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Ordaz NA, Nagalakshmi U, Boiteux LS, Atamian HS, Ullman DE, Dinesh-Kumar SP. The Sw-5b NLR Immune Receptor Induces Early Transcriptional Changes in Response to Thrips and Mechanical Modes of Inoculation of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2023; 36:705-715. [PMID: 37432156 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-23-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) class immune receptor Sw-5b confers resistance to Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV). Although Sw-5b is known to activate immunity upon recognition of the TSWV movement protein NSm, we know very little about the downstream events that lead to resistance. Here, we investigated the Sw-5b-mediated early transcriptomic changes that occur in response to mechanical and thrips-mediated inoculation of TSWV, using near-isogenic tomato lines CNPH-LAM 147 (Sw5b+/+) and Santa Clara (Sw-5b-/-). We observed earlier Sw-5b-mediated transcriptional changes in response to thrips-mediated inoculation compared with that in response to mechanical inoculation of TSWV. With thrips-mediated inoculation, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed at 12, 24, and 72 h postinoculation (hpi). Whereas with mechanical inoculation, DEGs were observed only at 72 hpi. Although some DEGs were shared between the two methods of inoculation, many DEGs were specific to either thrips-mediated or mechanical inoculation of TSWV. In response to thrips-mediated inoculation, an NLR immune receptor, cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase, G-type lectin S-receptor-like kinases, the ethylene response factor 1, and the calmodulin-binding protein 60 were induced. Fatty acid desaturase 2-9, cell death genes, DCL2b, RIPK/PBL14-like, ERF017, and WRKY75 were differentially expressed in response to mechanical inoculation. Our findings reveal Sw-5b responses specific to the method of TSWV inoculation. Although TSWV is transmitted in nature primarily by the thrips, Sw-5b responses to thrips inoculation have not been previously studied. Therefore, the DEGs we have identified in response to thrips-mediated inoculation provide a new foundation for understanding the mechanistic roles of these genes in the Sw-5b-mediated resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Ordaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Leonardo S Boiteux
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - Hagop S Atamian
- Biological Sciences program, Schmid College of Science & Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, U.S.A
| | - Diane E Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Wu Q, Tong C, Chen Z, Huang S, Zhao X, Hong H, Li J, Feng M, Wang H, Xu M, Yan Y, Cui H, Shen D, Ai G, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang H, Huang C, Zhang Z, Dong S, Wang X, Zhu M, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Tao X. NLRs derepress MED10b- and MED7-mediated repression of jasmonate-dependent transcription to activate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302226120. [PMID: 37399403 PMCID: PMC10334756 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302226120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) activate a robust immune response upon detection of pathogen effectors. How NLRs induce downstream immune defense genes remains poorly understood. The Mediator complex plays a central role in transducing signals from gene-specific transcription factors to the transcription machinery for gene transcription/activation. In this study, we demonstrate that MED10b and MED7 of the Mediator complex mediate jasmonate-dependent transcription repression, and coiled-coil NLRs (CNLs) in Solanaceae modulate MED10b/MED7 to activate immunity. Using the tomato CNL Sw-5b, which confers resistance to tospovirus, as a model, we found that the CC domain of Sw-5b directly interacts with MED10b. Knockout/down of MED10b and other subunits including MED7 of the middle module of Mediator activates plant defense against tospovirus. MED10b was found to directly interact with MED7, and MED7 directly interacts with JAZ proteins, which function as transcriptional repressors of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling. MED10b-MED7-JAZ together can strongly repress the expression of JA-responsive genes. The activated Sw-5b CC interferes with the interaction between MED10b and MED7, leading to the activation of JA-dependent defense signaling against tospovirus. Furthermore, we found that CC domains of various other CNLs including helper NLR NRCs from Solanaceae modulate MED10b/MED7 to activate defense against different pathogens. Together, our findings reveal that MED10b/MED7 serve as a previously unknown repressor of jasmonate-dependent transcription repression and are modulated by diverse CNLs in Solanaceae to activate the JA-specific defense pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Cong Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhengqiang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Shen Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Salinity Agriculture Research Laboratory, Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng224002, P. R. China
