeographic analyses of these data demonstrate (i) species-specific niche differentiation in sexuals, (ii) extensive niche conservation between differing reproductive modes of the same species, (iii) ploidy-specific niche differentiation within and among species, and (iv) occasional niche drift between apomicts and their sexual ancestors. We conclude that ploidy is a substantially stronger and more common driver of niche divergence within and across Boechera species although variation in both traits may not necessarily lead to niche evolution on the species scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mau
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany;
| | - John T Lovell
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - José M Corral
- Department of Bioanalytics, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Kiefer
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Olawale M Aliyu
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; Department of Crop Production, College of Agriculture, Kwara State University, PMB 1530 Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Timothy F Sharbel
- Apomixis Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Gassner M, Dejaco T, Schönswetter P, Marec F, Arthofer W, Schlick-Steiner BC, Steiner FM. Extensive variation in chromosome number and genome size in sexual and parthenogenetic species of the jumping-bristletail genus Machilis (Archaeognatha). Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4093-105. [PMID: 25505536 PMCID: PMC4242562 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis in animals is often associated with polyploidy and restriction to extreme habitats or recently deglaciated areas. It has been hypothesized that benefits conferred by asexual reproduction and polyploidy are essential for colonizing these habitats. However, while evolutionary routes to parthenogenesis are manifold, study systems including polyploids are scarce in arthropods. The jumping-bristletail genus Machilis (Insecta: Archaeognatha) includes both sexual and parthenogenetic species, and recently, the occurrence of polyploidy has been postulated. Here, we applied flow cytometry, karyotyping, and mitochondrial DNA sequencing to three sexual and five putatively parthenogenetic Eastern-Alpine Machilis species to investigate whether (1) parthenogenesis originated once or multiply and (2) whether parthenogenesis is strictly associated with polyploidy. The mitochondrial phylogeny revealed that parthenogenesis evolved at least five times independently among Eastern-Alpine representatives of this genus. One parthenogenetic species was exclusively triploid, while a second consisted of both diploid and triploid populations. The three other parthenogenetic species and all sexual species were diploid. Our results thus indicate that polyploidy can co-occur with parthenogenesis, but that it was not mandatory for the emergence of parthenogenesis in Machilis. Overall, we found a weak negative correlation of monoploid genome size (Cx) and chromosome base number (x), and this connection is stronger among parthenogenetic species alone. Likewise, monoploid genome size decreased with elevation, and we therefore hypothesize that genome downsizing could have been crucial for the persistence of alpine Machilis species. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary consequences of intraspecific chromosomal rearrangements and the presence of B chromosomes. In doing so, we highlight the potential of Alpine Machilis species for research on chromosomal and genome-size alterations during speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitta Gassner
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Thomas Dejaco
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck Sternwartestraße 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - František Marec
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre ASCR Branisovska 31, Ceské Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Arthofer
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | | | - Florian M Steiner
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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13
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Population genetics of bisexual and unisexual populations of the scaly-winged bark louse Echmepteryx hageni (Insecta: Psocoptera). Genetica 2014; 142:405-18. [PMID: 25214020 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The scaly-winged bark louse, Echmepteryx hageni, exhibits a unique pattern of co-existence of apparently differnt reproductive modes. Unisexuality is widespread in eastern North America, while sexual populations are restricted to isolated rock out-croppings in southern Illinois and eastern Kentucky. Three of the four nuclear loci examined show greater genetic diversity in the unisexual form compared to the sexual form of E. hageni, in accordance with the pattern previously shown in mitochondrial genetic data. Neutrality tests of the nuclear loci indicate a consistent signal of demographic expansion in asexual populations, but not in sexual populations. There was evidence of inbreeding in the isolated sexual populations at three of the nuclear loci, and one locus had signs of gene specific balancing selection. However, there is no significant genetic differentiation between bisexual and unisexual populations, possibly due to the greater effective population size of nuclear loci relative to mitochondrial loci. The mitochondrial differentiation of E. hageni populations in the northwestern part of their range (Minnesota and Wisconsin) was also not reflected in the nuclear data. We present three hypotheses that may explain the disparity in observed nuclear and mitochondrial genetic diversity between the reproductive forms of E. hageni.
