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Alam F, Blackburn SA, Davis J, Massar K, Correia J, Tsai HJ, Blair JMA, Hall RA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa increases the susceptibility of Candida albicans to amphotericin B in dual-species biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2228-2241. [PMID: 37522316 PMCID: PMC10477122 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilms are the leading cause of nosocomial infections and are hard to eradicate due to their inherent antimicrobial resistance. Candida albicans is the leading cause of nosocomial fungal infections and is frequently co-isolated with the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa from biofilms in the cystic fibrosis lung and severe burn wounds. The presence of C. albicans in multispecies biofilms is associated with enhanced antibacterial resistance, which is largely mediated through fungal extracellular carbohydrates sequestering the antibiotics. However, significantly less is known regarding the impact of polymicrobial biofilms on antifungal resistance. RESULTS Here we show that, in dual-species biofilms, P. aeruginosa enhances the susceptibility of C. albicans to amphotericin B, an effect that was biofilm specific. Transcriptional analysis combined with gene ontology enrichment analysis identified several C. albicans processes associated with oxidative stress to be differentially regulated in dual-species biofilms, suggesting that P. aeruginosa exerts oxidative stress on C. albicans, likely through the secretion of phenazines. However, the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase SOD2 was significantly down-regulated in the presence of P. aeruginosa. Monospecies biofilms of the sod2Δ mutant were more susceptible to amphotericin B, and the susceptibility of these biofilms was further enhanced by exogenous phenazines. CONCLUSIONS We propose that in dual-species biofilms, P. aeruginosa simultaneously induces mitochondrial oxidative stress, while down-regulating key detoxification enzymes, which prevents C. albicans mounting an appropriate oxidative stress response to amphotericin B, leading to fungal cell death. This work highlights the importance of understanding the impact of polymicrobial interactions on antimicrobial susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Alam
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah A Blackburn
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Jack Davis
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Keely Massar
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Joao Correia
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hung-Ji Tsai
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rebecca A Hall
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
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2
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Cong L, Chen C, Mao S, Han Z, Zhu Z, Li Y. Intestinal bacteria-a powerful weapon for fungal infections treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1187831. [PMID: 37333850 PMCID: PMC10272564 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1187831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of invasive fungal infections are rising gradually. In recent years, fungi have quietly evolved stronger defense capabilities and increased resistance to antibiotics, posing huge challenges to maintaining physical health. Therefore, developing new drugs and strategies to combat these invasive fungi is crucial. There are a large number of microorganisms in the intestinal tract of mammals, collectively referred to as intestinal microbiota. At the same time, these native microorganisms co-evolve with their hosts in symbiotic relationship. Recent researches have shown that some probiotics and intestinal symbiotic bacteria can inhibit the invasion and colonization of fungi. In this paper, we review the mechanism of some intestinal bacteria affecting the growth and invasion of fungi by targeting the virulence factors, quorum sensing system, secreting active metabolites or regulating the host anti-fungal immune response, so as to provide new strategies for resisting invasive fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Cong
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanshan Mao
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zibing Han
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuobin Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang C, Liu S. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the antifungal mechanism of the compound phenazine-1-carboxamide on Rhizoctonia solani AG1IA. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1041733. [PMID: 36483956 PMCID: PMC9722969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To explore the molecular mechanisms of the antifungal compound phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) inhibits Rhizoctonia solani and discover potential targets of action, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome in R. solani mycelium by whether PCN treating or not. A total of 511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the PCN treatment and control groups. The fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) got the accordant results of the gene expression trends for ten randomly selected DEGs. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that fatty acid metabolic process, fatty acid oxidation, and lipid oxidation were among the most enriched in the biological process category, while integral component of membrane, plasma membrane, and extracellular region were among the most enriched in the cellular component category and oxidoreductase activity, cofactor binding, and coenzyme binding were among the most enriched in the molecular function category. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed the most prominently enriched metabolic pathways included ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, nitrogen metabolism, aminobenzoate degradation. The DEGs related functions of cellular structures, cell membrane functions, cellular nutrition, vacuole-mitochondrion membrane contact site and ATPase activity, pH, anti-oxidation, were downregulated. A total of 466 differential metabolites were found between the PCN treatment and control groups after PCN treatment. KEGG enrichment found purine, arachidonic acid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were mainly affected. Further results proved PCN decreased the mycelial biomass and protein content of R. solani, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reduced while peroxidase (POD) and cytochrome P450 activities increased. The molecule docking indicted that NADPH nitrite reductase, ATP-binding cassette transporter, alpha/beta hydrolase family domain-containing protein, and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase maybe the particular target of PCN. In conclusion, the mechanisms via which PCN inhibits R. solani AG1IA may be related to cell wall damage, cell membrane impairment, intracellular nutrient imbalance, disturbed antioxidant system, and altered intracellular pH, which laid foundation for the further new compound designing to improve antifungal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiufeng Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangqing Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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4