| | - Hao Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Mingfeng Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Danyu Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Gan Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Junming Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100081, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai201403, P. R. China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming650021, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agri-Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan650223, P. R. China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA95616
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
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Islam MM, Qi S, Zhang S, Amin B, Yadav V, El-Sappah AH, Zhang F, Liang Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Functions against Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus of PR-10 in Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1502. [PMID: 35163430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus impacts negatively on a wide range of economically important plants, especially tomatoes. When plants facing any pathogen attack or infection, increase the transcription level of plant genes that are produced pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The aim of this study is a genome-wide identification of PR-10 superfamily and comparative analysis of PR-10 and Sw-5b gene functions against tomato responses to biotic stress (TSWV) to systemic resistance in tomato. Forty-five candidate genes were identified, with a length of 64–210 amino acid residues and a molecular weight of 7.6–24.4 kDa. The PR-10 gene was found on ten of the twelve chromosomes, and it was determined through a genetic ontology that they were involved in six biological processes and molecular activities, and nine cellular components. Analysis of the transcription level of PR-10 family members showed that the PR-10 gene (Solyc09g090980) has high expression levels in some parts of the tomato plant. PR-10 and Sw-5b gene transcription and activity in tomato leaves were strongly induced by TSWV infection, whereas H8 plants having the highest significantly upregulated expression of PR-10 and Sw-5b gene after the inoculation of TSWV, and TSWV inoculated in M82 plants showed significantly upregulated expression of PR-10 gene comparatively lower than H8 plants. There was no significant expression of Sw-5b gene of TSWV inoculated in M82 plants and then showed highly significant correlations between PR-10 and Sw-5b genes at different time points in H8 plants showed significant correlations compared to M82 plants after the inoculation of TSWV; a heat map showed that these two genes may also participate in regulating the defense response after the inoculation of TSWV in tomato.
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Huang H, Huang S, Li J, Wang H, Zhao Y, Feng M, Dai J, Wang T, Zhu M, Tao X. Stepwise artificial evolution of an Sw-5b immune receptor extends its resistance spectrum against resistance-breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2164-2176. [PMID: 34036713 PMCID: PMC8541788 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen-encoded effectors and initiate immune responses. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which has been found to infect >1000 plant species, is among the most destructive plant viruses worldwide. The Sw-5b is the most effective and widely used resistance gene in tomato breeding to control TSWV. However, broad application of tomato cultivars carrying Sw-5b has resulted in an emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) TSWV. Therefore, new effective genes are urgently needed to prevent further RB TSWV outbreaks. In this study, we conducted artificial evolution to select Sw-5b mutants that could extend the resistance spectrum against TSWV RB isolates. Unlike regular NLRs, Sw-5b detects viral elicitor NSm using both the N-terminal Solanaceae-specific domain (SD) and the C-terminal LRR domain in a two-step recognition process. Our attempts to select gain-of-function mutants by random mutagenesis involving either the SD or the LRR of Sw-5b failed; therefore, we adopted a stepwise strategy, first introducing a NSmRB -responsive mutation at the R927 residue in the LRR, followed by random mutagenesis involving the Sw-5b SD domain. Using this strategy, we obtained Sw-5bL33P/K319E/R927A and Sw-5bL33P/K319E/R927Q mutants, which are effective against TSWV RB carrying the NSmC118Y or NSmT120N mutation, and against other American-type tospoviruses. Thus, we were able to extend the resistance spectrum of Sw-5b; the selected Sw-5b mutants will provide new gene resources to control RB TSWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Huang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shen Huang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mingfeng Feng