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Tada Y, Nishida C, Katakura H. Effects of low temperature on ploidy levels in parthenogenetic and sexual forms of the weevil Scepticus insularis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zoolog Sci 2014; 31:71-6. [PMID: 24521315 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.31.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the ploidy level of eggs from sexual and parthenogenetic females of the weevil Scepticus insularis changes when field-collected, egg-bearing females are exposed to low temperature, as suggested by a previous study. We observed no change in ploidy level in eggs laid by sexual females (n = 15) treated by low temperature (1.1-6.7°C). In contrast, eggs laid by parthenogenetic females were not stable in ploidy level, as 11 of 16 females tested laid both diploid and triploid eggs even before the low-temperature treatment. After the low-temperature treatment, the proportion of triploid eggs to total eggs increased in nine individuals and decreased in the rest, and the effect of the treatment on the overall change in frequency was significant. Our results thus show that exposure to cold does not induce a change in egg ploidy in the sexual form of S. insularis, although cold may affect ploidy levels in the eggs of parthenogens. Additionally, eggs laid by laboratory-reared, virgin sexual females (n = 13) did not hatch after the low-temperature treatment, indicating that the treatment did not induce parthenogenetic reproduction in normally sexually reproducing females of S. insularis. We also examined the effect of low temperature on the ploidy level of eggs from parthenogenetic females (n = 4) of another weevil species, Catapionus gracilicornis, and confirmed that the proportion of triploid eggs steeply decreased and that of diploid eggs increased after exposure to cold, being consistent with those of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tada
- 1 Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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15
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Chen X, Xu S, Yu Z, Guo L, Yang S, Liu L, Yang X, Liu J. Multiple lines of evidence on the genetic relatedness of the parthenogenetic and bisexual Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:308-14. [PMID: 24316292 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As an obligate hematophagous ectoparasite, the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two reproductive strategies, bisexual reproduction, and obligate parthenogenesis, which have attracted a widespread attention. However, the speciation of parthenogenetic population remained ambiguous due to its similarity in morphology but the remarkable differences in cytogenetics as compared with those of the bisexual ones. In the present study, we explored several new lines of genetic evidence to resolve this controversial issue. The number of the chromosomes in two lineages was checked by classical methods and their total DNA levels were determined utilizing flowcytometry. In addition, the sequences of 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase I and II (COI, COII) and internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) genes were used to assess their phylogenetic relationship. We observed that the chromosome ploidy of bisexual and parthenogenetic H. longicornis collected by our laboratory was diploid and triploid, respectively. Flowcytometry analysis indicated a ratio close to 2:3 in the DNA contents of bisexual to parthenogenetic H. longicornis. Although the chromosome ploidy is different, their gene sequences are extremely similar. Analogous to the intra-species genetic difference of other invertebrates, sequence differences of all loci examined are below 2%. Phylogenetic trees constructed from 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, COI, and ITS-2 genes revealed that they were all in the same monophyletic clade instead of splitting independently into evolutional branches. Moreover, according to 4× Rule, the K/θ ratio of two reproductive populations calculated based on COI was much smaller than four, strongly supporting that they belong to the same species. Therefore, we conclude that the evolutionary process just disturbs the chromosome ploidy and the sexual determination of parthenogenetic population and that it would be better to consider parthenogenetic H. longicornis as a metapopulation rather than a cryptic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Lida Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; Department of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Hebei College of Industry and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Shujie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Limeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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Enghoff H, Akkari N, Pedersen J. Aliquid novi ex Africa?Lamyctes africanus(Porath, 1871) found in Europe (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Henicopidae). J NAT HIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.763062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Jacobson AL, Johnston JS, Rotenberg D, Whitfield AE, Booth W, Vargo EL, Kennedy GG. Genome size and ploidy of Thysanoptera. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:12-17. [PMID: 23121082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used to study the genome sizes and ploidy levels for four thrips species: Franklinothrips orizabensis Johansen (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, Frankliniella fusca Hinds, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). F. orizabensis males and females had 1C genome sizes of 426 Mb and 422 Mb, respectively. Male and female F. fusca had 1C genome sizes of 392 Mb and 409 Mb, whereas F. occidentalis males and females had smaller 1C genomes that were 345 Mb and 337 Mb, respectively. Male F. orizabensis, F. occidentalis and F. fusca were haploid and females diploid. Five isofemale lines of T. tabaci, initiated from parthenogenetic, thelytokous females and collected from different locations in North Carolina, were included in this study; no males were available. One isofemale line was diploid with a genome size of 1C = 310 Mb, and the other four had a mean genome size of 1C = 482 Mb, which is consistent with evidence from microsatellite data of diploidy and polyploidy, respectively, in these same five thelytokous lines. This is the first study to produce genome size estimates for thysanopteran species, and report polyploidy in T. tabaci populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Jacobson