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Pham LHP, Colon-Ascanio M, Ou J, Ly K, Hu P, Choy JS, Luo X. Probing mutual interactions between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans in a biofabricated membrane-based microfluidic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4349-4358. [PMID: 36239125 PMCID: PMC9756269 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00728b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbes are typically found in multi-species (polymicrobial) communities. Cooperative and competitive interactions between species, mediated by diffusible factors and physical contact, leads to highly dynamic communities that undergo changes in composition diversity and size. Infections can be more severe or more difficult to treat when caused by multiple species. Interactions between species can improve the ability of one or more species to tolerate anti-microbial treatments and host defenses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), a ubiquitous bacterium, and the opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans (Ca), are frequently found together in cystic fibrosis lung infections and wound infections. While significant progress has been made in determining interactions between Pa and Ca, there are still important questions that remain unanswered. Here, we probe the mutual interactions between Pa and Ca in a custom-made microfluidic device using biopolymer chitosan membranes that support cross-species communication. By assembling microbes in physically separated, chemically communicating populations or bringing into direct interactions in a mixed culture, in situ polymicrobial growth and biofilm morphology were qualitatively characterized and quantified. Our work reveals new dynamic details of their mutual interactions including cooperation, competition, invasion, and biofilm formation. The membrane-based microfluidic platform can be further developed to understand the polymicrobial interactions within a controlled interactive microenvironment to improve microbial infection prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Hoang Phu Pham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - Mariliz Colon-Ascanio
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - Jin Ou
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - Khanh Ly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Piao Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - John S Choy
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - Xiaolong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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5
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Peres-Emidio EC, Freitas GJC, Costa MC, Gouveia-Eufrasio L, Silva LMV, Santos APN, Carmo PHF, Brito CB, Arifa RDN, Bastos RW, Ribeiro NQ, Oliveira LVN, Silva MF, Paixão TA, Saliba AM, Fagundes CT, Souza DG, Santos DA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection Modulates the Immune Response and Increases Mice Resistance to Cryptococcus gattii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:811474. [PMID: 35548467 PMCID: PMC9083911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.811474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an invasive mycosis caused by Cryptococcus spp. that affects the lungs and the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the severity of the disease, it may occur concomitantly with other pathogens, as a coinfection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), an opportunistic pathogen, can also cause pneumonia. In this work, we studied the interaction of C. gattii (Cg) and Pa, both in vitro and in vivo. Pa reduced growth of Cg by the secretion of inhibitory molecules in vitro. Macrophages previously stimulated with Pa presented increased fungicidal activity. In vivo, previous Pa infection reduced morbidity and delayed the lethality due to cryptococcosis. This phenotype was correlated with the decreased fungal burden in the lungs and brain, showing a delay of Cg translocation to the CNS. Also, there was increased production of IL-1β, CXCL-1, and IL-10, together with the influx of iNOS-positive macrophages and neutrophils to the lungs. Altogether, Pa turned the lung into a hostile environment to the growth of a secondary pathogen, making it difficult for the fungus to translocate to the CNS. Further, iNOS inhibition reverted the Pa protective phenotype, suggesting its
important role in the coinfection. Altogether, the primary Pa infection leads to balanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses during Cg infection. This response provided better control of cryptococcosis and was decisive for the mild evolution of the disease and prolonged survival of coinfected mice in a mechanism dependent on iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluzia C. Peres-Emidio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J. C. Freitas
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marliete C. Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Gouveia-Eufrasio
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lívia M. V. Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson P. N. Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. F. Carmo
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila B. Brito
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raquel D. N. Arifa
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafael W. Bastos
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Noelly Q. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lorena V. N. Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Monique F. Silva
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratorio de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A. Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia/Laboratorio de Patologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M. Saliba
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caio T. Fagundes
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniele G. Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Interação Microorganismo-Hospedeiro, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia/Laboratorio de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Daniel A. Santos, ;
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6
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Advances in Phenazines over the Past Decade: Review of Their Pharmacological Activities, Mechanisms of Action, Biosynthetic Pathways and Synthetic Strategies. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110610. [PMID: 34822481 PMCID: PMC8620606 DOI: 10.3390/md19110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenazines are a large group of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, providing diverse chemical structures and various biological activities. Natural phenazines are mainly isolated from marine and terrestrial microorganisms. So far, more than 100 different natural compounds and over 6000 synthetic derivatives have been found and investigated. Many phenazines show great pharmacological activity in various fields, such as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, neuroprotective, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity. Researchers continued to investigate these compounds and hope to develop them as medicines. Cimmino et al. published a significant review about anticancer activity of phenazines, containing articles from 2000 to 2011. Here, we mainly summarize articles from 2012 to 2021. According to sources of compounds, phenazines were categorized into natural phenazines and synthetic phenazine derivatives in this review. Their pharmacological activities, mechanisms of action, biosynthetic pathways and synthetic strategies were summarized. These may provide guidance for the investigation on phenazines in the future.