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tongkai Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Zhao X, Chen Z, Wu Q, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Yan J, Qian X, Li J, Zhu M, Hong L, Xing J, Khan NU, Ji Y, Wu P, Huang C, Ding XS, Zhang H, Tao X. The Sw-5b NLR nucleotide-binding domain plays a role in oligomerization, and its self-association is important for activation of cell death signaling. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:6581-6595. [PMID: 34115862 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant and animal intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play important roles in sensing pathogens and activating defense signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of host defense signaling by NLR proteins remain largely unknown. Many studies have determined that the coil-coil (CC) or Toll and interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domain of NLR proteins and their dimerization/oligomerization are critical for activating downstream defense signaling. In this study, we demonstrated that, in tomato, the nucleotide-binding (NB) domain Sw-5b NLR alone can activate downstream defense signaling, leading to elicitor-independent cell death. Sw-5b NB domains can self-associate, and this self-association is crucial for activating cell death signaling. The self-association was strongly compromised after the introduction of a K568R mutation into the P-loop of the NB domain. Consequently, the NBK568R mutant induced cell death very weakly. The NBCΔ20 mutant lacking the C-terminal 20 amino acids can self-associate but cannot activate cell death signaling. The NBCΔ20 mutant also interfered with wild-type NB domain self-association, leading to compromised cell death induction. By contrast, the NBK568R mutant did not interfere with wild-type NB domain self-association and its ability to induce cell death. Structural modeling of Sw-5b suggests that NB domains associate with one another and likely participate in oligomerization. As Sw-5b-triggered cell death is dependent on helper NLR proteins, we propose that the Sw-5b NB domain acts as a nucleation point for the assembly of an oligomeric resistosome, probably by recruiting downstream helper partners, to trigger defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yazhen Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhou Hong
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jincheng Xing
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nasr Ullah Khan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peijun Wu
- Financial Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Shun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Chen Z, Wu Q, Tong C, Chen H, Miao D, Qian X, Zhao X, Jiang L, Tao X. Characterization of the Roles of SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 in Sw-5b-Mediated Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:1447. [PMID: 34452313 DOI: 10.3390/v13081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tomato Sw-5b gene confers resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N-terminal Solanaceae-specific domain (SD). Although our understanding of how Sw-5b recognizes the viral NSm elicitor has increased significantly, the process by which Sw-5b activates downstream defense signaling remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system to investigate the roles of the SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 genes in the Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathway. We found that chaperone SGT1 was required for Sw-5b function, but co-chaperone RAR1 was not. Sw-5b-mediated immune signaling was independent of both EDS1 and NDR1. Silencing NPR1, which is a central component in SA signaling, did not result in TSWV systemic infection in Sw-5b-transgenic N. benthamiana plants. Helper NLR NRCs (NLRs required for cell death) were required for Sw-5b-mediated systemic resistance to TSWV infection. Suppression of NRC2/3/4 compromised the Sw-5b resistance. However, the helper NLRs ADR1 and NRG1 may not participate in the Sw-5b signaling pathway. Silencing ADR1, NRG1, or both genes did not affect Sw-5b-mediated resistance to TSWV. Our findings provide new insight into the requirement for conserved key components in Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathways.
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Li J, Xin J, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Wang T, Xing W, Tao X. Expression, purification and crystallization of the N-terminal Solanaceae domain of the Sw-5b NLR immune receptor. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:8-12. [PMID: 33439150 PMCID: PMC7805550 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20016398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play crucial roles in recognizing pathogen effectors and activating plant immunity. The tomato NLR Sw-5b is a coiled-coil NLR (CC-NLR) immune receptor that confers resistance against tospoviruses, which cause serious economic losses in agronomic crops worldwide. Compared with other CC-NLRs, Sw-5b possesses an extended N-terminal Solanaceae domain (SD). The SD of Sw-5b is critical for recognition of the tospovirus viral movement protein NSm. An SD is also frequently detected in many NLRs from Solanaceae plants. However, no sequences homologous to the SD have been detected in animals or in plants other than Solanaceae. The properties of the SD protein are largely unknown, and thus 3D structural information is vital in order to better understand its role in pathogen perception and the activation of immune receptors. Here, the expression, purification and crystallization of Sw-5b SD (amino acids 1-245) are reported. Native and selenomethionine-substituted crystals of the SD protein belonged to space group P3112, with unit-cell parameters a = 81.53, b = 81.53, c = 98.44 Å and a = 81.63, b = 81.63, c = 98.80 Å, respectively. This is the first report of a structural study of the noncanonical SD domain of the NLR proteins from Solanaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tongkai Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiman Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