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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18
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Neiman M, Kay AD, Krist AC. Can resource costs of polyploidy provide an advantage to sex? Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:152-9. [PMID: 23188174 PMCID: PMC3554456 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominance of sexual reproduction despite its costs indicates that sex provides substantial benefits, which are usually thought to derive from the direct genetic consequences of recombination and syngamy. While genetic benefits of sex are certainly important, sexual and asexual individuals, lineages, or populations may also differ in physiological and life history traits that could influence outcomes of competition between sexuals and asexuals across environmental gradients. Here, we address possible phenotypic costs of a very common correlate of asexuality, polyploidy. We suggest that polyploidy could confer resource costs related to the dietary phosphorus demands of nucleic acid production; such costs could facilitate the persistence of sex in situations where asexual taxa are of higher ploidy level and phosphorus availability limits important traits like growth and reproduction. We outline predictions regarding the distribution of diploid sexual and polyploid asexual taxa across biogeochemical gradients and provide suggestions for study systems and empirical approaches for testing elements of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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19
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Jacobson AL, Booth W, Vargo EL, Kennedy GG. Thrips tabaci population genetic structure and polyploidy in relation to competency as a vector of tomato spotted wilt virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54484. [PMID: 23365671 PMCID: PMC3554763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of population-level genetic differences can help explain variation among populations of insect vectors in their role in the epidemiology of specific viruses. Variation in competency to transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that exists among populations of Thrips tabaci has been associated with the presence of cryptic species that exhibit different modes of reproduction and host ranges. However, recent findings suggest that vector competency of T. tabaci at any given location depends on the thrips and virus populations that are present. This study characterizes the population genetic structure of T. tabaci collected from four locations in North Carolina and examines the relationship between population genetic structure and variation in TSWV transmission by T. tabaci. Mitochondrial COI sequence analysis revealed the presence of two genetically distinct groups with one characterized by thelytokous, parthenogenetic reproduction and the other by arrhenotokous, sexual reproduction. Using a set of 11 microsatellite markers that we developed to investigate T. tabaci population genetic structure, we identified 17 clonal groups and found significant genetic structuring among the four NC populations that corresponded to the geographic locations where the populations were collected. Application of microsatellite markers also led to the discovery of polyploidy in this species. All four populations contained tetraploid individuals, and three contained both diploid and tetraploid individuals. Analysis of variation in transmission ofTSWV among isofemale lines initiated with individuals used in this study revealed that 'clone assignment,' 'virus isolate' and their interaction significantly influenced vector competency. These results highlight the importance of interactions between specific T. tabaci clonal types and specific TSWV isolates underlying transmission of TSWV by T. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L. Jacobson
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Edward L. Vargo
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George G. Kennedy
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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20
