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Mohana Pradeep RK, Rakesh V, Boopathi N, Siva M, Kousalya S, Nagendran K, Karthikeyan G. Emerging challenges in the management of Orthotospoviruses in Indian agriculture. Virology 2024; 593:110029. [PMID: 38382160 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Orthotospoviruses, a genera of negative-sense ssRNA viruses transmitted by thrips, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their detrimental impact on diverse crops, causing substantial economic losses and posing threats to food security. Orthotospoviruses are characterised by a wide range of symptoms in plants, including chlorotic/necrotic spots, vein banding, and fruit deformation. Seven species, including four definite and three tentative species in the genus Orthotospovirus, have so far been documented on the crops of the Indian subcontinent. Management of Orthotospoviruses under field conditions is challenging since they have a wide host range, adaptation to versatile environmental conditions, a lack of promising resistance sources, and the ubiquitous nature of thrips and their transmission through a propagative manner. Our present review elucidates the significance, molecular biology and evolutionary relationship of Orthotospoviruses; vector population; and possible management strategies for Orthotospoviruses and their vectors in the scenario of the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Mohana Pradeep
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - V Rakesh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - N Boopathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - M Siva
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - S Kousalya
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - K Nagendran
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - G Karthikeyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
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Wang J, Wan Y, Zhang Y, Yuan J, Zheng X, Cao H, Qian K, Feng J, Tang Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Liang P, Wu Q. Uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferases are involved in spinosad resistance in western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). J Hazard Mater 2024; 466:133575. [PMID: 38280319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferases (UGTs) play crucial roles in the insect detoxification system and are associated with pesticide resistance. Our previous transcriptomic analysis of spinosad-susceptible (Ivf03) and resistant (NIL-R) Frankliniella occidentalis revealed numerous upregulated UGT genes in the NIL-R strain, suggesting their potential contribution to spinosad resistance. To investigate this hypothesis, here we conducted UGT activity assays and spinosad induction experiments, employing RNA interference (RNAi) techniques for gene function validation. We found significantly elevated UGT activity in the NIL-R strain compared to Ivf03, with 5-nitrouracil showing a substantial synergistic effect on the resistant strain. Eighteen UGT genes were identified in F. occidentalis, with gene expansion and duplication observed within families UGT466, 467, and 468. Ten out of the eighteen UGTs exhibited higher expression levels in NIL-R, specifically FoUGT466B1, FoUGT468A3, and FoUGT468A4 consistently being upregulated across nymphs, males, and females. RNAi-based functional validation targeting these three UGT genes led to increased susceptibility to spinosad in a life stage-, sex-, and dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that UGTs are indeed involved in spinosad resistance in F. occidentalis, and the effects are dependent on life stage, sex, and dose. Therefore, sustainable control for F. occidentalis resistance should always consider these differential responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanran Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangjiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kanghua Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiuming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingxi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexingto, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Song W, Wang JX, Cao LJ, Chen JC, Bao WX, Chen M, Wei SJ. A chromosome-level genome for the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa. Sci Data 2024; 11:280. [PMID: 38459039 PMCID: PMC10923943 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a common insect found in flowers of many plants. Sometimes, F. intonsa causes damage to crops through direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Here, we assembled a chromosomal level genome of F. intonsa using the Illumina, Oxford Nanopore (ONT), and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome had a size of 209.09 Mb, with a contig N50 of 997 bp, scaffold N50 of 13.415 Mb, and BUSCO completeness of 92.5%. The assembled contigs were anchored on 15 chromosomes. A set of 14,109 protein-coding genes were annotated in the genome with a BUSCO completeness of 95.0%. The genome contained 491 non-coding RNA and 0.57% of interspersed repeats. This high-quality genome provides a valuable resource for understanding the ecology, genetics, and evolution of F. intonsa, as well as for controlling thrips pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jia-Xu Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pests Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wen-Xue Bao
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China
| | - Min Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pests Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Zheng Y, Feng Y, Li Z, Wang J. Genome-wide identification of cuticle protein superfamily in Frankliniella occidentalis provide insight into the control of both insect vectors and plant virus. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2024; 115:e22102. [PMID: 38500452 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The structural cuticle proteins (CPs) play important roles in the development and fitness of insects. However, knowledge about CP gene superfamily is limited in virus-transmitting insect vectors, although its importance on transmission of plant virus has been gradually emphasized. In this study, the genome-wide identification of CP superfamily was conducted in western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis that is the globally invasive pest and plant virus vector pest. The pest transmits notorious tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) around the world, causing large damage to a wide array of plants. One hundred and twenty-eight F. occidentalis CP genes (FoCPs) were annotated in this study and they were classified into 10 distinct families, including 68 CPRs, 16 CPAP1s, 6 CPAP3s, 2 CPCFCs, 10 Tweedles, 4 CPFs, 16 CPLCPs, and 6 CPGs. The comprehensive analysis was performed including phylogenetic relationship, gene location and gene expression profiles during different development stages of F. occidentalis. Transcriptome analysis revealed more than 30% FoCPs were upregulated at least 1.5-fold when F. occidentalis was infected by TSWV, indicating their potential involvement in TSWV interactions. Our study provided an overview of F. occidentalis CP superfamily. The study gave a better understand of CP's role in development and virus transmission, which provided clues for reducing viral damages through silencing CP genes in insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinghao Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhejin Li
- College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, HongHe University, Mengzi, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Woldemelak WA. Inbreeding effects on different lineages of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Insect Sci 2024; 24:6. [PMID: 38484108 PMCID: PMC10939166 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Inbreeding can have detrimental effects on reproductive fitness, but the extent of lineage-specific variation in these effects remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of brother and sister inbreeding on reproductive fitness in 2 lineages (L1 and T) of T. tabaci. Inbred females from both lineages exhibited a significant reduction in longevity compared with the control group. The L1 lineage experienced a 27% and 43% decrease in longevity in the F2 and F3 generations, respectively, while the T lineage showed a similar trend with a 30% and 44% decrease. The T lineage consistently displayed slightly longer lifespans than the L1 lineage across all generations. Brother and sister inbreeding also led to a decrease in fecundity rates in both lineages. In the F3 generation, the number of eggs laid decreased by 59% compared with the F2 generation. The T lineage consistently exhibited slightly lower fecundity rates compared with the L1 lineage. Egg hatchability rates declined with subsequent inbreeding, with the F3 generation showing lower rates compared with the F2 generation. However, the T lineage did not exhibit a significant difference in inbreeding depression for egg hatchability rates, while the L1 lineage demonstrated a noticeable decrease. Deformities observed in male L1 lineage resulting from inbreeding were consistent with disruptions in normal developmental processes, affecting various body parts such as legs, antennae, and wings. Continued inbreeding increased susceptibility to inbreeding depression in terms of longevity, fecundity, and egg hatchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimagegn Atilaw Woldemelak
- Department of Horticulture Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Science, Debreberhan University, Debreberhan, Ethiopia
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Rachana RR, Amarendra B, Gracy RG, Reddy KVN, Sushil SN. A new species of the genus Scirtothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from India. Zootaxa 2024; 5397:435-443. [PMID: 38221193 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5397.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A new species of Scirtothrips is described from India, S. donumdei, collected on leaves of Senegalia pennata (Fabaceae). Partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) gene sequence of the species was sequenced and the annotated sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Rachana
- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR); Bengaluru; Karnataka; India.
| | - B Amarendra
- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR); Bengaluru; Karnataka; India.
| | - R Gandhi Gracy
- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR); Bengaluru; Karnataka; India.
| | - K V Nagarjuna Reddy
- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR); Bengaluru; Karnataka; India.
| | - S N Sushil
- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (ICAR-NBAIR); Bengaluru; Karnataka; India.