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7
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Delago A, Gregor R, Dubinsky L, Dandela R, Hendler A, Krief P, Rayo J, Aharoni A, Meijler MM. A Bacterial Quorum Sensing Molecule Elicits a General Stress Response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:632658. [PMID: 34603220 PMCID: PMC8481950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria assess their population density through a chemical communication mechanism termed quorum sensing, in order to coordinate group behavior. Most research on quorum sensing has focused primarily on its role as an intraspecies chemical signaling mechanism that enables the regulation of certain phenotypes through targeted gene expression. However, in recent years several seminal studies have revealed important phenomena in which quorum sensing molecules appear to serve additional roles as interspecies signals that may regulate microbial ecology. In this study, we asked whether the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can sense chemical signals from prokaryotes. When exposed to a variety of quorum sensing molecules from different bacterial species and from Candida albicans we found that N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C12) from the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces a remarkable stress response in yeast. Microarray experiments confirmed and aided in interpreting these findings, showing a unique and specific expression pattern that differed significantly from the response to previously described stress factors. We further characterized this response and report preliminary findings on the molecular basis for the recognition of C12 by the yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Delago
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Gregor
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Luba Dubinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Adi Hendler
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Pnina Krief
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Josep Rayo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Amir Aharoni
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael M Meijler
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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8
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Candida albicans triggers qualitative and temporal responses in gut bacteria. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101164. [PMID: 34147760 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and fungi are collectively beneficial in maintaining the balance of the gut microflora and preventing gastrointestinal diseases. However, the contributions of specific bacterial species in response to fungal dysbiosis in the gut remain poorly defined. Here, to understand the dynamic changes, we established acute a challenge with Candida albicans in mice treated without antibiotics and analyzed the changes in the diversity of bacteria during the imbalance in intestinal C. albicans with high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Our results showed significant increases in species diversity after the first day of fungal challenge and the restoration of balance among the gut microflora on the third day of challenge. To explore the interactions between the intestinal bacteria and C. albicans, the antifungal activities of bacteria isolated from the mouse feces were also determined. Nineteen aerobic bacteria with antifungal activity were identified with whole 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These bacteria were isolated on the first day of challenge more than on the third day. These results suggested that the commensal intestinal bacteria may protect the host against fungal dysbiosis in the gut by altering their own species diversity. The interaction between bacteria and fungi in the gut may be the key to maintaining the dynamic balance of microorganisms in the context of environmental changes.
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9
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Mochochoko BM, Ezeokoli OT, Sebolai O, Albertyn J, Pohl CH. Role of the high-affinity reductive iron acquisition pathway of Candida albicans in prostaglandin E2 production, virulence, and interaction with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Med Mycol 2021; 59:869-881. [PMID: 33862618 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Components of the iron reductive pathway of Candida albicans have been implicated in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and virulence. However, it is unknown whether other components of this pathway influence PGE2. We investigated the role of the iron reductive pathway of C. albicans in biofilm formation, PGE2 production, and virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, as the co-occurrence of C. albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in host tissues is frequent and involves competition for host-associated iron, we examined the effects of this interaction. Deletion of multicopper oxidase gene, FET99, and iron permease genes, FTH1 and FTH2, affected biofilm metabolic activity, and for the FTH2 mutant, also biofilm morphology. Deletion of CCC1 (vacuolar iron transporter) and CCC2 (P-type ATPase copper importer) also influenced biofilm morphology. For PGE2 production, deletion of FET99, FTH1, FTH2, CCC1, and CCC2 caused a significant reduction by monomicrobial biofilms, while FTH2deletion caused the highest reduction in polymicrobial biofilms. URA3 positive mutants of FET99 and FTH2 demonstrated attenuated virulence in C. elegans, potentially due to the inability of mutants to form hyphae in vivo. Deductively, the role of the iron reductive pathway in PGE2 synthesis is indirect, possibly due to their role in iron homeostasis. LAY SUMMARY Iron uptake is vital for disease-causing microbes like Candida albicans. Using strains deficient in some iron-uptake genes, we show that iron-uptake genes, especially FET99 and FTH2, play a role in biofilm formation, prostaglandin production, and virulence in the nematode infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonang M Mochochoko
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Obinna T Ezeokoli
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Olihile Sebolai
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Jacobus Albertyn