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Neiman M, Kay AD, Krist AC. SENSITIVITY TO PHOSPHORUS LIMITATION INCREASES WITH PLOIDY LEVEL IN A NEW ZEALAND SNAIL. Evolution 2013; 67:1511-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Choleva L, Janko K. Rise and Persistence of Animal Polyploidy: Evolutionary Constraints and Potential. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:151-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000353464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Stenberg P, Saura A. Meiosis and Its Deviations in Polyploid Animals. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:185-203. [DOI: 10.1159/000351731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Kellner K, Seal JN, Heinze J. Sex at the margins: parthenogenesis vs. facultative and obligate sex in a Neotropical ant. J Evol Biol 2012; 26:108-17. [PMID: 23145575 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Geographic parthenogenesis is a distribution pattern, in which parthenogenetic populations tend to live in marginal habitats, at higher latitudes and altitudes and island-like habitats compared with the sexual forms. The facultatively parthenogenetic ant Platythyrea punctata is thought to exhibit this general pattern throughout its wide range in Central America and the Caribbean Islands. Workers of P. punctata from the Caribbean produce diploid female offspring from unfertilized eggs by thelytokous parthenogenesis, and mated females and males are rare. In contrast, workers in one colony from Costa Rica were incapable of thelytoky; instead mated workers produced all female offspring. Because sample sizes were very low in former studies, we here use microsatellite markers and explicit tests of thelytoky to examine the population genetic structure of ancestral and derived populations of P. punctata throughout the Caribbean and Central America. Populations from the Caribbean islands were fully capable of parthenogenesis, and population genetic signatures indicate that this is the predominant mode of reproduction, although males are occasionally produced. In contrast, the northernmost population on the mainland (Texas) showed signatures of sexual reproduction, and individuals were incapable of reproduction by thelytoky. Contrary to expectations from a geographic parthenogenesis distribution pattern, most parts of the mainland populations were found to be facultatively thelytokous, with population genetic signatures of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kellner
- Biologie I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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24
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Elzinga JA, Chevasco V, Mappes J, Grapputo A. Low parasitism rates in parthenogenetic bagworm moths do not support the parasitoid hypothesis for sex. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2547-58. [PMID: 23106981 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The parasite hypothesis for sex is one of the many theories that have been suggested to solve the mystery of the widespread occurrence of sex despite its high short-term costs. It suggests that sexual lineages have an evolutionary advantage over parthenogens because they can frequently generate new genotypes that are temporarily less prone to coevolving parasites. In this study, we looked for further supporting evidence for the parasite hypothesis of sex in an attempt to understand the coexistence of sexual and parthenogenetic bagworm moths (Naryciinae). The bagworm moths and their parasitoids form one of the few natural host-parasite systems where sexual and parthenogenetic hosts are apparently not separated by ecological or geographical barriers. Furthermore, in support of the parasite hypothesis for sex, parthenogenetic presence is negatively correlated with parasitism rate. We specifically tested, by identifying the reproductive mode of the parasitized individuals, whether parasitoids preferentially attack the parthenogens in sites with both sexual and parthenogenetic forms, as predicted by the parasite hypothesis. We collected hosts from sites with different frequencies of parthenogenetic and sexual moths. A DNA barcoding approach was used to determine the reproductive mode of the parasitized hosts. Furthermore, we investigated whether differences in host and parasitoid phenology could provide an alternative explanation for the variation in parasitism rates between parthenogens and sexuals. Our results contradict the prediction of the parasite hypothesis because parthenogenetic bagworm moths were less parasitized than sexuals in sympatric sites. Our findings can be explained by differences in phenology between the parthenogenetic and sexual moths rather than genetic incompatibility between parthenogenetic hosts and parasitoids. The stable coexistence of sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae despite the many apparent costs of sex in this system remains a mystery. Our work adds to the list of studies were the assumptions of the parasite hypothesis for sex are not all met.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Elzinga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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25
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Ross L, Hardy NB, Okusu A, Normark BB. LARGE POPULATION SIZE PREDICTS THE DISTRIBUTION OF ASEXUALITY IN SCALE INSECTS. Evolution 2012; 67:196-206. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Andersen HF, Jordal BH, Kambestad M, Kirkendall LR. Improbable but true: the invasive inbreeding ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus has generalist genotypes. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:247-57. [PMID: 22408740 PMCID: PMC3297192 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide distribution and dominance of invasive inbreeding species in many forest ecosystems seems paradoxical in face of their limited genetic variation. Successful establishment of invasive species in new areas is nevertheless facilitated by clonal reproduction: parthenogenesis, regular self-fertilization, and regular inbreeding. The success of clonal lineages in variable environments has been explained by two models, the frozen niche variation (FNV) model and the general-purpose genotype (GPG) model. We tested these models on a widely distributed forest pest that has been recently established in Costa Rica-the sibling-mating ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus. Two deeply diverged mitochondrial haplotypes coexist at multiple sites in Costa Rica. We find that these two haplotypes do not differ in their associations with ecological factors. Overall the two haplotypes showed complete overlap in their resource utilization; both genotypes have broad niches, supporting the GPG model. Thus, probable or not, our findings suggest that X. morigerus is a true ecological generalist. Clonal aspects of reproduction coupled with broad niches are doubtless important factors in the successful colonization of new habitats in distant regions.