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Li C, Gao Y, Wang D, Dang L. The extraordinary rearrangement of mitochondrial genome of the wheat pest, Aptinothrips stylifer and the mitochondrial phylogeny of Thripidae (Thysanoptera). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2024; 115:e22086. [PMID: 38288496 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial gene order in Thysanoptera is notably distinct and highly rearranged, with each species exhibiting its own unique arrangement. To elucidate the relationship between gene rearrangements and phylogeny, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the wheat pest, Aptinothrips stylifer, was sequenced and assembled, spanning a total length of 16,033 bp. Compared with the ancestral arthropod mitogenome, significant rearrangement differences were evident in A. stylifer, whereas the gene order between A. stylifer and Anaphothrips obscurus was similar. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on all 13 protein-coding gene sequences using Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods, both yielding similar topological structures. Notably, A. stylifer was robustly clustered with A. obscurus, affirming its classification within Anaphothrips genus group. This exemplifies the potential correlation between gene rearrangements and phylogeny in the Thripidae family. Additionally, the mitogenome of A. stylifer exhibited several atypical features, including: (1) Three putative control regions (CRs) in close proximity, with CR2 and CR3 displaying partial similarity, and CR1 differing in base composition; (2) Two transfer RNAs (tRNAs), trnS1 and trnV, lacking the DHU arm; (3) Two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes inverted and positioned distant from each other; (4) Negative AT and GC skew (AT skew = -0.001, GC skew = -0.077); (5) One transposition (nad6), one inverse transposition (trnQ), four inversions (trnF, trnH, trnC, and gene block nad1-trnL1-rrnL-trnV-rrnS), and four tandem duplication random loss events; and (6) Two protein-coding genes, nad2 and atp8, terminated with an incomplete stop codon "T".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Li
- Department of Biology, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Department of Biology, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Lihong Dang
- Department of Biology, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Hanzhong, China
- Qinba Mountain Area Collaborative Innovation Center of Bioresources Comprehensive Development, Hanzhong, China
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment (Incubation), Hanzhong, China
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Meng X, Wang D, Pang Q, Wang H, Zhou H. Multiple independent origins of duplicated mitochondrial control regions indicate an apomorphy in the Thysanoptera (Insecta). Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2024; 115:e22087. [PMID: 38288498 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of thrips is characterized by the presence of control region (CR) duplication. However, the evolution pattern of duplicated CRs in thrips is still unclear. In this study, the multiple independent origins of duplicated CR indicated that the CR duplication was not an ancestral state for Thysanoptera. The macroevolutionary pattern suggested that the earliest CR duplication event occurred in the middle Cretaceous (94.85 Ma) coincided with rearrangement events forming the ancestors of Aeolothripidae, but much later than that forming the ancestors of the suborder Terebrantia. The mitogenome with duplicated CRs showed a higher rate of gene rearrangement. The sequence similarity of the CR copies and divergence time were negatively correlated, indicating age-related deterioration of mitochondrial function. No significant differences were found in the mitochondrial DNA, the P123 and P4FD between the single and multiple-CR charactered mitogenomes, which suggested that the duplicated CRs may not affect the replication process in thrip mitogenome. The mitogenomes with duplicated CRs (mean: 0.0088 subs/s/my) show a significantly increased evolutionary rate than that with a single one (mean: 0.0058 subs/s/my). However, it seems that this higher evolutionary rate did not have adaptive mechanisms in Terebrantia. We speculated that the duplicated CRs may cause a more intense production of energy by mitochondria, and an accelerated mutation and substitution rate is expected in such mitogenomes. Our study provided new insights into the presence of CR duplications and their evolution in the mitogenomes of thrips.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Wang
- Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Pang
- Qingdao Technical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Rizhao Agricultural Technology Service Center, Rizhao, China
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Liu Q, Cai YD, Ma L, Liu H, Linghu T, Guo S, Wei S, Song F, Tian L, Cai W, Li H. Relaxed purifying selection pressure drives accelerated and dynamic gene rearrangements in thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) mitochondrial genomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126742. [PMID: 37689283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenome) generally present a typical gene order, which is considered as the ancestral arrangement. All sequenced mitogenomes in the Thysanoptera display high levels of gene rearrangement. Due to limited number of thrips mitogenomes sequenced, how gene rearrangement may be shaped by evolution remain unclear. Here, we analyzed 33 thrips mitogenomes, including 14 newly sequenced. These mitogenomes were diverse in organization, nucleotides substitution and gene arrangements. We found 28 highly rearranged gene orders with the breakpoints of gene rearrangements from 25 to 33. Reconstruction of the ancestors mitochondrial gene arrangements states indicated that Tubulifera have more complex pathways than Terebrantia in the gene order evolution. Molecular calibration estimated that divergence of two suborders occurred in the middle Triassic while the radiation of thrips was associated with the arose and flourish of angiosperm. Our evolutionary hypothesis testing suggests that relaxation of selection pressure enabled the early phase of Thysanoptera evolution, followed by a stronger selective pressure fixed diversification. Our analyses found gene inversion increases the nonsynonymous substitution rates and provide an evolutionary hypothesis driving the diverse gene orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao D Cai
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hangrui Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Tianye Linghu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaokun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shujun Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fan Song
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Palanisamy A, Marimuthu M, Narayanasamy C, Venkatasamy B, Gandhi K, Lakshmanan P. Invasive flower thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) occurrence, host expansion and genetic diversification in a tropical poly-crop ecosystem. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9909-9923. [PMID: 37874506 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive black flower thrips Thrips parvispinus (Karny) has recently emerged as a significant threat to Indian chilli production. Identifying T. parvispinus became difficult due to the complex presence of thrips species in Indian chilli and allied ecosystems. Pest management success depends on assessing invasive pests genetic populations and their distribution in newly habituated areas. METHODS AND RESULTS The current study investigated the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of T. parvispinus across major chilli-growing zones representing different agro-climatic conditions in Tamil Nadu. The species-specific chaetotaxy characteristics of T. parvispinus and molecular analysis of the mtCOI gene were used to confirm that the species T. parvispinus has expanded rapidly in three regions (North Western, Western and Cauvery delta), sparsely in one (Southern) and absent from two (hilly and high rainfall). Fifteen allied crops in chilli/capsicum growing tracts served as host plants for T. parvispinus. A shrub species, namely Littleleaf boxwood, Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc., is described as a host plant for the first time. On capsicum and chilli, T. parvispinus and Scirtothrips dorsalis coexisted. Thrips palmi, T. tabaci, Frankliniella schultzei, and Microcephalothrips abdominalis co-occurring alongside T. parvispinus on allied crops. CONCLUSION Molecular characterization and haplotype identification help define the genetic composition of T. parvispinus and serve as a foundation for efficient monitoring and creation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. As a result, the genetic data presented in this work strongly argues that T. parvispinus as a population is resolving itself towards a fixed state through natural selection that spans its native range globally along with low genetic diversity [Hd: 0.771].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Palanisamy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Murugan Marimuthu
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India.
| | - Chitra Narayanasamy
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Balasubramani Venkatasamy
- Controller of Examinations, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Karthikeyan Gandhi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Pugalendhi Lakshmanan
- Department of Vegetables, Horticultural College & Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
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11
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Zhang Z, Bao J, Chen Q, He J, Li X, Zhang J, Liu Z, Wu Y, Li X, Wang Y, Lu Y. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa. Sci Data 2023; 10:844. [PMID: 38036569 PMCID: PMC10689740 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As an economically important insect pest, the flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) causes great damage to host plants by directly feeding and indirectly transmitting various pathogenic viruses. The lack of a well-assembled genomic resource has hindered our understanding of the genetic basis and evolution of F. intonsa. In this study, we used Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) long reads and High-through chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) linked reads to construct a high-quality reference genome assembly of F. intonsa, with a total size of 225.5 Mb and a contig N50 of 3.37 Mb. By performing the Hi-C analysis, we anchored 91.68% of the contigs into 15 pseudochromosomes. Genomic annotation uncovered 17,581 protein-coding genes and identified 20.09% of the sequences as repeat elements. BUSCO analysis estimated over 98% of genome completeness. Our study is at the first time to report the chromosome-scale genome for the species of the genus Frankliniella. It provides a valuable genomic resource for further biological research and pest management of the thrips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Qizhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Jianyun He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Zhixing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Guangxi key laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-products Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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12
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Ordaz NA, Nagalakshmi U, Boiteux LS, Atamian HS, Ullman DE, Dinesh-Kumar SP. The Sw-5b NLR Immune Receptor Induces Early Transcriptional Changes in Response to Thrips and Mechanical Modes of Inoculation of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2023; 36:705-715. [PMID: 37432156 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-23-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) class immune receptor Sw-5b confers resistance to Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV). Although Sw-5b is known to activate immunity upon recognition of the TSWV movement protein NSm, we know very little about the downstream events that lead to resistance. Here, we investigated the Sw-5b-mediated early transcriptomic changes that occur in response to mechanical and thrips-mediated inoculation of TSWV, using near-isogenic tomato lines CNPH-LAM 147 (Sw5b+/+) and Santa Clara (Sw-5b-/-). We observed earlier Sw-5b-mediated transcriptional changes in response to thrips-mediated inoculation compared with that in response to mechanical inoculation of TSWV. With thrips-mediated inoculation, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed at 12, 24, and 72 h postinoculation (hpi). Whereas with mechanical inoculation, DEGs were observed only at 72 hpi. Although some DEGs were shared between the two methods of inoculation, many DEGs were specific to either thrips-mediated or mechanical inoculation of TSWV. In response to thrips-mediated inoculation, an NLR immune receptor, cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase, G-type lectin S-receptor-like kinases, the ethylene response factor 1, and the calmodulin-binding protein 60 were induced. Fatty acid desaturase 2-9, cell death genes, DCL2b, RIPK/PBL14-like, ERF017, and WRKY75 were differentially expressed in response to mechanical inoculation. Our findings reveal Sw-5b responses specific to the method of TSWV inoculation. Although TSWV is transmitted in nature primarily by the thrips, Sw-5b responses to thrips inoculation have not been previously studied. Therefore, the DEGs we have identified in response to thrips-mediated inoculation provide a new foundation for understanding the mechanistic roles of these genes in the Sw-5b-mediated resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Ordaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Leonardo S Boiteux
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - Hagop S Atamian
- Biological Sciences program, Schmid College of Science & Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, U.S.A
| | - Diane E Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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13
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Lindner MF, Gonçalves LT, Bianchi FM, Ferrari A, Cavalleri A. Tiny insects, big troubles: a review of BOLD's COI database for Thysanoptera (Insecta). Bull Entomol Res 2023; 113:703-715. [PMID: 37614126 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
DNA Barcoding is an important tool for disciplines such as taxonomy, phylogenetics and phylogeography, with Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) being the largest database of partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. We provide the first extensive revision of the information available in this database for the insect order Thysanoptera, to assess: how many COI sequences are available; how representative these sequences are for the order; and the current potential of BOLD as a reference library for specimen identification and species delimitation. The COI database at BOLD currently represents only about 5% of the over 6400 valid thrips species, with a heavy bias towards a few species of economic importance. Clear Barcode gaps were observed for 24 out of 33 genera evaluated, but many outliers were also observed. We suggest that the COI sequences available in BOLD as a reference would not allow for accurate identifications in about 30% of Thysanoptera species in this database, which rises to 40% of taxa within Thripidae, the most sampled family within the order. Thus, we call for caution and a critical evaluation in using BOLD as a reference library for thrips Barcodes, and future efforts should focus on improving the data quality of this database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Lindner