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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10
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Azish M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Antifungal activity and mechanism of action of dichloromethane extract fraction A from Streptomyces libani against Aspergillus fumigatus. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1212-1225. [PMID: 33590651 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of antifungal action of Streptomyces libani dichloromethane extract fraction A (DCEFA) against Aspergillus fumigatus and the host cytotoxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS DCEFA was purified from S. libani by autobiography and showed strong antifungal activity against A. fumigatus. A combination of electron microscopy, cell permeability assays, total oxidant status (TOS) assay, cell cytotoxicity assay and haemolysis activity was carried out to determine the target site of DCEFA. Exposure of A. fumigatus to DCEFA caused the damage to membranous cellular structures and increased release of cellular materials, potassium ions and TOS production. DCEFA was bound to ergosterol but did not affect fungal cell wall and ergosterol content. DCEFA did not show any obvious haemolytic activity for RBCs and toxicity against HEK-293 cell line. CONCLUSIONS DCEFA may inhibit A. fumigatus growth by targeting fungal cell membrane which results in the leakage of potassium ions and other cellular components, TOS production and final cell death. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY DCEFA of S. libani could be considered as a potential source of novel antifungals which may be useful for drug development against A. fumigatus as a life-threatening human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Azish
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Oliveira LN, Lima PDS, Araújo DS, Portis IG, Santos Júnior ADCMD, Coelho ASG, de Sousa MV, Ricart CAO, Fontes W, Soares CMDA. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in response to hypoxia. Microbiol Res 2021; 247:126730. [PMID: 33662850 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic organisms require oxygen for energy. In the course of the infection, adaptation to hypoxia is crucial for survival of human pathogenic fungi. Members of the Paracoccidioides complex face decreased oxygen tensions during the life cycle stages. In Paracoccidioides brasiliensis proteomic responses to hypoxia have not been investigated and the regulation of the adaptive process is still unknown, and this approach allowed the identification of 216 differentially expressed proteins in hypoxia using iTRAQ-labelling. Data suggest that P. brasiliensis reprograms its metabolism when submitted to hypoxia. The fungus reduces its basal metabolism and general transport proteins. Energy and general metabolism were more representative and up regulated. Glucose is apparently directed towards glycolysis or the production of cell wall polymers. Plasma membrane/cell wall are modulated by increasing ergosterol and glucan, respectively. In addition, molecules such as ethanol and acetate are produced by this fungus indicating that alternative carbon sources probably are activated to obtain energy. Also, detoxification mechanisms are activated. The results were compared with label free proteomics data from Paracoccidioides lutzii. Biochemical pathways involved with acetyl-CoA, pyruvate and ergosterol synthesis were up-regulated in both fungi. On the other hand, proteins from TCA, transcription, protein fate/degradation, cellular transport, signal transduction and cell defense/virulence processes presented different profiles between species. Particularly, proteins related to methylcitrate cycle and those involved with acetate and ethanol synthesis were increased in P. brasiliensis proteome, whereas GABA shunt were accumulated only in P. lutzii. The results emphasize metabolic adaptation processes for distinct Paracoccidioides species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nojosa Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia de Sousa Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Igor Godinho Portis
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Departmento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Departmento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Departmento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB II, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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12
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Ou J, Li H, Ou X, Yang Z, Chen M, Liu K, Teng Y, Xing B. Degradation, adsorption and leaching of phenazine-1-carboxamide in agricultural soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111374. [PMID: 32977284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenazines, a large group of nitrogen-containing heterocycles with promising bioactivities, can be widely used as medicines and pesticides. But phenazines also generate toxicity risks due to their non-selective DNA binding. The environmental fate of phenazines in soils is the key to assess their risks; however, hitherto, there have been very few related studies. Therefore in the present study, the degradation, adsorption and leaching behaviors of a typical natural phenazine-phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) in agricultural soils from three representative places in China with different physicochemical properties were, for the first time, systematically studied in laboratory simulation experiments. Our results indicated that the degradation of PCN in all the tested soils followed the first order kinetics, with half-lives ranging from 14.4 to 57.8 d under different conditions. Soil anaerobic microorganisms, organic matter content and pH conditions are important factors that regulating PCN degradation. The adsorption data of PCN were found to be well fitted using the Freundlich model, with the r2 values above 0.978. Freundlich adsorption coefficient Kf of PCN ranged from 5.75 to 12.8 [(mg/kg)/(mg/L)1/n] in soils. The retention factor Rf values ranged from 0.0833 to 0.354, which means that the mobility of PCN in the three types of soil is between immobile to moderately mobile. Our results demonstrate that PCN is easily degraded, has high adsorption affinity and low mobility in high organic matter content and clay soils, thus resulting in lower risks of contamination to groundwater systems. In contrast, it degraded slowly, has low adsorption affinity and moderately mobile in soils with low organic matter and clay content, therefore it has higher polluting potential to groundwater systems. Overall, these findings provide useful insights into the future evaluation of environmental as well as health risks of PCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ou