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27
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Meirmans S, Meirmans PG, Kirkendall LR. The costs of sex: facing real-world complexities. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2012; 87:19-40. [PMID: 22518931 DOI: 10.1086/663945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the maintenance of sexual reproduction constitutes a difficult problem for evolutionary biologists because of the immediate costs that sex seems to incur. Typically, general benefits to sex and recombination are investigated that might outweigh these costs. However, several factors can strongly influence the complex balance between costs and benefits of sex; these include constraints on the evolution of asexuality, ecological differentiation, and certain lif-history traits. We review these factors and their empirical support for the first time in a unified framework and find that they can reduce the costs of sex, circumvent them, or make them inapplicable. These factors can even tip the scales to a net benefit for sex. The reviewed factors affect species and species groups differently, and we conclude consequently that understanding the maintenance of sex could turn out to be more species-specific than commonly assumed. Interestingly, our study suggests that, in some species, no general benefits to sex and recombination might be needed to understand the maintenance of sex, as in our case study of dandelions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Meirmans
- Centre for the Study of the Sciences and the Humanities and Department of Biology, University of Bergen 5020 Bergen, Norway.
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28
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Abstract
Ploidy-level variation is common and can drastically affect organismal fitness. We focus on the potential consequences of this variation for parasite resistance. First, we elucidate connections between ploidy variation and key factors determining resistance, including allelic diversity, gene expression and physiological condition. We then argue that systems featuring both natural and artificially manipulated ploidy variation should be used to evaluate whether ploidy level influences host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C King
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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29
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Ollivier M, Gabaldón T, Poulain J, Gavory F, Leterme N, Gauthier JP, Legeai F, Tagu D, Simon JC, Rispe C. Comparison of gene repertoires and patterns of evolutionary rates in eight aphid species that differ by reproductive mode. Genome Biol Evol 2012; 4:155-67. [PMID: 22215803 PMCID: PMC3319000 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evr140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In theory, the loss of sexual reproduction is expected to result in the accumulation of
deleterious mutations. In aphids, two main types of life cycle, cyclic and obligate
parthenogenesis, represent respectively “sexual” and “asexual”
reproductive modes. We used the complete pea aphid genome and previously published
expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from two other aphid species. In addition, we obtained
100,000 new ESTs from five more species. The final set comprised four sexual and four
asexual aphid species and served to test the influence of the reproductive mode on the
evolutionary rates of genes. We reconstructed coding sequences from ESTs and annotated
these genes, discovering a novel peptide gene family that appears to be among the most
highly expressed transcripts from several aphid species. From 203 genes found to be 1:1
orthologs among the eight species considered, we established a species tree that partly
conflicted with taxonomy (for Myzus ascalonicus). We then used this
topology to evaluate the dynamics of evolutionary rates and mutation accumulation in the
four sexual and four asexual taxa. No significant increase of the nonsynonymous to
synonymous ratio or of nonsynonymous mutation numbers was found in any of the four
branches for asexual taxa. We however found a significant increase of the synonymous rate
in the branch leading to the asexual species Rhopalosiphum maidis, which
could be due to a change in the mutation rate or to an increased number of generations
implied by its change of life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ollivier
- INRA Rennes UMR BIO3P, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
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30