- Department of Zoology, Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo T Gonçalves
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Filipe M Bianchi
- Department of Zoology, Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Ferrari
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Sistemática e Biogeografia (LESB), Matéria Zoologia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cavalleri
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Sistemática e Biogeografia (LESB), Matéria Zoologia, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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14
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Pakrashi A, Patidar A, Singha D, Kumar V, Tyagi K. Comparative analysis of the two suborders of Thysanoptera and characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Thrips parvispinus. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2023; 114:1-15. [PMID: 36915951 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thrips parvispinus is a serious sucking pest on a number of economically important crops in the oriental region. It has gained importance recently for its drastic range extension distribution as an invasive pest. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome (15,067 bp) of Thrips parvispinus was sequenced and characterized. It possesses 37 genes and the putative noncoding region is duplicated. Comparative analyses of nucleotide diversity, skewness, codon usage bias, and selection pressure in mitochondrial protein-coding genes of the available 31 thrips mitogenomes (24 Terebrantia + 7 Tubulifera) were performed. Phylogenetic analysis showed a sister relationship of T. parvispinus to the clade (T. florum + T. hawaiiensis). Phylogenetic analyses formed the monophyly of subfamilies Phlaeothripinae and Idolothripinae within the family Phlaeothripidae (Suborder Tubulifera). Low nucleotide diversity was indicative of reversal of strand asymmetry in the Tubulifera. Neutrality analysis showed that directional mutation plays a major role in shaping codon usage bias in both suborders. Principal component analysis indicated distinct codon usage patterns in each suborder. Our data suggested weaker selection constrains on Terebrantia than in the Tubulifera. More tubuliferan mitogenomes are required to resolve previous classification hypotheses and elucidate genome evolution in these two suborders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avas Pakrashi
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Patidar
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Devkant Singha
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Molecular Systematics Division, Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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15
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Porta B, Vosman B, Visser RGF, Galván GA, Scholten OE. Genetic diversity of thrips populations on Allium species around the world. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289984. [PMID: 37590309 PMCID: PMC10434924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrips are a serious pest in many crops. In onion cultivation, Thrips tabaci is the most important, but not the only thrips species causing damage. We investigated which thrips species affects onion and related species worldwide, how much genetic variation there is within T. tabaci populations, and how this evolves. Furthermore, we determined the reproductive mode and the correlation between the genetic and geographic distances. Thrips samples from infested onions or related species were obtained from 14 different locations worldwide. Species and haplotypes were determined through DNA barcoding with the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Thrips tabaci was the most commonly observed species, but Scirtothrips dorsalis, Thrips palmi, Frankliniella intonsa, Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella tenuicornis were also found, especially at the beginning of the growing seasons and depending on the location. The Nei's genetic distance within T. tabaci was less than 5% and the haplotypes were clustered into two phylogenetic groups, each linked to a specific mode of reproduction, thelytokous or arrhenotokous. Thelytokous thrips were more common and more widely distributed than arrhenotokous thrips. A high percentage of heteroplasmy was detected in the arrhenotokous group. Heteroplasmic thrips were only found in populations where thelytokous and arrhenotokous were present in sympatry. Some T. tabaci haplotypes were present in high frequency at several sampled locations. No correlation was found between the genetic and geographic distances, which points to anthropic activities spreading thrips haplotypes throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Porta
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ben Vosman
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo A. Galván
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Centro Regional Sur (CRS), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Progreso, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Olga E. Scholten
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Wu C, Zhang H. Extant thrips diverged in the early tertiary period. BMC Genom Data 2023; 24:46. [PMID: 37587406 PMCID: PMC10433686 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-023-01146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Thysanoptera, commonly known as thrips, are diverse tiny insects whose earliest fossil record dates back to the Triassic period. Since there are few studies on the divergence time of taxa under Thysanoptera, this study used 13 mitochondrial coding protein genes to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree with divergence time of 26 species of this order and show a reliable phylogenetic relationship of thrips species. The time tree of this study shows that most extant thrips diverged in the early Tertiary period, while the fossil records also support that most extinct thrips appeared in this period. This study expands our understanding of the evolution of thrips and provides a feasible way of using multiple mitochondrial genes to establish robust phylogenetic relationships and explore divergence time between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Wu
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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17
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Hu QL, Ye ZX, Zhuo JC, Li JM, Zhang CX. A chromosome-level genome assembly of Stenchaetothrips biformis and comparative genomic analysis highlights distinct host adaptations among thrips. Commun Biol 2023; 6:813. [PMID: 37542124 PMCID: PMC10403496 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have a limited host range due to genomic adaptation. Thysanoptera, commonly known as thrips, occupies distinct feeding habitats, but there is a lack of comparative genomic analyses and limited genomic resources available. In this study, the chromosome-level genome of Stenchaetothrips biformis, an oligophagous pest of rice, is assembled using multiple sequencing technologies, including PacBio, Illumina short-reads, and Hi-C technology. A 338.86 Mb genome is obtained, consisting of 1269 contigs with a contig N50 size of 381 kb and a scaffold N50 size of 18.21 Mb. Thereafter, 17,167 protein-coding genes and 36.25% repetitive elements are annotated. Comparative genomic analyses with two other polyphagous thrips, revealing contracted chemosensory-related and expanded stress response and detoxification gene families in S. biformis, potentially facilitating rice adaptation. In the polyphagous thrips species Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi, expanded gene families are enriched in metabolism of aromatic and anthocyanin-containing compounds, immunity against viruses, and detoxification enzymes. These expansion gene families play crucial roles not only in adapting to hosts but also in development of pesticide resistance, as evidenced by transcriptome results after insecticides treatment. This study provides a chromosome-level genome assembly and lays the foundation for further studies on thrips evolution and pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ji-Chong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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18
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Kim CY, Ahmed S, Stanley D, Kim Y. HMG-like DSP1 is a damage signal to mediate the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, immune responses to tomato spotted wilt virus infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2023; 144:104706. [PMID: 37019348 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes a serious plant disease and is transmitted by specific thrips including the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. The persistent and circulative virus transmission suggests an induction of immune defenses in the thrips. We investigated the immune responses of F. occidentalis to TSWV infection. Immunofluorescence assay demonstrated viral infection in the larval midguts at early stage and subsequent propagation to the salivary gland in adults. In the larval midgut, TSWV infection led to the release of DSP1, a damage-associated molecular pattern, from the gut epithelium into the hemolymph. DSP1 up-regulated PLA2 activity, which would lead to biosynthesis of eicosanoids that activate cellular and humoral immune responses. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was enhanced following induction of PO and its activating protease gene expressions. Antimicrobial peptide genes and dual oxidase, which produces reactive oxygen species, were induced by the viral infection. Expression of four caspase genes increased and TUNEL assay confirmed apoptosis in the larval midgut after the virus infection. These immune responses to viral infection were significantly suppressed by the inhibition of DSP1 release. We infer that TSWV infection induces F. occidentalis immune responses, which are activated by the release of DSP1 from the infection foci within midguts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Young Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, 1503 S Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
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19
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Shi P, Shen XJ, Chen JC, Zhang YJ, Cao LJ, Pang BS, Liu LH, Zhang MM, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. KASP genotyping and semi-quantitation of G275E mutation in the α6 subunit of Thrips palmi nAChR gene conferring spinetoram resistance. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:1777-1782. [PMID: 36627758 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide resistance is a long-standing and growing problem in the chemical control of invertebrate pests. Molecular diagnostic methods can facilitate pesticide resistance management by accurately and efficiently detecting resistant mutations and their frequency. In this study, the kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) approach, a technology for high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, is validated as a useful method for characterizing genotypes at a pesticide-resistance locus for the first time. We focus on the spinetoram resistance mutation of G275E in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 6 (nAChR α6) subunit gene of Thrips palmi. RESULTS Of the 341 individuals of Thrips palmi tested, 98.24% were successfully genotyped, with 100% concordance with Sanger sequencing results. We then quantitatively mixed genomic DNA of known genotypes to establish 21 DNA mixtures with a resistant allele frequency ranging from 0 to 100% at steps of 5%. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that 75.8% of original grouped cases were correctly classified; six groups had no overlap in membership (resistant allele frequency: 0%, 5%, 10-75%, 80-85%, 90-95%, and 100%). When we chose 11 pooled samples with 10% steps for LDA, 84.4% of original grouped cases were correctly classified; seven groups had no overlap in membership (0%, 10%, 20-30%, 40-70%, 80%, 90%, 100%). The results indicated that KASP applied to pooled samples may provide a semi-quantitative estimate of resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our study points to the suitability of KASP for high-throughput genotyping of genotypes affecting pesticide resistance and semi-quantitative assessments of resistance allele frequencies in populations. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Jing Shen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Shuang Pang
- Beijing Engineering and Technique Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hua Liu
- Beijing Engineering and Technique Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Beijing Engineering and Technique Research Center for Hybrid Wheat, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu X, He J, Du Z, Zhang R, Cai W, Li H. Weak genetic structure of flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa in China revealed by mitochondrial genomes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123301. [PMID: 36657550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human activities facilitate long-distance dispersal of insects beyond their native range. In particular, the transportation of live plants offers diffusion opportunities for some insects with weak flight abilities. The increase in urban afforestation also help insect reside in urban habitats. The flower thrips, Frankliniella intonsa, is a widespread pest that causes serious damage to many economically important plants. Human activities are likely to facilitate the dispersal of this pest, however, the population genetic structure of this pest remains unclear. Herein, high-throughput sequencing was used to obtain 149 whole mitochondrial genomes of flower thrips from 28 geographic populations in China. Population genetic analyses, phylogenetic reconstruction, and inference of demographic history were then performed. A weak genetic structure was found among all populations across large geographic distance in China, in which five mitochondrial haplotype lineages were resolved. One of the lineages was identified to be shared among most samples collected from central city areas, which may be derived from the surrounding areas. Demographic history analyses suggested a recent population expansion of F. intonsa. Overall, the present population genetic structure of flower thrips in China may be promoted by human-mediated urban afforestation across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Liu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Lab of Plant Disease and Pest Control, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Zhenyong Du
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Key Lab of Plant Disease and Pest Control, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Wanzhi Cai
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China.