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; National Engineering Research Center for Agrochemicals, And Hunan J&F Test Co.Ltd, Hunan Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Changsha, 410014, China
| | - Hui Li
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Xiaoming Ou
- National Engineering Research Center for Agrochemicals, And Hunan J&F Test Co.Ltd, Hunan Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Changsha, 410014, China
| | - Zhifu Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agrochemicals, And Hunan J&F Test Co.Ltd, Hunan Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Changsha, 410014, China
| | - Mengxian Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Agrochemicals, And Hunan J&F Test Co.Ltd, Hunan Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Changsha, 410014, China
| | - Kailin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
| | - Yuting Teng
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
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13
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Grainha T, Jorge P, Alves D, Lopes SP, Pereira MO. Unraveling Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans Communication in Coinfection Scenarios: Insights Through Network Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:550505. [PMID: 33262953 PMCID: PMC7686562 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.550505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine is currently facing huge setbacks concerning infection therapeutics as microorganisms are consistently knocking down every antimicrobial wall set before them. The situation becomes more worrying when taking into account that, in both environmental and disease scenarios, microorganisms present themselves as biofilm communities that are often polymicrobial. This comprises a competitive advantage, with interactions between different species altering host responses, antimicrobial effectiveness, microbial pathogenesis and virulence, usually augmenting the severity of the infection and contributing for the recalcitrance towards conventional therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are two opportunistic pathogens often co-isolated from infections, mainly from mucosal tissues like the lung. Despite the billions of years of co-existence, this pair of microorganisms is a great example on how little is known about cross-kingdom interactions, particularly within the context of coinfections. Given the described scenario, this study aimed to collect, curate, and analyze all published experimental information on the molecular basis of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans interactions in biofilms, in order to shed light into key mechanisms that may affect infection prognosis, increasing this area of knowledge. Publications were optimally retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science and classified as to their relevance. Data was then systematically and manually curated, analyzed, and further reconstructed as networks. A total of 641 interactions between the two pathogens were annotated, outputting knowledge on important molecular players affecting key virulence mechanisms, such as hyphal growth, and related genes and proteins, constituting potential therapeutic targets for infections related to these bacterial-fungal consortia. Contrasting interactions were also analyzed, and quorum-sensing inhibition approaches were highlighted. All annotated data was made publicly available at www.ceb.uminho.pt/ISCTD, a database already containing similar data for P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus communication. This will allow researchers to cut on time and effort when studying this particular subject, facilitating the understanding of the basis of the inter-species and inter-kingdom interactions and how it can be modulated to help design alternative and more effective tailored therapies. Finally, data deposition will serve as base for future dataset integration, whose analysis will hopefully give insights into communications in more complex and varied biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Grainha
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Jorge
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Alves
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Patrícia Lopes
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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14
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Interactions between invasive fungi and symbiotic bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:137. [PMID: 32794072 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection rates and mortality associated with the invasive fungi Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus are increasing rapidly in prevalence. Meanwhile, screening pressure brought about by traditional antifungal drugs has induced an increase in drug resistance of invasive fungi, which creates a great challenge for the preservation of physical health. Development of new drugs and novel strategies are therefore important to meet these growing challenges. Recent studies have confirmed that the dynamic balance of microorganisms in the body is correlated with the occurrence of infectious diseases. This discovery of interactions between bacteria and fungi provides innovative insight for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. However, different invasive fungi and symbiotic bacteria interact with each other through various ways and targets, leading to different effects on their growth, morphology, and virulence. And the mechanism and implication of these interactions remains largely unknown. The present review aims to summarize the research progress into the interaction between invasive fungi and symbiotic bacteria with a focus on the anti-fungal mechanisms of symbiotic bacteria, providing a new strategy against drug-resistant fungal infections.