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Tada Y, Kobayashi N, Katakura H. Phylogenetic relationships among bisexual and unisexual lineages of the weevil Scepticus insularis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:90-7. [PMID: 21303200 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the geographic distributions and phylogenetic relationships of bisexual and unisexual (parthenogenetic) forms of the weevil Scepticus insularis on Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. Unisexual beetles were widespread throughout Hokkaido, whereas bisexuals were found only in three remote areas. Bisexuals (females and males) and unisexual females occurred sympatrically in two areas. We determined nucleotide sequences for part of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2; 633 bp) gene for 104 individuals, and for part of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2; 360 bp) for 91 individuals. In an ND2 gene tree, haplotypes of S. insularis fell into two distinct clades (A and B), which were genetically differentiated from one another by 9.1% nucleotide sequence divergence. Haplotypes of females identified as unisexual were all in clade A, whereas those of females identified as bisexual belonged to clade B. Haplotypes of males were in clade B, except for two males having a clade-A haplotype. Circumstantial evidence suggests that these two males were produced by unisexual females. The ND2 tree suggests that the current unisexual form of S. insularis on Hokkaido was of a single origin. In contrast, a gene tree for ITS2 haplotypes show no clear divergence between the two modes of reproduction, with two major haplotypes shared by unisexual females, bisexual females, and males. This incongruence between the nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies may be attributable to occasional gene flow between the unisexual and bisexual lineages through males occasionally produced by unisexual females, but our results do not exclude the possibility that the two lineages share polymorphic ancestral ITS2 haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tada
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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31
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Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 58:353-64. [PMID: 21145977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Lehmann GU, Siozios S, Bourtzis K, Reinhold K, Lehmann AW. Thelytokous parthenogenesis and the heterogeneous decay of mating behaviours in a bushcricket (Orthopterida). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2010.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
The weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a pest species that has spread rapidly to large parts of the world due to human activities. O. sulcatus is extremely polyphagous and found to attack a large number of agricultural and horticultural plant species despite that all individuals are clonal triploid females. I here compare the genetical variation in specimens from various parts of the distribution using both mtDNA and nuclear DNA. The genetical markers employed indicate O. sulcatus to be an evolutionary young clonal species of non-hybrid origin. The extreme polyphagy and ecological success indicate that these weevils may well be a prime example of general purpose genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lundmark
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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34
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POLIHRONAKIS MAXI, CATERINO MICHAELS, CHATZIMANOLIS STYLIANOS. Elucidating the phylogeographic structure among a mosaic of unisexual and bisexual populations of the weevil Geodercodes latipennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Transverse Ranges of southern California. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Rodriguero MS, Confalonieri VA, Guedes JVC, Lanteri AA. Wolbachia infection in the tribe Naupactini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): association between thelytokous parthenogenesis and infection status. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 19:631-640. [PMID: 20597993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Several parthenogenetic species of broad-nosed weevils exist, some of them of economic importance because of their pest status. Screening of the maternally inherited Wolbachia bacterium in 29 weevils of the tribe Naupactini, using multilocus sequence typing allowed us to assess a significant correlation between asexuality and infection, and suggests an involvement of Wolbachia in the origin of this reproductive mode. The nine Wolbachia strains retrieved from the Naupactini belong to the B supergroup. Phylogenetic analysis of these strains, along with other 23 strains obtained from arthropods and nematodes, supports previous hypotheses that horizontal transfer of Wolbachia amongst species from unrelated taxa has been pervasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rodriguero
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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36
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The implications of gene heterozygosity for protein folding and protein turnover. J Theor Biol 2010; 265:554-64. [PMID: 20493885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The offspring of closely related parents often suffer from inbreeding depression, sometimes resulting in a slower growth rate for inbred offspring relative to non-inbred offspring. Previous research has shown that some of the slower growth rate of inbred organisms can be attributed to the inbred organisms' increased levels of protein turnover. This paper attempts to show that the higher levels of protein turnover among inbred organisms can be attributed to accumulations of misfolded and aggregated proteins that require degradation by the inbred organisms' protein quality control systems. The accumulation of misfolded and aggregated proteins within inbred organisms are the result of more negative free energies of folding for proteins encoded at homozygous gene loci and higher concentrations of potentially aggregating non-native protein species within the cell. The theory presented here makes several quantitative predictions that suggest a connection between protein misfolding/aggregation and polyploidy that can be tested by future research.