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21
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Liu Y, Luo Y, Du L, Ban L. Antennal Transcriptome Analysis of Olfactory Genes and Characterization of Odorant Binding Proteins in Odontothrips loti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065284. [PMID: 36982358 PMCID: PMC10048907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify odors in complex environments accurately, insects have evolved multiple olfactory proteins. In our study, various olfactory proteins of Odontothrips loti Haliday, an oligophagous pest that primarily affects Medicago sativa (alfalfa), were explored. Specifically, 47 putative olfactory candidate genes were identified in the antennae transcriptome of O. loti, including seven odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), nine chemosensory proteins (CSPs), seven sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), eight odorant receptors (ORs), and sixteen ionotropic receptors (IRs). PCR analysis further confirmed that 43 out of 47 genes existed in O. loti adults, and O.lotOBP1, O.lotOBP4, and O.lotOBP6 were specifically expressed in the antennae with a male-biased expression pattern. In addition, both the fluorescence competitive binding assay and molecular docking showed that p-Menth-8-en-2-one, a component of the volatiles of the host, had strong binding ability to the O.lotOBP6 protein. Behavioral experiments showed that this component has a significant attraction to both female and male adults, indicating that O.lotOBP6 plays a role in host location. Furthermore, molecular docking reveals potential active sites in O.lotOBP6 that interact with most of the tested volatiles. Our results provide insights into the mechanism of O. loti odor-evoked behavior and the development of a highly specific and sustainable approach for thrip management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingning Luo
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lixiao Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Liping Ban
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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22
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Choi DY, Kim Y. PGE 2 mediation of egg development in Western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2023; 112:e21949. [PMID: 35749583 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids mediate various insect physiological processes, including reproduction. Especially, the eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) is known to mediate oocyte development in some insects. The explosive reproductive potential of the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, damages various agricultural crops. However, little is known about the underlying physiological processes of egg development in this pest. This study found that treatment with aspirin (ASP) (a specific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor) used to inhibit PGE2 biosynthesis during ovarian development significantly suppressed the reproduction of female F. occidentalis. However, the addition of PGE2 to ASP-treated females significantly rescued the suppressed reproduction. PGE2 was detected in growing ovarian follicles in an immunofluorescence assay. The hypothetical biosynthetic machinery of PGE2 was predicted from the F. occidentalis genome and included phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ), COX-like peroxidase (POX), and PGE2 synthase (PGES). Three specific PLA2 s were highly expressed in female adults during active oogenesis. Specific POX and PGES genes also showed high expression during active oogenesis. The adverse effect of ASP treatment on oogenesis was observed in follicle formation in the germarium where the follicle numbers in an ovariole were decreased, which resulted in hypotrophied ovaries. This impairment was rescued by the addition of PGE2 . ASP treatment also significantly inhibited chorion formation and suppressed gene expression associated with choriogenesis, which included chorion protein, mucin, and yellow while it did not inhibit vitellogenin gene expression. However, the addition of PGE2 induced the expression of the target genes suppressed by ASP treatment and rescued chorion formation. These results suggest that PGE2 mediated ovarian development by affecting follicle formation and choriogenesis in F. occidentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Yeol Choi
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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23
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Kim CY, Kim Y. In vivo transient expression of a viral silencing suppressor, NSs, derived from tomato spotted wilt virus decreases insect RNAi efficiencies. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2023; 112:e21982. [PMID: 36335566 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus is a single-stranded RNA virus and causes a serious plant disease. Its horizontal transmission depends on some thrips species including Frankliniella occidentalis. Its genome encodes a nonstructural protein, nonstructural (NSs), which acts as a silencing suppressor and plays a crucial role in the pathogenicity by defending antiviral immunity using RNA interference (RNAi) in plant hosts. However, its physiological function as a silencing suppressor was not well clarified in insect vectors. This study assessed any change of RNAi efficiencies in two other insect systems by NSs expression. To this end, the gene was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and transiently expressed in two different insect species via in vivo transient expression (IVTE). After feeding the recombinant construct to non-viruliferous F. occidentalis, NSs expression was observed for over 2 days in the thrips. Under this expression of NSs, thrips were rescued from a treatment of a toxic double stranded RNA specific to v-ATPase. Interestingly, the thrips treated with IVTE significantly suppressed the expression of RNAi machinery genes such as SID and Dicer-2. The recombinant vector expressing NSs was injected to a non-vector insect, Spodoptera exigua, larvae. The larvae expressing NSs by the IVTE were highly susceptible to an infection of a RNA virus called iflavirus. These suggest that NSs acts as a silencing suppressor in insects and would be used for a synergist for RNA pathogens to control insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Young Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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24
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Musa S, Ladányi M, Loredo Varela RC, Fail J. A morphometric analysis of Thrips tabaci Lindeman species complex (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 2023; 72:101228. [PMID: 36427428 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, is a cryptic species complex of three distinct lineages: L1, L2, and T, which exhibit considerable variation in their biological and ecological traits. The most accurate method for their identification is based on molecular techniques. This study aimed to investigate the morphometric variation of T. tabaci cryptic species complex and to distinguish characters that may be useful in discriminating the lineages. For this purpose, morphometric measurements were performed on the eggs, newly hatched first instar larvae, and newly emerged adults. Our results revealed significant differences in egg size between the three lineages. Moreover, the PCA analysis conducted on morphometric measurements of the first instar larvae and adults showed that females of the T lineage are very well separated from the females of the L lineages in the adult stage but not in the first instar larval stage. The distinction between the females is partially congruent with the results of genetic studies. Moreover, our results indicate that adult sexual dimorphism with regard to size in L1 and T lineages is not mediated by the size of eggs and first instar larvae, and this may be due to the different growth rates of males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranda Musa
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 44. Ménesi út, 1118, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 29-43. Villányi út, 1118, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberto Carlos Loredo Varela
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 44. Ménesi út, 1118, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Fail
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 44. Ménesi út, 1118, Budapest, Hungary.
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25
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Liu Y, Wang X, Luo S, Ma L, Zhang W, Xuan S, Wang Y, Zhao J, Shen S, Ma W, Gu A, Chen X. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses identify quinic acid protecting eggplant from damage caused by western flower thrips. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:5113-5123. [PMID: 36053852 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western flower thrips are considered the major insect pest of horticultural crops worldwide, causing economic and yield loss to Solanaceae crops. The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) resistance against thrips remains largely unexplored. This work aims to identify thrips-resistant eggplants and dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance using the integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of thrips-resistant and -susceptible cultivars. RESULTS We developed a micro-cage thrips bioassay to identify thrips-resistant eggplant cultivars, and highly resistant cultivars were identified from wild eggplant relatives. Metabolomic profiles of thrips-resistant and -susceptible eggplant were compared using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based approach, resulting in the identification of a higher amount of quinic acid in thrips-resistant eggplant compared to the thrips-susceptible plant. RNA-sequencing analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing genome-wide gene expression changes between thrips-resistant and -susceptible eggplants. Consistent with metabolomic analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway in which quinic acid is a metabolic by-product was highly enriched. External application of quinic acid enhances the resistance of susceptible eggplant to thrips. CONCLUSION Our results showed that quinic acid plays a key role in the resistance to thrips. These findings highlight a potential application of quinic acid as a biocontrol agent to manage thrips and expand our knowledge to breed thrips-resistant eggplant. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shuxing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Aixia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xueping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Gao Y, Yoon KA, Lee JH, Kim JH, Lee SH. Overexpression of glutamate-gated chloride channel in the integument is mainly responsible for emamectin benzoate resistance in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:4140-4150. [PMID: 35686450 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis is a serious polyphagous pest worldwide. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanisms of resistance including enhanced metabolism and target site insensitivity in an emamectin benzoate (EB)-resistant (EB-R) strain. RESULTS The EB-R strain of F. occidentalis showed 356-fold increased resistance compared to a susceptible RDA strain. Analysis of cross-resistance to four other insecticides confirmed that EB resistance is highly specific to the contact toxicity of EB. Synergistic bioassay and quantitative PCR of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) genes revealed that three overexpressed Cyps were likely involved in resistance. Among three putative glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) genes identified, FoGluClc showed four radical amino acid substitutions and 3.8-fold and 31-fold transcription level in the head and integument in the EB-R strain when compared to the RDA strain. Backcrossing analysis and RNA interference confirmed that both amino acid substitution and overexpression of FoGluClc are responsible for EB resistance. In situ hybridization revealed that FoGluClc is mainly distributed in the integument in the EB-R strain. Cross-comparison of known genomes and transcriptomes of thrips species revealed that FoGluClc is unique to the Frankliniella genus. CONCLUSION While mutations and overexpression of FoGluClc play major roles in EB resistance, the overexpressed Cyps are partially involved as metabolic factors. Higher expression of FoGluClc in the integument may suggest its role in the first-line defense against EB in the EB-R strain. Unique distribution of FoGluClc in the Frankliniella genus but not in other thrips species further suggests that FoGluClc may be a surplus channel not having an essential endogenous function and is thus recruited as a defense barrier against xenobiotics. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Xie YL, Mound LA, Lima ÉFB, He SQ, Zhang HR, Li YJ. Molecular Studies of Relationships and Identifications Among Insects of the Subfamily Panchaetothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). J Insect Sci 2022; 22:6. [PMID: 36124863 PMCID: PMC9486593 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Panchaetothripinae comprises 42 genera and 146 species of leaf-feeding thrips, some of which are horticultural pests. We examined representatives of the 18 genera that include most of these pests. For species delimitation, we used DNA barcoding to produce171 sequences for 40 morphospecies. Most species were found to be monophyletic, although cryptic diversity was evident in 8 presumptive species. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic assessment was based on one mitochondrial (COI) and three nuclear loci (EF-1α, ITS2, and 28S) from 132 specimens (18 genera and 33 species), representing all genera and ~82% of species in China. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) confirmed monophyly of each genus with strong support. Monophyly of tribes Panchaetothripini and Monilothripini were refuted, but the well supported tribe Tryphactothripini was confirmed. Rhipiphorothrips was recovered as a sister to the remainder of the genera of Panchaetothripinae combined. Both analyses revealed two major clades. Clade A comprised the majority of the genera, including tribe Tryphactothripini. Clade B included only four genera of which two, Helionothrips and Caliothrips, are particularly species rich. The relationships of some genera remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lan Xie