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15
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Fourie R, Pohl CH. Beyond Antagonism: The Interaction Between Candida Species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020034. [PMID: 31010211 PMCID: PMC6617365 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many examples of the interaction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. One such example is the polymicrobial colonization/infection by the various opportunistic pathogenic yeasts belonging to the genus Candida and the ubiquitous bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although this interaction has simplistically been characterized as antagonistic to the yeast, this review highlights the complexity of the interaction with various factors influencing both microbes. The first section deals with the interactions in vitro, looking specifically at the role of cell wall components, quorum sensing molecules, phenazines, fatty acid metabolites and competition for iron in the interaction. The second part of this review places all these interactions in the context of various infection or colonization sites, i.e., lungs, wounds, and the gastrointestinal tract. Here we see that the role of the host, as well as the methodology used to establish co-infection, are important factors, influencing the outcome of the disease. Suggested future perspectives for the study of this interaction include determining the influence of newly identified participants of the QS network of P. aeruginosa, oxylipin production by both species, as well as the genetic and phenotypic plasticity of these microbes, on the interaction and outcome of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Fourie
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa.
| | - Carolina H Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa.
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16
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Kim S, Woo ER, Lee DG. Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Isoquercitrin: Apoptosis and Membrane Permeabilization Related to Reactive Oxygen Species inCandida albicans. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:283-292. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - Eun-Rhan Woo
- College of Pharmacy; Chosun University; Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
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17
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Chen Y, Wang J, Yang N, Wen Z, Sun X, Chai Y, Ma Z. Wheat microbiome bacteria can reduce virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3429. [PMID: 30143616 PMCID: PMC6109063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between bacteria and fungi have great environmental, medical, and agricultural importance, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we study the interactions between the bacterium Pseudomonas piscium, from the wheat head microbiome, and the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. We show that a compound secreted by the bacteria (phenazine-1-carboxamide) directly affects the activity of fungal protein FgGcn5, a histone acetyltransferase of the SAGA complex. This leads to deregulation of histone acetylation at H2BK11, H3K14, H3K18, and H3K27 in F. graminearum, as well as suppression of fungal growth, virulence, and mycotoxin biosynthesis. Therefore, an antagonistic bacterium can inhibit growth and virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by manipulating fungal histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ziyue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunrong Chai
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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18
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Bilal M, Hu H, Wang W, Huang X, Peng H, Zhang X. Enhanced Fluorescent Siderophore Biosynthesis and Loss of Phenazine-1-Carboxamide in Phenotypic Variant of Pseudomonas chlororaphis HT66. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:759. [PMID: 29740409 PMCID: PMC5924801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas chlororaphis HT66 is a plant-beneficial bacterium that exhibits wider antagonistic spectrum against a variety of plant pathogenic fungi due to its main secondary metabolite, i.e., phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN). In the present study, a spontaneous phenotypic variant designated as HT66-FLUO was isolated from the fermentation process of wild-type HT66 strain. The newly isolated phenotypic variant was morphologically distinct from the wild-type strain such as larger cell size, semi-transparent, non-production of PCN (Green or yellow crystals) and enhanced fluorescence under UV light. The whole-genome, RNA-sequencing, and phenotypic assays were performed to identify the reason of phenotypic variation in HT66-FLUO as compared to the HT66. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 1,418 genes, representing approximately 22% of the 6393 open reading frames (ORFs) had undergone substantial reprogramming of gene expression in the HT66-FLUO. The whole-genome sequence indicated no gene alteration in HT66-FLUO as compared to HT66 according to the known reference sequence. The levels of global regulatory factor gacA and gacS expression were not significantly different between HT66 and HT66-FLUO. It was observed that overexpressing gacS rather than gacA in HT66-FLUO can recover switching of the variant to HT66. The β-galactosidase (LacZ) activity and qRT-PCR results indicate the downregulated expression of rsmX, rsmY, and rsmZ in HT66-FLUO as compared to HT66. Overexpressing three small RNAs in HT66-FLUO can revert switching of colony phenotype toward wild-type HT66 up to a certain degree, restore partial PCN production and reduces the fluorescent siderophores yield. However, the origin of the spontaneous phenotypic variant was difficult to be determined. In conclusion, this study helps to understand the gene regulatory effect in the spontaneous phenotypic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huasong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Collazo C, Abadias M, Aguiló-Aguayo I, Alegre I, Chenoll E, Viñas I. Studies on the biocontrol mechanisms of Pseudomonas graminis strain CPA-7 against food-borne pathogens in vitro and on fresh-cut melon. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Nazik H, Joubert LM, Secor PR, Sweere JM, Bollyky PL, Sass G, Cegelski L, Stevens DA. Pseudomonas phage inhibition of Candida albicans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1568-1577. [PMID: 28982395 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Candida albicans (Ca) are major bacterial and fungal pathogens in immunocompromised hosts, and notably in the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. The bacteriophages of Pa physically alter biofilms, and were recently shown to inhibit the biofilms of Aspergillus fumigatus. To understand the range of this viral-fungal interaction, we studied Pa phages Pf4 and Pf1, and their interactions with Ca biofilm formation and preformed Ca biofilm. Both forms of Ca biofilm development, as well as planktonic Ca growth, were inhibited by either phage. The inhibition of biofilm was reversed by the addition of iron, suggesting that the mechanism of phage action on Ca involves denial of iron. Birefringence studies on added phage showed an ordered structure of binding to Ca. Electron microscopic observations indicated phage aggregation in the biofilm extracellular matrix. Bacteriophage-fungal interactions may be a general feature with several pathogens in the fungal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Nazik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA.,California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Lydia-Marie Joubert
- Cell Sciences Imaging Facility, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick R Secor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Johanna M Sweere
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA.,Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA.,Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gabriele Sass
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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Patil S, Nikam M, Anokhina T, Kochetkov V, Chaudhari A. Multi-stress tolerant plant growth promoting Pseudomonas spp. MCC 3145 producing cytostatic and fungicidal pigment. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Cheng C, Othman EM, Fekete A, Krischke M, Stopper H, Edrada-Ebel R, Mueller MJ, Hentschel U, Abdelmohsen UR. Strepoxazine A, a new cytotoxic phenoxazin from the marine sponge-derived bacterium Streptomyces sp. SBT345. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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Musthafa KS, Hmoteh J, Thamjarungwong B, Voravuthikunchai SP. Antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of Candida species. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:19-29. [PMID: 27452957 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the efficiency of eugenyl acetate (EA), a phytochemical in clove essential oil, against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of EA against Candida isolates were in the range between 0.1% and 0.4% (v/v). Spot assay further confirmed the susceptibility of Candida isolates to the compound upon treatment with respective 1 × MIC. Growth profile measured in time kill study evidence that the compound at 1 × MIC and 1/2 × MIC retarded the growth of Candida cells, divulging the fungicidal activity. Light microscopic observation demonstrated that upon treated with EA, rough cell morphology, cell damage, and fragmented patterns were observed in C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. Furthermore, unusual morphological changes of the organism were observed in scanning electron microscopic study. Therefore, it is validated that the compound could cause cell damage resulting in the cell death of Candida clinical isolates. Eventually, the compound at sub-MIC (0.0125% v/v) significantly inhibited serum-induced germ tube formation by C. albicans. Eugenyl acetate inhibited biofilm forming ability of the organisms as well as reduced the adherence of Candida cells to HaCaT keratinocytes cells. In addition, upon treatment with EA, the phagocytic activity of macrophages was increased significantly against C. albicans (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated the potential of EA as a valuable phytochemical to fight against emerging Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadar Syed Musthafa
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Hmoteh
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Thamjarungwong
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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24
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Huang H, Sun L, Bi K, Zhong G, Hu M. The Effect of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid on the Morphological, Physiological, and Molecular Characteristics of Phellinus noxius. Molecules 2016; 21:E613. [PMID: 27187325 PMCID: PMC6273927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) on morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of Phellinus noxius has been investigated, and the potential antifungal mechanism of PCA against P. noxius was also explored. The results revealed that PCA showed in vitro antifungal potential against P. noxius and completely inhibited P. noxius hyphae at concentrations >40 μg/mL. PCA inhibited both mycelial growth and the loss of mycelial biomass in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological changes in PCA-treated P. noxius hyphae, such as irregularly swollen mycelia as well as short hyphae with increased septation and less branching, were observed by optical microscopy. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly increased in PCA-treated P. noxius cells as compared to control groups. Induced hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), repressed superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and up-regulated gene expression of seven tested genes were also found in PCA-treated P. noxius groups. Thus, the present results suggested that the mechanism of action of PCA against P. noxius might be attributed to direct damage of mycelium and high intracellular ROS production, and indirect induction of genes involved in cell detoxification, oxidation-reduction process, and electron transport of the respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangzhou Insitute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Longhua Sun
- Guangzhou Insitute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Keke Bi