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Rossi V, Piotti A, Geiger W, Benassi G, Menozzi P. Genetic Structure of Austrian and Italian Populations ofLimnocythere inopinata(Crustacea, Ostracoda): A Potential Case of Post-Glacial Parthenogenetic Invader? ANN ZOOL FENN 2010. [DOI: 10.5735/086.047.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Morgan-Richards M, Trewick SA, Stringer IAN. Geographic parthenogenesis and the common tea-tree stick insect of New Zealand. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:1227-38. [PMID: 20163549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, parthenogenetic reproduction has evolved many times in the stick insects (Phasmatidae). Many parthenogenetic stick insects show the distribution pattern known as geographic parthenogenesis, in that they occupy habitats that are at higher altitude or latitude compared with their sexual relatives. Although it is often assumed that, in the short term, parthenogenetic populations will have a reproductive advantage over sexual populations; this is not necessarily the case. We present data on the distribution and evolutionary relationships of sexual and asexual populations of the New Zealand stick insect, Clitarchus hookeri. Males are common in the northern half of the species' range but rare or absent elsewhere, and we found that most C. hookeri from putative-parthenogenetic populations share a common ancestor. Female stick insects from bisexual populations of Clitarchus hookeri are capable of parthenogenetic reproduction, but those insects from putative-parthenogenetic populations produced few offspring via sexual reproduction when males were available. We found similar fertility (hatching success) in mated and virgin females. Mated females produce equal numbers of male and female offspring, with most hatching about 9-16 weeks after laying. In contrast, most eggs from unmated females took longer to hatch (21-23 weeks), and most offspring were female. It appears that all C. hookeri females are capable of parthenogenetic reproduction, and thus could benefit from the numerical advantage this yields. Nevertheless, our phylogeographic evidence shows that the majority of all-female populations over a wide geographic area originate from a single loss of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Morgan-Richards
- Ecology Group, Allan Wilson Center for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, INR, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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BUCKLEY THOMASR, MARSKE KATHARINEA, ATTANAYAKE DILINI. Identifying glacial refugia in a geographic parthenogen using palaeoclimate modelling and phylogeography: the New Zealand stick insectArgosarchus horridus(White). Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4650-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Sexual reproduction implies high costs, but it is difficult to give evidence for evolutionary advantages that would explain the predominance of meiotic sex in eukaryotes. A combinational theory discussing evolution, maintenance and loss of sex may resolve the problem. The main function of sex is the restoration of DNA and consequently a higher quality of offspring. Recombination at meiosis evolved, perhaps, as a repair mechanism of DNA strand damages. This mechanism is most efficient for DNA restoration in multicellular eukaryotes, because the initial cell starts with a re-optimized genome, which is passed to all the daughter cells. Meiosis acts also as creator of variation in haploid stages, in which selection can purge most efficiently deleterious mutations. A prolonged diploid phase buffers the effects of deleterious recessive alleles as well as epigenetic defects and is thus optimal for prolonged growth periods. For complex multicellular organisms, the main advantage of sexuality is thus the alternation of diploid and haploid stages, combining advantages of both. A loss of sex is constrained by several, partly group-specific, developmental features. Hybridization may trigger shifts from sexual to asexual reproduction, but crossing barriers of the parental sexual species limit this process. For the concerted break-up of meiosis-outcrossing cycles plus silencing of secondary features, various group-specific changes in the regulatory system may be required. An establishment of asexuals requires special functional modifications and environmental opportunities. Costs for maintenance of meiotic sex are consequently lower than a shift to asexual reproduction.