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Biotechnology and Engineering College, West Yunnan University, Xuefu Road 2, Linxiang District, Lincang 677000, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Laurence A Mound
- Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Élison Fabrício Bezerra Lima
- Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI, Campus Amílcar Ferreira Sobral, BR 343, Km 3.5, Meladão. Floriano, PI 64808-605, Brasil
| | - Shu Qi He
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Jinhei Road 95, Panlong District, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | | | - Ya Jin Li
- Corresponding author, e-mail: (H RZ), (Y JL)
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28
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Yuan JW, Song HX, Chang YW, Yang F, Du YZ. Transcriptome analysis and screening of putative sex-determining genes in the invasive pest, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2022; 43:101008. [PMID: 35752128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The invasive insect pest, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a well-known vector that transmits a variety of ornamental and vegetable viruses. The mechanistic basis of sex determination in F. occidentalis is not well understood, and this hinders our ability to deploy sterile insect technology as an integrated pest management strategy. In this study, six cDNA libraries from female and male adults of F. occidentalis (three biological replicates each) were constructed and transcriptomes were sequenced. A total of 6000 differentially-expressed genes were identified in the two sexes including 2355 up- and 3645 down-regulated genes. A total of 149 sex-related genes were identified based on GO enrichment data and included transformer-2 (tra2), fruitless (fru), male-specific lethal (msl) and sex lethal (sxl); several of these exhibited sex-specific and/or sex-biased expression in F. occidentalis. This study contributes to our understanding of the sex-determined cascade in F. occidentalis and other members of the Thysanoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hai-Xia Song
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ya-Wen Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Zhou Du
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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29
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Cagáň Ľ, Bokor P, Skoková Habuštová O. Could the Presence of Thrips AFFECT the Yield Potential of Genetically Modified and Conventional Maize? Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070502. [PMID: 35878240 PMCID: PMC9320106 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize pests like Ostrinia nubilalis and Diabrotica virgifera virgifera are eradicated using genetically modified maize. This study’s goal was to see if the genetically modified maize MON810 is also toxic to thrips communities on maize. The impact of Bt maize on thrips diversity and abundance, as well as yield losses, was studied in the field in Borovce for three years (Slovakia). The study used 10 Bt and 10 non-Bt maize cultivars. Thrips were monitored every two weeks during the season using transparent sticky traps installed on the experimental plots (one per plot, 20 per year). In total, 3426 thrips were caught. Thrips populations usually peak around the end of July at BBCH55. Among the species identified were Limothrips denticornis, Limothrips cerealium, Haplothrips aculeatus, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci, Aeolothrips fasciatus, Frankliniella tenuicornis, and Chirothrips spp. We found that MON810 maize had no effect on the occurrence or composition of thrips. Their presence was affected by the maize growth phase and growing seasons and partially by the weather. The direct effect on the grain yield was not confirmed. Our research contributed to scientific knowledge of thrips communities found on maize plants in Central Europe, including Bt maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ľudovít Cagáň
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (Ľ.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Peter Bokor
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia; (Ľ.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Oxana Skoková Habuštová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-387-775-252
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Pakrashi A, Kumar V, Stanford-Beale DAC, Cameron SL, Tyagi K. Gene arrangement, phylogeny and divergence time estimation of mitogenomes in Thrips. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6269-6283. [PMID: 35534583 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07434-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metazoan mitogenomes usually display conserved gene arrangement while thrips are known for their extensive gene rearrangement, and duplication of the control region. METHODS AND RESULT We sequenced complete mitogenomes of eight species of thrips to determine the gene arrangement, phylogeny and divergence time estimation. All contain 37 genes and one control region, (CR) except four species with two CRs. Duplicated tRNAs were detected in Mycterothrips nilgiriensis and Thrips florum. nad4-nad4L were not found adjacent to each other in Phibalothrips peringueyi and Plicothrips apicalis. Both Bayesian and likelihood phylogenetic analyses of thrips mitogenomes supported the monophyly of two suborders (Terebrantia and Tubulifera) and the two largest families (Phlaeothripidae and Thripidae). Out of seven earlier proposed ancestral gene blocks, six are conserved in Panchaetothripinae, three in Thripinae and two in Phlaeothripidae. Additionally, eight Thrips Gene Blocks were identified, of which, three conserved in Tubulifera, four in Terebrantia, and one only in Aeolothripidae. Forty-two gene boundaries (15 from previous study + 27 new) were identified. The molecular divergence time is estimated for the order Thysanoptera and suggested that these insects may have been diversified from hemipterans in the late Permian period. The most recent ancestors belong to family Thripidae and Phlaeothripidae, which were diversified in upper Cretaceous period and showed higher rates of rearrangement from the ancestral gene order. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first largest effort to provide the new insights into the mitogenomic features, gene arrangement, phylogeny and divergence time estimation of thrips belonging to the order Thysanoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avas Pakrashi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, 700053, Kolkata, India
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, 700053, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Stephen L Cameron
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, 700053, Kolkata, India.
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Fu B, Tao M, Xue H, Jin H, Liu K, Qiu H, Yang S, Yang X, Gui L, Zhang Y, Gao Y. Spinetoram resistance drives interspecific competition between Megalurothrips usitatus and Frankliniella intonsa. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:2129-2140. [PMID: 35170208 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species displacement by the outcome of interspecific competition is of particular importance to pest management. Over the past decade, spinetoram has been extensively applied in control of the two closely related thrips Megalurothrips usitatus and Frankliniella intonsa worldwide, while whether its resistance is implicated in mediating interspecific interplay of the two thrips remains elusive to date. RESULTS Field population dynamics (from 2017 to 2019) demonstrated a trend toward displacement of F. intonsa by M. usitatus on cowpea crops, supporting an existing interspecific competition. Following exposure to spinetoram, M. usitatus became the predominate species, which suggests the use of spinetoram appears to be responsible for mediating interspecific interactions of the two thrips. Further annual and seasonal analysis (from 2016 to 2020) of field-evolved resistance dynamics revealed that M. usitatus developed remarkably higher resistance to spinetoram compared to that of F. intonsa, implying a close relationship between evolution of spinetoram resistance and their competitive interactions. After 12 generations of laboratory selection, resistance to spinetoram in M. usitatus and F. intonsa increased up to 64.50-fold and 28.33-fold, and the average realized heritability (h2 ) of resistance was calculated as 0.2550 and 0.1602, respectively. Interestingly, two-sex life table analysis showed that the spinetoram-resistant strain of F. intonsa exhibited existing fitness costs, but not the M. usitatus. These indicate that a rapid development of spinetoram resistance and the lack of associated fitness costs may be the mechanism underlying recent dominance of M. usitatus over F. intonsa. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results uncover the involvement of insecticide resistance in conferring displacement mechanism behind interspecific competition, providing a framework for understanding the significance of the evolutionary relationships among insects under ongoing changing environments. These findings also can be invaluable in proposing the most appropriate strategies for sustainable thrips control programs. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buli Fu
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Xue
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kui Liu
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyou Gui
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Technology for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu M, Dong Y, Zhang Q, Li S, Chang L, Loiacono FV, Ruf S, Zhang J, Bock R. Efficient control of western flower thrips by plastid-mediated RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120081119. [PMID: 35380896 PMCID: PMC9169809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120081119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastid-mediated RNA interference (PM-RNAi) has emerged as a promising strategy for pest control. Expression from the plastid genome of stable double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) targeted against essential insect genes can effectively control some herbivorous beetles, but little is known about the efficacy of the transplastomic approach in other groups of pest insects, especially nonchewing insects that do not consume large amounts of leaf material. Here we have investigated the susceptibility of the western flower thrip (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis), a notorious pest in greenhouses and open fields, to PM-RNAi. We show that WFTs ingest chloroplasts and take up plastid-expressed dsRNAs. We generated a series of transplastomic tobacco plants expressing dsRNAs and hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs) targeted against four essential WFT genes. Unexpectedly, we discovered plastid genome instability in transplastomic plants expressing hpRNAs, suggesting that dsRNA cassettes are preferable over hpRNA cassettes when designing PM-RNAi strategies. Feeding studies revealed that, unlike nuclear transgenic plants, transplastomic plants induced a potent RNAi response in WFTs, causing efficient suppression of the targeted genes and high insect mortality. Our study extends the application range of PM-RNAi technology to an important group of nonchewing insects, reveals design principles for the construction of dsRNA-expressing transplastomic plants, and provides an efficient approach to control one of the toughest insect pests in agriculture and horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - F. Vanessa Loiacono
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruf
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ralph Bock
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department III, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Suzuki Y, Shiotsuki T, Jouraku A, Miura K, Minakuchi C. Characterization of E93 in neometabolous thrips Frankliniella occidentalis and Haplothrips brevitubus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254963. [PMID: 34293026 PMCID: PMC8297894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect metamorphosis into an adult occurs after the juvenile hormone (JH) titer decreases at the end of the juvenile stage. This generally coincides with decreased transcript levels of JH-response transcription factors Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and broad (br), and increased transcript levels of the adult specifier E93. Thrips (Thysanoptera) develop through inactive and non-feeding stages referred to as “propupa” and “pupa”, and this type of distinctive metamorphosis is called neometaboly. To understand the mechanisms of hormonal regulation in thrips metamorphosis, we previously analyzed the transcript levels of Kr-h1 and br in two thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae) and Haplothrips brevitubus (Phlaeothripidae). In both species, the transcript levels of Kr-h1 and br decreased in the “propupal” and “pupal” stages, and their transcription was upregulated by exogenous JH mimic treatment. Here we analyzed the developmental profiles of E93 in these two thrips species. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that E93 expression started to increase at the end of the larval stage in F. occidentalis and in the “propupal” stage of H. brevitubus, as Kr-h1 and br mRNA levels decreased. Treatment with an exogenous JH mimic at the onset of metamorphosis prevented pupal-adult transition and caused repression of E93. These results indicated that E93 is involved in adult differentiation after JH titer decreases at the end of the larval stage of thrips. By comparing the expression profiles of Kr-h1, br, and E93 among insect species, we propose that the “propupal” and “pupal” stages of thrips have some similarities with the holometabolous prepupal and pupal stages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhei Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shiotsuki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ken Miura