- Guangzhou Insitute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Meiying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Shirazi F, Ferreira JAG, Stevens DA, Clemons KV, Kontoyiannis DP. Biofilm Filtrates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Cystic Fibrosis Patients Inhibit Preformed Aspergillus fumigatus Biofilms via Apoptosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150155. [PMID: 26930399 PMCID: PMC4773012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) colonize cystic fibrosis (CF) patient airways. Pa culture filtrates inhibit Af biofilms, and Pa non-CF, mucoid (Muc-CF) and nonmucoid CF (NMuc-CF) isolates form an ascending inhibitory hierarchy. We hypothesized this activity is mediated through apoptosis induction. One Af and three Pa (non-CF, Muc-CF, NMuc-CF) reference isolates were studied. Af biofilm was formed in 96 well plates for 16 h ± Pa biofilm filtrates. After 24 h, apoptosis was characterized by viability dye DiBAc, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, DNA fragmentation and metacaspase activity. Muc-CF and NMuc-CF filtrates inhibited and damaged Af biofilm (p<0.0001). Intracellular ROS levels were elevated (p<0.001) in NMuc-CF-treated Af biofilms (3.7- fold) compared to treatment with filtrates from Muc-CF- (2.5- fold) or non-CF Pa (1.7- fold). Depolarization of mitochondrial potential was greater upon exposure to NMuc-CF (2.4-fold) compared to Muc-CF (1.8-fold) or non-CF (1.25-fold) (p<0.0001) filtrates. Exposure to filtrates resulted in more DNA fragmentation in Af biofilm, compared to control, mediated by metacaspase activation. In conclusion, filtrates from CF-Pa isolates were more inhibitory against Af biofilms than from non-CF. The apoptotic effect involves mitochondrial membrane damage associated with metacaspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Shirazi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Jose A. G. Ferreira
- Div. of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, 95128, United States of America
| | - David A. Stevens
- Div. of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, 95128, United States of America
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- Div. of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, United States of America
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, 95128, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
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Lima PDS, Chung D, Bailão AM, Cramer RA, Soares CMDA. Characterization of the Paracoccidioides Hypoxia Response Reveals New Insights into Pathogenesis Mechanisms of This Important Human Pathogenic Fungus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004282. [PMID: 26659387 PMCID: PMC4686304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic microenvironments are generated during fungal infection. It has been described that to survive in the human host, fungi must also tolerate and overcome in vivo microenvironmental stress conditions including low oxygen tension; however nothing is known how Paracoccidioides species respond to hypoxia. The genus Paracoccidioides comprises human thermal dimorphic fungi and are causative agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important mycosis in Latin America. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, a detailed hypoxia characterization was performed in Paracoccidioides. Using NanoUPLC-MSE proteomic approach, we obtained a total of 288 proteins differentially regulated in 12 and 24 h of hypoxia, providing a global view of metabolic changes during this stress. In addition, a functional characterization of the homologue to the most important molecule involved in hypoxia responses in other fungi, the SREBP (sterol regulatory element binding protein) was performed. We observed that Paracoccidioides species have a functional homologue of SREBP, named here as SrbA, detected by using a heterologous genetic approach in the srbA null mutant in Aspergillus fumigatus. Paracoccidioides srbA (PbsrbA), in addition to involvement in hypoxia, is probable involved in iron adaptation and azole drug resistance responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study, the hypoxia was characterized in Paracoccidioides. The first results can be important for a better understanding of the fungal adaptation to the host and improve the arsenal of molecules for the development of alternative treatment options in future, since molecules related to fungal adaptation to low oxygen levels are important to virulence and pathogenesis in human pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Sousa Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dawoon Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Robert A. Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Patent Highlights June–July 2015. Pharm Pat Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.15.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Dixon EF, Hall RA. Noisy neighbourhoods: quorum sensing in fungal-polymicrobial infections. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1431-41. [PMID: 26243526 PMCID: PMC4973845 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing was once considered a way in which a species was able to sense its cell density and regulate gene expression accordingly. However, it is now becoming apparent that multiple microbes can sense particular quorum-sensing molecules, enabling them to sense and respond to other microbes in their neighbourhood. Such interactions are significant within the context of polymicrobial disease, in which the competition or cooperation of microbes can alter disease progression. Fungi comprise a small but important component of the human microbiome and are in constant contact with bacteria and viruses. The discovery of quorum-sensing pathways in fungi has led to the characterization of a number of interkingdom quorum-sensing interactions. Here, we review the recent developments in quorum sensing in medically important fungi, and the implications these interactions have on the host's innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Dixon
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rebecca A Hall
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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DeRiemer K, Thompson G. Lung Microbiomes: New Frontiers? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:870-1. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201502-0226ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn DeRiemer
- School of MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California
| | - George Thompson
- School of MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavis, California
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