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Differential survival among genotypes of Daphnia pulex differing in reproductive mode, ploidy level, and geographic origin. Evol Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-009-9314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schwander T, Crespi BJ. Twigs on the tree of life? Neutral and selective models for integrating macroevolutionary patterns with microevolutionary processes in the analysis of asexuality. Mol Ecol 2008; 18:28-42. [PMID: 19067799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutral models characterize evolutionary or ecological patterns expected in the absence of specific causal processes, such as natural selection or ecological interactions. In this study, we describe and evaluate three neutral models that can, in principle, help to explain the apparent 'twigginess' of asexual lineages on phylogenetic trees without involving the negative consequences predicted for the absence of recombination and genetic exchange between individuals. Previously, such phylogenetic twiggyness of asexual lineages has been uncritically interpreted as evidence that asexuality is associated with elevated extinction rates and thus represents an evolutionary dead end. Our first model uses simple phylogenetic simulations to illustrate that, with sexual reproduction as the ancestral state, low transition rates to stable asexuality, or low rates of ascertained 'speciation' in asexuals, can generate twiggy distributions of asexuality, in the absence of high extinction rates for asexual lineages. The second model, developed by Janko et al. (2008), shows that a dynamic equilibrium between origins and neutral losses of asexuals can, under some conditions, generate a relatively low mean age of asexual lineages. The third model posits that the risk of extinction for asexual lineages may be higher than that of sexuals simply because asexuals inhabit higher latitudes or altitudes, and not due to effects of their reproductive systems. Such neutral models are useful in that they allow quantitative evaluation of whether empirical data, such as phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns of sex and asexuality, indeed support the idea that asexually reproducing lineages persist over shorter evolutionary periods than sexual lineages, due to such processes as mutation accumulation, slower rates of adaptive evolution, or relatively lower levels of genetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schwander
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC, Canada.
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Investigating hybridization in the parthenogenetic New Zealand stick insect Acanthoxyla (Phasmatodea) using single-copy nuclear loci. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 48:335-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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João Fernandes Martins M, Vandekerkhove J, Namiotko T. Environmental stability and the distribution of the sexes: insights from life history experiments with the geographic parthenogen Eucypris virens
(Crustacea: Ostracoda). OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nokkala S, Maryańska-Nadachowska A, Kuznetsova VG. First evidence of polyploidy in Psylloidea (Homoptera, Sternorrhyncha): a parthenogenetic population of Cacopsylla myrtilli (W. Wagner, 1947) from northeast Finland is apomictic and triploid. Genetica 2007; 133:201-5. [PMID: 17851766 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-007-9200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports results of the first cytogenetic study of parthenogenetic psyllids, carried out on an asexual population of the holarctic species Cacopsylla myrtilli W. Wagner from northeast Finland. Preparations of mature eggs extracted from females revealed 39 univalent chromosomes in prophase and metaphase cells. Hence, female meiosis is of apomictic type and replaced by a modified mitosis. The karyotype consists of 3n = 39 (36 + XXX). Clearly, the population is triploid, the haploid number being n = 12 + X as characteristic of the genus Cacopsylla as a whole. As typical for Psylloidea, the chromosomes are holokinetic, only slightly varying in size and without any visible markers, rendering impossible the precise identification of triplets of homologous chromosomes in the triploid complement. The distribution of bisexual and parthenogenetic populations of C. myrtilli throughout the world is briefly given, and a possible origin of the triploid parthenogenetic population is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Nokkala
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, 20014, Finland.
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