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chieka Minakuchi
- Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Shi P, Guo SK, Gao YF, Chen JC, Gong YJ, Tang MQ, Cao LJ, Li H, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. Association Between Susceptibility of Thrips palmi to Spinetoram and Frequency of G275E Mutation Provides Basis for Molecular Quantification of Field-Evolved Resistance. J Econ Entomol 2021; 114:339-347. [PMID: 33399196 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Putative mechanisms underlying spinosyn resistance have been identified in controlled studies on many species; however, mechanisms underlying field-evolved resistance and the development of a molecular diagnostic method for monitoring field resistance have lagged behind. Here, we examined levels of resistance of melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera:Thripidae), to spinetoram as well as target site mutations in field populations across China to identify potential mechanisms and useful molecular markers for diagnostic and quantifying purposes. In resistant populations, we identified the G275E mutation, which has previously been linked to spinosyns resistance, and F314V mutation, both located in the α6 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. There was a strong correlation between levels of spinetoram resistance and allele frequency of G275E mutation in field-collected populations (r2 = 0.84) and those reared under laboratory conditions for two to five generations (r2 = 0.91). LC50 ranged from 0.12 to 0.66 mg/liter in populations without G275E mutation, whereas it ranged from 33.12 to 39.91 mg/liter in most populations with a G275E mutation frequency more than 90%. Our results indicate that the field-evolved resistance of T. palmi to spinetoram in China is mainly conferred by the G275E mutation. The frequency of the G275E mutation provides a useful diagnostic for quantifying resistance levels in field populations of T. palmi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shi
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Kun Guo
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Fu Gao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qing Tang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li X, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Huang J, Wang L, Li Y, Hafeez M, Lu Y. Population Genetic Diversity and Structure of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Allium Hosts in China, Inferred From Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequences. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:1426-1435. [PMID: 31982906 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thrips tabaci Lindeman is a widely distributed agricultural pest China, which causes damage to many vegetables and cash crops. However, the population genetic variation of this pest in China remains unknown. In this study, the genetic diversity and structure of T. tabaci on Allium hosts collected from 12 geographic locations were evaluated based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. Six haplotypes were identified in 247 T. tabaci individuals from 12 geographic locations. All the identified T. tabaci haplotypes were thelytokous populations. The strongest genetic differentiation and relatively low gene flow were found between QHXN and other locations, which might be due to geographic barriers, such as high altitude Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The lowest genetic variation was found in eastern and southern regions, with only one haplotype identified. The Mantel test showed no correlation between genetic distance and geographical distances. High gene flow between locations with substantial geographical distances suggested that migration of T. tabaci across China might be facilitated through human activities. The results of demographic analysis suggested that T. tabaci in China have undergone a recent demographic expansion. The possible influences of T. tabaci invasion history and human activities on the current haplotype geographical distribution were interpreted and the implications of these findings for T. tabaci management were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Likun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yehua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Farkas P, György Z, Tóth A, Sojnóczki A, Fail J. A simple molecular identification method of the Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) cryptic species complex. Bull Entomol Res 2020; 110:397-405. [PMID: 31813399 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889) is a key pest of a wide range of crops because of its ecological attributes such as polyphagy, high reproduction rate, ability to transmit tospoviruses and resistance to insecticides. Recent studies revealed that T. tabaci is a cryptic species complex and it has three lineages (leek-associated arrhenotokous L1-biotype, leek-associated thelytokous L2-biotype and tobacco-associated arrhenotokous T-biotype), however, the adults remain indistinguishable. T. tabaci individuals were collected from different locations of Hungary to create laboratory colonies from each biotypes. Mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) region was sequenced from morphologically identified individuals. After sequence analysis SNPs were identified and used for CAPS marker development, which were suitable for distinguishing the three T. tabaci lineages. Genetic analysis of the T. tabaci species complex based on mtCOI gene confirmed the three well-known biotypes (L1, L2, T) and a new biotype because the new molecular evidence presented in this study suggests T-biotype of T. tabaci forming two distinct (sub)clades (T1 and T2). This genetic finding indicates that the genetic variability of T. tabaci populations is still not fully mapped. We validated our developed marker on thrips individuals from our thrips colonies. The results demonstrated that the new marker effectively identifies the different T. tabaci biotypes. We believe that our reliable genotyping method will be useful in further studies focusing on T. tabaci biotypes and in pest management by scanning the composition of sympatric T. tabaci populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Farkas
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna György
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamária Tóth
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamária Sojnóczki
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Fail
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
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Tyagi K, Chakraborty R, Cameron SL, Sweet AD, Chandra K, Kumar V. Rearrangement and evolution of mitochondrial genomes in Thysanoptera (Insecta). Sci Rep 2020; 10:695. [PMID: 31959910 PMCID: PMC6971079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to this study, complete mitochondrial genomes from Order Thysanoptera were restricted to a single family, the Thripidae, resulting in a biased view of their evolution. Here we present the sequences for the mitochondrial genomes of four additional thrips species, adding three extra families and an additional subfamily, thus greatly improving taxonomic coverage. Thrips mitochondrial genomes are marked by high rates of gene rearrangement, duplications of the control region and tRNA mutations. Derived features of mitochondrial tRNAs in thrips include gene duplications, anticodon mutations, loss of secondary structures and high gene translocation rates. Duplicated control regions are found in the Aeolothripidae and the 'core' Thripinae clade but do not appear to promote gene rearrangement as previously proposed. Phylogenetic analysis of thrips mitochondrial sequence data supports the monophyly of two suborders, a sister-group relationship between Stenurothripidae and Thripidae, and suggests a novel set of relationships between thripid genera. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate that genome rearrangements are common, with just eight gene blocks conserved between any thrips species and the ancestral insect mitochondrial genome. Conversely, 71 derived rearrangements are shared between at least two species, and 24 of these are unambiguous synapomorphies for clades identified by phylogenetic analysis. While the reconstructed sequence of genome rearrangements among the protein-coding and ribosomal RNA genes could be inferred across the phylogeny, direct inference of phylogeny from rearrangement data in MLGO resulted in a highly discordant set of relationships inconsistent with both sequence-based phylogenies and previous morphological analysis. Given the demonstrated rates of genomic evolution within thrips, extensive sampling is needed to fully understand these phenomena across the order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 750053, India
| | - Rajasree Chakraborty
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 750053, India
| | - Stephen L Cameron
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew D Sweet
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kailash Chandra
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 750053, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 750053, India.
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Zhang B, Qian W, Qiao X, Xi Y, Wan F. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of Frankliniella occidentalis in China. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2019; 102:e21613. [PMID: 31549439 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frankliniella occidentalis is an economically important invasive pest worldwide, which can damage various horticultural crops and ornamental plants. F. occidentalis was first intercepted in Kunming, Yunnan province in 2000, and first reported to establish a population in Beijing, China in 2003. Since then, this pest is currently distributed across tens of provinces in mainland China and cause increasingly serious damage and loss. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15 years in China. Furthermore, western flower thrips (WFT) as an important invasive insect pest, the research achievements on WFT has contributed to the promotion of technological innovation and development for invasive alien species management strategies and techniques in China. This review provides an overview for research on the biology, ecology, prevention, and management of this pest during 15 years in China. Meanwhile, China's "4E action" strategy on F. occidentalis is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- China-Australia Joint Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Health, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanqiang Qian
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Qiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xi
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- China-Australia Joint Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Health, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Badillo-Vargas IE, Chen Y, Martin KM, Rotenberg D, Whitfield AE. Discovery of Novel Thrips Vector Proteins That Bind to the Viral Attachment Protein of the Plant Bunyavirus Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:e00699-19. [PMID: 31413126 PMCID: PMC6803271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00699-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic virus tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) encodes a structural glycoprotein (GN) that, like with other bunyavirus/vector interactions, serves a role in viral attachment and possibly in entry into arthropod vector host cells. It is well documented that Frankliniella occidentalis is one of nine competent thrips vectors of TSWV transmission to plant hosts. However, the insect molecules that interact with viral proteins, such as GN, during infection and dissemination in thrips vector tissues are unknown. The goals of this project were to identify TSWV-interacting proteins (TIPs) that interact directly with TSWV GN and to localize the expression of these proteins in relation to virus in thrips tissues of principal importance along the route of dissemination. We report here the identification of six TIPs from first-instar larvae (L1), the most acquisition-efficient developmental stage of the thrips vector. Sequence analyses of these TIPs revealed homology to proteins associated with the infection cycle of other vector-borne viruses. Immunolocalization of the TIPs in L1 revealed robust expression in the midgut and salivary glands of F. occidentalis, the tissues most important during virus infection, replication, and plant inoculation. The TIPs and GN interactions were validated using protein-protein interaction assays. Two of the thrips proteins, endocuticle structural glycoprotein and cyclophilin, were found to be consistent interactors with GN These newly discovered thrips protein-GN interactions are important for a better understanding of the transmission mechanism of persistent propagative plant viruses by their vectors, as well as for developing new strategies of insect pest management and virus resistance in plants.IMPORTANCE Thrips-transmitted viruses cause devastating losses to numerous food crops worldwide. For negative-sense RNA viruses that infect plants, the arthropod serves as a host as well by supporting virus replication in specific tissues and organs of the vector. The goal of this work was to identify thrips proteins that bind directly to the viral attachment protein and thus may play a role in the infection cycle in the insect. Using the model plant bunyavirus tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and the most efficient thrips vector, we identified and validated six TSWV-interacting proteins from Frankliniella occidentalis first-instar larvae. Two proteins, an endocuticle structural glycoprotein and cyclophilin, were able to interact directly with the TSWV attachment protein, GN, in insect cells. The TSWV GN-interacting proteins provide new targets for disrupting the viral disease cycle in the arthropod vector and could be putative determinants of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen M Martin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Han SH, Kim JH, Kim K, Lee SH. Selection of lethal genes for ingestion RNA interference against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, via leaf disc-mediated dsRNA delivery. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 161:47-53. [PMID: 31685195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a major pest that damages a wide variety of crops and vegetables. Following extensive use of insecticides, it has developed high levels of resistance to almost all groups of insecticides due to its high reproduction rate and short generation time. Therefore, an alternative pest control strategy, such as RNA interference (RNAi)-based control, is essential. To establish an ingestion RNAi-based control, a total of 57 genes involved in various biological processes were selected, and their double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) were delivered to an insecticide-susceptible strain of F. occidentalis via the leaf disc-feeding method using a bioassay chamber optimized by 3D printing. The mortality of dsRNA-ingested thrips was examined every 24 h until 120 h post-treatment. Of the 57 genes screened, dsRNAs of the Toll-like receptor 6, apolipophorin, coatomer protein subunit epsilon and sorting and assembly machinery component were most lethal when ingested by thrips. The dsRNA-fed thrips showed substantially reduced transcription levels of target genes, demonstrating that the observed mortality was likely due to RNAi. When these genes were tested for ingestion RNAi against an insecticide-resistant strain of F. occidentalis, bioassay results were similar. In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence that ingestion RNAi can be lethal to F. occidentalis, a mesophyll sucking pest, and further suggests that transgenic plants expressing hairpin RNA of these essential genes can be employed to control insecticide-resistant thrips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Hyeon Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungmun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Shrestha A, Champagne DE, Culbreath AK, Abney MR, Srinivasan R. Comparison of transcriptomes of an orthotospovirus vector and non-vector thrips species. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223438. [PMID: 31600262 PMCID: PMC6786753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips transmit one of the most devastating plant viruses worldwide–tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV). Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus is a type species in the genus Orthotospovirus and family Tospoviridae. Although there are more than 7,000 thrips species, only nine thrips species are known to transmit TSWV. In this study, we investigated the molecular factors that could affect thrips ability to transmit TSWV. We assembled transcriptomes of a vector, Frankliniella fusca [Hinds], and a non-vector, Frankliniella tritici [Fitch], and performed qualitative comparisons of contigs associated with virus reception, virus infection, and innate immunity. Annotations of F. fusca and F. tritici contigs revealed slight differences across biological process and molecular functional groups. Comparison of virus cell surface receptors revealed that homologs of integrin were present in both species. However, homologs of another receptor, heperan sulfate, were present in F. fusca alone. Contigs associated with virus replication were identified in both species, but a contig involved in inhibition of virus replication (radical s-adenosylmethionine) was only present in the non-vector, F. tritici. Additionally, some differences in immune signaling pathways were identified between vector and non-vector thrips. Detailed investigations are necessary to functionally characterize these differences between vector and non-vector thrips and assess their relevance in orthotospovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Shrestha
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Champagne
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Albert K. Culbreath
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Abney
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States of America
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Jouraku A, Kuwazaki S, Iida H, Ohta I, Kusano H, Takagi M, Yokoyama T, Kubota N, Shibao M, Shirotsuka K, Iwasaki A, Takezawa Y, Takeda M. T929I and K1774N mutation pair and M918L single mutation identified in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of pyrethroid-resistant Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Japan. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 158:77-87. [PMID: 31378364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid-resistance in onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, has been reported in many countries including Japan. Identifying factors of the resistance is important to correctly monitoring the resistance in field populations. To identify pyrethroid-resistance related genes in T. tabaci in Japan, we performed RNA-Seq analysis of seven T. tabaci strains including two pyrethroid-resistant and five pyrethroid-susceptible strains. We identified a pair of single point mutations, T929I and K1774N, introducing two amino acid mutations, in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, a pyrethroid target gene, in the two resistant strains. The K1774N is a newly identified mutation located in the fourth repeat domain of the sodium channel. Genotyping analysis of field-collected populations showed that most of the T. tabaci individuals in resistant populations carried the mutation pair, indicating that the mutation pair is closely associated with pyrethroid-resistance in Japan. Another resistance-related mutation, M918L, was also identified in part of the resistant populations. Most of the individuals with the mutation pair were arrhenotokous while all individuals with the M918L single mutation were thelytokous. The result of differentially expressed gene analysis revealed a small number of up-regulated detoxification genes in each resistant strain which might be involved in resistance to pyrethroid. However, no up-regulated detoxification genes common to the two resistant strains were detected. Our results indicate that the mutation pair in the sodium channel gene is the most important target for monitoring pyrethroid-resistance in T. tabaci, and that pyrethroid-resistant arrhenotokous individuals with the mutation pair are likely to be widely distributed in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Jouraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Seigo Kuwazaki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iida
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, Mie, Tsu 514-2392, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohta
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, Mie, Tsu 514-2392, Japan
| | - Hisao Kusano
- Agricultural Center, Horticultural Research Institute, Kasama 319-0292, Japan; Agricultural Center, Ibaraki, Kasama 319-0292, Japan
| | - Motonori Takagi
- Agricultural Center, Horticultural Research Institute, Kasama 319-0292, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yokoyama
- Agricultural Center, Horticultural Research Institute, Kasama 319-0292, Japan; Ibaraki Agricultural Academy, Higashiibaraki, Ibaraki, 311-3116, Japan
| | - Naoya Kubota
- Agricultural Center, Horticultural Research Institute, Kasama 319-0292, Japan
| | - Manabu Shibao
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Habikino, Osaka 583-0862, Japan
| | - Kanako Shirotsuka
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Habikino, Osaka 583-0862, Japan
| | - Akeo Iwasaki
- Hokkaido Research Organization, Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Naganuma, Hokkaido 069-1395, Japan
| | - Yuji Takezawa
- Hokkaido Research Organization, Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Naganuma, Hokkaido 069-1395, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takeda
- Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, NARO, Mie, Tsu 514-2392, Japan
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Kumar V, Tyagi K, Kundu S, Chakraborty R, Singha D, Chandra K. The first complete mitochondrial genome of marigold pest thrips, Neohydatothrips samayunkur (Sericothripinae) and comparative analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:191. [PMID: 30655597 PMCID: PMC6336932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete mitogenomes from the order Thysanoptera are limited to representatives of the subfamily Thripinae. Therefore, in the present study, we sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Neohydatothrips samayunkur (15,295 bp), a member of subfamily Sericothripinae. The genome possesses the canonical 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) as well as two putative control regions (CRs). The majority strand was 77.42% A + T content, and 22.58% G + C with weakly positive AT skew (0.04) and negative GC skew (-0.03). The majority of PCGs start with ATN codons as observed in other insect mitochondrial genomes. The GCG codon (Alanine) was not used in N. samayunkur. Most tRNAs have the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, however the DHU stem and loop were absent in trnV and trnS1, while the TΨC loop was absent in trnR and trnT. The two putative control regions (CR1 and CR2) show 99% sequence similarity indicated a possible duplication, and shared 57 bp repeats were identified. N. samayunkur showed extensive gene rearrangements, with 11 PCGs, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs translocated when compared to the ancestral insect. The gene trnL2 was separated from the 'trnL2-cox2' gene block, which is a conserved, ancestral gene order found in all previously sequenced thrips mitogenomes. Both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic trees resulted in similar topologies. The phylogenetic position of N. samayunkur indicates that subfamily Sericothripinae is sister to subfamily Thripinae. More molecular data from different taxonomic groups is needed to understand thrips phylogeny and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India.
| | - Shantanu Kundu
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajasree Chakraborty
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Devkant Singha
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
| | - Kailash Chandra
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, 700 053, West Bengal, India
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Widana Gamage SMK, Rotenberg D, Schneweis DJ, Tsai CW, Dietzgen RG. Transcriptome-wide responses of adult melon thrips (Thrips palmi) associated with capsicum chlorosis virus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208538. [PMID: 30532222 PMCID: PMC6286046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrips palmi is a widely distributed major agricultural pest in the tropics and subtropics, causing significant losses in cucurbit and solanaceous crops through feeding damage and transmission of tospoviruses. Thrips palmi is a vector of capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) in Australia. The present understanding of transmission biology and potential effects of CaCV on T. palmi is limited. To gain insights into molecular responses to CaCV infection, we performed RNA-Seq to identify thrips transcripts that are differentially-abundant during virus infection of adults. De-novo assembly of the transcriptome generated from whole bodies of T. palmi adults generated 166,445 contigs, of which ~24% contained a predicted open reading frame. We identified 1,389 differentially-expressed (DE) transcripts, with comparable numbers up- (708) and down-regulated (681) in virus-exposed thrips compared to non-exposed thrips. Approximately 59% of these DE transcripts had significant matches to NCBI non-redundant proteins (Blastx) and Blast2GO identified provisional functional categories among the up-regulated transcripts in virus-exposed thrips including innate immune response-related genes, salivary gland and/or gut-associated genes and vitellogenin genes. The majority of the immune-related proteins are known to serve functions in lysosome activity and melanisation in insects. Most of the up-regulated oral and extra-oral digestion-associated genes appear to be involved in digestion of proteins, lipids and plant cell wall components which may indirectly enhance the likelihood or frequency of virus transmission or may be involved in the regulation of host defence responses. Most of the down-regulated transcripts fell into the gene ontology functional category of 'structural constituent of cuticle'. Comparison to DE genes responsive to tomato spotted wilt virus in Frankliniella occidentalis indicates conservation of some thrips molecular responses to infection by different tospoviruses. This study assembled the first transcriptome in the genus Thrips and provides important data to broaden our understanding of networks of molecular interactions between thrips and tospoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirani M. K. Widana Gamage