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de Oliveira AS, Boiteux LS, Kormelink R, Resende RO. The Sw-5 Gene Cluster: Tomato Breeding and Research Toward Orthotospovirus Disease Control. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1055. [PMID: 30073012 PMCID: PMC6060272 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Sw-5 gene cluster encodes protein receptors that are potentially able to recognize microbial products and activate signaling pathways that lead to plant cell immunity. Although there are several Sw-5 homologs in the tomato genome, only one of them, named Sw-5b, has been extensively studied due to its functionality against a wide range of (thrips-transmitted) orthotospoviruses. The Sw-5b gene is a dominant resistance gene originally from a wild Peruvian tomato that has been used in tomato breeding programs aiming to develop cultivars with resistance to these viruses. Here, we provide an overview starting from the first reports of Sw-5 resistance, positional cloning and the sequencing of the Sw-5 gene cluster from resistant tomatoes and the validation of Sw-5b as the functional protein that triggers resistance against orthotospoviruses. Moreover, molecular details of this plant-virus interaction are also described, especially concerning the roles of Sw-5b domains in the sensing of orthotospoviruses and in the signaling cascade leading to resistance and hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos S. de Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Athos S. de Oliveira,
| | - Leonardo S. Boiteux
- National Center for Vegetable Crops Research (CNPH), Embrapa Vegetables, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Renato O. Resende
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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De Oliveira AS, Koolhaas I, Boiteux LS, Caldararu OF, Petrescu A, Oliveira Resende R, Kormelink R. Cell death triggering and effector recognition by Sw-5 SD-CNL proteins from resistant and susceptible tomato isolines to Tomato spotted wilt virus. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:1442-1454. [PMID: 27271212 PMCID: PMC6638320 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Only a limited number of dominant resistance genes acting against plant viruses have been cloned, and further functional studies of these have been almost entirely limited to the resistance genes Rx against Potato virus X (PVX) and N against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Recently, the cell-to-cell movement protein (NSM ) of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been identified as the avirulence determinant (Avr) of Sw-5b-mediated resistance, a dominant resistance gene which belongs to the class of SD-CC-NB-LRR (Solanaceae domain-coiled coil-nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat, SD-CNL) resistance genes. On transient expression of the NSM protein in tomato and transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana harbouring the Sw-5b gene, a hypersensitive cell death response (HR) is triggered. Here, it is shown that high accumulation of the Sw-5b protein in N. benthamiana leaves, achieved by co-expression of the Sw-5b protein with RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs), leads to auto-activity in the absence of NSM . In a similar approach, Sw-5a, the highest conserved paralogue of Sw-5b from Solanum peruvianum, also triggered HR by auto-activation, whereas the highest conserved orthologue from susceptible S. lycopersicum, named Sw-5aS , did not. However, neither of the last two homologues was able to trigger an NSM -dependent HR. Truncated and mutated versions of these Sw-5 proteins revealed that the NB-ARC [nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by Apaf-1 (from humans), R proteins and CED-4 (from nematodes)] domain is sufficient for the triggering of HR and seems to be suppressed by the SD-CC domain. Furthermore, a single mutation was sufficient to restore auto-activity within the NB-ARC domain of Sw-5aS . When the latter domain was fused to the Sw-5b LRR domain, NSM -dependent HR triggering was regained, but not in the presence of its own Sw-5aS LRR domain. Expression analysis in planta revealed a nucleocytoplasmic localization pattern of Sw-5b, in which the SD-CC domain seems to be required for nuclear translocation. Although the Sw-5 N-terminal CC domain, in contrast with Rx, contains an additional SD, most findings from this study support a conserved role of domains within NB-LRR (NLR) proteins against plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos Silva De Oliveira
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB6708the Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological SciencesUniversity of Brasília (UnB)Asa Norte 70910‐900BrasíliaDFBrazil
| | - Ivo Koolhaas
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB6708the Netherlands
| | | | - Octav F. Caldararu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry of the Romanian AcademySplaiul Independentei 296Bucharest060036Romania
| | - Andrei‐Jose Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry of the Romanian AcademySplaiul Independentei 296Bucharest060036Romania
| | - Renato Oliveira Resende
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological SciencesUniversity of Brasília (UnB)Asa Norte 70910‐900BrasíliaDFBrazil
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1WageningenPB6708the Netherlands
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