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Derek J. Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Chakraborty R, Tyagi K, Kundu S, Rahaman I, Singha D, Chandra K, Patnaik S, Kumar V. The complete mitochondrial genome of Melon thrips, Thrips palmi (Thripinae): Comparative analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199404. [PMID: 30379813 PMCID: PMC6209132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The melon thrips, Thrips palmi is a serious pest and vector for plant viruses on a wide range of economically important crops. DNA barcoding evidenced the presence of cryptic diversity in T. palmi and that warrants exhaustive molecular studies. Our present study is on decoding the first complete mitochondrial genome of T. palmi (15,333 bp) through next-generation sequencing (NGS). The T. palmi mt genome contains 37 genes, including 13 Protein coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs), and two control regions (CRs). The majority strand of T. palmi revealed 78.29% A+T content, and 21.72% G+C content with positive AT skew (0.09) and negative GC skew (-0.06). The ATN initiation codons were observed in 12 PCGs except for cox1 which have unique start codon (TTG). The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis revealed Phe, Leu, Ile, Tyr, Asn, Lys and Met were the most frequently used amino acids in all PCGs. The codon (CGG) which is assigned to Arginine in most insects but absent in T. palmi. The Ka/Ks ratio ranges from 0.078 in cox1 to 0.913 in atp8. We observed the typical cloverleaf secondary structure in most of the tRNA genes with a few exceptions; absence of DHU stem and loop in trnV and trnS, absence of DHU loop in trnE, lack of T-arm and loop in trnN. The T. palmi gene order (GO) was compared with ancestral GO and observed an extensive gene arrangement in PCGs, tRNAs and rRNAs. The cox2 gene was separated from the gene block 'cox2-trnL2' in T. palmi as compared with the other thrips mt genomes, including ancestor GO. Further, the nad1, trnQ, trnC, trnL1, trnV, trnF, rrnS, and rrnL were inversely transpositioned in T. palmi GO. The gene blocks 'trnQ-trnS2-trnD' and 'trnN-trnE-trnS1-trnL1' seems to be genus specific. The T. palmi mt genome contained 24 intergenic spacer regions and 12 overlapping regions. The 62 bp of CR2 shows the similarity with CR1 indicating a possible duplication. The occurrence of multiple CRs in thrips mt genomes seems to be a derived trait which needs further investigation. Although, the study depicted extensive gene rearrangements in T. palmi mt genome, but the negative GC skew reflects only strand asymmetry. Both the ML and BI phylogenetic trees revealed the close relationships of Thrips with Scirtothrips as compared to Frankliniella. Thus, more mt genomes of the diverse thrips species are required to understand the in-depth phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasree Chakraborty
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shantanu Kundu
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Iftikar Rahaman
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Devkant Singha
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kailash Chandra
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Srinivas Patnaik
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Meng X, Xie Z, Zhang N, Ji C, Dong F, Qian K, Wang J. Molecular cloning and characterization of GABA receptor and GluCl subunits in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 150:33-39. [PMID: 30195385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the role of target site insensitivity in abamectin resistance in the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), cDNAs encoding gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit (FoRdl) and glutamate-gated chloride channel (FoGluCl) were cloned from WFT, and both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mRNA expression levels of FoRdl and FoGluCl were detected in a susceptible strain (ABA-S) and a laboratory selected strain (ABA-R) displaying 45.5-fold resistance to abamectin. Multiple cDNA sequence alignment revealed three alternative splicing variants of FoRdl and two alternative splicing variants of FoGluCl generated by alternative splicing of exon 3. While sequence comparison of FoRdl and FoGluCl in ABA-S and ABA-R strains identified no resistance-associated mutations, the expression level of FoGluCl in ABA-R strain was 2.63-fold higher than that in ABA-S strain. Thus, our preliminary results provide the evidence that the increased mRNA expression of FoGluCl could be an important factor in FoGluCl-mediated target site insensitivity in WFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhijuan Xie
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Caihong Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Ben-Mahmoud S, Smeda JR, Chappell TM, Stafford-Banks C, Kaplinsky CH, Anderson T, Mutschler MA, Kennedy GG, Ullman DE. Acylsugar amount and fatty acid profile differentially suppress oviposition by western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, on tomato and interspecific hybrid flowers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201583. [PMID: 30063755 PMCID: PMC6067722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) have been bred to exude higher amounts or different types of the specialized plant metabolites, acylsugars, from type IV trichomes. Acylsugars are known to deter several herbivorous insect pests, including the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande); however, all previous studies investigated the effect of acylsugars on leaves, or acylsugar extracts obtained from leaves. In spite of the WFT predilection for flowers, there is a gap in knowledge about flower defenses against thrips damage. This is especially important in light of their capacity to acquire and inoculate viruses in the genus Orthotospovirus, such as Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), in flowers. Therefore, we turned our attention to assessing thrips oviposition differences on flowers of 14 entries, including 8 interspecific hybrids, 5 tomato lines bred for specific acylsugar-related characteristics (type IV trichome densities, acylsugar amount, sugar moiety and fatty acid profile), and a fresh market tomato hybrid, Mt. Spring, which only produces trace amounts of acylsugars. Our results show that the density of the acylsugar droplet bearing type IV trichomes is greatest on sepals, relative to other flower structures, and accordingly, WFT avoids oviposition on sepals in favor of trichome-sparse petals. In concordance with past studies, acylsugar amount was the most important acylsugar-related characteristic suppressing WFT oviposition. Certain acylsugar fatty acids, specifically i-C5, i-C9 and i-C11, were also significantly associated with changes in WFT oviposition. These results support continued breeding efforts to increase acylsugar amounts and explore modifications of fatty acid profile and their roles in deterring thrips oviposition. The finding that acylsugar production occurs and reduces thrips oviposition in tomato flowers will be important in efforts to use acylsugar-mediated resistance to reduce incidence of orthotospoviruses such as TSWV in tomato by deterring virus transmission and development of thrips vector populations in the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Smeda
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Chappell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Candice Stafford-Banks
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandre H. Kaplinsky
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Taylor Anderson
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Martha A. Mutschler
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - George G. Kennedy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Leach A, Fuchs M, Harding R, Schmidt-Jeffris R, Nault BA. Importance of Transplanted Onions Contributing to Late-Season Iris yellow spot virus Epidemics in New York. Plant Dis 2018; 102:1264-1272. [PMID: 30673575 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-17-0793-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) is an economically significant tospovirus of onion transmitted by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman). IYSV epidemics in onion fields are common in New York; however, the role of various habitats contributing to viruliferous onion thrips populations and IYSV epidemics is not known. In a 2-year field study in New York, the abundance of dispersing onion thrips, including those determined to be viruliferous via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, was recorded in habitats known to harbor both IYSV and its vector. Results showed that viruliferous thrips were encountered in all habitats; however, transplanted onion sites accounted for 49 to 51% of the total estimated numbers of viruliferous thrips. During early to midseason, transplanted onion sites had 9 to 11 times more viruliferous thrips than the other habitats. These results indicate that transplanted onion fields are the most important habitat for generating IYSV epidemics in all onion fields (transplanted and direct-seeded) in New York. Our findings suggest that onion growers should control onion thrips in transplanted fields early in the season to minimize risk of IYSV epidemics later in the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Leach
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Marc Fuchs
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - Riley Harding
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
| | - Rebecca Schmidt-Jeffris
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Coastal Research and Education Center, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Brian A Nault
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station
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Fu B, Li Q, Qiu H, Tang L, Zeng D, Liu K, Gao Y. Resistance development, stability, cross-resistance potential, biological fitness and biochemical mechanisms of spinetoram resistance in Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1564-1574. [PMID: 29427375 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinetoram, a new type of spinosyn with novel modes of action, has been used in effective thrips control programs, but resistance remains a threat. In the present study, a laboratory Thrips hawaiiensis population was subjected to spinetoram for resistance selection to investigate resistance development, stability, cross-resistance potential, biological fitness and underlying biochemical mechanisms. RESULTS Resistance to spinetoram in T. hawaiiensis rapidly increased 103.56-fold (for 20 generations of selection with spinetoram) compared with a laboratory susceptible population, and the average realized heritability (h2 ) of resistance was calculated as 0.1317. Maintaining the resistant population for five generations without any further selection pressure resulted in a decline in the resistance ratio from 19.42- to 9.50-fold, suggesting that spinetoram resistance in T. hawaiiensis is unstable. Moreover, the spinetoram-resistant population exhibited a lack of cross-resistance to other classes of insecticides, and showed biological fitness costs. The results of synergism experiments using enzyme inhibitors and biochemical analyses revealed that metabolic mechanisms might not be responsible for the development of spinetoram resistance in T. hawaiiensis. CONCLUSION The current study expands understanding of spinosyn resistance in thrips species, providing a basis for proposing better integrated pest management strageties for thrips control programs and defining the most appropriate tools for such resistance management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buli Fu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Haiyan Qiu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Liangde Tang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Dongqiang Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Yulin Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pest, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Blaser S, Diem H, von Felten A, Gueuning M, Andreou M, Boonham N, Tomlinson J, Müller P, Utzinger J, Frey JE, Bühlmann A. From laboratory to point of entry: development and implementation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based genetic identification system to prevent introduction of quarantine insect species. Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:1504-1512. [PMID: 29363271 PMCID: PMC5969315 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid genetic on-site identification methods at points of entry, such as seaports and airports, have the potential to become important tools to prevent the introduction and spread of economically harmful pest species that are unintentionally transported by the global trade of plant commodities. This paper reports the development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based identification system to prevent introduction of the three most frequently encountered regulated quarantine insect species groups at Swiss borders, Bemisia tabaci, Thrips palmi and several regulated fruit flies of the genera Bactrocera and Zeugodacus. RESULTS The LAMP primers were designed to target a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and were generated based on publicly available DNA sequences. Laboratory evaluations analysing 282 insect specimens suspected to be quarantine organisms revealed an overall test efficiency of 99%. Additional on-site evaluation at a point of entry using 37 specimens performed by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training resulted in an overall test efficiency of 95%. During both evaluation rounds, there were no false-positives and the observed false-negatives were attributable to human-induced manipulation errors. To overcome the possibility of accidental introduction of pests as a result of rare false-negative results, samples yielding negative results in the LAMP method were also subjected to DNA barcoding. CONCLUSION Our LAMP assays reliably differentiated between the tested regulated and non-regulated insect species within <1 h. Hence, LAMP assays represent suitable tools for rapid on-site identification of harmful pests, which might facilitate an accelerated import control process for plant commodities. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blaser
- Agroscope, Department of Method Development and AnalyticsWädenswilSwitzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health InstituteBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Hanspeter Diem
- Federal Office for AgricultureSwiss Federal Plant Protection Service, Zurich AirportZurichSwitzerland
| | - Andreas von Felten
- Federal Office for AgricultureSwiss Federal Plant Protection ServiceBernSwitzerland
| | - Morgan Gueuning
- Agroscope, Department of Method Development and AnalyticsWädenswilSwitzerland
| | | | - Neil Boonham
- The Food and Environment Research AgencyYorkUK
- Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health InstituteBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health InstituteBaselSwitzerland
- University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Jürg E Frey
- Agroscope, Department of Method Development and AnalyticsWädenswilSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Bühlmann
- Agroscope, Department of Plants and Plant ProductsWädenswilSwitzerland
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